stmichaelshistory.files.wordpress.com · Web view7-8 marks for complex explanation of more than one change, with an understanding of the impact of the event on the broader historical

Question 5 (8 mark ‘CONVINCING’) 3-4 marks for simple judgement of how convincing the extract is. 5-6 marks detailed judgement of how convincing the extract is. 7-8 marks requires the same as 5-6, just with more developed

knowledge and understanding shown. This question is almost exactly the same as Question 3 on

Germany from Paper 1, except for only one interpretation. Do not talk about the provenance in this question. It is entirely

about your own knowledge. You are using your understanding of what the interpretation argues and applying your knowledge to judge how good an argument the interpretation makes.

You don’t need to describe what the interpretation says. The answer does not necessarily need to be balanced. You can

explain why it is or isn’t convincing (or both) – it entirely depends on what you think, based on your knowledge of what the question is about.

Two paragraphs = 10 minutes total.

Question 6 (8 mark ‘CONSEQUENCES’) 3-4 marks for simple explanation of ONE consequence. Potentially 5 marks for detailed explanation of ONE

consequence. 5-6 marks for detailed explanation of TWO consequences. 7-8 marks for complex explanation of TWO consequences that

shows detailed understanding of the broader historical context (what was going on in this time period that made this event important).

Make sure you read the question very carefully so that you know exactly what the Q is asking you to explain the importance of.

This is about CONSEQUENCES – the effects of something (e.g. the appointment of Lanfranc).

Start each paragraph directly explaining the importance. You don’t need to spend ages describing what happened or the reasons for it – it’s about consequences, remember.

Two paragraphs = 10 minutes total.

Question 7 (8 mark ‘ACCOUNT OF CHANGE’) 3-4 marks for simple explanation of one or more changes. 5-6 marks for detailed explanation of one or more changes. 7-8 marks for complex explanation of more than one change,

with an understanding of the impact of the event on the broader historical context.

This is very similar to Question 9 on Conflict from Paper 1, except it is about CHANGES instead of causes/consequences.

There is not much guidance that can be given here – the mark scheme is quite vague. It is simply a ‘tell me what you know’ question.

It’s a narrative, but with explanation. Two paragraphs = 10 minutes total.

Question 8 (16 mark ‘SITE STUDY’) 5-8 marks for simple explanation of change or changes (one or more

factors). Potentially 9 marks for detailed explanation of one change (one

factor). 9-12 marks for detailed explanation of changes (at least two factors). 13-16 marks for detailed explanation of changes (at least two

factors), PLUS a detailed conclusion. Make sure you read the question very carefully so that you know

exactly what the question is asking you to talk about. This will definitely be on Durham Cathedral. If you re-read the AQA

resource pack, plus recap all the work you have done on Durham Cathedral, you will have enough knowledge to answer this question.

There is a big jump between 8 & 9 marks. THREE FACTORS are advised, so that you can still get more than half

marks if one of your factors is not very convincing. However, in an emergency (e.g. not much time left) you should focus on writing two factors in a great deal of detail. It is possible to get up to 12 marks without a conclusion, and (in theory) you can get full marks just on two factors and an in-depth conclusion. But remember: three are recommended in this time.

You must show detailed knowledge of Durham Cathedral and its significance. You are not being asked if this is a typical building, as that would require knowledge of other buildings too. For example, you might be asked what the main reason for building Cathedrals was under Norman rule – and have to answer this with a focus on Durham Cathedral (e.g. two/three important reasons why the Cathedral was built, with detailed explanation referring to its history).

What you need to consider is: ‘how does Durham Cathedral fit into the story of Norman England?’

Three paragraphs (and conclusion for 13-16 marks) = 20 minutes total.

A wealthy country The Viking connection

The Norman connection The English earldoms

England was rich in…

It was an attractive country to invade as…

The English dealt with Viking invasions by…

From 1016, England was ruled by…

The Normans gained influence with Aethelred’s widow because…

Canute was pleased with this because…

Canute divided England into earldoms as…

These men became powerful because…

KEY TERMS MATCH-UP

1) DANEGELD2) EARLDOMS3) WITAN4) SUB-REGULUS5) FEALTY6) ILLEGITIMATE

A) Members of the national council in England advising the King before 1066.B) A tax paid to the Vikings to stop them from robbing England.C) A promise of loyalty.D) The land owned by Earls.E) A child born to unmarried parents (bastard).F) A position that meant acting as a King’s deputy.

PROFILE: Edward the Confessor

Why was Edward able to become King in 1042?Canute’s son, Harthacanute,…

Who did Edward marry and why?He married Earl Godwin’s daughter, Edith, because…

How did Edward survive the Godwin rebellion?Edward exiled the Godwins and appointed…

Why did the Godwins get their power back?The Witan were unhappy and…

Why, in Anglo-Saxon England, was it not easy to decide who would be the next King ?Instead of going to the eldest son,…

Edward and the SuccessionTopic 1 S

Anglo-Saxon England before 1066

MODIFY LEARNINGSUPPORT: Sentence starters in the diagram & definitions to match key

terms to. CHALLENGE: Extra info added to the diagram. Come up with

key term definitions yourself.

PODBOXHouse of Godwin

A wealthy country The Viking connection

The Norman connection The English earldoms

England was rich in…

It was an attractive country to invade as…

The English dealt with Viking invasions by…

From 1016, England was ruled by…

The Normans gained influence with Aethelred’s widow because…

Canute was pleased with this because…

Canute divided England into earldoms as…

These men became powerful because…

KEY TERMS TO DEFINE

DANEGELD

EARLDOMS

WITAN

SUB-REGULUS

FEALTY

ILLEGITIMATE

PROFILE: Edward the Confessor

Why was Edward able to become King in 1042?Canute’s son, Harthacanute,…

Who did Edward marry and why?He married Earl Godwin’s daughter, Edith, because…

How did Edward survive the Godwin rebellion?Edward exiled the Godwins and appointed…

Why did the Godwins get their power back?The Witan were unhappy and…

Why, in Anglo-Saxon England, was it not easy to decide who would be the next King ?Instead of going to the eldest son,…

HAROLD WILLIAM OF

Contenders for the ThroneTopic 2 S

Edward and the SuccessionTopic 1 C

Anglo-Saxon England before 1066

MODIFY LEARNINGSUPPORT: Definitions to match key

terms to. CHALLENGE: Read https://www.bbc.com/education/guides/zy7n4j6/revision. Come up with

key term definitions yourself.

PODBOXHouse of Godwin

https://www.bbc.com/education/guides/zy7n4j6/revision

https://www.bbc.com/education/guides/zy7n4j6/revision

HAROLD WILLIAM OF

INTERPRETATION AHarold Godwinson swearing an oath of fealty to

William of Normandy.

EXAM PRACTICEQ5: How convincing is Int. A in showing why William

had a valid claim to the English throne?KNOWLEDGE TO AGREE: [William making Harold swear an oath / An oath of fealty was very sacred]

KNOWLEDGE TO DISAGREE: [What was Harold’s version of events? / Does he look willing here?]

EXAM PRACTICEQ6: Explain what was important about Edward the Confessor’s lack of an heir in 1066.

Mark this example answer out of 8, then improve it so that it gains full marks. This answer covers three consequences of the lack of an heir. Firstly that it caused a succession crisis; secondly that it led to conflict between those who felt they had a

legitimate claim to the throne; and finally that this conflict led to the invasions of 1066. All three could be explained in more detail – add two or three sentences to each.

The fact that Edward the Confessor did not have any children meant that there was a succession crisis in 1066. Several mean felt that they had a legitimate claim to the throne. Even if their claim was not that convincing, becoming King of England was a role allowing the opportunity for great power and wealth. There was no system in place to name the next King so the lack of an heir meant that conflict was likely.

Another issue was the fact that Edward had seemingly promised the throne to two people – had he an heir there would have been no uncertainty. This led to conflict between William and Harold Godwinson.

It was also due to this lack of uncertainty surrounding who should become the next King that led to Hardrada deciding that he had an opportunity to take the throne. Therefore the lack of a clear heir led to the invasions of 1066.

EXAM TIPS [FOR Q5]First think. What is this interpretation saying/showing about

why William had a valid claim? This question is just about own knowledge – so what do you know that supports what this

shows, and what might prove it is misleading?

MODIFY YOUR LEARNINGSUPPORT: Hints about what to include for Q5. A brief

review of the example answer for Q6.CHALLENGE: You should also write a short conclusion

for Q5, judging overall convincingness.

EXAM TIPS [FOR Q6]Q6 will ask you to explain some feature, development or change. It might be about a change you have studied, the causes or consequences of an event, or the importance of

some key features or characteristics of a period.

https://www.bbc.com/education/guides/zy7n4j6/revision/2 https://www.bbc.com/education/guides/zy7n4j6/revision/3

WILLIAM OF NORMANDY

WHO?:

STRENGTHS:

WEAKNESSES:

HARALD HARDRADA

WHO?:

STRENGTHS:

WEAKNESSES:

EDGAR AETHELINGWHO?:

STRENGTHS:

WEAKNESSES:

PODBOXRival Claimants to the Throne of England

HAROLD GODWINSON

WHO?:

STRENGTHS:

WEAKNESSES:

Contenders for the ThroneTopic 2 C

MODIFY YOUR LEARNINGSUPPORT: Key terms to include.

CHALLENGE: Links to further information.

https://www.bbc.com/education/guides/zy7n4j6/revision/3

https://www.bbc.com/education/guides/zy7n4j6/revision/2

INTERPRETATION AHarold Godwinson swearing an oath of fealty to

William of Normandy.

EXAM PRACTICEQ5: How convincing is Int. A in showing why William

had a valid claim to the English throne?KNOWLEDGE TO AGREE:

KNOWLEDGE TO DISAGREE:

CONCLUSION:

EXAM PRACTICEQ6: Explain what was important about Edward the Confessor’s lack of an heir in 1066.Mark this example answer out of 8, then improve it with more detail so that it gains full marks.

The fact that Edward the Confessor did not have any children meant that there was a succession crisis in 1066. Several mean felt that they had a legitimate claim to the throne. Even if their claim was not that convincing, becoming King of England was a role allowing the opportunity for great power and wealth. There was no system in place to name the next King so the lack of an heir meant that conflict was likely.

Another issue was the fact that Edward had seemingly promised the throne to two people – had he an heir there would have been no uncertainty. This led to conflict between William and Harold Godwinson.

It was also due to this lack of uncertainty surrounding who should become the next King that led to Hardrada deciding that he had an opportunity to take the throne. Therefore the lack of a clear heir led to the invasions of 1066.

EXAM TIPS [FOR Q5]First think. What is this interpretation saying/showing about

why William had a valid claim? This question is just about own knowledge – so what do you know that supports what this

shows, and what might prove it is misleading?

MODIFY YOUR LEARNINGSUPPORT: Hints about what to include for Q5. A brief

review of the example answer for Q6.CHALLENGE: You should also write a short conclusion

for Q5, judging overall convincingness.

EXAM TIPS [FOR Q6]Q6 will ask you to explain some feature, development or change. It might be about a change you have studied, the causes or consequences of an event, or the importance of

some key features or characteristics of a period.

(2) Harold expected an invasion from ________ and so demanded ships from around the country. Harold also had his professional soldiers, __________, and when a battle was to be fought could call upon ordinary people (fyrd). However, Harold had no _______ and no archers (of which William had many). Harold waited on the _____ coast for invasion.

SOUTH CAVALRY NORMANDY HOUSECARLS

STEP 1: Complete the word fill timeline on the events of Jan-Sep 1066.STEP 2: On the next page, complete the Battle of Hastings storyboard.STEP 3: In three different colours, highlight anything across these two

pages that shows Harold’s mistakes, William’s successes, and Luck.

(4) William got the support of the ____. He was given a papal banner to carry into battle. This was a sign that ___ was on the Normans’ side. William prepared ______ because he needed his lords to provide men and had to wait for hundreds of _____ to be built. Whilst they were waiting, the Normans built ___-__________ castles to take with them to help ______ England.

PRE-FABRICATED SLOWLY CONTROL POPE GOD SHIPS

(6) Hardrada and Tostig landed near ____. Hardrada was a fierce _______. He won the Battle of _______ and defeated the two _____ who had previously forced Tostig to retreat. Harold quickly re-gathered his army and marched north, covering nearly ___ miles in under a week. Harold’s army caught Hardrada by surprise at _______________ and Hardrada and Tostig were both ______.

WARRIOR 200 FULFORD YORK EARLS KILLED STAMFORD BRIDGE

PODBOXThe Battle of Stamford Bridge

(1) Edward the _________ died and Harold became King in Jan 1066, as Edward had apparently named Harold his successor whilst on his ________. Harold was popular with the English lords. However, _______ felt that this broke Harold’s oath of ______ and prepared to invade England.

FEALTY WILLIAM CONFESSOR DEATHBED

(3) However, Harold’s first challenge came from his brother _____ who persuaded Harald Hardrada to invade. _____ and his ships and soldiers ______ towns along the coast, until Harold’s loyal earls forced him to retreat. _____ fled to Scotland to wait for Hardrada.

RAIDED TOSTIG TOSTIG TOSTIG

(7) After Harold’s stunning victory at _______________, within three days he received news that _______ had landed in England. The weather had finally turned in William’s favour and he landed at Pevensey while Harold’s army was still in the _____. The Normans quickly set up their first ______ to provide defence.

WILLIAM STAMFORD BRIDGE CASTLE NORTH

(5) Harold’s army had been waiting for _____ months and his soldiers needed paying and _______. It was also harvest time, so he sent his soldiers home. This was poor timing as a few days later, _______ moved his fleet to the coast to wait for a favourable wind, and _________ and Tostig sailed down from Scotland to invade.

HARDRADA WILLIAM THREE FEEDING

(8) Harold travelled quickly to ______, covering ___ miles in days. Harold could not tempt William to come close to _____ as William knew this would put him at a disadvantage. Harold instead wanted to surprise William just as he had Hardrada. However, the Normans knew he was coming. Harold left London quickly, perhaps hurrying too much. His victory at _______________ may have made him ____-_________.

200 OVER-CONFIDENT LONDON LONDON STAMFORD BRIDGE

MODIFY YOUR LEARNINGSUPPORT/CHALLENGE: The number of words missing in the word fill.

The Battle of HastingsTopic 3 S

STEP 1: Complete the word fill timeline on the events of Jan-Sep 1066.STEP 2: On the next page, complete the Battle of Hastings storyboard.STEP 3: In three different colours, highlight anything across these two

pages that shows Harold’s mistakes, William’s successes, and Luck.

(1) Edward the _________ died and Harold became King in Jan 1066, as Edward had apparently named Harold his _________ whilst on his ________. Harold was popular with the English _____. However, _______ felt that this broke

PODBOXReasons for William’s Victory KEY TERMS TO INCLUDE IN YOUR

STORYBOARD

1) SENLAC HILL 2) CAVALRY / ARCHERS3) SHIELD WALL 4) WILLIAM5) SHIELD WALL 6) FEIGNED RETREAT7) HAROLD 8) EYE / SWORDS

The Battle of HastingsTopic 3 C

Reverse storyboard: use the images as hints in order to complete description of the Battle of Hastings. After this, read the model half-answer to the ‘write an account’ Q7. Use your detailed own knowledge to write the second paragraph.

MODIFY YOUR LEARNINGSUPPORT: Sentence starters below each storyboard box &

a box of key terms to use. A model 8-mark Q7 paragraph to use as guidance in writing the next paragraph.

CHALLENGE: Two extra storyboard boxes. A low-level Q7 paragraph to improve before writing the next one.

EXAM PRACTICEQ7: Write an account of why William won the Battle of Hastings.

Harold’s exhausted army camped… William had an advantage as… Despite the Norman archers,… A rumour arose that…

Once the English came down… The Normans then used this… At some point in the battle,… There is debate over how Harold…

William won the Battle of Hastings because of the pre-battle preparations. Although William and Harold’s armies were relatively evenly matched in terms of numbers, Harold had no archers or cavalry, putting him at a disadvantage as despite the English having a strong position on top of Senlac Hill, the Normans could pick the English off from a distance, helping them to win the battle. Harald Hardrada’s invasion also affected Harold Godwinson’s plans and preparedness. Harold was waiting on the south coast, prepared for battle with William, when Harald invaded in the north. Harold lost some of his men at the Battle of Stamford Bridge, and more importantly when William then invaded soon afterwards, Harold forced his men to march back without giving them time to rest. This meant that the Normans faced an exhausted and depleted English army, helping William to win the Battle of Hastings.

PARAGRAPH ON HOW THE EVENTS OF THE BATTLE ITSELF HELPED WILLIAM TO WIN:

(2) Harold expected an invasion from ________ and so demanded _____ from around the country. Harold also had his professional soldiers, __________, and when a battle was to be fought could call upon ordinary people (____). However, Harold had no _______ and no _______ (of which William had many). Harold waited on the _____ coast for invasion.

ARCHERS SHIPS FYRD SOUTH CAVALRY NORMANDY HOUSECARLS

(4) William got the support of the ____. He was given a papal ______ to carry into battle. This was a sign that ___ was on the Normans’ side. William prepared ______ because he needed his _____ to provide men and had to wait for hundreds of _____ to be built. Whilst they were waiting, the Normans built ___-__________ castles to take with them to help ______ England.

BANNER PRE-FABRICATED SLOWLY CONTROL LORDS POPE GOD SHIPS

(6) Hardrada and Tostig landed near ____. Hardrada was a fierce _______. He won the Battle of _______ and defeated the two _____ who had previously forced Tostig to retreat. Harold quickly re-gathered his army and marched north, covering nearly ___ miles in under a week. Harold’s army caught Hardrada by surprise at _______________ and Hardrada and Tostig were both ______.

WARRIOR 200 FULFORD YORK EARLS KILLED STAMFORD BRIDGE

PODBOXThe Battle of Stamford Bridge

(1) Edward the _________ died and Harold became King in Jan 1066, as Edward had apparently named Harold his _________ whilst on his ________. Harold was popular with the English _____. However, _______ felt that this broke

(3) However, Harold’s first challenge came from his brother _____ who persuaded ________________ to invade. _____ and his ships and soldiers ______ towns along the coast, until Harold’s loyal _____ forced him to retreat. _____ fled to Scotland to wait for Hardrada.

RAIDED TOSTIG TOSTIG TOSTIG EARLS HARALD HARDRADA

(7) After Harold’s stunning victory at _______________, within three days he received news that _______ had landed in England. The _______ had finally turned in William’s favour and he landed at ________ while Harold’s army was still in the _____. The Normans quickly set up their first ______ to provide defence.

WILLIAM PEVENSEY WEATHER STAMFORD BRIDGE CASTLE NORTH

(5) Harold’s army had been waiting for _____ months and his soldiers needed ______ and _______. It was also harvest time, so he sent his soldiers home. This was poor timing as a few days later, _______ moved his fleet to the coast to wait for a favourable wind, and _________ and ______ sailed down from Scotland to invade.

HARDRADA PAYING WILLIAM TOSTIG THREE FEEDING

(8) Harold travelled quickly to ______, covering ___ miles in days. Harold could not tempt William to come close to _____ as William knew this would put him at a disadvantage. Harold instead wanted to ________ William just as he had ______. However, the Normans knew he was coming. Harold left London quickly, perhaps ________ too much. His victory at _______________ may have made him ____-_________.

SURPRISE 200 OVER-CONFIDENT LONDON LONDON HARDRADA STAMFORD BRIDGE HURRYING

MODIFY YOUR LEARNINGSUPPORT/CHALLENGE: The number of words missing in the word fill.

PODBOXReasons for William’s Victory

How did William treat Romney and what did Dover and Canterbury then do?

Why did Edgar Aetheling soon lose support?

Key words to use: Garrison, Oaths of loyalty.

How did William ‘prove’ his legitimacy?

How did William gain the loyalty of English lords & how did he treat those who died at Hastings?

Key words to use: Royal writs, Fealty, Disinherited.

What did the Normans do in order to control the English population?

What proved to William that his plan of including English nobles in his government was not working?

Key words to use: Castles, Taxes, Rebellion.

Why did the North become such a problem?

How did William convince the Danes to leave?

EXAM PRACTICEQ6: Explain what was important about

the actions taken by William to deal with rebellions in establishing Norman

control.

After answering the questions, highlight the information that was

most important to William in establishing control.

Reverse storyboard: use the images as hints in order to complete description of the Battle of Hastings. After this, improve the basic half-answer to the ‘write an account’ Q7, and then write your own second ‘perfect paragraph’.

MODIFY YOUR LEARNINGSUPPORT: Sentence starters below each storyboard box &

a box of key terms to use. A model 8-mark Q7 paragraph to use as guidance in writing the next paragraph.

CHALLENGE: Two extra storyboard boxes. A low-level Q7 paragraph to improve before writing the next one.

EXAM PRACTICEQ7: Write an account of why William won the Battle of Hastings.

William won the Battle of Hastings because of the pre-

battle preparations. Harold had no archers or cavalry, and

William did. Harald Hardrada’s invasion also meant that

Harold had to leave the south coast where he was waiting

for William. He had to go north to fight, then quickly

march back to face William.

PARAGRAPH ON HOW THE EVENTS OF THE BATTLE ITSELF HELPED WILLIAM TO WIN:

William Establishes ControlTopic 4 S

STEP 1: ENGLISH LORDS

STEP 2: CHANGE OF TACTICS

MODIFY YOUR LEARNINGSUPPORT: Key words to include in

your answers to the questions.CHALLENGE: Assess the significance of

each step in William’s attempts to secure control over England.



How did William treat Romney and what did Dover and Canterbury then do?

Why did Edgar Aetheling soon lose support?

How did William ‘prove’ his legitimacy?

How did William gain the loyalty of English lords & how did he treat those who died at Hastings?

How important in securing Norman control?

What did the Normans do in order to control the English population?

What proved to William that his plan of including English nobles in his government was not working?




What did William do next?

PODBOX (6 to watch)Securing Control

Revolt and Rebellions Impact of Resistance

The Revolt of the Earls, 1075Power of the Monarchy & Regents

Robert and Revolt in Normandy

Why were the Danes still a problem, and how did William deal with them?

How did William deal with the Earls’ Revolt of 1075? [The Podbox will be very useful here]

Complete the questions above, then in the box (>) explain the most significant turning point in the

Norman consolidation of power.

EXAM PRACTICEQ6: Explain what was important about

the actions taken by William to deal with rebellions in establishing Norman

control.

After answering the questions, highlight the information that was

most important to William in establishing control.





William Establishes ControlTopic 4 C

STEP 1: ENGLISH LORDS

STEP 2: CHANGE OF TACTICS

STEP 3: HARRYING OF THE NORTH




STEP 4: FINAL CHALLENGES

BURNT ALFRED SOLDIERS ENGLISH RARELY HARRYING STONE VIKINGS BUILD BAILEY REMIND VULNERABLE REBELLIONS WOOD TAXES

Castles were central to Norman control and were very ______ built before 1066. The ‘burhs’ built by ______ the Great were to defend the country against _______, whereas Norman castles were built to impose Norman rule on the

rebellious _______. William’s castles were concentrated in __________ areas like Wales and Scotland. No significant town was more than a day’s march from a castle, allowing the Normans to deal with any __________ quickly.

Early Norman castles were Motte and ______ castles built from ____. A tower, called a keep, was built on top of the motte, which was a mound of earth. These castles were quick to build and some were pre-fabricated before the

invasion. However, they were weak because they could be _____ or might rot. For this reason, in time many were rebuilt in _____. The main functions of castles were strategic (housing ________ and making sure that anyone invading

England would have to put the castles under siege) and symbolic (a permanent reminder of who ruled the country). Normans often forced the English to _____ them & charged them _____ to maintain them.

A good example of an important castle was built at Pickering. This was used as a base for William’s soldiers to carry out the ________ of the North. Even after the North was under control, William still used this castle to keep control over

East Yorkshire. The castle was designed to be imposing, to _____ people that they were being watched by the Normans.

EXAM PRACTICEQ5: How convincing is Int. A about the importance of castles in early Norman England? Read the model half-answer, then

explain how the Int. is less convincing.

EXAM PRACTICEAdapted from Richard Huscroft: The Norman Conquest, 2009.

Military organisation was therefore crucial to the success of the Norman Conquest. With strong armies, the Kings could defeat their internal and external enemies on campaign. With enduring symbols of military power and might, they could intimidate them into lasting submission. The most potent of such symbols was the castle.

CastlesTopic 5 S

Interpretation A is quite convincing because castles were used to intimidate opposition. Wherever there was major rebellion William would build a castle. He did this at Pickering and York during the Harrying of the North. The building of a castle affected the local population in a number of ways. Often houses would be destroyed to make way for a castle to be built. This would show the local population that the Normans were willing to act in a forceful way. A castle was also an imposing building; constructed on a motte, overlooking the local area, it would serve as a constant physical reminder that the Norms were watching over the local population which would discourage them from rebelling.

Paragraph 2 could be about the important defensive purposes of castles, which the Interpretation ignores.

MODIFY YOUR LEARNINGSUPPORT: Fewer word fill spaces to complete and a model half-answer to Q5 to work from.

CHALLENGE: More word fill spaces to complete and a basic half-answer to Q5 to improve.

EXAM TIPSQ5 will be either a visual or written Int. You must

compare the Int. with what you know and explain how accurately the Int. portrays what

you know. First focus on what is accurate.

BURNT SCOTLAND PRE-FABRICATED ALFRED SOLDIERS KEEP ENGLISH PICKERING SIEGE RARELY HARRYING STONE VIKINGS BUILD BAILEY

REMIND DAY VULNERABLE REBELLIONS WOOD TAXES

Castles were central to Norman control and were very ______ built before 1066. The ‘burhs’ built by ______ the Great were to defend the country against _______, whereas Norman castles were built to impose Norman rule on the

rebellious _______. William’s castles were concentrated in __________ areas like Wales and ________. No significant town was more than a ___’s march from a castle, allowing the Normans to deal with any __________ quickly.

Early Norman castles were Motte and ______ castles built from ____. A tower, called a ____, was built on top of the motte, which was a mound of earth. These castles were quick to build and some were ___-__________ before the invasion. However, they were weak because they could be _____ or might rot. For this reason, in time many were

rebuilt in _____. The main functions of castles were strategic (housing ________ and making sure that anyone invading England would have to put the castles under _____) and symbolic (a permanent reminder of who ruled the country).

Normans often forced the English to _____ them & charged them _____ to maintain them.

A good example of an important castle was built at ________. This was used as a base for William’s soldiers to carry out the ________ of the North. Even after the North was under control, William still used this castle to keep control over

East Yorkshire. The castle was designed to be imposing, to _____ people that they were being watched by the Normans.

EXAM PRACTICEQ5: How convincing is Int. A about the importance of castles

in early Norman England? Improve the basic half-answer, then explain how the Int. is less convincing.

EXAM PRACTICEAdapted from Richard Huscroft: The Norman Conquest, 2009.

Military organisation was therefore crucial to the success of the Norman Conquest. With strong armies, the Kings could defeat their internal and external enemies on campaign. With enduring symbols of military power and might, they could intimidate them into lasting submission. The most potent of such symbols was the castle.

CastlesTopic 5 C

Interpretation A is convincing because castles were used to

intimidate opposition. Wherever there was major rebellion

William would build a castle. This would show the local

population that the Normans were willing to use force. A

castle was also intimidating and would remind the English

not to think about rebellion.

Paragraph 2 could be about the important defensive purposes of castles, which the Interpretation ignores.

MODIFY YOUR LEARNINGSUPPORT: Fewer word fill spaces to complete and a model half-answer to Q5 to work from.

CHALLENGE: More word fill spaces to complete and a basic half-answer to Q5 to improve.

EXAM TIPSQ5 will be either a visual or written Int. You must

compare the Int. with what you know and explain how accurately the Int. portrays what

you know. First focus on what is accurate.

EXAM PRACTICEQ8: ‘The main change that Norman castles brought about was that they

allowed the Normans to defend their new lands.’ How far does a study of Pickering Castle support this statement?

- The English had used fortified towns such as burhs to defend themselves. They were a safe place to retreat to when attacked. But castles went further than this, they were not only used to defend areas but also as a base from which an attack could be launched.

- Pickering Castle was so important to William that he did not hand it over to someone to run for him. Instead, he remained in control of the castle until the end of his life.

- Pickering Castle was used to defend Norman land in East Yorkshire from Scottish and Viking raids. This was because Pickering was on the junction of two important roads.

- These roads also provided links to other castles in the region. This meant troops could respond to attacks more quickly.

- Pickering was built due to the rebellion in the north in 1069. It was used as a base to carry out the Harrying of the North which helped to quell future rebellion.

PODBOXKing William I’s Death and Succession

Answer the questions above in order to get an overview of Norman rule. Then look at the guide for

a Q8 16-marker (site study). Complete the appropriate task from the blue modification box.

Why did William not spend much time in England after 1075? [Normandy]

Why did William’s oldest son not succeed him? [Robert, Rufus]

How did Rufus deal with six of the ten Norman barons rebelling? [Odo, Promises]

Why did these barons rebel? [Robert]

How did William Rufus die? [Hunting, Suspicious]

Why had Henry received nothing from William I? [Third]

How did Henry initially deal with his eldest brother Robert? [Deal]

How did Henry come to rule both England and Normandy? [Betray]

KING WILLIAM I1066-1087

KING WILLIAM II (RUFUS) 1087-1100

KING HENRY I1100-1135

How did William die? [Horse, Fat]

William I’s Death & SuccessionTopic 6

EXAM TIPSYou need to use your

knowledge of the site to consider both sides of a

statement. The statement provides a focus for you. Start

off with 1-2 paras agreeing with it, then 1-2 disagreeing,

before concluding.

S

EXAM PRACTICEQ8: ‘The main change that Norman castles brought about was that they

allowed the Normans to defend their new lands.’ How far does a study of Pickering Castle support this statement?

- The English had used fortified towns such as burhs to defend themselves. They were a safe place to retreat to when attacked. But castles went further than this, they were not only used to defend areas but also as a base from which an attack could be launched.- Pickering Castle was so important to William that he did not hand it over to someone to run for him. Instead, he remained in control of the castle until the end of his life.- Pickering Castle was used to defend Norman land in East Yorkshire from Scottish and Viking raids. This was because Pickering was on the junction of two important roads.- These roads also provided links to other castles in the region. This meant troops could respond to attacks more quickly.- Pickering was built due to the rebellion in the north in 1069. It was used as a base to carry out the Harrying of the North which helped to quell future rebellion.

PODBOXKing William I’s Death and Succession

Answer the questions above in order to get an overview of Norman rule. Then look at the guide for

a Q8 16-marker (site study). Complete the appropriate task from the blue modification box.

Why did William not spend much time in England after 1075?

Why did William’s oldest son not succeed him?

How did Rufus deal with six of the ten Norman barons rebelling?

Why did these barons rebel?

How did William Rufus die?

Why had Henry received nothing from William I?

How did Henry initially deal with his eldest brother Robert?

How did Henry come to rule both England and Normandy?

KING WILLIAM I1066-1087

KING WILLIAM II (RUFUS) 1087-1100

KING HENRY I1100-1135

How did William die?

William I’s Death & SuccessionTopic 6

EXAM TIPSYou need to use your

knowledge of the site to consider both sides of a

statement. The statement provides a focus for you. Start

off with 1-2 paras agreeing with it, then 1-2 disagreeing,

before concluding.

C

PODBOXFeudal Society

Feudal System & Military ControlTopic 7 S

MODIFY YOUR LEARNINGSUPPORT: Boxes of key words to include in your writing.

CHALLENGE: An extra box asking you to explain which was the most important change, as practice for Q6.

EXAM TIPS Once this page is completed, highlight two important changes – as practice for either a Q6

or a Q7 (‘write an account’).

ANGLO-SAXON ENGLAND

KING’S POWER?

EARLS

PEASANTS RAISING AN ARMY

OVERPOWERFUL EARLS

ENGLISH THEGNS


MARCHER LORDS (WALES)

NORMAN KNIGHTS

KEY TERMS & GLOSSARY

Patronage: The King’s power to control who had the right to such privileges as titles or ownership of land.

Marcher Lords: The border regions of England were known as the Marches. The three Marcher Lords controlled large areas of land on the Welsh border.

Freemen: Peasants not the property of the landowner.

KEY TERMS & GLOSSARY

Lord of the Manor: A knight might be called this – owner of the manor house and land in the village.

Hierarchy: A system in which members of society are ranked according to status or authority.

Thegn: A nobleman in Anglo-Saxon England.

Oath: A promise with God as a witness.

Think carefully about the Anglo-Saxon hierarchy before 1066, and the Norman feudal system. Complete the boxes to clearly show the changes e.g. similarities and differences between thegns and knights, or earls and barons.

NORMAN ENGLAND

KING’S POWER?

BARONS

PODBOXFeudal Society

Feudal System & Military ControlTopic 7 C

MODIFY YOUR LEARNINGSUPPORT: Boxes of key words to include in your writing.

CHALLENGE: An extra box asking you to explain which were the most important changes, as practice for Q6.

EXAM TIPS Once this page is completed, highlight two important changes – as practice for either a Q6

or a Q7 (‘write an account’).

ANGLO-SAXON ENGLAND

KING’S POWER?

EARLS


OVERPOWERFUL EARLS

ENGLISH THEGNS


MARCHER LORDS (WALES)

NORMAN KNIGHTS

Below, explain the most important

changes from Anglo-Saxon to Norman times. Try also to

point out continuity.

Think carefully about the Anglo-Saxon hierarchy before 1066, and the Norman feudal system. Complete the boxes to clearly show the changes e.g. similarities and differences between thegns and knights, or earls and barons.

NORMAN ENGLAND

KING’S POWER?

BARONS

THE ROLE OF THE KINGWhat were the powers that only kings had in Medieval times?

Who were the Chancery? Why do you think William kept them from Anglo-Saxon times?

STEP 1: On the left side of this page, complete the questions in order to explain Norman changes to national government.STEP 2: On the right side of this page, complete the word fills

in order to explain Norman changes to local government.

PATRONAGEWhat could the king offer to those loyal?

What could happen if you were not loyal?

GOVERNMENT BY WRITWhat is a writ?

Why did the Normans continue with these?

Why were far more writs issued under William than under Anglo-Saxon kings?

COURTSYSTEM

PODBOXLaw and Justice

Aristocracy and Society

LAWENFORCED

TRIALS

PUNISHMENTS

The Normans kept the system of splitting England into 134 shires, with a shire-reeve (or _______) in charge of justice and the collecting of _____ in each. The sheriff acted as a deputy to the _____. To start with, the

There was no ______ force in Norman times. Some towns had constables, who had the power to arrest people but were not ____ much so the law was often a 2nd

There was often little ________ so proof was normally found using methods with a _________ element. Witnesses swearing oaths on holy relics

Serious offences like murder were punished by _______ or mutilation under the Normans rather than paying wergild like under the Anglo-Saxons. For less serious crimes the guilty party would often pay ___________ to the victim.

INHERITANCEWhat is primogeniture and why did the Normans introduce it?

What happened if a land-holder died without any heirs under the Normans?

Who did this benefit the most?

were used less often than in Anglo-Saxon times, and instead ______ more regularly took place. Trial by _________ and ________ were both based on the idea that ___ would help the innocent party. Trial by battle could also take place, and here richer people often hired _________ to fight for them. Again, God would ‘help’ the victor.

RELIGIOUS GOD TRIALS EVIDENCE COLD WATER CHAMPIONS HOT IRON

COMPENSATION HANGING

Explain the most important change made by Normans:

National and Local GovernmentTopic 8

MODIFY YOUR LEARNINGSUPPORT: When finished with the national govt.

section, highlight the most important change made by Normans, and explain its importance in an extra box.CHALLENGE: Explain the importance of each national topic. More words missing from local govt. word fills.

S

BARON SHERIFF ANGLO-SAXON LAND TAXES NORMANS SERIOUS

Normans used _____-_____ sheriffs but gradually replaced almost all of them with loyal _______. The Normans wanted to prove they were legitimate rulers so mostly kept the Anglo-Saxon legal system, but added a new court: the Lord’s Court, which was to deal with crime or disputes over ____. The King’s Court only dealt with the most _______ offences. Below this were Shire Courts, Hundred Courts and Manor Courts.

job for them. Most towns had a _________, who tried to make sure that people kept to the curfew. They were normally __________ and few took the job seriously. After a crime took place, the ___________ could be raised. When this happened everyone had to help _____ the criminal. A tithing was a group of 10-12 people who would be _____ if one committed a crime and the rest did not turn them in. Some criminals could escape by claiming __________ in a church. The Normans introduced the Murdrum Fine, which fined all the local community if a Norman was killed and the murderer was not found within ____ days. This helped reduce violent acts against Normans and provided ______.

PAID WATCHMAN HUE AND CRY CATCH SANCTUARY VOLUNTEERS FIVE POLICE FINED INCOME

INTERPRETATION AThis is an interpretation of the legal system in Norman

times. It depicts a law court and trial by battle. The picture was drawn in 1963 for a children’s story book.

EXAM PRACTICEQ5: How convincing is Int. A about the Norman legal

system?KNOWLEDGE TO AGREE: The interpretation is convincing as it depicts trial by battle. The Normans introduced this for serious offences as it reflected their militaristic culture, along with the religious belief that God would intervene to help the innocent party win. This was an alternative to some Anglo-Saxon trials by ‘ordeal’, such as cold water or hot iron. A is also convincing because it shows a formal court in action. There were many different types of court in Norman England – not just the King’s Court, but also feudal and manorial courts. As depicted in A, these had modern traits such as a judge or a jury.


EXAM PRACTICEQ6: Explain what was important about the reforms of local and national government for Norman England.

PARA ONE (LOCAL): [Simplifying legal system / Court system / Murdrum Fine / Changes in trial system]

PARA TWO (NATIONAL): [Inheritance laws to increase power of patronage / Keeping government by writ]

MODIFY SUPPORT: For Q5, half a model answer to use in writing the rest. For Q6, tips on what to include. CHALLENGE: For

Q6, improve a basic answer before writing the rest yourself.

How did the Normans change how England was governed?

What did the Normans keep from Anglo-Saxon government?

THE ROLE OF THE KINGWhat were the powers that only kings had in Medieval times?

Who were the Chancery? Why do you think William kept them from Anglo-Saxon times?

STEP 1: On the left side of this page, complete the questions in order to explain Norman changes to national government.STEP 2: On the right side of this page, complete the word fills

in order to explain Norman changes to local government.

PATRONAGEWhat could the king offer to those loyal?

What could happen if you were not loyal?

GOVERNMENT BY WRITWhat is a writ?

Why did the Normans continue with these?

Why were far more writs issued under William than under Anglo-Saxon kings?

COURTSYSTEM

PODBOXLaw and Justice

Aristocracy and Society

LAWENFORCED

TRIALS

PUNISHMENTS

The Normans kept the system of splitting England into 134 ______, with a shire-reeve (or _______) in charge of justice and the collecting of _____ in each. The sheriff acted as a deputy to the _____. To start with, the

There was often little ________ so proof was normally found using methods with a _________ element. Witnesses swearing _____ on holy relics

Serious offences like murder were punished by _______ or mutilation under the Normans rather than paying _______ like under the Anglo-Saxons. For less serious crimes the guilty party would often pay ___________ to the victim.

INHERITANCEWhat is primogeniture and why did the Normans introduce it?

What happened if a land-holder died without any heirs under the Normans?

Who did this benefit the most?

were used less often than in Anglo-Saxon times, and instead ______ more regularly took place. Trial by _________ and ________ were both based on the idea that ___ would help the innocent party. Trial by ______ could also take place, and here richer people often hired _________ to fight for them. Again, God would ‘help’ the victor.

BATTLE RELIGIOUS GOD TRIALS EVIDENCE COLD WATER CHAMPIONS OATHS HOT IRON

WERGILD COMPENSATION

HANGING

National and Local GovernmentTopic 8

MODIFY YOUR LEARNINGSUPPORT: When finished with the national govt.

section, highlight the most important change made by Normans, and explain its importance in an extra box.CHALLENGE: Explain the importance of each national topic. More words missing from local govt. word fills.

C

BARON LORD SHERIFF ANGLO-SAXON LAND LEGITIMATE TAXES SHIRES NORMANS SERIOUS

Normans used _____-_____ sheriffs but gradually replaced almost all of them with loyal _______. The Normans wanted to prove they were __________ rulers so mostly kept the Anglo-Saxon legal system, but added a new court: the ____’s Court, which was to deal with crime or disputes over ____. The King’s Court only dealt with the most _______ offences. Below this were Shire Courts, Hundred Courts and Manor Courts.

job for them. Most towns had a _________, who tried to make sure that people kept to the ______. They were normally __________ and few took the job seriously. After a crime took place, the ___________ could be raised. When this happened everyone had to help _____ the criminal. A _______ was a group of 10-12 people who would be _____ if one committed a crime and the rest did not turn them in. Some criminals could escape by claiming __________ in a church. The Normans introduced the ________ Fine, which fined all the local community if a Norman was killed and the murderer was not found within ____ days. This helped reduce violent acts against Normans and provided ______.

PAID WATCHMAN HUE AND CRY CONSTABLES CATCH SANCTUARY VOLUNTEERS FIVE POLICE FINED CURFEW

TITHING INCOME MURDRUM

Importance?:

Importance?:

Importance?:

Importance?:

INTERPRETATION AThis is an interpretation of the legal system in Norman

times. It depicts a law court and trial by battle. The picture was drawn in 1963 for a children’s story book.

EXAM PRACTICEQ5: How convincing is Int. A about the Norman legal

system?KNOWLEDGE TO AGREE:


EXAM PRACTICEQ6: Explain what was important about the reforms of local and national government for Norman England.

PARA ONE (LOCAL):

PARA TWO (NATIONAL):

MODIFY SUPPORT: For Q5, half a model answer to use in writing the rest. For Q6, tips on what to include. CHALLENGE: For

Q6, improve a basic answer before writing the rest yourself.

How did the Normans change how England was governed?

What did the Normans keep from Anglo-Saxon government?

TAX ANGLO-SAXON CONQUEST WILLIAM SOLDIERS INVASION CONTROL LONDON YEAR LAND OWNERSHIP

In 1085, _______ asked his officials to conduct a survey of all property and resources in England. It was completed in less than a ____. This document shows

exactly who owned what in virtually every part of the country, and was an important part of Norman _______.

The ________ had completely changed the ownership of ____ in England. Since 1066 people had died or land had been sold, so land disputes were common. This took up a lot of court time, and a thorough survey would reduce these problems.

Even more importantly, it would allow William to ___ people more efficiently.

Another potential reason for the survey may have been that in 1085 England faced the threat of ________ from Vikings and the Count of Flanders. Although it never happened, William brought ________ over from Normandy and needed to pay for

them by raising large sums of money. This document was important as it meant that all the changes in power and land ownership caused by the Conquest had

been formally confirmed.

In order to conduct the survey, the country was divided into seven circuits. Existing _____-_____ documentary information was collected first, before officials toured each area asking questions about land _________. Areas not yet controlled were

not included; nor were ______ and Winchester.

PODBOXThe Domesday Book

Similarities between Norman and Anglo-Saxon England

Differences between Norman and Anglo-Saxon England

Land ownership

[Who owned land / Anglo-Saxon hierarchy] [Barons v Earls / Norman replacements / More formal arrangements e.g. patronage]

Military service

[Powerful Marcher Lords / Knights v Thegns / Use of fyrd]

[Knight oath / Knights doing military service]

National government

[Government by writ / Great Council] [Primogeniture & inheritance / More power of patronage]

Local government

[Shire-reeves / Many courts kept / Crime & punishment changes were gradual]

[Norman replacements / Legal system simplified / Murdrum Fine / Trials]

The Domesday

Book

[Anglo-Saxon records used as a start] [Tax-raising / Record of changes post-1066]

The Domesday SurveyTopic 9 S

MODIFY YOUR LEARNING

SUPPORT: Hints of what to include in your

change/continuity table.CHALLENGE: More words missing from the word fill.

EXAM TIPS A practice Q6 is Explain what

was important about the Domesday Survey. In order to

answer this, highlight anything from the word fill that suggests the survey’s

importance, then below note down how you would structure an answer.

COURT PROPERTY TAX ANGLO-SAXON CONQUEST WILLIAM SOLDIERS INVASION CONTROL LONDON DISPUTES YEAR LAND

VIKINGS SEVEN OWNERSHIP

In 1085, _______ asked his officials to conduct a survey of all ________ and resources in England. It was completed in less than a ____. This document shows

exactly who owned what in virtually every part of the country, and was an important part of Norman _______.

The ________ had completely changed the ownership of ____ in England. Since 1066 people had died or land had been sold, so land ________ were common. This took up a lot of _____ time, and a thorough survey would reduce these problems.

Even more importantly, it would allow William to ___ people more efficiently.

Another potential reason for the survey may have been that in 1085 England faced the threat of ________ from _______ and the Count of Flanders. Although it never happened, William brought ________ over from Normandy and needed to pay for

them by raising large sums of money. This document was important as it meant that all the changes in power and land ownership caused by the Conquest had

been formally confirmed.

In order to conduct the survey, the country was divided into _____ circuits. Existing _____-_____ documentary information was collected first, before officials toured each area asking questions about land _________. Areas not yet controlled

were not included; nor were ______ and Winchester.

PODBOXThe Domesday Book

Similarities between Norman and Anglo-Saxon England

Differences between Norman and Anglo-Saxon England

Land ownership

Military service

National government

Local government

The Domesday

Book

The Domesday SurveyTopic 9 C


SUPPORT: Hints of what to include in your

change/continuity table.CHALLENGE: More words missing from the word fill.

EXAM TIPS A practice Q6 is Explain what

was important about the Domesday Survey. In order to

answer this, highlight anything from the word fill that suggests the survey’s

importance, then below note down how you would structure an answer.

PODBOXEconomic and Social Changes

EXAM PRACTICEQ6: Explain what was important about the economic impact of the Norman Conquest.

PARA ONE (SHORT-TERM):

PARA TWO (LONG-TERM):

Economic ImpactTopic 10 S

The Normans increased… They took land from… In the Harrying of the North,… They spent money & forced labour on…

The number of freemen… From the late 1090s… Population, towns and wealth… There was increased security as…

England had stronger European links… Being able to borrow money helped…

Before 1066 most people lived in the countryside. Most worked for a thegn who gave them a place to live and land to farm. They grew crops and kept animals. Life was tough for most people. Laws favoured the landowner. Sometimes the harvest was good but famine could also strike. Sheep farming was still the main industry in England. However, the amount of cultivated land was increasing and food production was increasing too.Towns had started to develop, especially in the south and east, but only 5 per cent of the population lived in towns. Towns grew up around important royal or church centres. They also developed due to trade – especially ports. Town life could be easier than the countryside but disease was more common due to unsanitary conditions.

MODIFY YOUR LEARNINGSUPPORT: Sentence starters for the reverse storyboard.

CHALLENGE: Also write a short conclusion for Q6, explaining how the importance of the Conquest’s

economic impact changed over time (demonstrating a complex understanding).

PODBOXEconomic and Social Changes

EXAM PRACTICEQ6: Explain what was important about the economic impact of the Norman Conquest.

PARA ONE (SHORT-TERM):

PARA TWO (LONG-TERM):

CONCLUSION:

Economic ImpactTopic 10 C

Before 1066 most people lived in the countryside. Most worked for a thegn who gave them a place to live and land to farm. They grew crops and kept animals. Life was tough for most people. Laws favoured the landowner. Sometimes the harvest was good but famine could also strike. Sheep farming was still the main industry in England. However, the amount of cultivated land was increasing and food production was increasing too.Towns had started to develop, especially in the south and east, but only 5 per cent of the population lived in towns. Towns grew up around important royal or church centres. They also developed due to trade – especially ports. Town life could be easier than the countryside but disease was more common due to unsanitary conditions.

MODIFY YOUR LEARNINGSUPPORT: Sentence starters for the reverse storyboard.

CHALLENGE: Also write a short conclusion for Q6, explaining how the importance of the Conquest’s

economic impact changed over time (demonstrating a complex understanding).

Work for the Poor Work for the Rich Housing and Health

Diet for the Poor

Diet for the RichCase Study: Wharram Percy

Case Study: Hoddesdon

EXAM PRACTICEQ7: Write an account of the ways in which the lives of Anglo-Saxon villagers stayed

the same under the Normans. Mark the three example answers below.(A) The lives of ordinary people did not greatly change. The name of the manorial Lord may have changed but not change the everyday farming work most villeins did.Things stayed the same for the villeins who made up most of the Medieval village. They had to work their holdings in the open field and on certain days of the week work for the Lord on his land, then at harvest time do extra work on top of that.Their diets remained the same as well as the type of work they did. Peasants, who were the majority of the Anglo-Saxon villagers, did not see a great change other than in who their labour went to.

(B) One continuity that changed little was the relationship of the villein to his land and his Lord. Villeins could not leave their land, and also had to work for their Lord as well as being taxed by them. The villein still had to pay a fine when his daughter married, and another when he took over the land from his father. Overall the villeins were still financially exploited by the ruling classes.

(C) The entirety of Answer B, plus: Although the Normans made great changes to the aristocracy and the upper levels of the English church, for most ordinary peasants the structure of their jobs around the village – the bailiff, the reeve, the miller, the parish priest. 90% of the population lived in the countrywide. There was no new manorial system imposed on England after the Conquest, and so traditions and organisation stayed the same. Usually several villages were grouped together under a lordship – a manor.

Working life changed little as…

Most people in villages were…

Fields were divided into strips and…

Even when conditions were good, life was a struggle as…

After the King, the richest people were…

The lords’ income came from…

Knights would…

Sheriffs (shire-reeves) would…

Housing was poor because…

Forty was considered a good age to reach because…

Diets (for the poor) hardly changed at all because…

Peasants would eat…

However, if crops failed…

The rich ate far more…

They chose not to eat as many vegetables because…

The diets of the rich were less healthy than the diets of the poor because…

Before 1066 this village was held by two Anglo-Saxon landowners. By 1086…

Norman influence and wealth can be seen, as wooden buildings…

In 1066 it had been held by King Harold. By 1086…

There was only one freeman, typical of the Norman Conquest as…

This village was taxed highly, meaning that the lord…

In contrast to Hoddesdon’s wealth, villages in northern England…

Village LifeTopic 11 S

Village Life


SUPPORT: Sentence starters in the diagram.

CHALLENGE: Instead of marking the third (and highest-scoring) of the three example answers, mark

two answers and write a better one yourself.

EXAM TIPSRemember, this question is about

change (or in the case of this example, the lack of it). Level 2 (3-

4 marks) requires you to write a simple explanation of one or more points. You should easily be able to

get beyond this to Level 3 (5-6 marks). For Level 3, you need a detailed explanation of one or

more points. You should aim to write two detailed paragraphs in ten minutes. Level 4 (7-8 marks) requires you to give a complex explanation of more than one

point. To give a ‘complex’ answer, consider how change was different for different groups of people (or

at different times).

Work for the Poor Work for the Rich Housing and Health

Diet for the Poor

Diet for the RichCase Study: Wharram Percy

Case Study: Hoddesdon

EXAM PRACTICEQ7: Write an account of the ways in which the lives of Anglo-Saxon villagers stayed

the same under the Normans. Mark the three example answers below.(A) The lives of ordinary people did not greatly change. The name of the manorial Lord may have changed but not change the everyday farming work most villeins did.Things stayed the same for the villeins who made up most of the Medieval village. They had to work their holdings in the open field and on certain days of the week work for the Lord on his land, then at harvest time do extra work on top of that.Their diets remained the same as well as the type of work they did. Peasants, who were the majority of the Anglo-Saxon villagers, did not see a great change other than in who their labour went to.

(B) One continuity that changed little was the relationship of the villein to his land and his Lord. Villeins could not leave their land, and also had to work for their Lord as well as being taxed by them. The villein still had to pay a fine when his daughter married, and another when he took over the land from his father. Overall the villeins were still financially exploited by the ruling classes.

INCLUDE: Working life, strip farming, famines.

INCLUDE: Bishops and lords, sources of income. INCLUDE: Hygiene, life expectancy.

INCLUDE: Healthy?, crop reliance.

INCLUDE: Why no vegetables?, why less healthy than the poor?

INCLUDE: Evidence of Norman influence and wealth.

INCLUDE: Norman replacements, fewer freemen.

Village LifeTopic 11 C

Village Life


SUPPORT: Sentence starters in the diagram.

CHALLENGE: Instead of marking the third (and highest-scoring) of the three example answers, mark

two answers and write a better one yourself.

EXAM TIPSRemember, this question is about

change (or in the case of this example, the lack of it). Level 2 (3-

4 marks) requires you to write a simple explanation of one or more points. You should easily be able to

get beyond this to Level 3 (5-6 marks). For Level 3, you need a detailed explanation of one or

more points. You should aim to write two detailed paragraphs in ten minutes. Level 4 (7-8 marks) requires you to give a complex explanation of more than one

point. To give a ‘complex’ answer, consider how change was different for different groups of people (or

at different times).

Write an account of how life in towns changed under the Normans. [8 marks]

This is a Q7 practice question. There are many details you could include in your account – but remember, Q7 is not just description. You need to focus on explaining how life changed. Below you have been given four points. Complete the activities.

Town LifeTopic 12 S

GROWTH OF TOWNS

How did life in towns change?

Increased trade with Europe helped towns grow because…

Towns developed in locations such as…

People moved from the countryside to towns because…

Towns attracted people who wanted to set up businesses because…

FEATURES OF NORMAN TOWNS


Hygiene was poor because… Overcrowding led to…

Some of the commonly-seen buildings were…

By the time of Domesday, most major towns were in [which area/s of England?]…

CASE STUDY: NOTTINGHAM


Nottingham (formerly Snottingaham) changed after Conquest because…

The English and Norman populations segregated themselves, e.g…

A castle was built here in 1067-68 because…

Q8 practice: What does Nottingham reveal to us about how life changed?

JOBS AND SOCIETY


Medieval jobs in towns included…

Guilds were…

and were created because…

Describe how an apprenticeship worked in training to become a master craftsman:

However not everyone who moved to towns became richer, because education…

MODIFY YOUR LEARNINGSUPPORT: Sentence starters in the diagram. In the Q7 exam practice

activity on the next page, use the model half-answer as a guide in writing the second half of the answer yourself.

CHALLENGE: Extra info to study as part of the diagram. In the Q7 exam practice activity on the next page, improve a basic half-answer before

writing the second half of the answer yourself.

On the next page there are three exam practice activities, all to do with life in

towns. For Q6 (Explain Importance), mark the two example answers. For Q7 (Write an Account), do the support/challenge activity. For Q8 (Site Study), mark the

example paragraph and write your own conclusion on Norman Nottingham.

EXAM PRACTICEQ6: Explain what was important about the growth of towns in Norman England. Mark the two example answers below.

(A) There were more towns in Norman England than there had been in Anglo-Saxon times. These towns grew because under Norman control, England was a stable country and increased its trade links with mainland Europe. This was important because as trade increased, coastal towns near ports on the south and east coast developed and became wealthy. The growth of these towns was also important because tradesmen then could move in order to set up shops and businesses – as the towns were protected by high walls and had gates that were guarded and locked at night. This meant that towns quickly became centres of prosperity.The growth of towns was also important because it led to increased quality control in various trades. Towns needed all sorts of craftsmen due to the needs of their overcrowded populations (e.g. bakers, butchers, brewers, tailors, apothecaries, etc.). In order to ensure high standards, town craftsmen created guilds, which were societies who controlled who was allowed to carry out business in the town. This meant that in towns, the quality of professions increased. Growing towns was therefore important because they gave ordinary people the opportunity to learn a trade (by first being apprentices for seven years) and to have a much more comfortable life than they would have had in a village.

(B) Towns grew in Norman England, and this was important because it helped the Normans to increase their level of control over the native English. Towns often developed around important castles, cathedrals and abbeys, or where important rivers or roads were. The fact that more English people moved to the towns (in search of greater wealth) meant that the population became more concentrated. The Normans could then build castles in key locations and therefore protect against the chances of rebellion, as well as Norman architecture serving as a symbolic reminder to the English of who was in charge. Towns were very important in this way – even the town sheriffs were Normans – although their importance should not be overstated, as by the time of the Domesday Survey only 5% of the population lived in towns. Most were still in the countryside, so despite the growth of towns being important for Norman control, this was not completely ensured.

EXAM PRACTICEQ7: Write an account of how life in towns changed under the Normans. Use the model half-answer to finish it yourself.

(PARAGRAPH ONE) Life in towns changed under the Normans because their populations increased due to opportunities for increased wealth. As the Norman rulers had greater links with continental Europe, towns (particularly on the coast) became important centres of trade. The Normans also had to make sure that towns were secure, in order to protect the Norman population from the native English. This meant that people wanting to set up a business were keen to move to towns, as the high walls and guarded gates meant that towns offered security. Furthermore, if villeins managed to escape their countryside life and lived in a town for a year and a day, there were declared freemen. This gave even more of an incentive for people to migrate from the countryside to towns. This changed town life because it led to overcrowding. This caused wooden houses to be built close together on narrow streets, creating a risk of fire and also extremely poor hygiene. Town life often led to overflowing waste and an increased risk of disease, changing for the worse and being victims of their own wealth and success.

(PARAGRAPH TWO (perhaps consider jobs))

EXAM PRACTICEQ8: ‘The main change to English towns brought about by the Norman Conquest was increased prosperity’. How far does a

study of Medieval Nottingham support this statement? Mark the example paragraph below (see exam technique guidance at the start of the Norman England section of this workbook) and then write a conclusion based on your understanding of Medieval Nottingham.

(EXAMPLE PARAGRAPH) The main change the Norman Conquest brought to Nottingham was wealth. The Normans built a wooden castle almost as soon as they conquered England, encouraging further development of the town as people moved to live near the castle. The Norman population was wealthier than the native English population, and so new markets grew and Nottingham became a valuable trade centre – meaning that the town further increased in size and therefore prosperity. Such was the dramatic change in Nottingham’s wealth that in addition to the weekday market, trading in everyday goods, a new Saturday market was created between 1070 and 1080. This served both the Norman and English populations. This shows how Norman Nottingham reflects the main change that Conquest brought to English towns – greater levels of trade. This was visible across the country in the different trades that flourished in Medieval towns, as guilds were created to ensure the quality of professions such as bakers, butchers, brewers, tailors and apothecaries. The Normans introduced these guilds to England and they further helped to ensure that towns such as Nottingham prospered under Norman rule.

(CONCLUSION (make sure you also consider other changes such as Anglo-Saxon/Norman tensions and increased population size (these would be your other factors), not just increased prosperity))

Write an account of how life in towns changed under the Normans. [8 marks]

This is a Q7 practice question. There are many details you could include in your account – but remember, Q7 is not just description. You need to focus on explaining how life changed. Below you have been given four points. Complete the activities.

Town LifeTopic 12 C

GROWTH OF TOWNS


https://britishheritage.com/how-the-normans-changed-england/

FEATURES OF NORMAN TOWNS


CASE STUDY: NOTTINGHAM


Q8 practice: What does Nottingham reveal to us about how life changed?

JOBS AND SOCIETY


MODIFY YOUR LEARNINGSUPPORT: Sentence starters in the diagram. In the Q7 exam practice

activity on the next page, use the model half-answer as a guide in writing the second half of the answer yourself.

CHALLENGE: Extra info to study as part of the diagram. In the Q7 exam practice activity on the next page, improve a basic half-answer before

writing the second half of the answer yourself.

On the next page there are three exam practice activities, all to do with life in

towns. For Q6 (Explain Importance), mark the two example answers. For Q7 (Write an Account), do the support/challenge activity. For Q8 (Site Study), mark the

example paragraph and write your own conclusion on Norman Nottingham.

http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/domesday/world-of-domesday/towns.htm

https://www.timeref.com/life/townlife.htm

http://www.localhistories.org/nottingham.html



https://www.timeref.com/life/townlife.htm



http://www.localhistories.org/nottingham.html

EXAM PRACTICEQ6: Explain what was important about the growth of towns in Norman England. Mark the two example answers below.

(A) There were more towns in Norman England than there had been in Anglo-Saxon times. These towns grew because under Norman control, England was a stable country and increased its trade links with mainland Europe. This was important because as trade increased, coastal towns near ports on the south and east coast developed and became wealthy. The growth of these towns was also important because tradesmen then could move in order to set up shops and businesses – as the towns were protected by high walls and had gates that were guarded and locked at night. This meant that towns quickly became centres of prosperity.The growth of towns was also important because it led to increased quality control in various trades. Towns needed all sorts of craftsmen due to the needs of their overcrowded populations (e.g. bakers, butchers, brewers, tailors, apothecaries, etc.). In order to ensure high standards, town craftsmen created guilds, which were societies who controlled who was allowed to carry out business in the town. This meant that in towns, the quality of professions increased. Growing towns was therefore important because they gave ordinary people the opportunity to learn a trade (by first being apprentices for seven years) and to have a much more comfortable life than they would have had in a village.

(B) Towns grew in Norman England, and this was important because it helped the Normans to increase their level of control over the native English. Towns often developed around important castles, cathedrals and abbeys, or where important rivers or roads were. The fact that more English people moved to the towns (in search of greater wealth) meant that the population became more concentrated. The Normans could then build castles in key locations and therefore protect against the chances of rebellion, as well as Norman architecture serving as a symbolic reminder to the English of who was in charge. Towns were very important in this way – even the town sheriffs were Normans – although their importance should not be overstated, as by the time of the Domesday Survey only 5% of the population lived in towns. Most were still in the countryside, so despite the growth of towns being important for Norman control, this was not completely ensured.

EXAM PRACTICEQ7: Write an account of how life in towns changed under the Normans. Improve the basic half-answer and write the rest yourself.

(PARAGRAPH ONE) Life in towns changed under the Normans because their populations increased. Towns became important centres of trade.

Towns also had high walls and guarded gates, so more people moved there. Many people also moved from the countryside to towns. This

meant that towns became overcrowded and it led to poor hygiene and disease and fires becoming more common.

(PARAGRAPH TWO (perhaps consider jobs))

EXAM PRACTICEQ8: ‘The main change to English towns brought about by the Norman Conquest was increased prosperity’. How far does a

study of Medieval Nottingham support this statement? Mark the example paragraph below (see exam technique guidance at the start of the Norman England section of this workbook) and then write a conclusion based on your understanding of Medieval Nottingham.

(EXAMPLE PARAGRAPH) The main change the Norman Conquest brought to Nottingham was wealth. The Normans built a wooden castle almost as soon as they conquered England, encouraging further development of the town as people moved to live near the castle. The Norman population was wealthier than the native English population, and so new markets grew and Nottingham became a valuable trade centre – meaning that the town further increased in size and therefore prosperity. Such was the dramatic change in Nottingham’s wealth that in addition to the weekday market, trading in everyday goods, a new Saturday market was created between 1070 and 1080. This served both the Norman and English populations. This shows how Norman Nottingham reflects the main change that Conquest brought to English towns – greater levels of trade. This was visible across the country in the different trades that flourished in Medieval towns, as guilds were created to ensure the quality of professions such as bakers, butchers, brewers, tailors and apothecaries. The Normans introduced these guilds to England and they further helped to ensure that towns such as Nottingham prospered under Norman rule.

(CONCLUSION (make sure you also consider other changes such as Anglo-Saxon/Norman tensions and increased population size (these would be your other factors), not just increased prosperity))

PODBOXInfluence of the Church

Why was the Church so important?

The Church was the largest single land-owner in England. How did this bring it immense wealth?

Key terms to include: Hell, parish, Pope, feudal, rents.

What was simony & why was it an issue?

What was nepotism & why was it an issue?

Why was it a problem that many members of the English clergy were married?

What did William I promise the Pope?

Key terms to include: corruption, celibacy.

Why did some rich people leave land/money to the Church when they died?

What was a tithe and what was a tithe barn?

Key terms to include: prayer, one-tenth.

Who was Lanfranc?

Who was Thomas of York?

Key terms to include: friend, Archbishop, Canterbury.

Why did Lanfranc (instead of Thomas) become leader of the English Church?

What were synods and why were they set up?

Why did Lanfranc move cathedrals to towns & cities with larger populations?

Why did Lanfranc establish a new hierarchy?

Why did the Normans replace every major Anglo-Saxon cathedral & abbey with new, Romanesque architecture?

What is Romanesque architecture?

Key term to include: grand.

What was the purpose of rebuilding?

How did the Normans afford this?

Key terms to include: wealth, forced labour, symbolic, Conquest.

What was attached to Durham Cathedral, and why?

What was built near Durham Cathedral, and why?

Why did the number of village churches double?

What happened about marrying priests?

Key terms to include: consecrated, King, religious courts, secular (non-religious) courts, centralise.

Why was Durham strategically important to the Normans?

Key terms to include: monasticism, castle, border.

The Church: Conquest & ReformTopic 13 S

How did the Normans change the English Church?

WEALTH & POWER

THE CHURCH REBUILDING

PROGRAMME

LANFRANC’S REFORMS


SUPPORT: Key terms to include in answers.

CHALLENGE: Links to where you can find

more info. Key terms match-up activity.

EXAM PRACTICEQ6: Explain what was important about Lanfranc’s reforms of the Church in Norman England.

Below are Lanfranc’s reforms (you will already have written about these on the previous page). For each reform, explain why it was important. In an actual exam answer you would write this into two detailed paragraphs.

a) Establishing synods – Church councils which spread the message of reform.

b) Moving cathedrals to towns and cities with larger populations – one-third of bishops moved.

c) A new centralised Church hierarchy: Pope > Archbishops > Bishops > Archdeacons > Deans > Parish priests. All bishops had to appoint archdeacons.

d) More parish priests – the number of village churches doubled between 1070 and 1170.

e) Officially ending marriage amongst the clergy.

f) Clergy now to be tried in bishop’s courts (synods) rather than in normal (non-religious) courts.

EXAM PRACTICEQ8: Durham Cathedral site study.

Below is some information about Durham Cathedral. In one colour, highlight info that says why it was built. In another, highlight info that says what changes it represents.

- There had been a church and monastery on the site previously. This was destroyed and a new, impressive Romanesque cathedral was built.- The cathedral was built on the orders of William of St. Calais, who demanded that it be on a ‘nobler and grander scale’ than what had been there before.- The Normans wanted to build impressive churches and cathedrals as another symbol of their power.- There was a monastery attached, which shows the importance the Normans placed on reviving monasticism. It became Benedictine in 1083.- A deanery was added, reflecting the Norman reorganisation of the English Church hierarchy.- Durham was of strategic importance. William of St. Calais had more power than most bishops at the time, because Durham was on the border. He was given quite a lot of independence in how he ran the area. - Durham demonstrates how the Church was used to support the military conquest of England. The independence given to the Bishop of Durham demonstrates the vulnerability of Norman rule in the border areas.

KEY TERMS AND DEFINITIONSStudy these closely as you need to use specific language.

BENEDICTINE: An order of monks founded by St. Benedict about 530AD.

CENTRALISATION: Bringing power under central control, often under the King.

CONSECRATED: To be officially given a role such as Archbishop or Priest through a special religious ceremony.

EASTER DUES: Money paid to the priest at Easter.

ECCLESIASTICAL: Of or relating to the Church.

EXCOMMUNICATION: To be excluded from communion and prayers in the Church – it did not mean the person was expelled from the Church.

MONASTIC ORDERS: Rules followed by monks or nuns governing their life together (e.g. the rule of St. Benedict).

MONASTICISM: The religious way of life practiced by monks or nuns – devoting themselves entirely to spiritual work in a monastery.

PALLIUM: A band around the shoulders with a band hanging from it front to back. The Pope gave these to Archbishops to confirm his approval of their appointment.

ROMANESQUE: Architecture combing features of ancient Roman and Byzantine buildings.

SIMONY: When positions in the Church were sold.

SURPLICE FEES: Fees paid to priests for carrying out ceremonies, such as marriages, baptisms and funerals.

TITHE: A tax paid to the Church. Everyone had to give 1/10 of their produce or profit to the Church.

PODBOXInfluence of the Church

Why was the Church so important?

The Church was the largest single land-owner in England. How did this bring it immense wealth?

www.historylearningsite.co.uk/medieval-england/the-medieval-church/

What was simony & why was it an issue?

What was nepotism & why was it an issue?

Why was it a problem that many members of the English clergy were married?

What did William I promise the Pope?

https://regia.org/research/history/papalpolitics.htm

Why did some rich people leave land/money to the Church when they died?

What was a tithe and what was a tithe barn?

https://www.bbc.com/education/guides/z9g2ycw/revision/3

Who was Lanfranc?

Who was Thomas of York?

education/guides/z9g2ycw/revision

Why did Lanfranc (instead of Thomas) become leader of the English Church?

What were synods and why were they set up?

Why did Lanfranc move cathedrals to towns & cities with larger populations?

Why did Lanfranc establish a new hierarchy?

Why did the Normans replace every major Anglo-Saxon cathedral & abbey with new, Romanesque architecture?

What is Romanesque architecture?

http://downloads.bbc.co.uk/history/handsonhistory/HOH_Churches_eye_spy.pdf

What was the purpose of rebuilding?

How did the Normans afford this?

https://www.historyextra.com/period/norman/where-history-happened-norman-churches/

What was attached to Durham Cathedral, and why?

What was built near Durham Cathedral, and why?Why did the number of village churches double?

What happened about marrying priests?


Why was Durham strategically important to the Normans?

https://www.durhamcathedral.co.uk/heritage/history-of-durham-cathedral

The Church: Conquest & ReformTopic 13 C

How did the Normans change the English Church?

WEALTH & POWER

THE CHURCH REBUILDING

PROGRAMME

LANFRANC’S REFORMS


SUPPORT: Key terms to include in answers.

CHALLENGE: Links to where you can find

more info. Key terms match-up activity.

https://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/medieval-england/the-medieval-church/

https://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/medieval-england/the-medieval-church/











https://www.bbc.com/education/guides/z9g2ycw/revision

https://www.bbc.com/education/guides/z9g2ycw/revision



EXAM PRACTICEQ6: Explain what was important about Lanfranc’s reforms of the Church in Norman England.

Below are Lanfranc’s reforms (you will already have written about these on the previous page). For each reform, explain why it was important. In an actual exam answer you would write this into two detailed paragraphs.

a) Establishing synods – Church councils which spread the message of reform.

b) Moving cathedrals to towns and cities with larger populations – one-third of bishops moved.

c) A new centralised Church hierarchy: Pope > Archbishops > Bishops > Archdeacons > Deans > Parish priests. All bishops had to appoint archdeacons.

d) More parish priests – the number of village churches doubled between 1070 and 1170.

e) Officially ending marriage amongst the clergy.

f) Clergy now to be tried in bishop’s courts (synods) rather than in normal (non-religious) courts.

EXAM PRACTICEQ8: Durham Cathedral site study.

Below is some information about Durham Cathedral. In one colour, highlight info that says why it was built. In another, highlight info that says what changes it represents.

- There had been a church and monastery on the site previously. This was destroyed and a new, impressive Romanesque cathedral was built.- The cathedral was built on the orders of William of St. Calais, who demanded that it be on a ‘nobler and grander scale’ than what had been there before.- The Normans wanted to build impressive churches and cathedrals as another symbol of their power.- There was a monastery attached, which shows the importance the Normans placed on reviving monasticism. It became Benedictine in 1083.- A deanery was added, reflecting the Norman reorganisation of the English Church hierarchy.- Durham was of strategic importance. William of St. Calais had more power than most bishops at the time, because Durham was on the border. He was given quite a lot of independence in how he ran the area. - Durham demonstrates how the Church was used to support the military conquest of England. The independence given to the Bishop of Durham demonstrates the vulnerability of Norman rule in the border areas.

KEY TERMS AND DEFINITIONSMatch up the 13 key terms to the definitions given below.

ECCLESIASTICAL PALLIUM CENTRALISATION EXCOMMUNICATION SIMONY MONASTICISM TITHE SURPLICE FEES CONSECRATED BENEDICTINE EASTER DUES ROMANESQUE MONASTIC ORDERS

___________: An order of monks founded by St. Benedict about 530AD.______________: Bringing power under central control, often under the King.___________: To be officially given a role such as Archbishop or Priest through a special religious ceremony.___________: Money paid to the priest at Easter.______________: Of or relating to the Church._______________: To be excluded from communion and prayers in the Church – it did not mean the person was expelled from the Church._______________: Rules followed by monks or nuns governing their life together (e.g. the rule of St. Benedict).___________: The religious way of life practiced by monks or nuns – devoting themselves entirely to spiritual work in a monastery._______: A band around the shoulders with a band hanging from it front to back. The Pope gave these to Archbishops to confirm his approval of their appointment.__________: Architecture combing features of ancient Roman and Byzantine buildings.______: When positions in the Church were sold._____________: Fees paid to priests for carrying out ceremonies, such as marriages, baptisms and funerals._____: A tax paid to the Church. Everyone had to give 1/10 of their produce or profit to the Church.

Relations between William I and Pope _________ II were close. The Pope gave William a Papal banner to bless his invasion. They both wanted to ______ the _______ English Church. The Pope wanted to get rid of

incompetent bishops and this was good for William because it let him replace them with trusted _______. William also agreed to get rid of ______ and to stop priests from ________.

Under the next Pope, Gregory VII, relations worsened. This Pope thought the Church had more ________ than Kings, so wanted more control. He wanted English _______ to travel to Rome to report to him, but this did not

happen. William also refused to swear fealty to him.

BISHOPS CORRUPT NORMANS ALEXANDER AUTHORITY REFORM MARRYING SIMONY

William Rufus was more interested in making _____ from the Church. He also fell out with the Church because he never _______ or had children, and was likely homosexual. When there was a rebellion against Rufus,

William of St. Calais (the Bishop of _____) informed the King of the plot and agreed to bring troops to help him. However, he never returned. Rufus then put him on trial for _______ (in front of a secular court rather than a

church one). Saint-Calais’ trial took just one day and he was found guilty and ______. Although he was restored to his position after a few years, this showed that Rufus was determined to have the Church submit to

him.

When Archbishop ________ died in 1089 he was not replaced, because Rufus wanted to take the _____ from the land the Archbishop held. However, after an illness in 1093 Rufus was worried God was punishing him, so

appointed Anselm as Archbishop. Relations were difficult from the start, as Anselm initially _______ the position and questioned Rufus’s morality. William also refused to hand back the ____ he had taken, and

continued not appointing new _______ when they died so that he could take the income from Church lands.

Rufus had stopped Anselm travelling to receive his pallium from the Pope, as he did not want to support Pope Urban II. Eventually the King sent a messenger to ask for it, and it was presented to Anselm after the Pope

promised not to interfere in English affairs. However, relations stayed poor. Rufus blocked Anselm’s attempts at ______, and by 1097 Anselm had been ______. Rufus again profited from an empty position in the Church.

Rufus made more money by allowing simony (selling Church positions) to return.

EXILED EXILED MARRIED REFORM REFUSED LAND TREASON MONEY MONEY BISHOPS LANFRANC DURHAM

Under King Henry I the main conflict was over investiture. This was when Kings gave emblems of their office (the ring and the staff) to new _______ when they were consecrated. This implied that they depended on Kings

rather than the ____ for their spiritual power. The returning Archbishop ______ refused to be invested by Henry as the Church was against the idea of churchmen paying homage (swearing _______) to rulers. He was

______ in 1103, and Henry was then threatened with excommunication. He reached an agreement in 1107 with the Church stating that he would not invest bishops, but they had to pay homage to him. Anselm then returned (again). Overall relations were much better under Henry, as unlike Rufus he did not try to use the

Church for ______ and filled _________ immediately.

POPE PROFIT VACANCIES LOYALTY EXILED BISHOPS ANSELM

EXAM PRACTICEQ7: Write an account of relations between the Norman monarchs and the papacy.

PODBOXWilliam II and the

Church

Kings, Popes & ChurchTopic 14 S


SUPPORT: Highlight key details from the

word fills before answering the Q.

CHALLENGE: More words missing from the word fill. Make

sure you discuss change over time for

Level 4.

Relations between William I and Pope _________ II were close. The Pope gave William a Papal ______ to bless his invasion. They both wanted to ______ the _______ English Church. The Pope wanted to get rid of incompetent _______ and this was good for William because it let him replace them with trusted _______.

William also agreed to get rid of ______ and to stop priests from ________.

Under the next Pope, _______ VII, relations worsened. This Pope thought the Church had more ________ than Kings, so wanted more control. He wanted English _______ to travel to Rome to report to him, but this did

not happen. William also refused to swear ______ to him.

BISHOPS BISHOPS GREGORY BANNER CORRUPT FEALTY NORMANS ALEXANDER AUTHORITY REFORM MARRYING SIMONY

William Rufus was more interested in making _____ from the Church. He also fell out with the Church because he never _______ or had children, and was likely homosexual. When there was a rebellion against Rufus,

William of St. Calais (the Bishop of _____) informed the King of the plot and agreed to bring ______ to help him. However, he never returned. Rufus then put him on trial for _______ (in front of a _______ court rather

than a church one). Saint-Calais’ trial took just one day and he was found guilty and ______. Although he was restored to his position after a few years, this showed that Rufus was determined to have the Church submit to

him.

When Archbishop ________ died in 1089 he was not replaced, because Rufus wanted to take the _____ from the land the Archbishop held. However, after an _______ in 1093 Rufus was worried God was punishing him,

so appointed Anselm as Archbishop. Relations were difficult from the start, as Anselm initially _______ the position and questioned Rufus’s morality. William also refused to hand back the ____ he had taken, and

continued not appointing new _______ when they died so that he could take the income from Church lands.

Rufus had stopped Anselm travelling to receive his _______ from the Pope, as he did not want to support Pope _____ II. Eventually the King sent a messenger to ask for it, and it was presented to Anselm after the Pope promised not to interfere in English affairs. However, relations stayed poor. Rufus blocked Anselm’s

attempts at ______, and by 1097 Anselm had been ______. Rufus again profited from an empty position in the Church. Rufus made more money by allowing ______ (selling Church positions) to return.

PALLIUM EXILED EXILED ILLNESS MARRIED REFORM REFUSED LAND SIMONY TREASON MONEY MONEY URBAN BISHOPS LANFRANC SECULAR DURHAM

TROOPS

Under King Henry I the main conflict was over ___________. This was when Kings gave emblems of their office (the ring and the staff) to new _______ when they were consecrated. This implied that they depended on Kings rather than the ____ for their spiritual power. The returning Archbishop ______ refused to be invested by Henry as the Church was against the idea of churchmen paying homage (swearing _______) to rulers. He was

______ in 1103, and Henry was then threatened with _______________. He reached an agreement in 1107 with the Church stating that he would not invest bishops, but they had to pay homage to him. Anselm then returned (again). Overall relations were much better under Henry, as unlike Rufus he did not try to use the

Church for ______ and filled _________ immediately.

POPE PROFIT VACANCIES LOYALTY EXILED INVESTITURE EXCOMMUNICATION BISHOPS ANSELM

EXAM PRACTICEQ7: Write an account of relations between the Norman monarchs and the papacy.

PODBOXWilliam II and the

Church

Kings, Popes & ChurchTopic 14 C


SUPPORT: Highlight key details from the

word fills before answering the Q.

CHALLENGE: More words missing from the word fill. Make

sure you discuss change over time for

Level 4.

EXAM PRACTICEQ6: Explain what was important about the reforms of the monasteries for Norman England.

MONASTIC LIFE AND PROBLEMSA monastery is where…

The vows monks and nuns took were…

The rules of St. Benedict were…

Monasticism was in decline by 1066 because…

There was too much interference from local lords as…

Many monks were not as committed to vows because…

Reforming the MonasteriesTopic 15 S

THE NORMAN REVIVALLanfranc wanted to…

1066-1135: the number of monks, nuns & cathedrals…

William I paid for the building of Battle Abbey because…

Normans gradually changed monastery leaders from…

They did this because…

In 1075, 13 of 21 abbots were Anglo-Saxon. By 1086…

CLUNIAC MONASTERIESCluny Abbey (in France) more strictly followed…

It was unlike many other monasteries at the time as…

The Popes realised this could be useful because…

Cluny Abbey was given the task of…

All Cluniac monasteries reported to…

By 1135 there were 24 Cluniac monasteries in England. Religious houses were built next to castles because…

LANFRANC’S REFORMS Lanfranc brought in new rules to improve standards in

monasteries. These rules spread from Canterbury to other monasteries such as Durham.

Monasteries were run based on Benedictine rule, so the Church would be more respected.

Lanfranc changed the words at church services to make them more like services in the rest of Europe.

He set up a clear hierarchy in a monastery or nunnery: the Abbot or Abbess was in charge and reported to the Pope. The Prior or Prioress would run things when the Abbot was away, and below them were senior monks called obedientaries who ran many functions of the monastery. Below them were monks/nuns.

Sometimes the monks were reluctant to change, and in 1083 in Glastonbury this resulted in injuries and deaths when monks refused to use a new chant that their Abbot introduced.


SUPPORT: Simplified info on Lanfranc reforms. Half a model Q6

answer to help you write the rest.CHALLENGE:

Complex info on Lanfranc reforms.

Half a basic Q6 answer to improve before writing rest.

When the Normans arrived, they started to build new abbeys and monasteries. These were made of stone and bigger than the previous Anglo-Saxon ones. This was important as it symbolised Norman power, and served as a reminder to the English of the Conquest. Bringing over religious figures from Normandy (such as William of Saint-Calais to be Bishop of Durham) further helped the Normans consolidate their power. Replacing Anglo-Saxon bishops and abbots (only 3 Anglo-Saxon abbots remained by 1086) changed the way the monasteries operated and, importantly, established Norman influence over the seemingly ‘corrupt’ English monks.

PARAGRAPH TWO (should be on reforms to life inside the monasteries):

EXAM PRACTICEQ6: Explain what was important about the reforms of the monasteries for Norman England.

MONASTIC LIFE AND PROBLEMSA monastery is where…

The vows monks and nuns took were…

The rules of St. Benedict were…

Monasticism was in decline by 1066 because…

There was too much interference from local lords as…

Many monks were not as committed to vows because…

Reforming the MonasteriesTopic 15 C

THE NORMAN REVIVALLanfranc wanted to…

1066-1135: the number of monks, nuns & cathedrals…

William I paid for the building of Battle Abbey because…

Normans gradually changed monastery leaders from…

They did this because…

In 1075, 13 of 21 abbots were Anglo-Saxon. By 1086…

CLUNIAC MONASTERIESCluny Abbey (in France) more strictly followed…

It was unlike many other monasteries at the time as…

The Popes realised this could be useful because…

Cluny Abbey was given the task of…

All Cluniac monasteries reported to…

By 1135 there were 24 Cluniac monasteries in England. Religious houses were built next to castles because…

LANFRANC’S REFORMS In 1077 Lanfranc brought in a new set of constitutions,

rules to improve standards in monastic life, in Canterbury. This was copied at other monasteries such as St. Albans, Rochester and Durham.

A strict structure, based on Benedictine rule, was enforced so the Church would be more respected.

He reformed the liturgy (words at the service) to make it more like services in the rest of Europe.

He set up a clear hierarchy in a monastery or nunnery: the Abbot or Abbess was in charge and reported to the Pope. The Prior or Prioress would run things when the Abbot was away, and below them were senior monks called obedientaries who ran many functions of the monastery. Below them were monks/nuns.

Not all reforms were adopted without protest. In 1083, the Abbot of Glastonbury tried to introduce a new chant. His monks refused and he sent in knights, resulting in injuries and deaths.


SUPPORT: Simplified info on Lanfranc reforms. Half a model Q6

answer to help you write the rest.CHALLENGE:

Complex info on Lanfranc reforms.

Half a basic Q6 answer to improve before writing rest.

The Normans built new abbeys and monasteries. These

were for symbolic reasons and it was important as it

changed the way that the country looked. Replacing

Anglo-Saxon religious figures with Normans was also

important. The Normans attacked religious corruption.

PARAGRAPH TWO (should be on reforms to life inside the monasteries):

EXAM PRACTICEQ5: How convincing is Interpretation A about the impact of the Normans on English monasteries?

[ANSWER A]: It is quite convincing because it says they had ‘new superiors’ and the new Norman abbots spoke Norman French which the Anglo-Saxon monks would not understand. The new abbots did not like or respect the old English saints.The Normans also built many new monasteries so England was ‘transformed’ like A says.

[ANSWER B]: This is convincing because they did change things. It says that the monks had to accept ‘new superiors’ and I know that the abbots of Canterbury, Glastonbury and Winchester were all removed because William the Conqueror could not rely on their loyalty. By 1086 only 3 Anglo-Saxon abbots remained.I also think this is convincing because it says that they ‘built new monasteries’ and I know that monks were sent over from Normandy and new Cluniac houses and monasteries were set up in order to improve the standard of monastic life. By 1100 there were 36 Cluniac houses of monasteries.

[ANSWER C – same as Answer B but also]: I think it is very convincing because the new Norman abbots had a great impact and brought reform. England was a little bit behind continental church reform led by the Papacy. But A is not completely convincing as although some change was intellectual, like more use of Latin, some was structural. The Norman Archbishop Lanfranc held several church councils in England to encourage reform and tried to stop the marriage of priests and the selling of church offices (simony). Whilst the Pope had supported William’s invasion there was some tension with Pope Gregory VII over his desire to have more influence over England.

INTERPRETATION AAn interpretation of the impact of the Normans on

English monasteries. Adapted from an article by Hugh Lawrence, in ‘History Today’, 1986.

English monasticism after the Conquest was transformed by the

aggressive building of new monasteries occupied by monks from France. This was deeply disturbing for

English monks, who had to accept new Norman superiors. Tension was

heightened by the lack of respect shown for English customs. But the Normans breathed fresh intellectual

life into the English monasteries through new learning from the

continent along with different customs.

The Role of MonasteriesTopic 16 S

MODIFY YOUR LEARNINGSUPPORT: Sentence starters in the storyboard.

CHALLENGE: Instead of marking 3 example answers, mark 2 and write your own conclusion.

Monasteries were self-sustaining, so… It was seen as a religious duty to… Monasteries were learning centres… Monks also acted as…

Monasteries were the main providers of… However the poor and girls… Education was also limited as…This period saw the beginning of…

Because of Latin, in written documents…However in everyday life…

EXAM PRACTICEQ5: How convincing is Interpretation A about the impact of the Normans on English monasteries?

[ANSWER B]: This is convincing because they did change things. It says that the monks had to accept ‘new superiors’ and I know that the abbots of Canterbury, Glastonbury and Winchester were all removed because William the Conqueror could not rely on their loyalty. By 1086 only 3 Anglo-Saxon abbots remained.I also think this is convincing because it says that they ‘built new monasteries’ and I know that monks were sent over from Normandy and new Cluniac houses and monasteries were set up in order to improve the standard of monastic life. By 1100 there were 36 Cluniac houses of monasteries.

[ANSWER C – same as Answer B but also]: I think it is very convincing because the new Norman abbots had a great impact and brought reform. England was a little bit behind continental church reform led by the Papacy. But A is not completely convincing as although some change was intellectual, like more use of Latin, some was structural. The Norman Archbishop Lanfranc held several church councils in England to encourage reform and tried to stop the marriage of priests and the selling of church offices (simony). Whilst the Pope had supported William’s invasion there was some tension with Pope Gregory VII over his desire to have more influence over England.

[CONCLUSION]:

INTERPRETATION AAn interpretation of the impact of the Normans on

English monasteries. Adapted from an article by Hugh Lawrence, in ‘History Today’, 1986.

English monasticism after the Conquest was transformed by the

aggressive building of new monasteries occupied by monks from France. This was deeply disturbing for

English monks, who had to accept new Norman superiors. Tension was

heightened by the lack of respect shown for English customs. But the Normans breathed fresh intellectual

life into the English monasteries through new learning from the

continent along with different customs.

The Role of MonasteriesTopic 16 C

MODIFY YOUR LEARNINGSUPPORT: Sentence starters in the storyboard.

CHALLENGE: Instead of marking 3 example answers, mark 2 and write your own conclusion.

(1) LOCATIONWhere is it? Why is it there? What is nearby? Is it near a

town? On the coast? Or an important road? Was it built on an existing site?

(2) FUNCTIONWhat was it used for? Did people live there? Was it built for military purposes? Was it used to show wealth and

status? Was it a religious building?

(3) STRUCTUREThink about the key areas or

features of the site, and where they are located within the

site.

(5) DESIGNHow does the design reflect

the site’s purpose? What is the style of architecture and what influences were there on the design? How does the design reflect who was in power at the time or society’s values?

(4) PEOPLEWho built it? Who lived there? Who visited it? Who worked there? How did people live at this

time? Did Normans/English differ?

(6) CULTURE/VALUES/FASHIONSHow does your site reflect the culture and fashion of the

day? If it is a cathedral, what style of architecture was used? How far does it reflect Norman social order and

status?

(7) EVENTS & DEVELOPMENTSWhat was happening in England at the time? How does your site link in with key events, e.g. rebellions against

Norman rule ?

Site Study 2019 Pevensey CastleTopic 17

EXAM TIPSThere are seven key aspects you need to consider about your site. Some of these can be linked together. Read

through the aspects and write down what you know about Durham Cathedral for each aspect.

EXAM PRACTICEQ8: ‘The main reason for castle building under the Normans was to demonstrate their power.’ How far does a study of Pevensey Castle support this statement?

Answer this question by explaining the importance of two or three different reasons, focusing on DURHAM CATHEDRAL, then concluding.[DEMONSTRATE POWER]:

[PREVENT REBELLION]:

[Trade]:

[CONCLUSION]:

EXAM PRACTICEQ8: ‘The main reason for building castles was to defend the Normans and their territory.”How far does a study of Pevensey Castle support this statement?Answer this question by explaining the importance of two or three different changes, focusing onPevensey Castle, then concluding.[Defending territory…..]:

[CHANGE 2: _____________________]:

[CHANGE 3: _____________________]:

[CONCLUSION]:

Norman England 1066-1100 Knowledge Quiz. BASIC DEVELOPED COMPLEX1) Why were relations between King Edward the Confessor and the Godwin family tense from 1051? ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2) How were English and Norman traditions different regarding a King naming a successor? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3) Complete this table to outline the strengths and weaknesses of the contenders to the throne in 1066.

Edgar Aetheling

Why did he claim to be the most legitimate contender?

Why was he very unlikely to succeed in his claim?

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Harald Hardrada

What promise did Harthacanute (Edward’s predecessor) make that gave Hardrada a claim?

What experience did he have?

Who supported Hardrada?

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

William, Duke of

Normandy

What experience did he have?

Why did William claim to have been named Edward’s successor in 1051?

What did William claim Harold did in 1064?

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Harold Godwinson

What (non-blood) relation was Harold to King Edward?

Why was Harold so powerful (what was sub-regulus)?

Why did the English lords support Harold?

Why did Harold claim to be Edward’s legitimate successor?

Why did Harold claim he had sworn the 1064 oath to William?

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

4) What was William given to carry into battle? ________________________________________________________

5) Harold was well-prepared for the Norman invasion, but then the Vikings invaded. On 25 th September Harold _________’s army caught Harald ________’s men by surprise at _______________. He had marched nearly 200 _____ in under a week. He won convincingly, and both ________ and ______ were killed. However the ____ had changed, allowing William to sail from ________ to England. Harold had loyal professional soldiers called __________ and ordinary people called ____, but unlike William had no _______ or _______. Rather than allow his men to ____, Harold immediately marched south and camped near ______ Hill.

6) How were the Normans able to defeat both the English shield wall and their superior position on the high ground? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

7) Name three ways William was able to establish control of England.a) _____________________________________________________________________________________b) _____________________________________________________________________________________c) _____________________________________________________________________________________

8) What happened to English lords who pledged their loyalty to William? ____________________________________

9) What was the brutal repression of Anglo-Saxon rebels in the north (e.g. York) called? _______________________

10) How did William convince the King of Denmark (who was helping the rebels) to leave England? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

11) What were the two main functions of castles? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

12) Name two strengths and one weakness of motte and bailey castles.a) Strength: _____________________________________________________________________________b) Strength: _____________________________________________________________________________c) Weakness: ____________________________________________________________________________

13) How was William Rufus able to defeat the 1088 rebellion of Bishop Odo and the Norman barons? ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

14) After William Rufus’s death, why was Henry able to become King rather than the eldest brother (Robert, Duke of Normandy)? ___________________________________________________________________________________

15) Answer these four questions on the Feudal System.a) How was the role of Norman barons and bishops different to the role of Anglo-Saxon earls? ___________________________________________________________________________________________________b) Who were the Marcher Lords? ____________________________________________________________c) How and why were they different from the other Norman barons? _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________d) Who owned more land under the Norman Feudal System: the King or the Church? ___________________

16) How did William the Conqueror get a reliable supply of soldiers? _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

17) How and why did laws of inheritance change under the Normans? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

18) What was the power of patronage? ______________________________________________________________

19) What happened under the Normans if a land tenant died without any heirs? Why was this good for the King? ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

20) The Normans kept the Anglo-Saxon system of ‘government by writ’. What was this? ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

21) Which Anglo-Saxon position in charge of law and order did the Normans keep, replacing the Anglo-Saxons with Normans? _____________________________________________________________________________________

22) Why did the Normans retain most of the Anglo-Saxon legal system? ____________________________________

23) Answer these nine questions on the legal system.a) How did the Normans improve the legal system? ______________________________________________b) What was the name of the highest court, which dealt with the most serious offences (such as murder and treason? ________________________________________________________________________________c) What was the name of the new courts introduced by the Normans, and what did they deal with? _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________d) Who were constables? __________________________________________________________________e) What was the hue and cry? ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________f) What was a tithing? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________g) What was the Murdrum Fine? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________h) What were the two main Anglo-Saxon forms of trial? ___________________________________________i) What was the form of trial introduced by the Normans, and what was the logic behind this? Why did this benefit the wealthy in particular? ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

24) Why was the Domesday Survey commissioned? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

25) How did Domesday help the Normans to keep control? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

26) Explain three reasons why the economic impact of the Norman Conquest was negative in the short-term.a) _____________________________________________________________________________________b) _____________________________________________________________________________________c) _____________________________________________________________________________________

27) Explain two reasons why the economic impact of the Norman Conquest was positive in the long-term.a) ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________b) ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

28) In Norman villages, the poor mostly worked in ______, so _______ time was the busiest time of the year. Fields were divided into ______ and each villager had a few of these to farm on. Because crops could be destroyed by disease and bad _______, even when conditions were good it was a struggle to grow enough food to survive in the ______ months. After the King, the richest people were the lords and bishops. Lords got their income from the people who worked on their ____. Knights were also quite rich and owed ________ service to the King so would spend a lot of time perfecting skills such as hunting and horsemanship.

29) Why were the diets of the rich often less healthy than the diets of the poor? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

30) Why did more people want to move to towns? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

31) Why was hygiene so poor in Norman towns? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

32) Which town received a new Norman lord, a castle bringing an increased Norman population, and a new market split into Norman and English sections? ______________________________________________________________

33) Name three jobs common to Norman towns. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

34) What were guilds and why were they created? _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

35) How long did apprentices have to work in a trade for before they could become a journeyman (later becoming a Master after a few more years)? ____________________________________________________________________

36) What was the single largest landowner in England by 1086, owning a quarter of all land? ____________________

37) What proportion of their income did villagers have to pay to the Church each year in a tithe? _________________

38) To which position did William I appoint his friend Lanfranc? ___________________________________________

39) William gained the Pope’s support for his Conquest by promising to reform the ‘corrupt’ Anglo-Saxon Church. Name the three major criticisms of the Anglo-Saxon Church.

a) _____________________________________________________________________________________b) _____________________________________________________________________________________c) _____________________________________________________________________________________

40) What was the name of Lanfranc’s rival in the English Church, the Archbishop of York? ______________________

41) Answer these three questions on Archbishop Lanfranc’s reforms.a) What did Lanfranc do to cathedrals situated in towns and cities with small populations? _______________________________________________________________________________________________________b) What were synods? _____________________________________________________________________c) Why did Lanfranc introduce a new Church hierarchy? ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

42) After the Conquest the number of village churches _______. Priests could no longer get _______, although those who already were could remain so. After 1076, clergy who had committed crimes were to be tried in bishop’s courts rather than secular (___-_________) courts, as Lanfranc did not think that secular courts had the authority to try the clergy.

43) The Normans knocked down Anglo-Saxon churches and rebuilt them in which architectural style? _____________

44) On whose orders was Durham Cathedral built? _____________________________________________________

45) Explain the two main reasons why Durham Cathedral was built.a) ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________b) ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

46) Why was the Bishop of Saint-Calais put on trial for treason by King William Rufus? _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

47) What did King William Rufus do when Archbishop Lanfranc died in 1089? Why did he do this? _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

48) Explain two of the reasons why Rufus fell out with the new Archbishop, Anselm.a) ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________b) ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

49) Why did relations between King William I and Pope Gregory VII decline (after the death of Pope Alexander II in 1073)? _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

50) What was the Investiture Controversy under King Henry I? ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

51) Which order of monks did many monasteries follow in Medieval times? __________________________________

52) Which three vows did monks take in Anglo-Saxon times (but didn’t always follow)? _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

53) Which French monastery followed monastic rules more closely and was then given the task of training other monasteries? __________________________________________________________________________________

54) How did Lanfranc make churches and monasteries in England more like those in the rest of Europe? ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

55) What did monasteries believe it was their spiritual duty to do? _________________________________________

56) Why were monasteries almost the only centres of scholarship and learning? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

57) Name the three reasons why education was limited in Norman England.a) _____________________________________________________________________________________b) _____________________________________________________________________________________c) _____________________________________________________________________________________

58) What was the first university founded by the Normans? ______________________________________________

59) Why did English become obsolete? ______________________________________________________________

60) What did most people speak in everyday life? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Norman England 1066-1100 Knowledge Quiz Answers.

1) The Godwins rebelled in 1051 and were exiled until Edward was forced to restore Godwin to his previous position.2) In England the King’s last words were seen as more important than any earlier promises, but in Normandy earlier promises could not be undone.3a) Edgar was Edward the Confessor’s nearest blood relative, as his grandfather’s son had originally been named as Edward’s successor before he died (in suspicious circumstances).3b) He was very unlikely to succeed in his claim because he was only 14 years old in 1066, had no money, no soldiers and no military experience.3c) Harthacanute promised Magnus (King of Norway) the English throne when he died, but when Harthacanute died Magnus was too busy to take the throne so Edward did instead. Harald Hardrada was Magnus’s son, so believed he had the right to take the English throne.3d) Hardrada was an experienced ruler, having been King of Norway, and was also an experienced warrior.3e) Tostig, Harold Godwinson’s brother, supported Hardrada.3f) William was experienced as he was a great military leader and was already Duke of Normandy.3g) William claimed to have been named Edward’s successor in 1051 because he helped Edward against rebellion from the Godwin family.3h) William claimed that in 1064, Harold promised under oath to support William’s claim to the throne.3i) Harold was Edward the Confessor’s brother-in-law.3j) Harold was so powerful because as Earl of Wessex he was the richest man in England. Acting as sub-regulus he was also effectively Edward the Confessor’s deputy.3k) The English lords supported Harold because the Godwins had the power to withstand foreign invasion.3l) Harold claimed to be Edward’s legitimate successor because he said that Edward promised him the kingdom on Edward’s deathbed.3m) Harold claimed to have sworn the 1064 oath to William because he had been taken prisoner by William and had been forced to.4) A papal banner.5) Godwinson --- Hardrada --- Stamford Bridge --- miles --- Hardrada --- Tostig --- wind --- Normandy --- housecarls --- fyrd --- cavalry --- archers --- rest --- Senlac.6) Believing that William was dead, the Normans retreated, and the English pursued them. When William revealed he was alive, the Normans counter-attacked. Realising this worked, the Normans then feigned retreat on more than one occasion.7) The use of violence and terror e.g. the Harrying of the North / Military, e.g. stationing soldiers at castles / Keeping some Anglo-Saxon customs to claim legitimacy / Making concessions and patronage (giving land or positions to ensure loyalty)8) They were able to keep their land.9) The Harrying of the North.10) Offered him money to return to Denmark.11) Strategic: housing troops to protect against a rebellion / Symbolic: a reminder to the English of who was now in charge.12a&b) Quick and easy to build, and some were even pre-fabricated before the invasion / Could be erected in days using forced labour, and ditches & the motte made them hard to attack.12c) The wooden structures could be burnt or might rot – they were only intended to be temporary.13) He divided them by making promises that he later did not keep.14) Henry reached an agreement with Robert to leave each other alone, but then Henry attacked Normandy.15a) There were around 200 landowning barons and bishops, but only six earls. This meant that earls were more of a threat to the King because they had more power.15b) They were the three lords who ruled the land on the England/Wales border.15c) They were given more land, powers and independence because they were trusted by William, and because they could then prevent invasion or rebellion from Wales.15d) The Church.16) Through the Feudal System, knights carried out military service. William also used the fyrd.17) Instead of property and land being divided between all sons, the Normans introduced primogeniture so that it went to the eldest son. They did this in order to keep large estates of land intact, maintaining their power more effectively.18) When the King would offer land or positions in return for loyalty.19) The land was returned to the (usually Norman) lord. This was good for the King as he had the most land so gained a new source of money and power.20) It was when the government issued a document which gave orders to be sent around the country. The Normans used this heavily.21) Shire-reeves (sheriffs).22) In order to prove they were legitimate rulers.

23a) They made it more consistent across all regions.23b) The King’s court.23c) Lord’s courts (also called Honourial courts). They dealt with crimes and disputes, but also with property transactions and the announcement of new laws.23d) People who had the power to arrest criminals as there was no police force.23e) The system for catching criminals. If someone saw a crime taking place they had to raise the alarm, and then everyone who heard it would have to help catch the suspect or be fined.23f) A group of 10-12 people. If one of them committed a crime, the others had to reveal the guilty one or the whole group would be fined.23g) If a Norman was killed and their murderer had not been found within five days, the local community would all be fined.23h) Trial by cold water and trial by hot iron.23i) Trial by combat. The logic behind this was that God would intervene to help the innocent party. It benefited the wealthy because they could pay a champion to fight on their behalf.24) Since 1066 the ownership of land had completely changed / William wanted to be able to raise tax money to pay for a defence against potential invasion.25) The most important land tenants were made to swear loyalty to the King / Domesday reduced the amount of court time spent on land disputes.26a) The Normans increased rent and taxes / The Normans took land away from most English landowners.26b) The Normans brought destruction, such as the Harrying of the North.26c) The number of freemen declined as they could not afford increasing rents / The use of forced labour.27a) Increased stability because of a reduced threat of invasion, meaning that trade flourished – particularly with Europe as Norman rulers had strong links with mainland Europe.27b) William brought wealthy moneylenders to England, which helped traders develop their businesses / Populations and towns grew due to more stability.28) farming --- harvest --- strips --- weather --- winter --- land --- military.29) The rich thought vegetables and dairy products were food for the poor, and ate a great deal of meat.30) Traders were attracted by the high walls and guarded gates bringing security / If villeins managed to live in a town for a year and a day, they would be declared a freeman / Normans wanted to live near castles as they were attracted by the security.31) Overcrowding / Houses built close together / Wooden houses / Narrow streets / Overflowing waste.32) Nottingham.33) Bakers / Butchers / Fishmongers / Brewers / Tailors / Armourers / Robemakers / Washerwomen / Gold and silversmiths / Apothecaries / Barbers / Moneylenders / Masons / Potters / Shoemakers.34) Societies of merchants who controlled who was allowed to carry out business in a town. They were created to ensure high standards of work and set prices, wages and conditions of work.35) Seven years.36) The Church.37) One-tenth.38) Archbishop of Canterbury.39a) Positions in the Church were often sold (this was called simony).39b) Many members of the clergy were married, which went against their traditional vows of celibacy.39c) Positions were often given to relatives and friends rather than the most-qualified candidates – nepotism.40) Thomas.41a) Move them to towns and cities with larger populations.41b) Church councils which helped to spread the message of reform.41c) To give bishops greater control, and therefore to centralise power so that each level in the hierarchy was answerable to the person above.42) doubled --- married --- non-religious.43) Romanesque.44) Bishop William of St. Calais.45a) Symbolic: The Normans wanted to build impressive churches and cathedrals to demonstrate their power and to remind the native English of who was in charge.45b) Strategic: Durham was close to the border, so the Bishop of Durham had a lot of independence in how he ran the area. He had military power as well as religious. Durham demonstrates how the Church was used to support the military conquest of England.46) The Bishop promised to bring troops to help Rufus against Odo’s rebellion, but never returned.47) Rufus did not replace Lanfranc. He did this because he wanted to take the money from Lanfranc’s land.48) Anselm initially refused to take the position / Rufus refused to hand back land he took from the estates of dead bishops / Rufus blocked Anselm’s attempts at reforming the Church / Rufus reintroduced simony / Anselm did not want to submit to a King who took so little interest in the Church / Rufus stopped Anselm from travelling to Rome to collect his pallium from the Pope / Anselm was exiled by Rufus in 1097.

49) Gregory wanted to have more control over the Church in England, for example he wanted English bishops to travel to Rome to report to him.50) This was when Henry wanted to give new bishops his emblems (ring and staff) when they were consecrated, suggesting that they depended on the King rather than the Pope for their spiritual power. Anselm refused this and was threatened with excommunication until Henry reached an agreement with him.51) Benedictine.52) Poverty, chastity and obedience.53) Cluny Abbey.54) He introduced reforms to make monasteries follow the Benedictine rule more closely, and changed the words of the service to make them more like church services in the rest of Europe.55) Care for the sick and help the poor.56) Monks were the most educated members of society and as all books had to be handwritten, monks copied out books and built up libraries of ancient manuscripts.57a) What was taught was narrow, as education was mostly focused on Latin, music, astronomy and maths.57b) Girls were excluded from education, aside from those from rich families.57c) Education had to be paid for, so was out of the reach of the peasants.58) Oxford University.59) It was not used in written works because Latin was the language of government and the Church.60) Norman-French or English, which both developed into Anglo-Norman.

Norman England 1066-1100 Example Answer Marking.TOPIC 2 (8-mark Q6):

(a) 5-6/8. Enough detail for Level 3, as one point is in detail and two are done briefly. This can at most be given 6/8, but all three points need more detail in order to secure Level 4.

TOPIC 11 (8-mark Q7):(a) 4/8. This is definitely a Level 2 response, but as there is some detail this would be more likely to score 4

rather than 3.(b) 5/8. This is a good explanation of one point, although it could use a little more detail.(c) SUPPORT VERSION ONLY. 6-7/8. The entirety of Answer B plus this additional response would

definitely get 6 marks, potentially 7 from showing such a good amount of detail. Please see the ‘exam tips’ box for what ‘complex’ means.

TOPIC 12 (8-mark Q6):(a) 6/8. Two different reasons for the importance of town growth explained in detail. Definitely at least 6

marks and could be rewarded with 7. This answer could improve ‘complexity’ (Level 4) by thinking about how there were different reasons why towns were important, depending on where those towns were (e.g. a lot of early towns developed in the south-east and in East Anglia, where the Normans were first able to consolidate their conquest).

(b) 4/8. One reason of importance well explained, but two reasons are needed for Level 3 and Level 4. This is very well developed, so may be more generously marked at 5/8.

TOPIC 12 (16-mark Q8):(a) This paragraph reflects what is required for Level 3 (9-12 marks) and Level 4 (13-16 marks). It considers

(in significant detail) how the Norman Conquest brought increased prosperity to towns, with a particular focus on Nottingham. It is important, in a Q8 answer, to make sure that you include specific details about the site you have studied. If you talked about towns in general, and then name-dropped Nottingham, this would only be Level 2. By mentioning the Saturday market that was created, this example paragraph shows that the author has studied Nottingham in depth. In order to secure Level 3 (9-12 marks), you should do this level of detail for the factor in question and at least one other factor – it is advisable to aim for three factors. In order to secure a Level 4 (13-16 marks), you need at least two factors in detail and a detailed conclusion which directly weighs up the importance of the different changes that the Conquest brought to English towns – and to Nottingham in particular.

TOPIC 16 (8-mark Q5):(a) SUPPORT VERSION ONLY. 4/8. This is too brief. It gives two accurate but simple points, so gets the top

of Level 2.(b) 6/8. A more developed answer, including specific detail. This would get Level 3, and with having two

developed points this is more likely to achieve 6 marks. However, this could benefit from also trying to challenge what Interpretation A says.

(c) 8/8. Combining this with the points from Answer B would secure full marks. This is because it is a complex response, dealing with the Interpretation’s argument about ‘fresh intellectual life’ and showing confident mastery of the subject.

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stmichaelshistory.files.wordpress.com · Web view7-8 marks for complex explanation of more than one change, with an understanding of the impact of the event on the broader historical