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1BUSINESS ENGLISH TRANSLATION I
Guide 1: «Translation, Translatology and the Translator»
Group I
Diana Julieth Gómez Rincón
Elsa Beatriz González Herazo
Jirehana González Muñoz
Nathalie Robayo Sanchez
Modern Languages Program
« Faculty of Studies in Virtual Environments»
EAN University
This document contains the answers to the activities as required on Guide 1. The learning purpose
of these activities is to understand and analyze the role of the translator by exploring translation
theory and competencies needed to translate. For more information on the ideas here exposed,
please contact the authors through the University platform.
2BUSINESS ENGLISH TRANSLATION I
Abstract
Translation is not merely the exchange of words from one language to another. In fact, there are
several factors, such as cultural and social conventions that play a crucial role in this process. This
is how translation becomes more of a powerful bridge between cultures.
As the process of translation gains complexity, so the translator should be prepared. Then, it is
very important for translators to work on certain skills, which include but are not limited to
linguistic, textual, and cultural competences. Those aptitudes can be learnt only through practice
and constant study. Therefore, the following guide contains a series of exercises and activities with
the purpose of developing these abilities and reaching our learning goals.
Key words: Translation, translation studies, translation competences.
3BUSINESS ENGLISH TRANSLATION I
Table of Contents
1. Activity 1………………………………………………………...……………………………….4
1.1. Outline…………………………………………………………………………………..……..
…4
1.2. Paragraphs translated……………………………………………….
……………………………6
2. Activity 2…………………………………………………………………………………………8
2.1. Link of the video………………..……………………………………….….
……………………8
2.2. Translation: The Role of the Translator…..
……………………………………………………...8
2.3. ICONTEC Mind Map……..……………………………………………………….…………….9
3. Activity 3………………………………………………………………………………………....11
3.1. Scheme………………………………………………………….……….……………………..10
3.2. Translation of Excerpts….……………………………………………………………………..12
4. Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………..………16
5. Bibliography…………………….…………………………………………………………..……17
6. Table of Figures………………………………………………………………………………….18
4BUSINESS ENGLISH TRANSLATION I
Activity 1
1.1. Outline
Create an outline summarizing the most relevant components of the article.
What Is Translation?
Thesis: Translation is the process of decoding and re-encoding a text from the source language to
the target language through the interpretation of the meaning.
I. Introduction
A. Explains the concept of translation and its goal
B. Terminology of translation
1. The word translation derives from the Latin word translatio and it means carrying across
or bringing across
C. Common misconceptions
1. Translation is not an exact science
2. Some people say it’s an art and some others say it’s a craft
D. Translation vs. Interpreting
1. Translation: It is the process of transferring written ideas from one language to another.
Translators receive extended practice with representative texts in different subject areas
such as terminology, the use of various software tools, compilation and glossaries.
Translators are expected to be 90% accurate.
2. Interpreting: It is the process of transferring oral ideas simultaneously from one language
to another.
5BUSINESS ENGLISH TRANSLATION I
a. Interpreters develop listening and memory skills, as well as note-taking and split
attention techniques for simultaneous interpretation
b. Interpreters are expected to be 70% accurate
II. Translation process
A. Decoding the meaning of the source text
1. It’s necessary to identify the segments and components of the text, and interpret all its
features
B. Re-encoding the text in the target language
[1.] It’s more important to have better knowledge of the target language than that of the
source language It’s important to have both good knowledge of the target language, as of
the source language.
III.Measuring success in translation
A. The key for success in translation is to ensure that both source and target texts communicate
the same message
[1.] Faithfulness and transparency are the two criteria for measuring to measure success
in translation
IV.Translation problems
A. Problems with the source text
1. Modifications in the source text during the translation process, illegible text, poorly
written text, among others
B. Language and general problems
1. Dialects, obscure jargon, abbreviations, among others
2. Poetic matters, cultural and social references
3. Problems with untranslatability
a. Example: Saudade - a Portuguese word
4. Common words
6BUSINESS ENGLISH TRANSLATION IV. Specialized types of translation
[A.] Administrative, commercial, computer, legal, general, literary, medical, pedagogic,
scientific, scholarly, technical, andtechnical, and films subtitle’s related related translations
VI.History
[A.] The tTThe translation of religious text has an important role in the history and fundaments
of translation
1. Buddhist monks translating into Chinese language
2. The translation of the Bible with Martin Luther
B. Machine translation through computer software
C. Computer-assisted translation, which means that a human translator uses the help of
computer software or dictionaries to translate the source text
D. Cultural xxx? Cultural knowledge
E. Criticism of translation is based on lack of “coherence” in translation
1.2. Paragraphs Translated
Translate the paragraphs as follows (taken from the article):
Source Language Target Language
Translation is an activity comprising the
interpretation of the meaning of a text in one
language and the production, in another
language, of a new, equivalent text, or
translation.
La traducción es una actividad que comprende
la interpretación del significado de un texto en
un idioma, y la producción producción, en otro
idioma idioma, de un texto nuevo equivalente,
o una traducción.
There is also debate as to whether translation is
an art or a craft.
También se debate si la traducción es un arte o
un oficio.
Although interpreting can be considered a
subcategory of translation in regard to the
analysis of the processes involved (translation
studies), in practice the skills required for these
Aunque la interpretación puede ser
consideradaconsiderarse una subcategoría de la
traducción en cuanto al análisis de los procesos
involucrados (estudios de traducción), en; en la
7BUSINESS ENGLISH TRANSLATION I
two activities are quite different. práctica, las habilidades requeridas para estas
dos actividades son bastante diferentes.
Decoding the meaning of the source text, and
re-encoding this meaning in the target language.
Decodificar el significado del texto fuente y re-
codificarlo en la lengua el idioma de llegada.
Poorly written text. Texto mal escrito.
Measuring success in translation. Midiendo Medir el éxito en la traducción.
Obscure jargon. Jerga oscura.
Scholarly translation. Traducción acádemica.
If you want to work independently, you may
want to start by marketing your services to local
businesses.
Si usted quiere trabajar como independiente,
quizás quiera empezar por comercializar sus
servicios en negocios empresas locales.
Translators receive extensive practice with
representative texts in various subject areas,
learn to compile and manage glossaries of
relevant terminology, and master the use of both
current document-related software (for
example, word processors, desktop publishing
systems, and graphics or presentation software)
and computer-assisted translation (CAT)
software tools.
Los traductores reciben una amplia capacitación
con textos representativos en diversas áreas de
estudio, aprenden a recopilar y a gestionar
glosarios de terminología relevante y a dominar
y dominar el uso tanto de herramientas de
programas programas recientes relacionados
con documentos relacionados con la gestión
documental (por ejemplo, procesadores de
texto, sistemas de autoedición y programas
gráficos o de presentaciones) como de
herramientas de software programas de
traducción asistida por computador (TAC).
8BUSINESS ENGLISH TRANSLATION I
Activity 2
2.1. Video on 5 Translation Competences
Meet your team and create a video in which you explain the use of the 5 competencies described in
the article. Use real and concrete examples. The idea is to show translations or interpretations in
which each of the five competencies may be explained.
http://my.brainshark.com/5-Translation-Competencies-GRABAR-711935170
Muy bien, los ejemplos están excelentes.
Recomendación: revisar muy bien la pronunciación al hacer este tipo de grabaciones.
2.2. Translation: The Role of the Translator
Translate the contents of the article The Role of the Translator.
SOURCE LANGUAGE TARGET LANGUAGE
9BUSINESS ENGLISH TRANSLATION I
“Translators are language professionals. They
are applied linguists, competent writers,
diplomats, and educated amateurs. Like
linguists, translators have to be capable of
discerning subtleties and nuances in their
languages, researching terminology and
colloquialisms, and handling new developments
in their languages. Like writers, translators
have to be accustomed to working long hours
alone on a subject which interests few
people and with a language that few people
around them know. Like diplomats, translators
have to be sensitive to the cultural and social
differences which exist in their languages
and be capable of addressing these issues when
translating. And like educated amateurs,
translators have to know the basics and some of
the details about the subjects they deal
with...
...The fundamental rule when you're not sure of
a term or phrase is to ask. An important
part of the translator's role is to communicate
with the client -and a good translator knows
when to ask questions.”
“Los traductores son profesionales en lenguas.
Ellos son lingüistas aplicados, escritores
competentes, diplomáticos y aficionados cultos.
Como los lingüistas, los traductores deben ser
capaces estar en la capacidad de discernir
sutilezas y matices en su idioma, de investigar
terminología y coloquialismos, y de afrontar
nuevos desarrollos en su lengua sus idiomas.
Como los escritores, los traductores deben
acostumbrarse a trabajar solos, durante largas
horas en temas de poco interés y en un idioma
que no muchos entienden . un tema y con un
idioma que pocas personas alrededor de ellos
conocen. Como los diplomáticos, los
traductores deben ser sensibles a las diferencias
sociales y culturales que existen en su idioma y
ser capaces estar en la capacidad de abordar
estos asuntos al traducir. Y como los
aficionados cultos, los traductores deben saber
lo básico y algunos detalles de los temas con
los que tratan……La regla fundamental cuando no se está
seguro de un término o frase es preguntar. Una
parte importante del rol del traductor es
comunicarse con su cliente, y un buen traductor
sabe cuándo hacer preguntas.”
2.3. ICONTEC Mind Map
Read the ICONTEC Regulation on translation and discuss it with the members of your team. Then
create a mind map comprising the following aspects:
• Professional competencies of the translator.
• Main requirements.
10BUSINESS ENGLISH TRANSLATION I
• Technological resources for translating.
11BUSINESS ENGLISH TRANSLATION I
Figure 1. Translation regulation in Colombia.
12BUSINESS ENGLISH TRANSLATION I
Activity 3
3.1. Scheme.
Create a scheme in which you can include and distinguish methods, strategies and procedures of
translation (do not forget to take into account the definition). Complete information by reading
chapters 3 and 4 from introducing translation studies -theories and applications.
Figure 2. Scheme on translation strategies and procedures.
13BUSINESS ENGLISH TRANSLATION IEl esquema es apropiado, pero faltan ejemplos; recuerden que la idea es que estos instrumentos se conviertan en herramientas para ustedes (sin ejemplos podría ser difícil recordar de qué se trata cada técnica).
3.2. Translation of Excerpts
Read and translate the following article: http://goo.gl/cf4vnh .
Source Language Target Language Technique implemented
The main purpose of functional
areas is to ensure that all
important business activities
are carried out efficiently.
El objetivo principal de las
áreas funcionales es asegurar
que todas las actividades
importantes de la negocio
empresa sean lleven adas a
cabo eficientemente.
Calque Close tranlation
translation
Administration is a support
function required by all
businesses-and this does not
mean just doing keyboarding
or filling.
La administración es una
función de soporte que todas
las empresas requierenerida por
todo negocio;- y esto no
significa únicamente sólo usar
un teclado o llenar papeles.
Equivalence
Recategorización al final de la
oración.
A sales administrator may
make overseas travel
arrangements whereas an
administrator in human
resources would arrange jobs
interviews.
Un gerente de ventas realizará
viajes al extranjero mientras
que un gerente jefe de recursos
humanos se encargará de las
entrevistas de trabajo.
Equivalence
Se trata más de una adaptación
al contexto de la empresa o de
sinonimia.
All business must look after
customers or clients who have
an enquiry, concern or
complaint.
Todoa negocio empresa debe
ocuparse de los clientes que
tengan preguntas,
preocupaciones o quejas.
Omission
Most businesses have a special
procedure for dealing with
costumers’ complaints, to
La mayoría de loas negocios
empresas tiene un
procedimiento especial para
Recategorization
Bien, pero no eviten el uso de
la voz pasiva.
14BUSINESS ENGLISH TRANSLATION I
ensure these are dealt with
quickly and consistently.
tratar las quejas de los clientes,
para asegurar que estas sean
tratadas con rapidez y
consistencia.
The term “supply chain” is
something used to describe
each stage of process from the
finished goods leaving a
factory to the arrival in a store.
El término “cadena de
suministro” se es utiliza do
para describir cada etapa del
proceso, desde cuando el
producto terminado sale de la
fábrica hasta la su llegada al
almacén.
Calque/Amplification
Most entrepreneurs consider
this is the most important
function in the business (the
finance function )
La mayoría de emprendedores
consideran que esta es la
función más importante en los
negocios (la función de las
finanzas).
Literal translation
HR is responsible for recruiting
new employees and ensuring
that each vacancy is filled by
the best person for the job.
El departamento de Recursos
Humanos es responsable de
reclutar nuevos empleados y de
asegurar que cada puesto
vacante esté ocupado por la
persona mejor calificada para
el trabajo.
Amplification/
Denominalization
HR staff must ensure that the
business complies with current
laws and stays up to date with
legal changes and
developments.
El personal de Recursos
Humanos debe asegurarse de
que el negocio la empresa
cumpla con las leyes actuales y
de que se mantenga erse al día
con los cambios legales y con
los desarrollos.
Literal translation
Marketing is all about
identifying and meeting
El mercadeo se trata de
identificar y conocer las
Equivalence
15BUSINESS ENGLISH TRANSLATION I
customers’ needs. necesidades de los
consumidoresclientes.
The job of sales staff varies,
depending upon the industry.
El trabajo del personal de
ventas varía dependiendo de la
industria.
Literal translation
Tiene muchos ejemplos de este
tipo (hay muchos otros
procedimientos)
.Compensation.
Production refers to the
manufacture or assembly of
goods.
La producción se refiere a la
manufactura o ensamblaje de
bienes.
Literal translation
Tiene muchos ejemplos de este
tipo (hay muchos otros
procedimientos).Modulation.
Pure research aims to help us
to learn and understand more
about anything –from outer
space to DNA.
La investigación pura aspira a
ayudarnos a aprender y
entender más acerca de
cualquier cosa- desde el
espacio exterior hasta el ADN.
Literal translation
Tiene muchos ejemplos de este
tipo (hay muchos otros
procedimientos).Explicitation.
R&D staff aim to work with
designers to develop a usable
product that can be
manufactured at a reasonable
cost, sold at a competitive price
and is safe to us.
Los empleados de
investigación y desarrollo (I +
D) tienen como propósito
trabajar con diseñadores para
desarrollar un producto
utilizable que pueda ser
fabricarsedo a un costo
razonable, venderse ido a un
precio competitivo y que sera
seguro de al momento de
utilizar.
Equivalence (con el cambio,
ahora sí hay equivalencia)
Al final ay
expansionExpansión al final
16BUSINESS ENGLISH TRANSLATION I
Technological advances
through R&D not only affect
our lives but also the ways in
which business operates.
Los avances tecnológicos a
través de la investigación y el
desarrollo no sóolo afectan
nuestras vidas, sino también, la
manera en la cual los negocios
funcionan.
Calque ¿En dónde ?
Veo más traducción literal y
modulación.Traducción literal
y modulación.
Constant communication and
cooperation is essential for the
business to achieve its aims
and objectives.
La constante comunicación y
cooperación constantes es son
esenciales para loas negocios
empresas con el fin de
alcanzar sus propósitos y
objetivos.
Paraphrase
ModulaciónModulación
Today customer’s expectations
are high.
Hoy en día, las expectativas de
los clientes son altas.
Expansion
This is because all businesses
need a regular stream of
income to pay the bills.
Esto es porque se debe a que
todoa negocio empresa
necesita un flujo regular de
ingresos para pagar las
facturas.
Implication
Who are our customers? What
do they want to buy? Are they
needs changing? Which
products are we offering and
how many are we selling?
¿Quiénes son nuestros clientes?
¿Qué quieren comprar? ¿Sus
necesidades están
cambiandotransformándose?
¿Cuáles productos estamos
ofreciendo y cuántos estamos
vendiendo?
Literal translation
Tiene muchos ejemplos de este
tipo (hay muchos otros
procedimientos). Synonymy.
Today, many production
processes are automated. This
means that machines or robots
do all the routine or dangerous
jobs.
Hoy en día, muchos procesos
de producción son
automatizados. Esto significa
que las máquinas o los robots
hacen todos los trabajos de
Naturalisation o Direct
TrasferPréstamo/ Recasting
17BUSINESS ENGLISH TRANSLATION I
rutina o peligrosos.
Conclusions
The importance of translation has not decayed through the years, but just the opposite. Due to
globalization, countries need to be more interconnected and translation works as intermediary to
ensure this connection.
As we said before, translation goes beyond than the procedure of exchanging words from one
language to another. To be able to translate a source text is necessary to learn the cultural- and
social backgrounds, the style of the text, nuances, etc.
Through this first guide we had the chance to learn different techniques, such as the literal-
equivalence- calque and borrow translation, which are helpful when translating. Also, we had the
opportunity to discover the characteristics and aptitudes of a translator which includes a high level
of interpretation to know which word fits better according to the context; adaptation; patience due
to the long hours of work alone; and appropriate research of the topic to be contextualized.
To sum up, the activities of this guide led us to develop essential tools and skills to become
competent translators.
18BUSINESS ENGLISH TRANSLATION I
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19BUSINESS ENGLISH TRANSLATION IRainer, S., Biguenet, J. (1992). Theories of Translation: An Anthology of Essays from Dryden to
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Unknown author. (n.d.). Translation procedures. Retrieved from: http://goo.gl/AzluFA
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Table of Figures
Figure 1. Translation regulation in Colombia………………………………………………………10
Figure 2. Scheme on translation strategies and procedures…………………………………………11
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