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A- The causes, effects and responses to climate change1- How has climate changed since the last ice age? Description of changes based on Figure. Nothing to learn (skill)

2- Why has the world’s climate changed since the last ice age?(i) Long term climatic changes are affected by the Earth's orbital geometry:

(ii)Solar output variations and volcanic activity affect climate change on shorter timescales:

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Short term impact/effect of volcanic eruptions

Explain how two natural processes also contribute to climate change. (4)

3- The causes of climate change on a local and global scale, including the burning of fossil fuels and the increase of methane in the atmosphere.

There is the greenhouse effect, and then there is global warming (enhanced greenhouse effect). The greenhouse effect is caused by certain gases (and clouds) absorbing and re-emitting the infrared radiating from Earth's surface. It currently keeps our planet 20°C to 30°C warmer than it would be otherwise. Global warming is the rise in temperatures caused by an increase in the levels of

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greenhouse gases due to human activity.Main greenhouse gases: carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide. The higher their amount in the atmosphere, the higher the temperature. Why? Learn the annotated diagram page 2 on the greenhouse effect

(a) Increase of the amount of carbon dioxide:Burning of fossil fuelsFossil fuels produced from coal, oil and natural gas used to produce energy in power stations and to supply fuel to vehicles.When fossil fuels are burnt, carbon dioxide is released, increasing the amount of long wave radiations absorbed by the atmosphere. For instance, in China 75 per cent of energy is produced from coal, the fossil fuel which releases the largest amount of carbon dioxide.The growth of the world population and the economic growth of newly industrialized countries such as India and China explain an increase in the use of fossil fuels and in the amount of carbon dioxide released in the atmosphere.Explain how and why car exhaust emissions are a major contributor to global warming? (4)Explain how the burning of fossil fuels contributes to current climate change. (4)Explain how fossil fuels have caused the increase in CO2 emissions. (4)

(b) Increase of methaneMethane (20 per cent of the greenhouse gases, 20 times more potent than carbon dioxide)Where does it come from?From organisms, fossil or recently dead and those alive today.Source of methane today:1-Fossil methane (30 per cent of the methane released) comes to the surface when fossil fuels are mined.2- Modern methane: wetlands, growing of rice, landfills, burning vegetation, bowels of animalsWhy have levels of methane been rising by 1.5 per cent for the past decade?(i) Increase in the mining of fossil fuels due to the growing world population and the economic growth of newly industrialised countries such as China and India.(ii) Rising temperature, which cause an increase in bacteria emissions from wetlands.(iii) Increase in rice production due to the growing population in rice producing countries.(iv)Increase in the number of cattle and sheep for meat reflecting an increase in Western-style diets, for instance in Asian countries.There has been an increase in the amount of methane being released into the atmosphere. Suggest reasons why. (3)

4 - The negative effects that climate change is having on the environment and people, including changing patterns of crop yield, rising sea levels and retreating glaciers, on a local and global scale.

Effects are at different scales.

Global effects affect the world e.g. Rising sea level Global effects may affect specific countries or areas. e.g. Impact of rising sea level on

Tuvalu.These are local effects.

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Effects at a global scale Effects at a local scaleChanging pattern of crop yields 1-Countries closest to the equator are likely to suffer the most as their crop yield will decrease.2- In Africa, countries such as Tanzania will have longer periods of drought and shorter growing seasons.3- This is due to hotter and drier weather.

Kenya: Droughts now happen every three years instead of every ten years. In 2006 Kenya suffered its worst drought for 80 years. Many farmers lost all of their cattle.

Rising sea levels (due to ice melting)1- Between 1993 and 2006 sea levels rose 3.3mm a year. This will lead to an 88cm rise in sea levels by the end of the century.2- This rise will threaten large areas of low lying coastal land including major world cities such as London.3- Many islands in the Pacific Ocean are already being affected by rising sea levels

Tuvalu Tuvalu, a group of nine coral atolls- ringlike coral island and reef that nearly or entirely encloses a lagoon- in the Pacific Ocean, has started to evacuate its population to New Zealand, with 75 people moving away each year.

Retreating glaciers1- The vast majority of the world’s glaciers are retreating, due to the increase in temperatures caused by climate change2- 90 per cent of the glaciers in Antarctica are retreating.3- The melting of the ice in the Arctic could cause the Gulf Stream to be diverted further south and this will lead to colder temperatures in western Europe

Glacier National Park (USA)Created in 1910- At the time there were 150 glaciers. Since then the number has decreased to 30. It is predicted that within 30 years most, if not all, of the park’s glaciers will have disappeared.

River flooding due to more storms UK: Due to climate change, there will be more storms and floods. If homes and factories continue to be built on floodplains, the cost of flood damage will increase.

Impact on ecosystems Either Wrangel Island (Russia)There has been a loss of sea ice due to climate change. This is a problem for polar bears because they cannot travel overland to catch their prey.or Barrier Reef in Australia A Greenpeace report predicts that the Great Barrier Reef in Australia will be dead within 30 years due to rising sea temperatures

Impact on water supply The Colca Region in PeruVillages have been abandoned because they no longer have a water supply due to the lack of snow falling on the mountains.

Describe the negative effects that climate change is having on the environment. Use examples in your answer. (4)Outline the negative effects of a rise in global temperatures. (4)

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5- The responses to the challenges of climate change on a local to a global scale, e.g. ‘live simply’ campaigns.

(i) Individual responses: How to live sustainably

Sustainable ways BenefitsUse local farmers market- Don’t buy imported food!

Supports local farmers and reduces the coasts of transport and the amount of carbon dioxide released in the atmosphere

Get on your bike! Cars are great polluters. Help reduce carbon dioxide emissions!

Recycle and conserve! Materials are reused (decrease of waste) and resources saved. Better to switch of a light off than leave it on!

(ii) Local scale responses (4 marks for each scheme)-by schools-by local councils-by local interest groups

1-By schools: ‘Livesimply’ campaignWhen: 2007 by the Catholic ChurchWhy? To encourage students to think about their impact on the word and sustainable development (sustainability). (What is sustainable development? Page 23 ‘development which meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs’)How? Energy efficient water and central heating systems run from renewable sources such as wind turbines and solar panels.

2-By local councilsWhen: from April 2008Local councils important in the reduction of carbon emissions as they have an influence on local home owners. (15 per cent of the UK’s carbon emissions produced by houses)£4 million from the government to help them. Example of local council: the City of LondonHow? Giving away free low energy light bulbs, CHP (Combined heat and power) scheme

3- By local interest groupsNamed example: ‘Manchester is my planet’When: From 2005How? ‘Pledge campaign’ to encourage individuals to reduce their carbon footprint.Green Badge Parking Permit given to owners of low carbon emission cars. Allow them to buy an annual parking permit for car parks within Great Manchester at a 25 per cent discount. More than 20,000 individuals have pledgedThere have been a range of responses to climate change on a local level, such as the ‘live simply’ campaign. Choose one scheme that you have studied. Outline the main details of the scheme. (4)Explain one local response to climate change. (3)

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6- The responses to the challenges of climate change on a global scale, e.g. world superpower meetings (Bali in 2007).

Global agreements between nations (6 marks)Time line:-June 1992: Earth summit (Rio de Janeiro)Decisions made by the most powerful countries about their response to climate change.First international environmental treaty which aimed to stabilise greenhouse gases.Lead to- The Kyoto Protocol (December 1997) which came into force in February 2005Goals of the Kyoto Protocol:1-Countries that signed and ratified the protocol agreed to cut greenhouse emissions by 5.2 per cent compared with 1990 levels.2- Each country agreed to a national limit on emissions for instance 8 per cent for the EU.3- Allowed increases for Iceland and Australia as they were not using all their carbon allowance.Strategies to achieve these goals:-Cut emissions-Trade with other countries in carbon.How? A country could buy carbon credits from another country. e.g.Iceland could trade 2 per cent of its carbon credits with the EU to enable the EU to meet its target of 8 per cent.End of timeline:- December 2007: Climate change conference (Bali)è Bali Roadmap: initiatives to try to reach a secure future climate.Describe one response to climate change on a global scale. (3)

B- Sustainable development for the planet1- Definitions and interpretations of sustainable development.Global interpretation:(i) 1980: Brundtland report by United NationsDefinition: development which meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.Sustainable development should not hinder development but give a better quality of life both now and the future.

Local interpretation: Four key sustainable areas in the UK (learn page 23)- Climate change and energy- Natural resources- Sustainable communities- Sustainable consumption and production

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2- The development of policies of large organisations to make them more sustainable.

(i) During the manufacturing of the product: A global company- General electric

(ii) In the recycling of packaging material: The food industry- Asda/Wal-Mart

(iii) By encouraging customers to recycle products: The communications industry- Nokia

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(iv) By encouraging employees to be more sustainable in the workplace- Use of video conferences- Bins to recycle waste products- Internet used at school to reduce use of paper.Explain how large organisations are becoming more sustainable in the workplace. Use examples in your answer. (6)Dartmoor National Park Authority is one large organisation that is being more sustainable. Explain the policies one other large organisation has developed to make it more sustainable. (3)Answer should contain the name of a company and then explain what they are doing.

3- The management of transport in urban areas, including the public versus private debate.Definition: Sustainable transport involves maintaining the standard of transport that is required for society and the economy to function efficiently without placing too much pressure on the environment.The ‘public versus private’ debateMaking cities more sustainable is not easy. This is the goal of the transport policies that have been introduced in many cities. Public transport will always be more efficient and use fewer resources than private transport.Problem: Great dependency on private cars. Car ownership growing rapidly in LICs and HICs, Car drivers will not use public transport until it is cheaper, properly organised and efficient.

Sustainable Development Strategy in the UK- Control the rate of traffic growth- Improve the performance of vehicles- Reduce dependency on cars-Availability of affordable public transport systems

Sustainable transport schemes to reduce traffic in the UK(i)- Congestion charging

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What is meant by the term congestion charge? (2)This is when motorists are charged to go into city/town centres (1). It is usually charged during times of heaviest use.(1) In London the charge is £8 / £10 (1). the charge applies during peak periods (1)Case study: London (2003)Practice of making motorists pay to travel into large urban areas during periods of heaviest use. Why? To reduce the number of vehicles entering the city, ease traffic congestion/lower pollution emissions. Learn the 5 bullet points on beneficial effects, textbookGive reasons why cities like Durham have introduced congestion charging. (3)One mark per point including development of a point. For instance:· To stop congestion in city centre· To control / reduce the flow of traffic across the city· People use park and ride instead of driving into the city· To help stop pollution· To make city centres safer· To raise money

(ii)- Park and RideShoppers park their cars in large designated free parking areas located on the main routes on the edge of the urban area and catch a bus into town centre. Why? 40 people travel on one bus rather than in 40 individual car = less congestion and pollution. Case study: Cambridge park and ride5 park and ride sites covering the main routes coming into the city. E.g. The Milton and Newmarket road sites are close to the A14 giving easy access for motorists. 4,500 parking space available. Double-decker buses carrying up to 70 passengers leave the parks every 10 minutes. Costs £2.20 per day to catch the bus

Park and Ride is a sustainable transport scheme used in many urban areas. Explain how Park and Ride is a sustainable transport scheme. Use an example in your answer. (4)Explain how transport is being managed in urban areas. You should refer to a number of different sustainable schemes in your answer. (6)

4- The effects of resource extraction from tropical rainforests

Define ‘resources’.Natural resources are materials that can be found within the environment. A natural resource may exist as a separate entity such as fresh water, and air, as well as a living organism such as a fish, or it may exist in an alternate form which must be processed to obtain the resource such as metal ores, oil, and most forms of energy.Describe the environment of the tropical rainforest.Layers in the tropical rainforest-Five separate layers- Combinations of plants and animals in a specific vertical zone. About 80% of the world’s documented species can be found in tropical rainforests.- Many different species of woody climbing plants=Lianas.Forest floorè grow upwards by twining around trunks- Vast numbers of epiphytes: Green plants that grow on trunks and branches, but not parasitic.

Effects:Learn :

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(a) Impacts on people(b) Impacts on environment of 3 case studies (i)- Mining in Brazil(ii)- logging in Cameroon(iii)- Oil extraction in Ecuador

Outline the effects of resource extraction on tropical rainforest environments and the people who live there. Use examples in your answer. (4).Explain the effects of resource extraction on tropical rainforest areas. Use examples in your answer. (6)

5- The management of tropical rainforests4 different ways:1- Government of countries take control of their forest areas:(a) Malaysia(i)-Government rejected plans to build a coal-fired power plant at Salam, on the island of Borneo.Why? Site too close to the ecological sensitive areas of Darvel Bay and Danum Valley.Management: Use of more sustainable forms of energy(ii)- No exploitation of coal and minerals such as gold.Why? Located in the rainforest which has endangered species such as the orang-utan.Management: Development of ecotourism ènatural attractions such as diving and biodiversity(b) VenezuelaNo permit to mine gold and diamonds since 2008èConservation of the biodiversity of the rainforest èProtection of the local people from illegals miners.(c) Costa RicaDeveloping of the rainforest in a sustainable way.(i) Through ecotourism: Tourist facilities such as zip wiring and trails through the forest.(ii) Through plant species: - American company Merck allowed to look for plants which can be used to make medicines or perfumes share of the profit goes to the government2- Management through carbon credits: BoliviaHow? Set aside some of the forest in developing countries and receive carbon credits which can be bought by industrialised countries.Bolivia: project based in the Noel Kempff National Park which is an area of 1.5 million hectaresè£25 million by selling the carbon credit of this area.Money has gone to the communities who live in the areas as compensation; no longer dependent upon logging and destroying the forest to farm to earn a living.3- Local indigenous people take oil companies to court : Ecuador.Oil extraction from the Amazon rainforest in Ecuador since the 1960s. No management of effects of the extraction by companies. Local indigenous people have taken the oil companies to court. Texaco have agreed to pay $40 million to cover its share of cleanup of waste pits created (not enough, $6 billion needed)

4- Describe how international programmes can help manage deforestation.World Wildlife FundWWF’s work on protecting rainforest. Click here: WWF rainforestsWorking to Reduce DeforestationWWF advocates for governments, international bodies and other stakeholders to make zero net deforestation a reality by 2020.Way of managing rainforest in sustainable ways: Case Study: Papua New Guinea, Kikori basin, Gulf Province.a- Eco-forestry: Promotion of ecologically and socially sensitive, community-based forestry enterprises.

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Minimal environmental impact in harvested areas:Very few trees are cut per hectare.Logs are floated on waterways.No roads are constructed.No heavy machinery is operated.b- Eco-tourist Lodge: Establishment of a locally-owned and operated eco-tourist lodge on the shores of Lake Kutubuè Tubo lodge.Built from traditional materials,Caters to visitors looking for a wilderness experience.

Explain how resource extraction from tropical rainforest areas is being managed. Use examples in your answer. (6)

In many areas of the world tropical rainforests are under threat. With the use of examples explain some of the ways in which tropical rainforests are being managed. (6)

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