MANAGEMENT OF IRRIGATION-INDUCED SALT-AFFECTED SOILS

TITLE:THE SOLUTION OF THE SALINATED SALT AND THE BENEFITS FROM IT.”THE DOWN OF

EARLY CIVILISATION”AND”THE BENIFITS FOR NEW CIVILISATION”

PURPOSE OF PROJECT: The salinated soil is a big problem of world. In last decades, the soil fertility becomes too much important because of increase in human population. This project is designed to remove salt from salinated soils and produce electricity by removed salt.

PROBLEMS:

Approaching to the boundary of the end of the 20-th century the mankind already had enough time to leave after itself a deep trace in nature, and this trace is more strongly observed at the beginning of the 21-st century: however this trace caries both positive and negative characteristics. Trying to achieve high rates of development the man, crossing through the environment, involuntarily went to destruction of everything he depends on, even that without what his existence is impossible: to destruction of soils. Wishing to receive high rates of crop production the man polluted the soils with pesticides, different structured chemical fertilisers. Besides man polluted nature as whole: atmosphere, water, air etc. and all the things bounded by circulation to soil. But anyway still most widespread and unpleasant phenomenon is soil salination during watering. As a result of a given process not only the soil condition is worsened, bot also its crop potential and its entire biological role in ecosystem. This process has also a negative effect on human’s health as TOCSICODERMIC DISEASE (RESULT OF NATURAL SOIL SALINATION, EXCISSEVE APPLICATION OF NITRIC FERTILIZERS AND TECHNOGENNIC POLLUTION)SOIL SALINATION:

In soil and spreading those fields there are a lot of easily dissolvable salts. As a result of water trickling from canal and excessive watering quantity the level of earth waters begins to rise. Form this level through the system of capillary emptiness water rises to the ground surface and is included in process of evaporation. Earth water, having wet a thick layer of ground, takes out to the surface solutions of salts, which after evaporation remain close or on a surface of soil. By such a way the ground gets salinated, changes the properties and structure and loses own fertility. In a place of an oasis there appears a salted desert created by human hands.Salinated soils contain mainly sulphuric salts (nitrogen, potassium and magnesium), hydrochloric (nitrogen, chloride, potassium and magnesium) and coal (nitric in its two compounds: bicarbonate salt, or normal soda, and two-carbonic salt, or drinking soda) acids. Sometimes in salinated soils there can be found nitric and potassium salts of nitric acids. Depending on amount of salts, contained in soil, character of their distribution on soil areas, salinated soils are subdivided into three groups: 1-3% of salt and more, less salinated and salinated below the soil used layer. The chloride salts are usually more toxic. Besides the toxic influence, the easy soluble salts raise osmotic pressure of soils, and create so-called physiological dryness, at which plant suffer the same as from a soil drought.The surplus if water soluble in soil results in rarer growth of the vegetative cover and occurrence of the special kinds of wild plants, adapted to life on salinated soil. The main factor of salt accumulation on a land and salination of soil are: droughty climate and complicated outflow of superficial and earth waters.Besides soil has an important role in bio cycle.PROJECT PUPOSE:

IN SOME PART OF WORLD SALINATION IS HAPPENING WHICH IS THE MAIN REASON OF CROPS DESTRUCTION.ACCTUALLY SALINATION MEANS THAT WHEN SOIL GOT MOST OF THE SALT IN IT.WHEN FARMER TRIES TO GROW CROP IN IT THEN THE SALT DIFFUSES IN PLANTS BY ROOTS BECAUSE THE CONCENTRATION OF THE SOILS BECOMES MORE THAN THE CONCENTRATION OF THE CONCENTRATION IN THE ROOTS THEN THE SOIL TRIES TO DIFFUSE SALT INTO IT.SO THIS IS VERY DANGEROUS FOR THE CROPS BECAUSE THE MORE CONCENTRATION OF THE SALT CAN LET THE CELL TO SHRINK.SO THE TURGOR PRESSURE WILL BE CHANGING AS WILT.

THIS IS MOSTLY HAPPENING...

TO SOLVE THE PROBLEMS OF SALINATED SOIL WE ARE PLACING AN EXAMPLE OF FAR TIME’S VALLEY NAME AS “CHINAMPS” DEVELOPED IN FAR PAST TIME BY MAYA CIVILISATION.

THEORY:

According to the theory of our experiment the method, developed by the Maya civilisation, of Chinamp construction or “of floating gardens ", can be used for soil desalination in present time. In swamped grounds people were droving in 4 piles, connecting them by semi-permeable textures and filling them inside with salinated soil. Above the swamps there were rising artificial rectangular fields. In the rainy seasons they looked like isolated islands. On the raised fields there was a constantly added organic compound of water plants. Due to this crop potential of soil was supported on a high level. We are trying to solve this problem at a global level with assistance of private sector, by means of imitation of swamp districts that can be used even in droughty climate territories.Salination is a natural process that results from:high levels of salt in the soilslandscape features that allow salts to become mobile (movement of water table)climatic trends that favor accumulation. Salt is a natural element of soils and water. The ions responsible for salination are: Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+ and Cl- Over eons, and as the world’s soils became established, the soil salt levels declined to a very livable minimum. As the soil fertility increased, the remaining salt, not flushed or leached out by rain, was chelated into the nooks and crannies of the humic acid molecules constituting most of the "fertility" in rich fertile soil........ The total dissolved solids in water consist of salts and dissolved materials. In natural waters,Salts are chemical compounds made of carbonates, chlorides, sulfates, and nitrates (primarilyin ground water), and potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), and sodium (Na). In mostnatural conditions, these salts are present in amounts that create a balanced solution. If thereis a large rain with a lot of runoff, this balance is changed and most likely has a negative effecton the aquatic system.The natural amounts of salts are largely determined by the geologic bedrock underlying thearea. Low salinity is expected in non-faulted areas like Wisconsin, which has igneous rockformations. High levels of runoff often happen in areas underlain by ancient marine sediments.As time passes, the salts are removed from the sedimentary rocks by wind and water erosion.These elements remain dissolved in surface waters. Additionally, if an area is heavily faulted,marine sediments buried deep within the earth may contact ground water and form very saltywater (brine). The fault may serve as a channel for the brine, which may be introduced toSurface water systems via springs.Salt concentrations are expected to be high in arid or semi-arid areas where evaporationUsually exceeds precipitation. As water evaporates from existing water bodies, saltConcentrations increase like in the Salt Lake area of Utah. Because precipitation itself containsSmall traces of salts, evaporation after a rain leaves salts in the soil. These salts may be

Carried in runoff during the infrequent rains.

The salt level in the mixture of that soil was extreme and was a solution of this.

The soil is a component of =Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+ and Cl-.

2 NaCl + 2 H2O → Cl2 + H2 + 2 Noah + soil =SALINATION.

Salt is not only dangerous for plant but also for every thing as shown below

THE PLAN GIVES ELECTRICITY OF:One of the more promising renewable energy technologies is concentrated solar thermal, which uses a system of mirrors or lenses to focus solar radiation on a collector.  This type of system can collect and store energy in pressurized steam, molten salt, phase change materials, or purified graphite.  

The project produced 10 megawatts (MW) of electricity using 1,818 mirrors, concentrating solar radiation onto a tower which used high-temperature heat transfer fluid to carry the energy to a boiler on the ground, where the steam was used to spin a series of turbines.  Water was used as energy storage medium for Solar Two, which used molten salt as an energy storage medium.  In this type of system, molten salt at 290ºC is pumped from a cold storage tank through the receiver where it is heated to about 565ºC. The heated salt then moves on to the hot

storage tank when power is needed from the plant, the hot salt is pumped to a generator that produces steam, which activates a turbine/generator system that creates electricity.

The Solar Two molten salt systems were capable of storing enough energy to produce power three hours after the Sun had set.  By using thermal storage, power tower plants can potentially operate for 65 percent of the year without the need for a back-up fuel source. The first commercial concentrated solar thermal plant with molten salt storage - 1 produces 50 MW of power and the molten salt storage can continue to power the plant for approximately 7.5 HOURS

KNOWN SOLUTION FOR SALINATED SOILS:The man, having confronted with the problem of salinated soils, has tried to find the solution way of the given problem.Washingsalinated soils, removal of surplus of salts from cultivated and under-cultivated horizons of soil by water –is the basic means of struggle with salinated soils. Before washing, the surface of a field level is deeply processed and broken by

platens into the checks sited of 0, 2 - 0, 3 ha and more; then the checks are flooded with water. Washing norms (quantity of water, necessary for isolation and replacement of salts from salted ground on the area of 1ha) establishes depending on the salination degree. For a structure of salts in a meter layer of a soil it is necessary 4 – 10 hund.m³/ha of water, 3 meter – up to 50 hund.m³/ha. Washing the salinated soils usually made in the late autumn, when evaporation is less and earth waters have a low level. In agriculture is also widely used Desalinating Drainage, which is applied to downturn the level of earth waters, removal of washing waters and for struggle with salinated soils of grounds located in droughty zones. In its function is distinguished meliorating meter layer and remove the salted earth waters, and operational layer, when improve the achieved results. On watering grounds horizontal and vertical desalinating drainage is applied. Horizontal is most expedient, rather deep (about 3 m) constant regular tubular drainage, added in watering period by open channels (in depth about 1 m on distance approximately 20-50 m between them). Pipes are stacked in a trench, covered by the sorted gravel and taken out soil. Their length is desirable up to 1 km, pipe inclination not less than 0,001, distance between pipes 150-400м. A decisive condition of success of horizontal desalinating drainage – unsupported work of drainage network and normal dump of drainage waters in water collector.

EXPERIMENT:PURPOSE: To prove in practice, that the "chinamp" method can be used for soil desalination and electricity can be produced by using removed salt from soil.

MATERIALS: The container (1, 5*2*2) Woody piles Organic compounds of water plants Salinated soil Lake water Lake silt Some kinds of river and lake grass Gauze texture and pellicle Containers (for receiver, for molten salt) Steam generator Turbine Pipes Solar Panel Wires

PROCEDURE:Swamp imitation:

For imitation of a swamp we used the container with the sizes 1,5*2*2. Having filled it on half by lake water, initially having placed on the bottom a layer of silt covered by decomposing organic compounds of reed. At lake we have collected various plants of different families and species with purpose of imitation of the non-spreading out organic substances of water plants, having placed them in our container.

Chinamp construction:Having established plastic piles we have connected them by a semi-permeable material, made up of dense layer of gauze texture, and between its layers we have placed pellicle (partially holed). Then in constructed chinamp, filled with early prepared mixture, we have added salinated soil (assembled near the Haripur ). On the surface of the ground we periodically added organic compounds of seaweed in decomposing stage. After some days in received “garden" we have planted wheat seeds, and after 7 days grains have given first germinations. The chinamps valley civilisation had placed his field like this way to save it.

1: 6 SMALL TUBS WHICH SHOULD BE IN SQUARE FORM FULL OF SALINATED SOIL.

2: A BIG BOX WHICH SHOUD BE IN RECTANGLE FORM FULL OF SIMPLE WITH SOME HOW SMALL CONCENTRATED SALT.

They did make their field like this way. And then this happened.

And then they found that their problems are being solved .

1 water has low potential of salt and is clean2 Soil has high potential of salt.3 So salt is moving from soil to water .because salt concentration in soil is high than in water so it

moves toward water.

The salt which is left with water is going out for generating electricity.We connected Chinamp to the receiver with pipes.

The water that is floated from chinamp is collected in receiver.

The solar panels are directed to receiver for heating water.

The evaporated water is collected in steam generator.

The salt that remains after evaporation is collected in hot salt reservoir.

Hot salt also directed in steam generator to produce steam.

The stem is moved in to the turbines to produce electricity.

WE CAN PLACE A HELIOSTAT (SOLAR PLATES) AND THEN THESE ARE IN SUN FOR 6.5 HOURS AND THEN THEY TURN SOLAR ENERGY TO HAEAT ENERGY AND HEAT ENERGY IS SEND TOWARD THE RECEVER AND RECEVER SENDS STEAM TO STEAM GENERATOR AND RECEIVER THEN SEND MOLTEN SALT TO SALT CONTAINER AND TOGETHER WITH STEAM AND SALT TURBINE IS WORKING AND ELECTRICITY IS GENERATING..

DATA:

As a result of our experiment ,the salt concentration factor in soil considerably has decreased, conceding place to the soil fertilising compounds, thus having made soil fertile concerning to its initial condition, that is proved by the occurrence of germinated plants in Chinamp. And by modern civilisation salt is a source of making electricity.

CONCLUSION:In practice was proved, that the soil salination problem can be solved by means of construction of "Chinamp", however and even this method requires deep study and completion. AND BY MODERN RESERCHES salt is a good source of electricity.

EXPECTING RESULTS:Usage of chinamp in agriculture, there is a possibility to receive a high levelled crop even on salinated soil, by means of its "curing". As a result one more step will be made in the solving of global problem: SOIL SALINATION

Non-traditional solution methods of different ecological problems, fully justified itself, by the construction of chinamp for improvement of salinated soil condition, as it was proved by this project.