Read the given passages carefully to answer the following questions:1. At this stage of the civilization, when many nations are brought into close and vital contact for good and evil, it is essential, as never before, that their gross ignorance of one another should be dimished, that they should begin to understand a little of one another's historical experience and resulting mentality. It is a fault of the English to expect people of other countries to react as they do, to political and international situations. Our genuine goodwill and good intentions are often brought to nothing, because we except other people to be like us. This would becorrected if we knew the history, not necessarily in detail but in broad outlines, of the social and political conditions which have given to each nation its present character.

i. The needs for a greater understanding between nations

 

A. will always thereB. was always thereC. is more today than ever beforeD. is no longer there

ii.According to the author the mentality of a nation is mainly product of its

A. politicsB. historyC. present characterD. international position

2. Although a smiling face often disguises the mind and heart of villain, an indiscriminate generalization of this phenomenon will do injustice to the innocent children whose faces bloom like flowers.

i. Which of the following is most nearly the same in meaning as the word ‘disguises’ as used in the sentence?

 

A. hidesB. provesC. reflectsD. conceals

 ii.The author of the sentence accepts the fact that

A. the faces of the villains are never smiling.B. the faces of innocent children are as pleasing as the flowers in bloom.C. the faces of innocent children disguise ill acts.D.  all the things that appear most beautiful are the ugliest withiniii. Which of the following is most opposite of the word ‘indiscriminate’ as used in the passage?A. broadB. undistinguishedC. selectiveD. conspicuous

3. There are two theories that have often been used to explain ancient and modern tragedy. Neither quite explains the complexity of the tragic process or the tragic hero, but each explains important 

elements of tragedy, and, because their conclusions are contradictory, they represent extreme views.

and of the limitation of human effort. But this theory of tragedy is an oversimplification, primarily because it confuses the tragic condition with the tragic process: the theory does not acknowledge that fate, in a tragedy, normally becomes external to the hero only after the tragic process has as a heroism that creates the splendor and exhilaration that is unique to tragedy. The tragic hero quality of an honest person, but the external antagonist of the criminal. Secondarily, this theory of tragedy does not distinguish tragedy from irony. Irony does not need an exceptional central figure: the original destiny never quite fades out of the tragedy.as a rule, the more ignoble the hero the sharper the irony, when irony alone is the objective. It isheroism that creates the splendor and exhilaration that is unique to tragedy. The tragic hero normally has an extraordinary, often a nearly divine, destiny almost within grasp, and the glory of the original destiny never quite fades out of the tragedy.

The second theory of tragedy states that the act that sets the tragic process in motion must be primarily a violation of normal law, whether human or divine; in short, that the tragic hero must havea flaw that has an essential connection with sin. Again it is true that the great majority of tragic heroes do possess hubris, or a proud and passionate mind that seems to make the hero’s downfall morally explicable. But such hubris is only the precipitating agent of catastrophe, just as in comedy the cause )f the happy ending is usually some act of humility often performed by a noble character who is meanly disguised.

This theory of tragedy as morally explicable runs into the question of whether an innocent sufferer in a tragedy, such as Iphigenia, or Socrates in Plato Apology, is a tragic figure. They are, of course, even though it is not very easy to find crucial moral flaws in them. Cordelia shows sincerity and highspirit in refusing to flatter her faber, and Cordelia is 30 hanged. Tragedy, in short, is ambiguous and cannot be reduced to the opposition between human effort. and external fate, just as it cannot be reduced to the opposition between good and evil.

i.        The primary purpose of the passage is. toA)        compare and criticize two theories of tragedy.B)        develop a new theory of tragedy.C)        summarize the thematic content of tragedy.D)        reject one theory of tragedy and offer another theory in its place.E)        distinguish between tragedy and iron

ii.        The author states that the theories discussed in the passage “represent extreme views” because their conclusions are(A) unpopular                (B) complex         (C) paradoxical(D) contradictory.        (E) imaginative

iii.        Which of the following comparisons of the tragic with the ironic hero is best supported by information contained in the’ passage?A)        A tragic hero’s fate is an external condition, but an ironic hero’s fate is an internal one.B)        A tragic hero must be controlled by fate, but an ironic hero cannot be.C)        A tragic hero’s moral flaw surprises the, audience, but an ironic hero’s sin does not.D)        A tragic hero and an ironic hero cannot both be virtuous figures in the same tragedy.E)        A tragic hero is usually extraordinary, but an ironic hero may be cowardly or even villainous

4. A Streetcar Named Desire is a classic of the American theater. Tennessee Williams’ landmark work was a tour de force in its original stage production in 1947 and continues to resonate with audiences and readers today despite—or perhaps because of—its simplistic though layered story. A faded Southern belle, Blanche DuBois, arrives at her sister’s seedy New Orleans apartment where she is tortured by her brutish brother-in-law, Stanley Kowalski. Blanche puts on airs of class and happiness throughout the play, though internally she is miserable and haunted by her tragic and scandalous past. Stanley forces Blanche to face her dolorous reality with his vitriol and, finally, his act of sexual aggression, and in doing so, he causes her to lose her tenuous grip on sanity. Most have argued (correctly) that the play is about the ways the past haunts our present or (again correctly) that it is about the ways class and sexuality impact our lives. However, few have seen the play for what it is: an allegory for the theater itself. i. The passage provides each of the following EXCEPT A. a critical interpretation of A Streetcar Named Desire B. an explanation of why modern audiences connect with A Streetcar Named Desire C. a brief plot synopsis of A Streetcar Named Desire D. background information on the times that produced A Streetcar Named Desire E. the author’s main argument concerning A Streetcar Named Desire

5. The process of photosynthesis produces more than just sugar, however. One byproduct of the process is oxygen, which is “exhaled” by the plant into the atmosphere. In fact, plant photosynthesis is one of the primary sources of oxygen generation on our planet, making plant life essential to almost all living things on earth.

i. According to paragraph, which of the following is a byproduct of photosynthesis?a. green pigmentb. waterc. carbon dioxided. oxygen

ii.The underlined word essential, as used in paragraph 4, most nearly meansa. necessary. b. optional. c. fragrant.d. growing.

6. But man is not destined to vanish. He can be killed, but he cannot be destroyed, because his soul is deathless and his spirit is irrepressible. Therefore, though the situation seems dark in the context of the confrontation between the superpowers, the silver lining is provided by amazing phenomenon that the very nations which have spent incalculable resources and energy for the production of deadly weapons are desperately trying to find out how they might never be used. They threaten each other, intimidate each other and go to the brink, but before the total hour arrives they withdraw from the brink.

i. The main point from the author's view is that

A. Man's soul and spirit can not be destroyed by superpowers. B. Man's destiny is not fully clear or visible.

C. Man's soul and spirit are immortal.

D. Man's safety is assured by the delicate balance of power in terms of nuclear weapons.

E. Human society will survive despite the serious threat of total annihilation.

ii.The word confrontation in the passage means

A Discord resulting from a clash of ideas or opinionsB.A direction opposite to anotherC. An electrical device that resists the flow of electrical currentD. The state of not being susceptible

iii. What do we mean by intimidate?ThreatenA. PacifyB. LoveC. Call

7. What needs to be set right is our approach to work. It is a common sight in our country of employees reporting for duty on time and at the same time doing little work. If an assessment is made of time they spent in gossiping, drinking tea, eating "pan" and smoking cigarettes, it will be shocking to know that the time devoted to actual work is negligible. The problem is the standard which the leadership in administration sets for the staff. Forgot the ministers, because they mix politics and administration. What do top bureaucrats do? What do the below down officials do? The administration set up remains week mainly because the employees do not have the right example to follow and they are more concerned about being in the good books of the bosses than doing work.

i. The employees in our country(A) are quite punctual but not duty conscious(B) are not punctual, but somehow manage to complete their work(C) are somewhat lazy but good natured(D) are not very highly qualified

ii.  According to the writer, the administration in India(A) is by and large effective   (B) is very strict and firm(C) is affected by red tape (D) is more or less ineffective

iii. The word 'assessment' means(A) enquiry (B) report(C) evaluation (D) summary

8. Speech is great blessings but it can also be great curse, for while it helps us to make our intentions and desires known to our fellows, it can also if we use it carelessly, make our attitude completely misunderstood. A slip of the tongue, the use of unusual word, or of an ambiguous word, and so on, may create an enemy 

where we had hoped to win a friend. Again, different classes of people use different vocabularies, and the ordinary speech of an educated may strike an uneducated listener as pompous. Unwittingly, we may use a word which bears a different meaning to our listener from what it does to men of our own class. Thus speech is not a gift to use lightly without thought, but one which demands careful handling. Only a fool will express himself alike to all kinds and conditions to men.

i. The best way to win a friend is to avoid(A) irony in speech                (B) pomposity in speechC. verbosity in speech (D) ambiguity in speech

ii. If one used the same style of language with everyone, one would sound(A) flat                (B) boring(C) foolish    (D) democratic

iii. A 'slip of the tongue' means something said(A) wrongly by choice                            (B) unintentionally(C) without giving proper thought             (D) to hurt another person

iv. Speech can be curse, because it can(A) hurt others                              (B) lead to carelessness(C) create misunderstanding (D) reveal our intentions9. Mahatma Gandhi believed that industrialisation was no answer to the problems that plague the mass of India's poor and that villagers should be taught to be self-sufficient in food, weave their own cloth from cotton and eschew the glittering prizes that the 20th century so temptingly offers. Such an idyllic and rural paradise did not appear to those who inherited the reins of political power.i. The meaning of 'glittering prizes that the 20th century so temptingly offers is(A) pursuit of a commercialized material culture(B) replacement of rural by urban interests(C) complete removal of poverty(D) absence of violence and corruption

ii. The basis of 'an idyllic and rural paradise' is(A) rapid industrialisation of villages(B) self sufficiency in food clothes and simplicity of the lifestyle(C) bringing to the villages the glittering prizes of the 20th century(D) supporting those holdings powerful political positions

iii. Which one of the following best illustrates the relationship between the phrases: (i) 'eschew the glittering prizes' and  (ii) 'idyllic and rural paradise'?(A) unless you do (i), you cannot have (ii)

(B) (i) and (ii) are identical in meaning(C) first of all you must have (ii) in order to do (i)(D) the meaning of (i) is directly opposite to (ii)

10. Read the passage and answer the questions that follow: Organisations are institutions in which members complete for status and power. they compete for resource of the organisation, for example finance to expand their own departments, for career advancement and for power to control the activities of others. In pursuit of these aims, grouped are formed and sectional interests emerge. As a result, policy decisions may serve the ends of political and career systems rather than those of the concern. In this way, the goals of the organisation may be displaced in favour of sectional interests and individual ambition. These preoccupations sometimes prevent the emergence of organic systems. Many of the electronic firms in the study had recently created research and development departments employing highly qualified and well paid scientists and technicians. Their high pay and expert knowledge were sometimes seen as a threat to the established order of rank, power and privilege. Many senior managers had little knowledge of technicality and possibilities of new developments and electronics. Some felt that close cooperation with the experts in an organic system would reveal their ignorance and show their experience was now redundant. 1. The theme of the passage is(A) groupism in organizations(B) individual ambitions in organizations(C) frustration of senior managers(D) emergence of sectional interests in organizations

2. "Organic system" as related to the organization implies its(A) growth with the help of expert knowledge(B) growth with input from science and technology(C) steady all around development(D) natural and unimpeded growth

3.  Policy decision in organization would involve(A) cooperation at all levels in the organization(B) modernization of the organization(C) attracting highly qualified personnel(D)          keeping in view the larger objectives of the organizations

11. Some modern anthropologists hold that biological evolution has shaped not only human morphology but also human behavior. The role those anthropologists ascribe to evolution is not of dictating the details of human behavior but one of imposing constraints - ways of feeling, thinking, and acting that ''come naturally'' in archetypal situations in any culture. Our ''frailties'' - emotions and motives such as rage, fear, greed, gluttony, joy, lust, love-may be a very mixed assortment quality: we are, as we say, ''in the grip'' of them. And thus they give us our sense of constraints. Unhappily, some of those frailties detect our need for ever-increasing security

among them is presently maladaptive. Yet beneath the overlay of cultural detail, they, too, are said to be biological in direction, and therefore as natural to us as are our appendixes. We would need to comprehend thoroughly their adaptive origins in order to understand how badly they guide us now. And we might then begin to resist their pressure.i. The author implies that control to any extent over the ''frailties'' that constrain our behavior is thought to presuppose AThat those frailties and adaptive are recognized as currently beneficial and adaptive B.That there is little or no overlay of cultural detail that masks their true nature. C.That there are cultures in which those frailties do not ''come naturally'' and from which such control can be learned D. A full understanding of why those frailties evolved and of how they function now E. A thorough grasp of the principle that cultural detail in human behavior can differ arbitrarily from society to society. ii. It can be inferred that in his discussion of maladaptive frailties the author assumes that A. Evolution does not favor the emergence of adaptive characteristics over the emergence of maladaptive ones B .Any structure or behavior not positively adaptive is regarded as transitory in evolutionary theory C. Maladaptive characteristics, once fixed, make the emergence of other maladaptive characteristics more likely D. The designation of a characteristic as being maladaptive must always remain highly tentative E. Changes in the total human environment can outpace evolutionary change. iii. The primary purpose of the passage is to present

A. A position on the foundations of human behavior and on what those foundations imply B. A theory outlining the parallel development of human morphology and of human behavior C. A diagnostic test for separating biologically determined behavior patterns from culture - specific detail D. An overview of those human emotions and motive's that impose constraints on human behaviour E. A practical method for resting the pressures of biologically determined drives. 

12. Visual recognition involves storing and retrieving memories. Neural activity, triggered by the eye, forms an image in the brains memory system that constitutes an internal representation of the viewed object. When an object is encountered again, it is matched with its internal representation and thereby recognized. Controversy surrounds the question of whether recognition is a parallel, one-step process or a serial, step-by-step one. Psychologists of the Gestalt school maintain that object are recognized as wholes in a parallel procedure : , the internal representation is matched with the retinal image in a single operation. Other psychologists have proposed that internal representation features are matched serially with an object's features. Although some experiments show that, as an object become familiar, its internal representation becomes more familiar, its internal representation becomes more holistic and the recognition process correspondingly more parallel, the weight of evidence seems to support the serial hypothesis, at least for objects that are not notably simple and familiar.

i. It can be inferred from the passage that the matching process in visual recognition is A. Not a natural activity.

B. Not possible when an object is viewed for the very first time.

C. Not possible if a feature of a familiar object is changed in same way.

D. Only possible when a retinal image is received in the brain as a unitary whole.

E. Now fully understood as a combination of the serial and parallel process.

ii. In terms of its tone and form, the passage can best be characterized as

A. A biased exposition

B. A speculative study

C. A dispassionate presentation

D. An indignant denial

E. A dogmatic explanation.

iii. The author is primarily concerned with

A. Explaining how the brain receives images

B. Synthesizing hypotheses of visual recognition

C. Examining the evidence supporting the serial recognition hypothesis

D. Discussing visual recognition and some hypotheses proposed to explain it.

E. Reporting on recent experiments dealing with memory systems and their relationship to neural activity.

13. A clear answer to whether the languages of the ancient American peoples were made use of for expressing abstract universal concepts can be sought in the case of Nahuatl, which like Greek and German, is a language that allows the formation of extensive compounds. By combining radicals or semantic elements, single compound words can express complex conceptual relations, often of an abstract universal character.

The tlamatinime ("those who know") were able to use this rich stock of abstract terms to express the nuances of their thought. They also availed themselves of other forms of expression with metaphorical meaning, some probably original, some derived from Toltec coinages. Of these forms the most characteristic in Nahuatl is the juxtaposition of two words that, because they are synonyms, associated terms, or even contraries, complement each other to evoke one single idea. The juxtaposed terms, used as metaphor, suggest specific or essential traits of the being they refer to, introducing a mode of poetry as an almost habitual form of expression.

i. According to the passage, some abstract universal ideas can be expressed in Nahuatl by

A. Putting various meaningful elements together in one word

B. Taking away from a word any reference to particular instances

C. Turning each word of a phrase into a poetic metaphor

D. Giving a word a new and opposite meaning

E. Removing a word from its associations with other words.

ii. It can be inferred solely from the information in the passage that

A. Metaphors are always used in Nahuatl to express abstract conceptual relationships

B. There are many languages that, like Greek or German, allow extensive compounding

C. The abstract terms of the Nahuatl language are habitually used in poetry

D. Some record or evidence of the though of the tlamatinime exists

E. All abstract universal ideas are ideas of complex relations.

14. Disequilibrium at the interface of water and air is a factor on which the transfer of heat and water vapor from the ocean to the air depends. The air within about a millimeter of the water is almost saturated with water vapor and the temperature of the air is close to that of the surface water. Irrespective of how small these differences might be, they are crucial, and the disequilibrium is maintained by air near the surface mixing with air higher up, which is typically appreciably cooler and lower in water vapor content. The turbulence, which takes its energy from the wind mixes the air. As the speed of wind increases, so does the turbulence, and consequently the rate of heat and moisture transfer. We can arrive at a detailed understanding of this phenomenon after further study. The transfer of momentum from wind to water, which occurs when waves are formed is an interacting-and complicated phenomenon. When waves are made by the wind, it transfers important amounts of energy-energy, which is consequently not available for the production of turbulence.

i.This passage principally intends to:

A. resolve a controversy B. attempt a description of a phenomenon

C. sketch a theory

D. reinforce certain research findings

E. tabulate various observations

ii. The wind over the ocean usually does which of the following according to the given passage? (a). Leads to cool, dry air coming in proximity with the ocean surface. (b) Maintains a steady rate of heat and moisture transfer between the ocean and the air.

(c) Results in frequent changes in the ocean surface temperature.

A.I only

B. II only

CI and II only

D. II and III only

E.I, II, and III

iii.. According to the author the present knowledge regarding heat and moisture transfer from the ocean to air as

A. revolutionary B. inconsequential C. outdated D. derivative E. incomplete

15. A new hearing device is now available for some hearing-impaired people. This device uses a magnet to hold the detachable sound-processing portion in place. Like other aids, it converts sound into vibrations. But it is unique in that it can transmit the vibrations directly to the magnet and then to the inner ear. This produces a clearer sound. The new device will not help all hearing-impaired people only those with a hearing loss caused by infection or some other problem in the middle ear. It will probably help no more than 20 percent of all people with hearing problems. Those people who have persistent ear infections, however, should find relief and restored hearing with the new device.

i. What is the author's main purpose?A. To describe a new cure for ear infections

B. To inform the reader of a new device

C. To urge doctors to use a new device

D. To explain the use of a magnet

ii. The word "relief" in the last sentence means:

A. Less distress

B. Assistance

C. Distraction

D. Relaxation

16. One of the most dangerous drugs for pregnant women to consume is alcohol. Because alcohol is delivered quickly into the blood and passes quickly into the tissues and membranes, the human fetus is particularly vulnerable to its effects. In fact, the negative effects on a fetus are so pronounced that babies born after exposure to alcohol are said to be suffering from fetal alcohol syndrome. As a pregnant woman drinks alcohol, the alcohol is passed into her her bloodstream almost simultaneously. Moreover, because the bloodstream of the fetus is inextricably tied to that of the mother, the alcohol passes directly into the bloodstream of the fetus as well. And, what is more, the concentration of alcohol in the fetus is exactly the same as in the mother. For the mother, this concentration is not a problem because her liver can remove one ounce of alcohol from her system per hour. However, the fetus's liver is not completely developed (how developed it is depends on its stage of development). The rate at which it is able to eliminate the alcohol from the blood of the fetus is much slower. Eventually, the alcohol will be returned to the mother's system by passing across the placenta, but this process is slow. By the time this takes place, major neurological damage may have already occurred. Research has shown that as little as one drink of alcohol can produce significant, irreversible damage to the fetus. Babies born after exposure to alcohol generally exhibit facial distortion, inability to concentrate, and difficulty in remembering. Simply speaking, it is imperative that pregnant women avoid alcohol.

i. How much time can it be inferred that it takes alcohol to enter a woman's bloodstream after she takes a drink?

A. about one hour

B. a few seconds

C. several minutes

D. at least 24 hours

ii. In line 9 the word "inextricably" most nearly means

A. unexplainedly

B. formerly

C. forcefully

D. inseparably

iii. Which one of the following was NOT mentioned as a sign of fetal alcohol syndrome?

A. disfigurement of the face

B. concentration difficulties

C. increased aggression

D. memory problems

iv. At what place in the passage does the author discuss the quantity of alcohol necessary to produce negative results?

A. Lines 2-3

B. Lines 11-13

C. Lines 21-22

D. Lines 24-25

17. Visual recognition involves storing and retrieving memories. Neural activity, triggered by the eye, forms an image in the brains memory system that constitutes an internal representation of the viewed object. When an object is encountered again, it is matched with its internal representation and thereby recognized. Controversy surrounds the question of whether recognition is a parallel, one-step process or a serial, step-by-step one. Psychologists of the Gestalt school maintain that object are recognized as wholes in a parallel procedure : , the internal representation is matched with the retinal image in a single operation. Other psychologists have proposed that internal representation features are matched serially with an object's features. Although some experiments show that, as an object become familiar, its internal representation becomes more familiar, its internal representation becomes more holistic and the recognition process correspondingly more parallel, the weight of evidence seems to support the serial hypothesis, at least for objects that are not notably simple and familiar.

i. It can be inferred from the passage that the matching process in visual recognition is A. Not a natural activity.

B. Not possible when an object is viewed for the very first time.

C. Not possible if a feature of a familiar object is changed in same way.

D. Only possible when a retinal image is received in the brain as a unitary whole.

E. Now fully understood as a combination of the serial and parallel process.

ii. In terms of its tone and form, the passage can best be characterized as

A. A biased exposition

B. A speculative study

C. A dispassionate presentation

D. An indignant denial

E. A dogmatic explanation.

iii. The author is primarily concerned with

A. Explaining how the brain receives images

B. Synthesizing hypotheses of visual recognition

C. Examining the evidence supporting the serial recognition hypothesis

D. Discussing visual recognition and some hypotheses proposed to explain it.

E. Reporting on recent experiments dealing with memory systems and their relationship to neural activity.

iv. According to the passage, Gestalt psychologists make which of the following suppositions about visual recognition? I A retinal image is in exactly the same form as its internal representation II An object is recognized as a whole without any need for analysis into component parts. III The matching of an object with its internal representation occurs in only one step

A. II only

B. III only

C. I and III only

D. II and III only

E. I, II and III

18. The existence of mammals on the earth can be traced back to at least the Triassic time. The rate of development was retarded, till evolutional change suddenly accelerated in the oldest Paleocene. This resulted in an increase in average size, larger mental capacity, and special adaptations for different modes of life, during the Eocene time. Further improvement was seen during the Oligocene Epoch, with the appearance of some new lines and extinction of others. The Miocene and Pliocene times are especially significant as they mark the culmination of various groups and a continued approach toward modern characters. It is in the Miocene time that the mammals reached their peak with reference to variety and size.

i. According to the passage the chronological order of the geologic periods is:

A. Paleocene, Miocene, Triassic, Mesozoic B. Paleocene, Triassic, Mesozoic, Miocene

C. Miocene, Paleocene, Triassic, Mesozoic

D. Mesozoic, Oligocene, Paleocene, Miocene

E. Mesozoic, Paleocene, Eocene, Miocene

19. For a period of more than two centuries paleontologists have been intrigued by the fossilized remains of pterosaurs, the first flying vertebrates. The issues, which puzzle them, are how these heavy creatures, having a wingspan of about 8-12 meters managed the various problems associated with powered flight and whether these creatures were reptiles or birds.

Perhaps the least controversial assertion about the pterosaurs is that they were reptiles. Their skulls, pelvises, and hind feet are reptilian. The anatomy of their wings suggests that they did not evolve into the class of birds. In pterosaurs a greatly elongated fourth finger of each forelimb supported a wing like membrane. The other fingers were short and reptilian, with sharp claws. In birds the second finger is the principal strut of the wing, which consists primarily of feathers. If the pterosaurs walked on all fours, the three short fingers may have been employed for grasping. When a pterosaurs walked or remained stationary, the fourth finger, and with it the wing, could only urn upward in an extended inverted V- shape along each side of the animal's body.

i. As seen in the above passage scientists generally agree that:

A. the pterosaurs could fly over large distances because of their large wingspan. B. a close evolutionary relationship can be seen between the pterosaurs and bats,

when the structure of their skeletons is studied.

C. the study of the fossilized remains of the pterosaurs reveals how they solved the problem associated with powered flight

D. the pterosaurs were reptiles

E. Pterosaurs walked on all fours.

ii. The view that, the pterosaurs rose into light winds from the crest of the waves to become airborne, is viewed by the author as

A. revolutionary B. unlikely C. unassailable D. probable E. outdated.

20. This museum is in the centre of the town, a few metres from the cathedral, and near the market. It contains dolls, dolls' houses, books, games and pastimes, mechanical and constructional toys. In this

collection there are toys made by all sorts of toy manufacturers from the most important to the smallest, including the most ordinary toys and the most precious. There are also records of children's pastimes over the last hundred and fifty years. Most major manufacturing countries of Europe had toy industries in the last century; French and German factories produced millions of toys each year. Many collectors of toys think that the second half of the nineteenth century was the best period for toy production and the museum has many examples of toys from this period which are still in perfect condition. There is now a growing interest in the toys of the 1920s and 1930s and as a result of this the museum has begun to build up a collection from these years. Visitors to the museum will find that someone is always available to answer questions - we hope you will visit us. Hours of opening 10.00-17.30 every day (except December 25 and 26)

.i. What is the writer trying to do?a. To give advice.b. To give opinions.c. To give information.

Ii. What period of toy manufacturing is receiving increased attention?a. Every day except in December. b. The 1920s and 1930s.c. The 20th century.

21. A fifth trend that affects research is the globalization of science. Today’s research happens in many locations, with many partners. For example, IBM has built a medical device research facility in Japan so that they can tailor products to the local market. Microsoft has placed its R&D unit in Cambridge, England to have access to the research in computer science at a leading university with a European perspective. This is different from outsourcing, where the goal is to do business more cheaply. The globalization of R&D is a richer concept, where the goal is to enhance the quality and scope of research by being in multiple locations. A recent paper in the American Scientist stated that scientists in all countries, including developing countries, gain considerable benefit from collaborating with scientists around the world. Creating international partnerships and networks is one of the goals of the Millennium Science Institutes. International collaboration also benefits researchers in the developed world, who need the talented colleagues and new points of view found in other nations. In a broader sense, the developed world urgently needs to encourage faster development of small economics to help narrow the gap between nations. There are large challenges that await us as we enter the new Millennium. We need a higher level of interaction between disciplines, but there are still significant barriers to interdisciplinary research. i. . An appropriate title for the passage would be

A. Linear model to a dynamic model. B. Disciplinary to interdisciplinary research. C. Study of complex systems D. Globalization and the diffusion of knowledge. E. Knowledge management – a new paradigm.

ii. The globalization of research and development sets all of the following goals except A. quality enhancement B. scope of research C. local needs D. access to local knowledge

E. cost effectiveness 22. Most importantly, though, the highway bypass would have disastrous effects on the area’s homeowners. As planned, the new road would cut directly through the middle of the Ellwood Acres subdivision. Not only would this send more cars through the neighbourhood, but these cars would be travelling at much higher speeds, putting children at risk. What is more, homeowners would have to deal with the increased noise and pollution that would result from such a heavily trafficked road. Finally, the new road would cause residential properties to depreciate. This means that families who chose to move away would have to sell their homes for far less than their current value.

i. This passage would most likely be found in A. an editorial in a local newspaper ; B. a brochure for prospective homeowners in Ellwood Acres ; C. an encyclopedia article about the history of highways ; D. a personal letter from a son to his father

ii. Where in the full article is this paragraph most likely to appear? A. near the beginning B. near the end C. in the middle D. it could appear anywhere

iii. Which of the following pieces of information, if included, would provide the best additional support for the author’s argument as presented in this passage? A. In 2008, the author's youngest child was killed by a drunk driver. B. Pollution is harmful to the environment. C. According to a recent magazine study, white noise (similar to that produced by traffic) was rated the number one cause of daytime napping. D. In 2011, homeowners who live near interstate traffic saw a 20% reduction in the value of their homes. 23. Nationalism, of course, is a curious phenomenon which at a certain stage in a country's history gives life, growth and unity but, at the same time, it has a tendency to limit one, because one thinks of one's country as something different from the rest of world. One's perceptive changes and one is continuously thinking of one's own struggles and virtues and failing to the exclusion of other thoughts. The result is that the same nationalism which is the symbol of growth for a people becomes a symbol of the cessation of that growth in mind. Nationalism, when it becomes successful sometimes goes on spreading in an aggressive way and becomes a danger internationally. Whatever line of thought you follow, you arrive at the conclusion that some kind of balance must be found. Otherwise something that was good can turn into evil. Culture, which is essentially good become not only static but aggressive and something that breeds conflict and hatred when looked at from a wrong point of view. How are you find a balance, I don't know. Apart from the political and economic problems of the age , perhaps, that is the greatest problem today because behind it there is tremendous search for something which it cannot found. We turn to economic theories because they have an undoubted importance. It is folly to talk of culture or even of god. When human beings starve and die. Before one can talk about anything else one must provide the normal essentials of life to human beings. That is where economies come in. Human beings today are not in mood to tolerate this suffering and starvation and inequality when they see that the burden is not equally shared. Others profit while they only bear the burden.i. The greatest problem in the middle of the passage refers to the questionA. how to mitigate hardship to human beings B.  how to contain the dangers of aggressive nationalism.C. how to share the economic burden equally D. how to curb international hatredii. Negative national feeling can make a nationA. selfish B.  self-centred C. indifferent D. dangerousiii.'Others' in the last sentence refers toA. other people B. other nations C. other communities D. other neighbors

24. The piranha is a much-maligned fish. Most people think that this is a deadly creature that swarms through rivers and creeks of the Amazon rainforest looking for victims to tear apart. And woe betide anyone unlucky enough to be in the same water as a shoal of piranhas. It takes only a few minutes for the vicious piranhas to reduce someone to a mere skeleton.

The truth is that the piranha is really a much more nuanced animal than the mindless killer depicted in the media. In fact, piranhas are a group made up of approximately twelve different species. Each piranha species occupies its own ecological niche. One type of piranha takes chunks out of the fins of other fish. Another type eats fruit falling from trees into the river. Each piranha species plays a unique role in the ecology of the rainforest floodplains. So what should you do next time you hear someone talking about the “deadly piranha”? You can remind them that the piranha is not always the notorious killer fish that the tough, muscular heroes of popular nature television shows would have us believe.

i. The primary purpose of the author is to

A. correct misconceptions about the piranha. B. illustrate the importance of piranhas in rainforest ecology.

C. describe two different species of piranhas. D. instruct the reader on what to say if someone describes the piranha as “deadly”.

ii. In paragraph 1, the author most likely uses the old-fashioned expression “woe betide” to

A. highlight the danger posed by piranhas. B. suggest that the reputation of the piranha is well-deserved.

C. emphasize the sarcastic tone. D. indicate that the passage was written in the 19th century.

iii. In paragraph 1, the author uses hyperbole—characterized by the use of exaggeration for effect—to describe the piranha. The author most likely uses hyperbole to

A. frame an argument that is supported in a later paragraph. B. create ambiguity so the reader cannot be sure which position the writer supports. C. juxtapose the myth of the piranha with the truth about the fish. D. evoke vivid images of nature television shows in the reader’s mind.

25. Voting is the privilege for which wars have been fought, protests have been organized, and editorials have been written. “No taxation without representation” was a battle cry of the American Revolution. Women struggled for suffrage as did all minorities. Eighteen-year-olds clamored for the right to vote, saying that if they were old enough to go to war, they should be allowed to vote. Yet Americans have a deplorable voting history. Interviewing people about their voting habits is revealing. There are individuals who state that they have never voted. Often, they claim that their individual vote doesn’t matter. Some people blame their absence from the voting booth on the fact that they do not know enough about the issues. In a democracy, we can express our opinions to our elected leaders, but more than half of us sometimes avoid choosing the people who makethe policies that affect our lives.i.. This argument relies primarily on which of the following techniques to make its points?a. emotional assertionsb. researched facts in support of an assertionc. emotional appeals to votersd. emotional appeals to nonvotersii.. Which of the following sentences best summarizes the main idea of the passage?

a. Americans are too lazy to vote.b. Women and minorities fought for their rightto vote.c. Americans do not take voting seriously enough.d. Americans do not think that elected officials take their opinions seriously.