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Information on the problem
Section 1: Indonesia and palm oil – an introduction
Figure 1a – Indonesia is located in South East Asia.
Australia is to the south-east with Malaysia, Thailand and China to the north. Most people live on the islands of Sumatra and Java (where the capital city, Jakarta, is located).
The problem
How should Indonesia develop its palm oil industry?
Some people in Indonesia think the development of palm oil plantations is vital for the Indonesian economy and development.
Others think that palm oil plantations destroy valuable tropical rainforests and peat-lands, and are not a sustainable way to produce resources.
The government of Indonesia must make a decision about the future development of palm oil plantations.
Total population 251 million Percentage of population aged 0-14 years
27%
Income per person (US $) 3,800 Percentage of people living in urban areas
51%
Human Development Index (HDI)
0.63 Life expectancy 71 years
Percentage of people working in secondary industry
22% Percentage of people working in farming
39%
Figure 1b – Key facts about Indonesia in 2013
Figure 1c – What is palm oil and how is it used?
In 2011, oil palm plantations covered 7.8 million hectares in Indonesia. By 2020, Indonesia plans to double production of palm oil to 40 million tonnes per year
and increase palm oil plantations by 4 million hectares. High demand for palm oil from emerging economies in Asia, such as India and China, is
driving an increase in production. About 75% of palm oil plantations estates are located on Sumatra and Kalimantan. About 50% of plantations are small, family run farms. Over 2 million people are employed in the palm oil industry in Indonesia. In 2010, palm oil made up 7% of Indonesia’s exports, valued a $12 billion.
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Palm oil production in Indonesia 2000-2012
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Figure 1d – Indonesia’s palm oil industry.
Palm oil is not only used for biodiesel. It is found in many food products, and even in shampoo and lipstick. It can only be grown in tropical areas like Indonesia.
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Palm oil imports (tonnes)
Figure 3e – Sources of UK palm oil imports in 2010
Section 2 – Indonesia’s biodiversity
Indonesia has some of the world’s highest levels of biodiversity. Originally, tropical forests covered about 85% of Indonesia although this now stands at
about 50%. It is home to the 3rd largest tropical rainforest in the world (after the Brazilian Amazon
and the Congo Basin in Africa). Between 2004 and 2008, the Sumatran orangutan population fell by 14% to 6,600
individuals; the Sumatran tiger and Sumatran rhinoceros are both critically endangered.
All figures are percentages (%)
Indonesia Rest of the world
Land area 1.3 98.7Plant species 10 90Mammal species 12 88Reptiles & amphibians 16 84Birds 17 83Fish 25 75
Figure 2a – Biodiversity in Indonesia compared to the rest of the world
Tropical rainforest Peat-land swamp forest
Much of the tropical rainforest in Indonesia is found in mountainous areas.
Different species are found at different altitudes.
This includes the endangered Orangutan found on Sumatra and Borneo.
Deforestation threatens even isolated areas of tropical forest.
In lowland areas the forest grows in water-logged swamps.
Beneath the forest is a layer of peat (water-logged soil)
Peat is a huge carbon store. When the peat-land forest is cleared the
peat begins to decompose, releasing its stored carbon.
Figure 2b – tropical rainforests and peat-land forests
Section 3 – Deforestation
Figure 3a – Satellite image of Indonesian forest fires 2013, caused by burning forests for new farmland. Smoke spread across much of south-east Asia
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Figure 3b – Forest cover in Indonesia 1990-2011 in square kilometres
Figure 3c – An area of Sumatra, in Indonesia, in 1980 and 2010 showing how forest area has changed.
Figure 3d – Deforested hillsides on Sumatra. Deforestation exposes soil to the very heavy rains experienced in Indonesia.
Section 4 – Views on palm oil development
Organisation ViewWWF is an environmental pressure group and NGO
“Large areas of tropical forests have been cleared to make room for vast palm oil plantations – destroying habitats for many endangered species, including rhinos, elephants and tigers.
In some cases, the expansion of plantations has lead to the eviction of forest-dwelling people.”
World Growth is a pressure group that promotes
globalization.
“Palm oil provides developing nations and the poor with a path out of poverty. Expanding sustainable agriculture such as palm oil Plantations provides plantation owners and their workers with a means to improve their standard of living.”
Cargill in a TNC based in the USA that grows, processes and sells
palm oil.
“Millions of people around the world depend on palm oil. We believe that palm should be produced sustainably. We have made a commitment that the palm oil products we supply to our customers will be certified as coming from sustainable forests by 2020.”
Figure 4 – Three contrasting views about palm oil development in Indonesia.
Answer ALL questions.1 Study Section 1 of the Resource Booklet and answer the following questions.(a) Study Figure 1a.
Describe the geography of Indonesia. (3)
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(b) Study Figure 1b.Explain how the data in Figure 1b support the view that Indonesia is a developing country. (3)
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(c) Suggest two reasons why biodiesel made from palm oil might be considered better for the environment than diesel made from crude oil. (2)
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(d) Suggest two reasons why there is growing global demand for palm oil. (2)
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(e) Explain the growing importance of the palm oil industry to Indonesia’s people and its economy. (6)
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(Total for Question 1 = 16 marks)
2 Study Section 2 of the Resource Booklet and answer the following questions.
(a) State two reasons why biodiversity levels in Indonesia are so high. (2)
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(b) Outline the evidence that suggests Indonesia’s biodiversity is globally important. (3)
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(c) Explain why the deforestation of Indonesia’s peat-land forests is an issue of global concern. (3)
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(Total for Question 2 = 8 marks)
3 Study Section 3 of the Resource Booklet and answer the following questions.
(a) Study Figure 3b. Describe the trend in forest cover in Indonesia between 1990 and 2011. (3)
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(b) Study Figure 3c. Describe how the distribution of forest cover changed between 1980 and 2010 in the area of Sumatra shown. (4)
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(c) Suggest how deforestation on Sumatra could affect the hydrological cycle of the area. (3)
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(Total for Question 3 = 10 marks)
4 Study Figure 4.Examine why different organisations have contrasting views about the issue of palm oil development in Indonesia. (6)
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(Total for Question 4 = 6 marks)
Spelling, punctuation and grammar will be assessed in your answer to this question.
5 Study the three options for Indonesia’s government shown below.
Select the option that you think would be best for the Indonesian people and the environment.
Examine the advantages and disadvantages of this option for the Indonesian people and the environment.
Use information from the Resource Booklet and your knowledge from Units 1 and 2 to support your answer.
Chosen option . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (10)
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Option 1: Continue to expand palm oil production in Indonesia.
Option 2: Prevent any further expansion of palm oil plantations by monitoring and policing remaining forests, with large fines for illegal deforestation.
Option 3: Use a tax on palm oil production and exports, to fund the replanting of forests.
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(Total for spelling, punctuation and grammar = 3 marks)(Total for Question 5 = 10 marks)
TOTAL FOR PAPER = 53 MARKS
