misslevakis.weebly.com · Web viewPart 1: How Organisms Obtain Energy Cells are on constant _ , making proteins, breaking apart molecules for _ , growing, and splitting. This

Name: ________________________________ Date: _______________ Period: ________________Cellular Processes - NOTES

Part 1: How Organisms Obtain Energy

Cells are on constant _____________________, making proteins, breaking apart molecules for _____________________, growing, and splitting. This unit will cover how energy is harvested from the sun through _____________________ and stored in sugar molecules. Then the cell breaks down glucose molecules as needed to release that stored _____________________. The free energy is in a molecule called _________________.

1. Transformation of Energy

Chemical reactions occur _____________________ in cells. Assembling or _____________________ _____________________ macromolecules, sending genetic information where it’s needed, and transporting molecules into or out of the cell all require energy. _____________________is the study of the flow of energy in the universe.

a. 1st Law of Thermodynamics – energy cannot be _____________________ nor _____________________, just converted from one form to another.

b. 2nd Law of Thermodynamics – energy cannot be converted without the _____________________ of some usable energy, usually in the form of _____________________________.

c. _____________________ are living organisms that make their own food. Most use the _______________ as their energy source through the process of photosynthesis.

d. _____________________ are a type of autotroph that do not use the sun, instead using _________________________________as it energy source in a process called _____________________.

e. Heterotrophs must _____________________ energy through eating food. They are not able to fully utilize all of the energy they ingest due to the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics, losing some energy to _____________________.

2. MetabolismAll of the chemical reactions within a cell are referred to as _____________________.a. Reactions that build larger molecules from atoms or smaller molecules

_____________________ energy called _____________________ reactions.b. Reactions that tear apart large molecules into atoms or smaller molecules

_____________________ energy, called _____________________ reactions.c. Photosynthesis requires carbon dioxide, water, and light energy, which will be

converted into _____________________ energy stored in the _____________________


molecules made. Since energy is required and larger glucose molecules are being built, photosynthesis is an _____________________ reaction.

d. Cellular respiration uses oxygen and _____________________ apart glucose, releasing energy, carbon dioxide, and water. Since energy is released and larger molecules are being broken apart, cellular respiration is a _____________________ reaction.

3. ATP: the Unit of Cellular Energy__________________________________________ (ATP) is the currency for energy within the cell. Just as we use dollars in America or Euros in Europe to pay for the things we want, cellular reactions that require energy will need “_____________________” in the form of ATP.

a. ATP Structure: Recall that “_________” means ____________, so triphosphate means there are three phosphate groups on each ATP molecule. The phosphate groups are bonded with _____________________, a five carbon sugar that is chemically the same as glucose (C6H12O6) but _____________________ differently. The ribose is bonded with adenine, which is also used in ___________ molecules. Circle the adenine below. Squiggly line around the ribose. Box the triphosphates.

b. ATP is _____________________, not energy, but it _____________________ energy by breaking off one of its three phosphate groups. Recall that “________” means _________. When only two phosphates remain, the molecule is called Adenosine diphosphate (___________).

c. The constant _____________________ of a third phosphate (building larger molecule, requires energy, anabolic) or _____________________ of a third phosphate (tearing apart larger molecules, releases energy, catabolic) is the __________________________________________ within a cell.

Part 2: Photosynthesis

1. Overview of Photosynthesis


a. Think of what farmers need for their crops: water, sunlight, and carbon dioxide. This is due to _____________________. The equation for photosynthesis is:carbon dioxide + water sunlight oxygen + glucose 2 + 6 ----------------- 6 2 +

b. There are two main phases of photosynthesis. Phase one is called __________________ dependent reactions, since light is required as the energy source forming molecules such as __________________ and __________________.

c. Phase two is called light __________________ reactions, since light is _________ needed. The ATP and NADPH from Phase One are used as the energy sources to make __________________ molecules. Other needed molecules can be made, too, like proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, but they are not the main focus of this unit.

2. Phase One: Light ReactionsThe prefix “_____________” means __________________. To __________________ means to __________________ or make something. Photosynthesis means using light to build, in this case building __________________.

a. Chloroplasts: Chloroplasts are large organelles found in plant cells with the highest exposure to sunlight, namely leaf cells.

1. Within chloroplasts are __________________, flattened disc-like membranes. Stacks of thylakoids are called __________________ (singular) or grana (plural). This is where Phase One light __________________ reactions occur.

2. The __________________ is the liquid outside the grana but still in chloroplasts. This is where Phase Two light __________________ reactions occur.

b. __________________ are light absorbing molecules found in thylakoid membranes. 1. The most common pigments are __________________ and __________________. Recall

that the colors we see are the colors __________________ by objects. Plants appear


green because that is the color of the frequency __________________ absorbed by plants, instead reflecting away green light.

2. __________________ are another pigment. Carotenoids produce ______________ energy but are better at utilizing blue and green light, thus reflecting other colors such yellows, oranges, and reds. In autumn, chlorophyll pigments do not get enough sunlight to function, leaving only the __________________ to gather energy, changing the colors of leaves from green to ____________ __________________________________________.

c. Electron TransportThe thylakoids relatively large ________________________ ideal for the many molecules and proteins needed for electron transfer in the light dependent reactions. There are two photosystems, again photo meaning light system meaning process. First is photosystem 2, thus named because it was discovered __________________ photosystem 1.1. Photosystem 2: ____________________________________, which causes

__________________ molecules to split. The electron joins the Electron Transport System. The ____________________ __________________ and leaves the cell. The hydrogen, stripped of its electron, is just a lone proton. H+ ions are often just referred to as __________________. A series of molecules with the ability to add or release an electron help __________________ the electron to photosystem 1.

2. Photosystem 1: Light helps __________________ electrons and moves them to a __________________ named ferrodoxin. This is the last stop on the electron transport chain. Ferrodoxin helps the electron (e-) bond with _____________ and _______ to make a new, energy storing molecule called __________. e - + NADP+ + H+ NADPH


3. Chemiosmosis: Another side product of the electron transport chain is chemiosmosis. Water was _____________ in photosystem 2, leaving extra _______ protons. In chemiosmosis, a _____________________ channel helps diffuse the excess H+

protons through the thylakoid membrane to bond with ADP, making the energy storing molecule ___________. H+ + P + ADP ATP

3. Phase Two: The Calvin Cycle (a.k.a. ______________ or Light Independent Cycle)It may seem like creating NADPH and ATP, the energy carriers would be the main goal of photosynthesis. But these molecules are not ______________________, so cannot be used for long-term storage.

a. In the photosynthesis equation, water and carbon dioxide are the ______________. Water was used in Phase 1. _________ is used in Phase 2. Several CO2 molecules bond with other carbon compounds. There are ________ total carbon atoms, _______ from CO2 and __________ from the other carbon compounds.


b. The 36 carbons use energy from ________, releasing __________, and energy from ______________, making ____________. Energy having been used, NADP+ and ADP return to the ____________ cycles to pick up more energy. This is an endless ______________ of these energy carrying molecules.

c. The result of the Calvin Cycle releases 2 3-carbon molecules (6 total carbons) that help make ______________. The other 30 carbons return to the beginning of the Calvin Cycle, another great molecule ______________ plan.


4. Alternative PathwaysSome environments don’t have a ready supply of water or carbon dioxide, making photosynthesis difficult. Some plants have evolved special ______________ to handle these shortages.

a. __________ Plants have the ability to minimize water loss. They can close their pores called ______________, allowing the intake of CO2 as needed but closing to prevent water loss. They are called C4 plants because they create ______________ molecules in the Calvin Cycle instead of the typical 3-carbon molecules.

b. ____________ Plants live in environments with little access to water, like deserts or salty environments. They can close their stomata during the __________ to prevent water loss. Their stomata open at _____________ when it’s cooler outside, allowing CO2 in and minimizing water loss.

Part 3 Cellular RespirationPlants are the main producers of glucose via photosynthesis. Both plants and animals break glucose down to release its _________________________________ for different cell processes. 1. Overview of Cellular Respiration


A. Like a __________________ storing money, glucose stores __________________. Each bond in the glucose molecule can be broken down to release energy for necessary cell processes. The equation is basically the __________________ of the photosynthesis equation. oxygen + glucose carbon dioxide + water + energy 2 + ------------ 6 2 + + Energy (__________)

B. Cellular Respiration has three main processes: __________________, the __________________ Cycle, and the __________________ Transport Chain. Glycolysis is __________________, meaning oxygen is ____________ needed. The Krebs Cycle and the ETC are both __________________, meaning oxygen _________ required.

2. Glycolysis

The prefix “_______________” means ______________, and the suffix “______________” means to _________ or break. Glycolysis is the first initial cut of the sugar molecule glucose.

A. First, two ATPs cut 6-carbon glucose into two 3-carbon molecules called ___________. Second, the 3-carbon molecules are rearranged into a different 3-carbon molecule called __________________. When pyruvate is formed, ______________ and _______________ molecules are made. (Recall NADP+ and NADPH are similar molecules used in _________________________.)

B. The summation of glycolysis: Input of 1 glucose and 2 ATP. Output of two 3-carbon pyruvates, 4 ATP and 2 NADH. The net (overall) total of ATPs made is ________. Most energy is still __________________ in the __________________ molecules.

3. Krebs Cycle The goal is to __________________ the remaining energy


stored in pyruvate molecules while releasing __________________________ waste. This is called the Krebs Cycle or __________________ cycle or tricarboxylic acid cycle.A. The pyruvate molecules move into the ______________________ matrix. A series of carbon

molecule changes follow:1. The 3-carbon pyruvate releases one carbon to __________. The remaining 2-carbon molecule bonds with a four-carbon molecule that was recycled from the previous Krebs cycle. This required help from the enzyme __________________________. 2. The molecule is now a __________________ molecule. It will release a molecule of _________ and again be a _______-carbon molecule.3. Several energy carriers come to __________________ energy, releasing another molecule of __________ until all that remains is a 4-carbon molecule that is __________________ back up to step 1 of the Krebs Cycle.

B. The Krebs Cycle happens __________________, since there were two pyruvate molecules from glycolysis.

C. The summary: the two pyruvate molecules provided a net total of ____________ molecules, ____________ molecules, 8 NADH molecules, and 1 FADH2 molecule.

4. Electron TransportA. When __________________ is available, __________________ respiration takes place. This is

ideal, because the __________________ amount of ATP is made in aerobic respiration. Electrons are transported through the matrix membranes of mitochondria, which has many proteins.

B. NADH releases its electron, again forming _________ and returning to the Krebs cycle.

C. FADH2 releases its electron, again forming ___________, which returns to the Krebs Cycle, and ______________.

D. The H+ ions are pumped through the __________________ membrane, creating ____________________________________.

E. Oxygen also diffuses through the membrane, bonding with H+ ions to make _____________.F. In eukaryotes, ______________________ molecules are made from each molecule of glucose.

2 ATP from glycolysis + 2 ATP from Krebs Cycle + 32 ATP from aerobic respiration = 36 ATP cellular respiration


G. Prokaryotes need energy, too, but do not have __________________. Instead of using the mitochondrial matrix, the cell membrane is used. Bacteria is so small, that the molecules don’t have to ____________ around as much, saving energy. Prokaryotes get __________________ from each glucose molecule.

5. Anaerobic RespirationOxygen isn’t always readily __________________. Either the environment the organism lives in doesn’t have a ready supply, or glucose is being broken down __________________ than oxygen supplies can be replenished. __________________ can occur, but will stop once ___________ is used up. Some energy is better than none, so anaerobic respiration occurs, also called __________________.A. Lactic Acid Fermentation

1. When cells cannot provide enough oxygen, like during rigorous exercise, muscle cells will make __________ ___________. The lactic acid is __________________ in muscles when it builds up.2. The two pyruvates from glycolysis are converted into lactic acid, which produces a molecule of ___________, thus allowing __________________ to continue.3. Lactic acid fermentation does not allow much __________________ to be produced, and is not ideal.


4. Many microorganisms survive by lactic acid fermentation, which we use to make foods, like ______________, __________________, and __________________.

B. Alcohol Fermentation 1. Many organisms like __________________ or some bacteria survive due to alcohol fermentation. 2. Again after glycolysis, 2 pyruvates are formed. ______________ molecules are released (think of the ___________ you see in slices of bread – made from the release of CO2!) and __________________ is produced. 3. The production of ethanol requires a NADH molecule to again become __________, returning to glycolysis.

6. Photosynthesis and cellular Respiration: the __________________!!A. The equations:

Photosynthesis carbon dioxide + water sunlight oxygen + glucose + ----------------- +

Cellular Respiration oxygen + glucose carbon dioxide + water + energy + ------------ + +

B. Energy:Photosynthesis harvests energy from the _____________, makes ATP and NADPH in the Light Reactions, then __________________ that energy in __________________ molecules.Cellular Respiration _______________________ glucose molecules to __________________ the stored energy when ATP is needed.

C. Energy Carriers:Photosynthesis Cellular RespirationADP + P ATPNADP+ NAD+

FADH2

D. Which uses what?Photosynthesis: Only __________________ and some __________________Chemosynthesis: only organisms near _________________________ deep under the ocean.Cellular Respiration: Both __________________ and __________________. Bacteria have a slightly different process because no mitochondria.

Name: ________________________________ Date: _______________ Period: ________________Cellular Processes - NOTESE. The processes:

F.

The Locations:Photosynthesis – light reactions in chloroplasts on __________________ membranes, dark reactions in chloroplasts in __________________. Cellular Respiration – glycolysis in cell

__________________, Krebs and aerobic respiration in __________________ matrix.

Intake Cellular Respiration

Output

, Glycolysis ATP, NADH,

, FAD, NAD+, ADP

Kreb’s Cycle , FADH2, ATP, NADH

, H+ (from FADH2,

NADH)

Aerobic Resp.

, , FAD, NAD+

Intake Photosynthesis

Output

Light reactions

light & Photosystem 2

O2, , e-

e-, Photosystem 1

+ P

Chemiosmosis

Dark Reactions

, ATP, NADPH

Calvin Cycle


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misslevakis.weebly.com · Web viewPart 1: How Organisms Obtain Energy Cells are on constant _____ , making proteins, breaking apart molecules for _____ , growing, and splitting. This

misslevakis.weebly.com · Web viewPart 1: How Organisms Obtain Energy Cells are on constant _ , making proteins, breaking apart molecules for _ , growing, and splitting. This