Chapter 24 Age of Nationalism

Section 1 Napoleon III in France

France’s 2 nd Republic Louis Napoleon ELECTED President

1. Great Name (Grandson of Napoleon)2. Protection Against Socialist Working Class

-Protect Middle Class -Protect Propertied Peasants Another Coup D’état

Power struggle with the Conservative National Assembly

o To appease the National Assembly Increases influence of Catholic Church Strips voting rights from poor National Assembly turns on Napoleon

Dismissed Parliament and Returns Universal Male Suffrage

o by plebiscite (97%) he became hereditary emperor

o Believed this strong leader would be a man for the people

2 nd Empire Prosperity and Failure Economic Prosperity

Further Industrialized France with Banks and Railroads expansion Public Works to Rebuild Paris

Remember Haussmann Real Wages rose Economically Successful

Just Not the Same: Authoritarian Regime in an Ever Changing Liberal Worldo Extremely conscious of public opinion and conceding to public wishes

Granted New Constitutions with increasingly More Liberal Concessions Universal Male Suffrage Decreased Censorship Equal opportunity to opponents Expanded National Assembly Powers

Franco-Prussian War will mark the end of the 2nd Republic

Section 2 Nation Building in Italy and GermanyThe Rise of Two New NationsQuestion: I thought that the Balance of Power system in Europe was supposed to prevent this from happening?

Crimean War and Fall of the Concert of Europe War between France and Great Britain vs. Russia Mainly over Russia’s greater involvement in Balkans and Mediterranean Sea over Ottomans Russia Loses

o Russian Incompetenceo Austria betrays Russia and threatens to ally with GB and FR

***SHATTERS THE CONCERT OF EUROPE***

Risorgimento “Rising Again” Italian Unification 1859-1870

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1. Giuseppe Mazzini (IDEA)a. Early Italian Nationalistb. “Young Italy” Organization

i. Young Italian Nationalists (Under 40)ii. DREAM: United Republic with Universal Male Suffrage

iii. TOO radical for Middle Classiv. FAIL

2. Kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmonta. Liberal King Victor Emmanuel II (Face)b. Prime Minister Camillo Caour (Mind)

i. DRIVE AUSTRIA OUT OF N. ITALY1. Allied with Napoleon III2. Napoleon Bails, Italy gets little to nothing3. War inspired revolts, and territories joining Italy

c. Giuseppe Garibaldi (Body)i. Superpatriot (HE FEELS THE NATIONALISM)

1. Wants to invade France2. Cavour Sends Him to Liberate S. Italy on a “Suicide Mission”

ii. Leader of “Red Shirts”1. Volunteer Nationalist Army2. Liberated Southern Italy, which voted to join Sardinia

a. Garibaldi and King Emmanuel Rode Together at Naples1. Symbolized the unifying of North and South2. Unification of Nationalist and Monarch

d. Final Unificationi. 1866 Receives Venetia from Austria (Prussia-Austrian War)

ii. 1870 Receives Rome (Capital) (Franco-Prussian War)1. Establishes Vatican City for Pope

iii. United BUT Divided1. Industrial North and Agrarian South2. Monarchists vs Republicans

German Unification 1. Napoleonic Wars Encourage Unification

a. Occupation by Napoleon was detested and inspired nationalism in German peopleb. Territories formed 39 states in new German Confederation (Down from 300+)

2. German Dualism or is it “Duel” ism a. Increase in rivalry between Prussia and Austria

i. Austria blocked unification in 1848

ii. Zollverin: Economic trade union in German Confederation

a. Industrial Prussia benefited tremendouslyi. Encouraged Unification Under Prussia Leadership

b. Agrarian Austria was excluded

3. Prussia: Rivalry Between King and Parliament a. King William I (Hohenzollern family)

i. TRIES TO Revamp and Strengthen Militaryii. Military budget was rejected by parliament

b. Parliamenti. Liberal Middle Class

1. Want More Rights2. Supremacy over King3. Less Spending on Military

4. LEADS TO HIRING OF Prime Minister Otto Von Bismarck a. Keystone to German Unificationb. “REALPOLITIK”

i. Practice of real and practical politicsii. THE MONARCH SHALL RULE WITHOUT PARLIAMENTARY CONSENT

a. Collect Taxesb. Spend on Military Advancements

c. BISMARCK’S PATH TO UNIFICATIONi. Uses War to Unify

ii. 1864: Danish Wars a. Allied with Austria against Denmarkb. Over Territories of Schleswig and Holsteinc. VICTORY: Prussia gets Schleswig, Austria gets Holsteind. USED TO PROVOKE AUSTRIA

iii. 1866: 7 Weeks War| Austro-Prussian War a. Manufactured dispute over Holstein

i. Causes Austria to declare warii. Sign Non Aggression Pact with France

b. Modernized and Industrialized Prussia quickly and easily defeats Austriac. Leads to Formation of North German Confederationd. Lenient and Forgiving Peace Terms For Austria!

i. WHY?

***PARLIAMENT/MIDDLE CLASS shift focus away from Liberalism to support Conservative Monarchy in pursuing NATIONALISM***

iv. 1870 Franco Prussian War a. Bismarck altered diplomatic ems telegram to instigate warb. France declared warc. Prussia responds swiftly, captures Napoleon III, siege to Parisd. France eventually surrendered

Results-Inspires Southern German States to join German Empire-2nd Reich and William I proclaimed “Kaiser”-Extremely Strained French and German Relations

1. France Paid Stiff Reparations2. Lost Valuable Alsace-Lorraine to Germany

New Balance of Power

1815- Congress of Vienna: 5 Great Powers 1871- Britain and German significantly strongerFrance Moderately Strong

Russia and Austria Lagging Behind

Great Rivalries Emerge