Last Name:_______________________ First Name:_______________________ Date:_____________ Per.:____Unit 1, Chapter 1

SAS- The Legacy of the Roman Empire: Part 2 (Pages 12-17)

Architect, Arch, Colosseum, Latin, Philosophy, Law, Natural Rights, Citizenship1.1 The Legacy of Roman Architecture and Engineering The Romans were skilled and clever builders. In their architecture and engineering, they borrowed ideas from the Greeks and other peoples. But the Romans improved on these ideas in ways that future engineers and architects would imitate. ArchitectureThe Romans learned how to make the arch, the vault, and the dome to build huge structures. A vault is an arch used for a ceiling to support a ceiling or a roof. A dome is a vault in the shape of a half-circle that rests on a circular wall. To build these structures Romans used concrete. Concrete is made by mixing broken stone with sand, cement, and water and allowing the mixture to harden.

Across the Curriculum: Was the previous paragraph more about history or science? Why? The previous paragraph was more about ___________ because_____________

Romans also invented a new kind of stadium. These large, open-air structures seated thousands of spectators. One example, is the famous Roman Colosseum. Many football stadiums still use this design today. Throughout history and into today, architects have used Roman designs to build churches, cathedrals, banks, and government buildings. Engineering The Romans were also great engineers, as they built roads, bridges, and aqueducts1. The Romans built more than 50,000 miles of road that connected Rome with the borders of their territory. In some parts of Europe, cars still drive on freeways built on Roman roads. Finally, the Roman Empire could have never of existed without aqueducts. They carried water into Roman cities for public baths and water fountains. Opinion: Which Roman architectural or engineering advancement do you consider to be the most significant? Why? I believe that _______________ was the most significant advancement because

1.2 The Legacy of Roman Language and Writing An especially important legacy2 of Rome for the people in medieval times was the Roman’s language, Latin. After the fall of the empire, Latin continued to be used by scholars and the Roman Catholic Church. Latin was used by the church to write important documents and by nobles to communicate with people in other countries. Today, Latin still influences our daily lives. Italian, Spanish, and French all were developed from Latin. Even though English is a Germanic language, it has been strongly influenced by French-speaking people. See page 15 for English words with Latin roots and prefixes. Finally, Roman numerals (numbers) are still used today. The Romans used a system of letters to write numbers. See page 15 to complete the activity below.

Roman Numerals I V VIII IV C D DC

1 Aqueduct: a pipe or channel built to carry water 2 Legacy: something that happened in the past or that comes from someone in the past

Roman Colosseum

Roman Dome

US Capitol Building

Make Your OwnArabic Numbers 1 6 50 1.3 The Legacy of Roman Philosophy, Law, and CitizenshipRoman philosophy, law, and ideas about citizenship were greatly influenced by the Greeks. But the Roman made contributions of their own that they passed on to future generations. A Philosophy Called Stoicism A Greek philosophy, or way of thinking, that became especially popular in Rome was Stoicism. Many upper class Romans adopted this philosophy and made it their own. Stoics believe that “living rightly” meant living in a way that agreed with nature. To the Stoics, the one truly good thing in life was to have a good character. This meant having virtues such as self-control and courage. Stoics also believed in duty and welfare of the community over their personal comfort. Roman Stoics were famous for dealing with pain and suffering bravely and quietly. To this day, we still call someone who behaves this way “stoic”.

Changes Over Time- Some Romans were Stoics in the past. Are people still Stoics today? How do you know? Yes/No, people are/are not Stoics today. I know because_________

Law and Justice Roman law covered marriages, inheritance, contracts (agreements) between people, and countless other parts of daily life. Today, countries like France and Italy have laws that are partly based on ancient Roman laws. The Romans had a very strong sense of justice. They believed that every person had rights. Judges tried to make just, or fair, decisions that respected people’s rights. Unfortunately, Romans did not always treat everyone fairly. Slaves and poor people were not equal to the rich. Roman emperors sometimes just made laws only because they had the power to do so and not because the laws were needed. But the ideals of Roman justice do live on today. For example, natural rights have influence America’s Declaration of Independence3. Natural rights are rights that no one can take away from you because they are given by god and not man. Citizenship When Rome first began expanding its power in Italy, to be a “Roman” was to be a citizen of the city-state of Rome. Over time, however, Rome’s leaders gradually extended citizenship to all free people in the empire. Even someone not born within Rome itself could become a citizen. All citizens had to follow Roman laws, enjoyed the same rights, and owed their loyalty to the emperor. Today, the idea of citizenship is used by many countries including the United States.

Ethics: Should anyone who wants be a citizen of another country be allowed to? Why or why not?______________________________________________________________________________________________

In your own words, find the meaning of the words below:1) Architect:____________________________________________________________________________2) Arch:________________________________________________________________________________3) Colosseum:___________________________________________________________________________4) Latin:________________________________________________________________________________5) Philosophy:___________________________________________________________________________

3 You will learn a lot more about the Declaration of Independence in 8th grade.

Emperor Marcus Aurelius was a Stoic

Becoming a US Citizen

6) Law:_________________________________________________________________________________7) Natural Rights: ________________________________________________________________________8) Citizenship:___________________________________________________________________________