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REPUBLIC OF MALAWI

Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security

Agricultural Development Programme

Project ID Number: MASIP/TA/ADP-SP 1901/14

ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

FINAL DRAFT REPORT

Ministry of Agriculture and Food SecurityCapital HillP O Box 30134Capital CityLilongwe 3MALAWI

March 7, 2008

E1834

REPUBLIC OF MALAWI

Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security

Agricultural Development Programme

Project ID Number: MASIP/TA/ADP-SP 1901/14

ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

REVISED DRAFT REPORT

Client: Consultant:Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security Kent KafatiaCapital Hill WWE ConsultantsP O Box 30134 P.O. Box 31271Capital City Capital CityLilongwe 3 Lilongwe 3MALAWI Malawi

March 7, 2008

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The author Kent Kafatia, of this ESIA wishes to acknowledge the many people who participated in the public consultations and contributed to the preparation of this Environmental and Social Impact Assessment.

The people consulted included workers and communities that were visited in the selected districts, cities and towns of Blantyre, Chikwawa, Mulanje, Mchinga, Lilongwe, Mchinji, Salima, Ntcheu, Mzimba, Nkhatabay and Karonga.

District officials including District Commissioners, members of District Executive Committees and Town and Country Planning Committees, Environmental District Officers, Chiefs and the general public provided valuable input to this study.

In addition, a number of senior officers in the Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security, Environmental Affairs Department, Forestry Department, National Aids Commission, Pesticides Control Board, Ministry of Irrigation and Water Development, Ministry of Local Government and Rural Development, the World Bank and other stakeholder Ministries and Departments as well as non governmental institutions provided considerable administrative and logistical support during the assignment. The author wishes to sincerely acknowledge their support.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS..............................................................................................................iiTABLE OF CONTENTS................................................................................................................iiiLIST OF ACRONYMS....................................................................................................................vEXECUTIVE SUMMARY.............................................................................................................viiCHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND..........................................................1

1.1 The National Context...................................................................................................11.2 The Agriculture Sector................................................................................................11.3 The Proposed Agricultural Development Programme Support Project........................1

1.3.1 Project Development Objectives.................................................................................21.3.2 Programme Components...........................................................................................21.3.3 Project Implementing Agency.....................................................................................81.3.4 Project Cost Estimates...............................................................................................81.3.5 Proposed Project Administration and Management Strategy.........................................81.3.6 Description of the Area of Influence...........................................................................10

1.4 Rationale for the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment...............................101.5 Objectives of the ESIA...............................................................................................101.6 Potential Users of the ESIA........................................................................................101.7 Methodology in Preparing the ESIA...........................................................................101.8 Constraints and Limitation of the Study....................................................................111.9 Organization of the Report........................................................................................12

CHAPTER TWO: THE BIOPHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT...........................................................132.1 Biophysical Environment..........................................................................................13

2.1.1 Topography............................................................................................................132.1.2 Hydrology...............................................................................................................172.1.3 Biological Diversity..................................................................................................182.1.4 Ecological zones.....................................................................................................212.1.5 Forests...................................................................................................................24

CHAPTER THREE: AGRICULTURE AND THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT...................283.1 General Situation.......................................................................................................283.2 Agriculture................................................................................................................28

3.2.1 Agriculture and the Input Subsidy Program................................................................283.2.2 Agriculture and Marketing........................................................................................303.2.3 Agriculture and Land Tenure....................................................................................303.2.4 Agriculture and Gender............................................................................................313.2.5 Agriculture and Health, HIV and AIDS.......................................................................353.2.6 Agriculture and Pest Management............................................................................36

CHAPTER FOUR: RELEVANT LEGISLATION AND THE WORLD BANK POLICY.......................394.1 Malawi Legislation Relevant to the ADP-SP...............................................................39

4.1.1 Policy Framework....................................................................................................394.1.2 Legal Framework....................................................................................................434.1.3 Administrative Framework........................................................................................444.1.4 International Conventions.........................................................................................454.1.5 Agricultural Policies.................................................................................................45

4.2 Relevant World Bank Policies....................................................................................494.2.1 Environmental Assessment (Operational Policy 4.01).................................................494.2.2 Pest Management (Operational Policy 4.09)..............................................................50

CHAPTER FIVE: IMPACTS OF THE PROJECT......................................................................52

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5.1 Project Activities and the Impacted Environmental Components...............................525.2 Determination of Impacts..........................................................................................525.3 Determination of Mitigation Measures.......................................................................535.4 Evaluation of the Impacts..........................................................................................535.5 Consultation with Relevant Stakeholders..................................................................535.6 Brief Summary of Key Impacts..................................................................................87

5.6.1 Environmental Impacts............................................................................................875.6.2 Social and Economic Impacts...................................................................................875.6.3 Gender and HIV and AIDS Impacts...........................................................................885.6.4 Pest Management Related Impacts...........................................................................89

CHAPTER SIX: ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING PLAN.....916.1 Environmental and Social Management Plan.............................................................916.2 Environmental and Social Monitoring Plan..............................................................100

6.2.1 Monitoring.............................................................................................................1006.2.2 Monitoring Indicators and Monitoring Plan...............................................................100

6.3 Implementation Arrangements for the ESIA.............................................................1126.3.1 Definition of Roles and Responsibilities...............................................................112

CHAPTER SEVEN: CAPACITY BUILDING FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING 113

7.1 Current Environmental Management Capacity.........................................................1137.1.1 Environmental Capacity in the Agriculture Sector.....................................................1137.1.2 Environmental and Social Management Capacity in other Sectors.............................114

7.2 Capacity Building and Training Requirements.........................................................1167.2.1 Institutional Strengthening......................................................................................1177.2.2 Proposed Training and Awareness Programmes......................................................1217.2.3 National Level Awareness Raising..........................................................................1217.2.4 District Level Sensitisation......................................................................................1217.2.5 Community Level Training......................................................................................1227.2.4 Training Cost Estimates.........................................................................................122

7.3 Justification for the Capacity Building and Training................................................1237.3.1 Environmental management training for the ADP-SP ESIA.......................................123

7.4 Proposed Approach in Executing Training..............................................................123CHAPTER EIGHT: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS.............................................124REFERENCES.........................................................................................................................127APPENDICES...........................................................................................................................128

APPENDIX 1.1: ADP-SP COMPONENT 2 (REORGANIZED FOLLOWING DISCUSSIONS OF 16/11)...................................................................................................................................128APPENDIX 1.2 LIST OF INDIVIDUALS/INSTITUTIONS CONTACTED.................................129APPENDIX 3.1: PESTICIDES FOR REGISTRATION CONSIDERATION IN MALAWI.................132APPENDIX 3.2 PESTICIDES MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING PLAN...........................144APPENDIX 4.1 SUMMARY OF WORLD BANK SAFEGUARD POLICIES.............................148

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LIST OF ACRONYMS

ADD Agricultural Development DivisionADMARC Agriculture Development and Marketing CorporationADP-SP Agriculture Development Program – Subsidy ProgramAEDC Agriculture Extension Development Coordinator AEDO Agriculture Extension Development Officer AEZ Agricultural Ecological ZonesAGRES Agriculture Gender Roles and Extension Support ServicesAISP Agriculture Input Subsidy Program ATCC Agricultural Technology Clearing CommitteeAVO Agriculture Veterinary Officer CFA Core Function Analysis CLRCO Chief Lands Resources Conservation Officer, CSA Common Services Assessment DAHLD Department of Animal Health and Livestock Development DHS Demographic and Health SurveyDEC District Executive Committee DAES Department of Agricultural Extension Services DADO District Agriculture Development OfficerDEA Director of Environmental Affairs EA Extension Area EAD Environmental Affairs DepartmentEIA Environmental Impact Assessment EMC Executive Management Committee EMP Environmental management plan EPA Extension Planning AreaEU European UnionESIA Environmental and Social Impact AssessmentFAO Food Agriculture OrganisationGDP Gross domestic ProductGoM Government of MalawiIGA Income Generating ActivitiesIHS2 Integrated Household Survey 2IMF International Monitory Fund IPM Integrated Pest Management ISCRAL Scheme for the Conservation and Rehabilitation of African Lands ISP Input Subsidy ProgramLHTC Land Husbandry Training CentreLRCO Land Resources and Conservation OfficerMAWTCO Malawi Agricultural Warehousing and Trading Company MBS Malawi Bureau of StandardsMEGS Malawi Economic and Growth Strategy MGDS Malawi Growth and Development StrategyMoAFS Ministry of Agriculture and Food SecurityMoIWD Ministry of Irrigation and Water DevelopmentMoLGRD Ministry of Local Government and Rural DevelopmentMoTID Ministry of Trade and Industrial DevelopmentMPRS Malawi Poverty and Reduction StrategyNAC National AIDS Commission NHBG National Herbarium and Botanic Gardens NRCM National Research Council of Malawi

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NCE National Council for the EnvironmentNEAP National Environmental Action Plan OPC Office of the President and Cabinet PLRCO Principal Land Resources Conservation Officer SADC Southern African Development committeeSALRCO Senior Assistant Land Resources and Conservation Officer SAFEX South African Commodity Exchange SLRCO Senior Land Resources Conservation Officer SPGI Sustainable Productivity Growth InitiativeSWAp Sector Wide ApproachTCE Technical Committee on the Environment WB World Bank

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARYIntroductionAgriculture is the single most important sector of the Malawi economy, contributing about 38% of value-added to GDP, employing 85% of the workforce, and contributing 80% of foreign exchange earnings in 2006. Agriculture continues to be the primary source of livelihood for the estimated 80% of the country’s poor who are based in rural areas. Sustained improvements in agricultural productivity and stable food supplies remain essential for reducing high rates of malnutrition and poverty in Malawi.

Maize constitutes the main staple food and accounts for 92% of total cereal grains area. Approximately 85% of the total area planted to smallholder crops is taken up by maize. Small-scale irrigation schemes support the production of green maize, rice and horticultural crops (especially tomato and onion). However, over 95% of smallholder maize production is rain fed.

Over the last decades, Malawi has regularly suffered from climatic shocks, resulting in severe food gaps and malnutrition, especially among rural people. Agricultural productivity is threatened by the declining soil fertility associated with physical, chemical and biological degradation, smaller land holdings and increasingly frequent droughts and floods, as a result of climatic change.

During recent years, the Government’s central policy has been to promote maize production, primarily by a large-scale input subsidy programme for fertilizers and improved maize seeds. In this regard, more than 60% of the current investment budget of the Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security (MoAFS) is allocated to the input subsidy programme, targeted at small-scale farmers. This programme, coupled with an above average rainfall, resulted in significant maize production increases during the 2005/06 and 2006/07 agricultural seasons.

Project descriptionThe MoAFS is developing a prioritized sector program, called the Agricultural Development Programme (ADP), incorporating the Agriculture Input Subsidy Program, in support of the Malawi Growth and Development Strategy (MGDS). The development objective of the ADP Support Project (ADP-SP) is to improve the effectiveness and sustainability of investments in the agricultural sector, aimed at food security and agriculture-led economic growth. The project will strengthen (i) institutional capabilities necessary to develop and implement a harmonized and aligned investment framework leading towards a full-fledged SWAp in the agricultural sector; (ii) land, water and nutrient use efficiency of maize based rain-fed cropping systems; and (iii) resilience of the maize supply system to cope with climate and market induced risks and shocks.

The ADP-SP has three components: Component 1: Institutional Development, will strengthen the capacity of the MoAFS to develop and implement systems for management of the sector and to establish a Sector Wide Approach (SWAp); Component 2: Sustainable Smallholder Productivity Growth, is aimed at sustainable increase of land, water and nutrient use efficiency, in maize based smallholder production systems and; Component 3: Project Coordination is aimed at ensuring efficient use of resources, in accordance with the project’s objectives and procedures.

The ADP-SP, which is targeted at subsistence farmers throughout Malawi, has an estimated total cost of US$51.71 million. The project is expected to be implemented over a five-year period, with a completion date of September 15, 2013.

ESIA Rationale and Objective In line with requirements of the Environment Management Act (1996) to carry out an EIA for prescribed projects and in accordance with World Bank Safeguard Policies, this ESIA was carried out for the ADP-

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SP. The main purpose of the ESIA is to determine and assess the potential environmental and social impacts for the planned ADP-SP activities and to develop appropriate mitigation measures for the negative impacts.

Strategy for the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment The environmental and social impact assessment involved the: a) Review of existing national biophysical and social conditions through field investigations and

literature review;b) Review of the implementation approach and processes for the proposed ADP-SP which involved

the review of the project description, project concept note, project appraisal documents and other related literature.

c) Determination of the ADP-SP project stages and activities which are likely to have environmental and social impacts on the various environmental components;

d) Identification and analysis of potential environmental and social impacts of the ADP–SP; based on the field investigations and public consultations, project documents, other similar documents and professional knowledge;

e) Determination of the environmental and social components to be impacted by the project activities; f) Identification of appropriate mitigation measures for the potential environmental and social impacts;g) Preparation of an environmental management plan (EMP) for addressing the impacts during the

different project stages and activities and; h) Preparation of a monitoring plan for effective implementation of the EMP

Environmental and social impactsOut of the three project components, project component 2 will generate most of the negative environmental and social impacts while fewer negative environmental and social impacts will be generated from components 1 and 3.

Positive ImpactsFrom the assessment, the identified positive impacts of the ADP-SP include:

increased food security, increased household income for the smallholder farmers, due to high agricultural productivity

and consequent sales; increased productivity may result in freeing up some resources e.g. land and labour improved nutritional status of the farmers due to increased agricultural production; improved farmer skills from trainings in technologies, seed breeding, fertilizer use and land

conservation; increased opportunity for engagement in other income generating activities or small scale

businesses by smallholder farmers due to increased food security for the households; improved post-harvest storage techniques; targeted interventions (taking into account gender disparities) which will result in increased

adoption rate of improved technologies, increased access and control of resources particularly for women who are usually disadvantaged and improved agricultural production;

increased ability to cope with climatic shocks and changes; and a coordinated approach to agricultural investment, which may result in efficient use of

resources due to reduction in duplication, overlaps and gaps in agriculture efforts.

Negative ImpactsThe ESIA identified a number of potential negative impacts that may result from implementation of the program. These negative impacts include the following:

increased use of agrochemicals resulting in pollution of both ground and surface waters; increased use of fertilisers which may lead to eutrophication of water bodies; threats to human health and the environment due to poor pesticides and harbicides storage,

handling and application by agro dealers and smallholder farmers;

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contamination of water due to poor management of pesticides; increased siltation of water bodies due to increased cultivation on marginal lands and; loss of vegetation from land clearing to pave way for increased agricultural production.

Proposed Mitigation/Enhancement MeasuresThe following measures are proposed to enhance the positive impacts and to mitigate the adverse ones:

training the farmers on proper application of fertilisers; training the farmers and agro-dealers on best practices for pesticide storage, handling,

application and disposal; equipping the farmers with skills in improved water catchment management; increasing and intensifying extension services for imparting knowledge to farmers and; training the farmers in good soil and water conservation and land management techniques.

To facilitate implementation of the environmental and social management measures within the ADP-SP, environmental and social management plans have been prepared. The plans provide an outline for environmental and social management measures to be undertaken, a schedule for implementation and responsible institutions to implement the measures. In addition, monitoring plans have been prepared to facilitate monitoring of the EMP. The monitoring plan gives the parameters to be monitored and the frequency the monitoring.

Capacity Building and TrainingIn order to achieve the objectives of the program and to successfully implement the environmental mitigation measures and recommendations in the ESIA, it is important to ensure that target groups and stakeholders who have a key role in the implementation of the EMP are provided with the appropriate awareness, skills and training. Training of key stakeholders is proposed at the three levels of national, district and community. The general objectives of the training are to:

sensitise the various stakeholders on the linkages between the environmental and social impacts on one hand and agricultural productivity on the other. The stakeholders will also be sensitized on their roles in the implementation and monitoring of the EMP;

sensitise representatives and leaders of community groups and associations (who will in turn relay the message to their communities) to manage the environmental and social impacts of ADP-SP;

ensure that district level staff are able to supervise the implementation of their components in the EMP and;

strengthen the capacity of local NGOs and extension teams to provide technical support.

In addition to the training, there is need to strengthen the capacity of various key institutions to effectively manage the environmental and social impacts of the program. Capacity strengthening includes increasing the number of staff in the Agricultural Extension Services, Pesticides Control Board and others. Furthermore, it is proposed that certain institutions such as the Agricultural Training Centres be rehabilitated and made operational; computers and communication facilities be provided to improve information flow and reporting; and that transport (in form of motor cycles and bicycles) be provided for the extension workers to reach out to the farmers. It is recommended that the programme design includes these elements which are essential for satisfactory implementation of the ADP-SP and the ESIA.

Recommendations and ConclusionFrom this ESIA, conducted for the ADP-SP, it is clear that the project will have both positive and negative impacts. The assessment generally indicates that the positive impacts outweigh the negative impacts. Furthermore, the negative impacts identified are mostly of low magnitude and can easily be mitigated. Some of the mitigation measures such as sustainable increase of the land, water and nutrient use efficiency are actually components of the ADP itself. Hence the ESIA has environmental and social management and monitoring plans which if well implemented, will result in the overall

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sustainability of agricultural productivity and contribute towards sustainable development. It is recommended therefore that the environmental management and mitigation measures proposed in this report are adhered to.

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CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND

1.1 The National Context

Malawi has a population of about 13 million and is one of the poorest countries in the world; with average per capita income of only US$170. 52 percent of the population lives below the poverty line (Integrated Household Survey2004/2005); and poverty rates have only marginally improved since the 1997/98 household survey. GDP per capita incomes increased at only one percent annual rate between 1996 and 2005.

One of the consequences of the prevailing poverty situation is persistently high malnutrition. Approximately 43% of the children are stunted, and 22% are underweight.

1.2 The Agriculture Sector

Agriculture is the single most important sector of the Malawi economy, contributing about 38% of value-added to GDP, employing 85% of the workforce, and contributing 80% of foreign exchange earnings in 2006. Agriculture continues to be the primary source of livelihood for the estimated 80% of the country’s poor who are based in rural areas. Sustained improvements in agricultural productivity and more stable food supplies remain essential for reducing high rates of malnutrition and poverty in Malawi.

Maize constitutes the main staple food and accounts for 92% of total cereal grains area. Approximately 85% of the total area planted to smallholder crops is taken up by maize. Small-scale irrigation schemes support the production of green maize, rice and horticultural crops (especially tomato and onion). However, over 95% of smallholder maize production is rain fed. Significant proportions of calories are also derived from cassava, sweet potato, rice, sorghum, pearl millet and finger millet. The Malawi Growth and Development Strategy (MGDS) identifies food security as a prerequisite for sustainable economic growth.

Over the last decades, Malawi has regularly suffered from climatic shocks, resulting in severe food gaps and malnutrition, especially among rural people. Agricultural productivity is threatened by declining soil fertility associated with physical, chemical and biological degradation, smaller land holdings and increasingly frequent droughts and floods, as a result of climatic change.

During recent years, the Government’s central policy has been to promote maize production, primarily by a large-scale input subsidy programme for fertilizers and improved maize seeds. In this regard, more than 60% of the current investment budget of the Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security is allocated to the input subsidy programme, targeted at small-scale farmers. This programme, coupled with an above average rainfall, resulted in significant maize production increases during the 2005/06 and 2006/07 agricultural seasons.

1.3 The Proposed Agricultural Development Programme Support Project

The Agricultural Development Programme Support Project (ADP-SP) is being promoted by the Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security (MoAFS) on behalf of the Government of Malawi, to achieve sustainable agricultural growth and food security. The ADP-SP identifies major outcomes related to increased productivity growth for maize-based production systems by using natural resources in a sustainable manner. The ADP-SP also focuses on the agricultural input supply, primarily targeted at maize production. Currently the Government provides about fifty percent of the smallholder farmers with vouchers to purchase 100 kg of subsidized fertilizers; while all the farmers receive vouchers to purchase up to 4 kg of improved seed. The ADP-SP will strengthen the Government’s agricultural Input Subsidy Programme (ISP) by mainly improving its technical efficiency and sustainability. The project activities will invest in technology adaptation and dissemination, focusing on sustainable land and rainwater management, appropriate

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fertilizer and seeds use and better agricultural practices and on-farm storage technologies. The project activities will be adapted to the variable resource environment of poor smallholder farmers.

Investment under the project will be targeted at improving technology testing, adaptation and learning. On farm trials, incentives and technical support will be provided to small-scale farmers to pilot test and scale-up preferred options on their own farms. This will be linked to the distribution of supplementary fertilizer, seeds and coupons under the government’s Input Subsidy Programme.

At national level the project would support demand-driven specialized research activities, to be granted to national research institutions. Scientific collaboration and exchanges with other national conservation farming programmes in the region will be strengthened.

1.3.1 Project Development Objectives

The development objective of the Agriculture Development Programme Support Project (ADP-SP) is to improve the effectiveness and sustainability of investments in the agricultural sector aimed at food security and the agriculture led economic growth. The ADP-SP will:

(a) strengthen institutional capabilities necessary to further develop and implement a harmonized and aligned investment framework, leading to a full-fledged SWAp in the agricultural sector;

(b) improve land, water and nutrient use efficiency of maize based rain fed cropping systems, supported by the Government’s Input Subsidy Program and;

(c) improve the resilience of the maize supply system to cope with climate and market induced risks and shocks.

Success in achieving the objectives will be measured by, among other things, increased sustainable productivity of maize based cropping systems, resulting from improved management of land, rainwater and nutrients.

The main development goal of the Government is food security. This goal is described in the Malawi Growth and Development Strategy (MGDS) in terms of two medium term outcomes:

i. food is available in sufficient quantities and qualities through domestic production or imports and;

ii. all Malawians have, at all times, physical and economic access to sufficient nutritious food required to lead a healthy and active life.

Both these objectives have been prioritized in the newly defined Malawi Agricultural Development Programme (ADP).

1.3.2 Programme Components

The programme has three components: (a) Component 1:Institutional Development, will strengthen the capacity of the MoAFS to

develop and implement systems for management of the sector, and establishment of a Sector Wide Approach (SWAp);

(b) Component 2:Sustainable Smallholder Productivity Growth is aimed at sustainable increase of land, water and nutrient use efficiency, in maize based smallholder production systems and;

(c) Component 3: Project Coordination is aimed at ensuring efficient use of resource, in accordance with the project’s objectives and procedures.

The three programme components have sub-components as follows:

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1.3.2.1 Component 1: Institutional Development and Capacity Building in Preparation of a SWAp in Agriculture

The objective of this component is to strengthen capacities of MoAFS to prepare for and implement the Agricultural Development Programme and its main objectives of food security and agriculture led economic growth.

Activities under this component will build upon the initiatives already underway, to reassess the capacities of the MoAFS. These include a Common Services Assessment (CSA) under the leadership of the Office of the President and Cabinet (OPC) and the MoAFS Core Function Analysis (CFA). The project will provide resources for MoAFS institutional development and capacity building.

To support a SWAp, capacities need to be strengthened to:

a. evaluate trade-offs in investment priorities and define a credible investment program; b. translate broad ADP-SP objectives and results into annual work plans; c. coordinate a wide range of necessary investments and encourage more actors to align

their efforts; d. consolidate annual work plans and budgets for the sector e. track a range of different funding sources/budgets, initially along separate but

complementary reporting systems; f. implement procurement in an efficient and timely manner; g. monitor outputs and outcomes in an effective and timely manner, based on the ADP-

SP targets and the MGDS and ; h. plan and manage human and financial resources.

Sub-component 1.1: ADP-SP Management and Coordination Support to strengthen the MoAFS leadership and management of the SWAp:

This sub-component will support the functioning and operation of the ADP-Secretariat; and support the reform of MoAFS to improve coordination and joint programming in the sector:

A Secretariat would be set up as an interim office for three years, until systems are sufficiently established to be absorbed within MoAFS permanent structures.

A Change Management Team from within the Government, managed by the Secretariat and reporting to the PS will facilitate the transformation process to improve efficiency and effectiveness in the MoAFS to implement the ADP-SP.

Leadership and management skills training will be conducted for key senior staff, to strengthen ownership, build effective teams and strengthen synergies across departments and;

ADP-SP orientation for key stakeholders from both the GoM and Non State Actors will be conducted to outline the principles and procedures under the ADP-SP.

Sub-component 1.2: Planning, monitoring and evaluation

This sub-component will strengthen the capacities of the Department of Planning, Agricultural Development Divisions (ADDs) and districts agricultural offices to engage in more effective:

Agricultural sector planning options to maximize the returns on public investment; Strategic medium-term investment planning to assess different investment choices; Annual work and budget planning at sector, district, ADD and central levels; focusing

more on sector planning and less on project preparation; Coordinated district-level agricultural sector planning; Development of a monitoring and evaluation system for ADP-SP and; Agricultural data collection and analysis to help guide investments and monitor the

outputs and outcomes of the ADP-SP.

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Sub-component 1.3: Technical systems and skills development.

Based on the outcomes of the CFA and the ADP-SP investment priorities, the project will provide financial resources for MoAFS to address institutional development and capacity building of its technical departments by:

Institutional development and technical systems strengthening, for higher performance and sustainability of the research and technical support systems. The technical assistance will also support the national coordination team for strengthening the implementation of Component 2; and

Selective diploma and degree training to resolve key gaps in technical expertise.

Sub-component 1.4: Administrative systems development.

The project will support MoAFS in addressing priority professional and administrative skill gaps through training, equipment and technical assistance in:

Financial management to build accounting functions to streamline Government and donor procedures, and reporting mechanisms; develop a strategic financial management plan including comprehensive use of government systems such as Integrated Financial Management Information System (IFMIS), and relevant capacity building;

Human resources management, development of human resources plan, annual performance management plans, and assessment tools;

Building standardized procurement systems, following the GoM law. Developing comprehensive timely procurement plans, a user friendly handbook and procurement monitoring system, and training for procurement professionals and;

Administration, coordinated transport, improved inventory and asset management systems, maintenance etc.

1.3.2.2 Component 2: Sustainable Food Security

The objective of this component is sustainable improvement of national and household food security. The component is to support the implementation of three priority agendas outlined in the ADP-SP investment framework for enhancement of national food security. These are:

maize productivity growth; sustainable land management and; the application of new tools in market based risk management.

This effort will strengthen the development of the SWAp by assuring achievement of early gains from the coordinated investment plan. These initiatives also illustrate the value of multi-partner collaboration in the implementation of ADP-SP work plans.

The maize productivity growth agenda is designed to increase the payoffs underlying the Agricultural Input Supply Programme (AISP). Current investments provide subsidized fertilizer to approximately 1.5 million maize producing smallholder farmers. The project will help these farmers attain higher rates of fertilizer use efficiency (grain produced per unit of nutrient applied). The project will also encourage these farmers to try new maize (and complementary crop) varieties.

The farmers will be encouraged to test and adopt conservation farming practices to increase levels of organic matter in the soil, minimize soil disturbance and encourage crop rotations. The productivity gains achieved will be strengthened by improving strategies to reduce post-harvest losses and control the greater grain borer. Multiple strategies will be tested for improving the efficiency of technology transfer.

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The project will support national efforts to stabilize food supplies through the application of four market based risk management initiatives including micro weather insurance, macro weather insurance, price hedging and warehouse receipts. This effort will largely seek to institutionalize pilot initiatives supported with small amounts of Bank funding during the past two years.

Each of these sustainable production and market based risk management initiatives will contribute to Malawi’s adaptation to climate change.

Sub-component 2.1: Sustainable productivity growth initiative (SPGI).

The objective of this sub-component is a sustainable increase of the land, water and nutrient use efficiency in maize based smallholder production systems. This contributes to the achievement of two major ADP-SP outcomes of the doubling of maize productivity and the doubling of area under sustainable land management. The main strategy is to speed up the transfer of technologies that are already in existence or simply need to be modified in small ways to fit the demands and resource constraints of smallholder cropping systems. This includes technologies known regionally and internationally. Speeding the use of improved technologies in smallholder maize based cropping systems requires:

increased exposure of smallholders to the available technology options; assistance in experimenting with these options in their own fields; an incentive in the establishment of sustainable land management technologies and; farmers’ feedback to prioritize future research activities.

The sub-component will: (i) promote the uptake of technologies for sustainable productivity growth in rain-fed maize-based systems; and (ii) strengthen the capacity of the agricultural research, extension and technical services.

To improve resource use efficiency in maize based cropping systems, the project will support the promotion of:

(a) Use of improved technology options which will include:

encouraging 100,000 farmers to adopt and test new maize varieties and complementary crops. Preferences and technical performances will be fed back to national crop breeding programs, seed companies and retailers to adjust seed market offer;

providing advice to farmers on improved crop nutrient and fertilizer management to achieve productivity gains from the fertilizer being distributed through the AISP. 100,000 smallholder farmers receiving AISP fertilizer coupons will be encouraged to test and help refine fertilizer use recommendations in different agro-ecological zones and soil types;

encouraging improved post-harvest pest control technologies, to minimize post-harvest crop damage by pests.

(b) adoption of a range of conservation farming practices to improve soil organic matter levels and water infiltration and reduce soil erosion.

Approximately 55,000 farmers will be encouraged to experiment with their preferred practices and adopt sustainable land and water management practices. Participating farmers would be given a supplementary “sustainable land management” voucher, for fertilizer and intercropping leguminous seeds to boost the initial two seasons’ organic matter build-up.

This sub-component will also strengthen agricultural research, technical and extension services, emphasizing participatory approaches and stronger partnerships among actors. The project will test and evaluate alternative strategies for achieving synergies in:

leadership and strengthened coordination of technical service providers at national and district level;

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farmer groups and associations empowerment to strengthen their organizations and select 7,500 lead farmers;

strengthening information flows, including various types of ICT material, researcher-led and farmer-led experimentation, farmer to farmer dissemination supported by lead farmers, and strengthened agricultural ‘Information Resource Centres’ at district (28) and EPA (187) level;

improving the mobility of technical services and related investments required for improved communication systems;

upgrading research and technical facilities, essential for increasing rates of technology transfer and adoption (including facilities for breeder and foundation seed production seed certification, soil and plant analysis – laboratory, maize post-harvest loss and food safety assessment, and inter-departmental teamwork on crop modelling and response farming, linked to weather conditions)

supporting continuous in-service training programs in alternative/participative extension methodologies and selected priority technical subjects reflected in the annual work plans will be supported. Extension, research and technical services will be supported at national district and EPA levels.

Sub-component 2.2: Strengthening market based agricultural risk management strategies.

Pilot initiatives have been launched relating to use of weather derivatives and crop insurance linked with rainfall indices (weather insurance), price hedging and warehouse receipts. The project will institutionalize the use of these tools as a key component of national risk management systems and:

develop rainfall-index based early warning models, upgrade the national network of rainfall stations and associated data feed and analysis capabilities and integrate the data into national early warning systems;

provide training in the mechanics of weather derivatives and analytical procedures for evaluating investment in macro-weather insurance. The World Bank is expected to intermediate the purchase of the derivatives contract and DFID and the EU have expressed willingness to pay this premium;

provide funding to enhance rainfall based crop models (for crops included in the pilot activities over the 2005/06, 2006/07 and 2007/08 seasons) to provided insurance backed agricultural credit to more than 1700 groundnut farmers and for a limited set of crops that may be added over the next five years;

strengthen the capacity of the government to evaluate and implement supply/price hedging agreements similar to the South African Commodity Exchange (SAFEX) agreement for the supply and price of maize supported by the World Bank in 2005; and

strengthen training on commodity risk management to increase awareness of these tools and improve the sustainability of these investments.

Appendix 1.1 tabulates the activities of ADP-SP Component 2 (reorganized following discussions of 16/11).

1.3.2.3 Component 3: Project Coordination

The objective of this component is to manage and use resources in accordance with the project’s objectives and procedures. The project will follow government procedures for planning, reporting, and monitoring of activities, and will use existing institutions and working groups for its management and supervision as follows:

The Project’s Steering Committee will be the ADP-SP Executive Management Committee (EMC) (chaired by the Principal Secretary of MoAFS) which will provide overall guidance regarding ADP-SP implementation. The EMC will endorse the project’s annual work plans and budgets. Each of the two components of the ADP-SP

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will have separate Implementation Committees, which will have decision making responsibility regarding project management:

The ADP-SP Management Working Group will oversee Component 1 (Institution development and capacity building in preparation of a SWAp). Membership of this group includes directors of MoAFS, and representatives of other Ministries involved in the ADP-SP, as well as donor representatives. This group is chaired by the ADP-Secretariat Coordinator, who will provide leadership for this component.

Component 2 (sustainable food security) will be managed by a team formed by the CAETS, the Director of Planning, the Directors of Research, Extension, Crops, Land Resources Use, and Planning, and the ADP-Secretariat Coordinator. The CAETS will chair this group, and will provide leadership for this component.

The Coordinator of the ADP-Secretariat will be the overall manager of the project. An experienced nationally recruited ADP-SP Project Management Adviser will ensure that project work plans, financial management and procurement operations are done in line with World Bank requirements. This Adviser will work closely with the various departments at central level in order to prepare the project annual work plan and budget and subsequent technical, financial and procurement reports. The duration of this post will be limited to the first three years of the project, while the Ministry reporting systems are strengthened in order to prepare technical and financial reports as per WB requirements on a routine basis.

The specialist advisers (who will be attached to line departments as required under Component 1 and 2) will fulfil a dual role. Initially they will provide short term support to their line departments in order to prepare ADP-SP documents and reports (work-plans, financial, and procurement reports). They will also provide longer term capacity building of the departments in order to plan for and implement the ADP-SP, and later a fully-fledged SWAp. Each adviser will report to his/her line manager. This will ensure that the advisers are integrated in the staff structure of the relevant Ministry’s departments so as to allow for on-the-job training of colleagues and strengthening of government systems, procedures and processes. The ADP-Secretariat Coordinator will be responsible for the achievement of project objectives and results, and will rely on the various department directors to provide their plans and reports on a timely basis. The budget for Component 3 will include the salary of the Project Management adviser, provision for short term consultancies as well as operating expenses, including one vehicle.1.3.3 Project Implementing AgencyThe project implementing agency is the Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security (MoAFS), which is developing this prioritised sectoral programme, the Malawi Agricultural Development Programme. The Ministry’s contact address is:

The Ministry of Agriculture and Food SecurityCapital Hill Government OfficesP O Box 30134Lilongwe 3Malawi

1.3.4 Project Cost Estimates

The total project cost is approximately US$51.71 million with a project financing plan as follows:

Source of finance Amount US$ million

Borrower/Recipient 2.92IDA 30.40 millionGEF 5.60 millionGovernment of Norway 10.58 millionBeneficiaries 2.21 million

Total 51.71 million

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1.3.5 Proposed Project Administration and Management StrategyThe ADP will be delivered through existing organizational structures of the public administration in Malawi. However, recognising that there are new management and coordination demands to be accommodated in a programme-based approach, some temporary organizational arrangements and structures are proposed. This will help ensure sustainability and contribute to capacity building. Figure 1.1 shows the proposed management structure of the ADP.

At central level, the Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security (MoAFS) will be the lead ministry for the ADP and other implementing and interested ministries will participate in making key decisions on the programme. At the central level, the line departments of the MoAFS will have the principal responsibility for delivery of the programme. Decision making will be the responsibility of an Executive Management Committee, chaired by the Principal Secretary of MoAFS, with membership from participating ministries (Water & Irrigation Development; Trade & Industry Development; and Local Government & Rural Development) and supporting ministries (Economic Planning & Development and Finance).

At district level, formal responsibility for delivery of outputs will rest with the District Commissioner who will be assisted by the Directorates for Agriculture, Natural Resources and Irrigation and, within these directorates by, the District Agricultural Development Officers (DADO) and District Irrigation Officers (DIO):

Planning and monitoring & evaluation will be done by the districts, working in conjunction with the MoAFS (through the Agricultural Development Divisions) and the participating ministries;

Implementation will be principally by the districts, with support from the Agricultural Development Divisions; and

Consultation with stakeholders (including farmers, the private sector, the development partners, civil society, non-government organizations and other non-state actors) will be organized by the MoAFS and the districts.

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Figure 1.1: ADP proposed management structure

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1.3.6 Description of the Area of Influence

The Agricultural Development Programme is targeted at subsistence farmers throughout Malawi. The programme will improve food security through prioritized development of the agriculture led economic growth and poverty alleviation. This is in line with the Malawi Growth and Development Strategy which prioritises development of agriculture for income growth and poverty alleviation whose first medium term goals are to (a) increase agricultural productivity and (b) prevent food shortages, even in times of disaster.

1.4 Rationale for the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment

This Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) predicts the environmental and social impacts of the ADP-SP and determines their mitigation measures. This ESIA therefore, complements the Malawi EIA procedures for meeting the environmental and social management requirements, as outlined in Appendix C of the EIA Guidelines. The ESIA also complements the World Bank Operational Policies for environmental management of projects.

1.5 Objective of the ESIA

The objective of the ESIA is to determine the potential environmental and social impacts of increased agricultural production and productivity in the project areas. The potential impacts determined and analyzed relate to activities targeted at improving food security through improved land, water and nutrient use efficiency of maize based rain fed cropping systems. These activities may lead to increased use of land, and agro-chemicals including pesticides and fertilizers. The activities may also lead to increased land and water management practices and may relate to social effects of gender and HIV and AIDS. The ESIA recommends appropriate mitigation and monitoring measures as well as institutional arrangements for environmental and social management under the ADP-SP.

1.6 Potential Users of the ESIAThis ESIA has been prepared for use by key stakeholders to be involved in the planning, implementation and management of the proposed ADP-SP. The ESIA would be useful to the following ADP-SP key stakeholders:

(a) Funding and donors agencies;(b) District Executive Committee members implementing the ADP-SP throughout Malawi;(c) Politicians and local traditional leaders involved in ADP-SP activities;(d) Senior government officials responsible for development planning of ADP-SP;(e) Government extension workers in the ADP-SP project areas;(f) Non-governmental organizations involved in the activities of the ADP-SP and;(g) Planners of the ADP-SP project activities.

1.7 Methodology in Preparing the ESIAThe main purpose of this ESIA is to determine and assess the potential environmental and social impacts for the planned ADP-SP activities, and to develop an environmental management plan for addressing the potential negative impacts. To achieve these and other objectives of the ESIA, extensive stakeholders consultations were conducted. Key stakeholders consulted included:

(a) staff at all levels of the Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security (the Ministry, Districts and Area levels)

(b) staff of other relevant Ministries and Departments including the Environmental Affairs Department, Chitedze Agricultural Research Station, Land Resources Department and Pesticides Control Board;

(c) Members of various district committees including the District Development and the Area Executive Committees;

(d) Agricultural Extension Staff;(e) Local leaders and Chiefs and (f) Farmers in various selected districts throughout Malawi.

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These extensive consultations were carried out to share the views of key stakeholders and to obtain their input in the identification of environmental and social impacts of the ADP-SP. A list of individuals and institutions consulted is included in Appendix 1.2

The strategies used and activities performed in the preparation of the ESIA included:

a. Review of existing national biophysical and social conditions. Some of the sources of information included Socio-economic Profiles and Environmental Reports;

b. Review of the implementation approach and processes for the proposed ADP-SP. This information was obtained from the project description, project concept note, project appraisal documents and other related literature.

c. Determination of the ADP-SP project stages and activities which are likely to have environmental and social impacts on the various environmental components;

d. Identification and analysis of potential environmental and social impacts of the ADP –SP; based on the field investigations and public consultations, project description, other similar documents and professional knowledge;

e. Determination of the environmental and social components to be impacted by the project activities; f. Identification of appropriate mitigation measures for the potential environmental and social impacts;g. Preparation of an environmental management plan (EMP) for addressing the impacts during the

different project stages and activities and; h. Preparation of a monitoring plan for effective implementation of the EMP

1.8 Constraints and Limitation of the Study

A number of constraints and limitations were experienced during preparation of the ESIA. As a result of these constraints and limitations, all the planned activities could not be accomplished in the manner that they were planned. However, in spite of these constraints and limitations, field investigations and public consultations were conducted in the majority of the districts that were targeted. Some of the constraints and limitations that were faced include the following:

The ADP-SP will cover the whole country. However, for the purpose of preparing this ESIA, not all the districts of Malawi could be visited for the field investigations and public consultations. Hence the views captured during the public consultations, although considered as a very good representation of the country, could not be solicited from each and every part of the country.

The majority of the stakeholders did not have any knowledge of the proposed ADP-SP project. Hence, elaborate description of the ADP-SP project was required to ensure that the stakeholders understood the project concept before they participated fully and meaningfully in the discussions;

The majority of proposed ADP-SP activities are conceptual in nature. Therefore the rural people could not easily understand the project concept;

Preparation of the ESIA was done during the period for distribution of agricultural inputs. This is the time when, the district staff and other key stakeholders are busy distributing agricultural inputs and the farmers collecting are collecting them. However, many people were still available for the consultations and field investigations in all the districts.

The public consultation and field investigations were conducted at the start of the rainy season when people are very busy with preparation of their fields for planting. This meant that the attendance at the consultation meetings was somehow affected.

Last, but not least, some information in the report was processed from secondary sources of data and such data includes maps, land resources information, atmospheric resources data, water resources data, biological resources data, socio-economic data and data on the agricultural services. This information has to be interpreted and understood within the limitations associated with such data.

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1.9 Organization of the Report

This report is organized into seven chapters as follows:Chapter One provides background information on the ADP and describes its project components, development objectives, estimated costs, implementation arrangements and area of influence. It further introduces the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment ESIA, its rationale and objectives, methodology used in undertaking the ESIA and constraints and limitation of the study. This chapter also defines the target audience for the ESIA.

Chapter Two provides an overview of the environmental and social setting of the project by describing the biophysical environment including its topography, hydrology, biodiversity and agro-ecological zones.

Chapter Three gives the socioeconomic environment mainly in relation to agriculture. Key issues such as the agricultural input subsidy, marketing, land tenure, gender, HIV and AID, and pest management are discussed as the relate to agriculture. Chapter Four outlines relevant Malawi policies and legislation applicable to the ADP. The chapter also gives relevant World Bank Safeguard Policies that are triggered by the ADP.Chapter Five describes the environmental and social impacts that are likely to be generated by the three project components (i.e. institutional development and capacity building in preparation of a SWAp in Agriculture, Sustainable Food Security and Project Coordination). The environmental and social impacts are linked to the environmental components that they are likely to impact upon. The environmental and social impacts are the basis for the development of environmental and social management and monitoring plans in Chapter Five.

Chapter Six outlines the Environmental and Social Management Plans for addressing the program’s environmental and social impacts. The Management Plans include information on the environmental component likely to be affected, the activity that may cause the impact and the mitigation measures to be put in place. The Chapter also provides environmental and social monitoring plans for project impacts; provides information on the monitoring activities, monitoring indicators, frequency of monitoring and the institutions to carry out the monitoring.

Chapter Seven gives an overview of the existing environmental management capacities in the Ministry of Agriculture and key line agencies in terms of the ESIA. It further proposes capacity building and training requirements that need to be undertaken for successful implementation of the EMP.

Chapter Eight makes recommendations for effective and successful implementation of the Environmental and Social Management Plans that contribute towards environmentally sustainable attainment of the ADP goals and objectives.

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CHAPTER TWO: THE BIOPHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT 2.1 Biophysical EnvironmentMalawi is located on the southern part of the Great East African Rift Valley and lies between latitudes 9˚ 22” and 17˚ 03” South and Longitudes 33˚ 40” and 35˚ 55” East. The country is 900 km long and 80 to 161 km wide and has a total area of approximately 11.8 million hectares of which 9.4 million hectares is land area and the remaining is surface water (approx. 20% of the total area) dominated by Lake Malawi.

The country has a wide range of natural resources some of which have global significance. A few examples of natural resources include rivers, lakes, wetlands, natural forests, rich agricultural soils, mountain ranges, national parks, game sanctuaries, minerals, unique flora and fauna, and a number of endangered and rare species of flora and fauna. Some of the natural resources with global significance include the cichlid (mbuna) fish in Lake Malawi, Mulanje Cedar –a natural tree species that is unique to Mulanje Mountain, the Black Rhino in Lengwe National Park and others. Malawi is one of the countries with rich agricultural soils and natural resources in Southern Africa.

Recent statistics, however, show that these resources are declining in both quality and quantity. Approximately 50% of the country is now under cultivation with only less than 35% of the cultivated area being suitable arable land. The area under cultivation continues to expand annually. Between 1976 and 1990 the area increased from 3 million hectares to 4.5 million hectares. Over the same period forest cover declined from 4.4 million ha (1972) to 1.9 million ha (1992). By 2000 only 28% of the country was under forest of which 21% was covered by national parks, forests and wildlife reserves. In 2004 forest cover was estimated to be 26% of the total land area. Surface and ground water resources also continue to decline with more rivers drying up or having a seasonal flow and lakes and other reservoirs being silted up. According to the State of Environment Report (EAD, 2002) by 1992, Malawi was already losing approximately 20 tonnes of soil/ha/year.

2.1.1 Topography Malawi’s relief is extremely varied ranging from rift valley plains to highlands and mountains. Due to this variation in relief, the country has a wide range of climate, hydrology and wildlife. In general Northern Malawi is mainly characterized by rough and undulating terrain in most of the districts. The Central Region is characterized by undulating plains and flat lands with hilly areas in some districts while the Southern Region is a contrast of plateaux and rift valley plains.

The country is divided into four major physiographic classes (Pike and Remington, 1965, cited in the State of Environment Report (EAD, 2002). The four main physiographic units according to relief are as follows (Refer Fig. 2.1, 2.2 and 2.3):

2.1.1.1 The HighlandsThese are wide-ranging highland expanses, the most prominent of which are the Mulanje, Zomba, Viphya and Dedza mountains. The altitude lies between 1600 – 3000m above mean sea level. Although these places are not suitable arable land, a lot of cultivation still takes place here.

2.1.1.2 The PlateausThe Plateaux areas are situated at elevations ranging from 1000 – 1600m above mean sea level. These cover some parts of the Central and Northern Regions. Their gently undulating surfaces are characterised by wide valleys and interfluves and their drainage basis mainly contain streams that flow seasonally through shallow and swampy valleys known as ‘dambos’. A lot of cultivation takes place in these dambos, mainly during dry season. The Lilongwe and Kasungu Plains are some of the examples. These and other areas have high potential for agricultural.

2.1.1.3 The Rift Valley EscarpmentIn Malawi, the East African Rift Valley descends from the plateaux in a series of stepped faults known collectively as the Rift Valley Escarpment. This band of often steep slopes is, in general, highly

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dissected and commonly characterised by bare recent erosion surfaces. The altitude lies between 600 – 1000m above mean sea level. This band is generally found a few kilometres from the lake shore areas and in zones bordering the upper and lower Shire Valley.

2.1.1.4 The Rift Valley PlainsThese are depositional plains formed in large part by the deposition of materials eroded from the Rift Valley Escarpment. They are characterised by low relief and gentle slopes, and extend along parts of the Lake Malawi shore and Upper Shire Valley. Average elevations are less than 600m above sea level and decline to below 100m in the Lower Shire Valley. Most of these places are highly suitable for agriculture although the average annual rainfall is low in most parts. These areas represent a big potential for irrigated and rain-fed agriculture mainly because of their rich soils and wide expanse of flat lands. Some of the places noted during field visits include the Upper and Lower Shire Valleys in the South, Bwanje Valley, Lake Chilwa flood plains, Salima and Nkhotakota Lakeshore plains, North Rukuru Valley, Karonga Lakeshore plains, Henga Valley and the Limphasa Valley. Some of these areas are important wetlands; for example, the entire Lake Chilwa drainage basin has been declared a RAMSAR site under the RAMSAR Convention.

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Source: State of Environment Report 2002

Fig. 2.1: Principal Physiographic Units of Malawi

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Source: Malawi Atlas of Social Statistics, 2002

Fig. 2.2: Map of Malawi Showing Elevation and other Features

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2.1.2 Hydrology

2.1.2.1 Availability of Water Resources in MalawiMalawi has a vast expanse of surface water systems including lakes, rivers, dams, springs, and wetlands. The country has four lakes and approximately 15 major rivers. The biggest of the four lakes is Lake Malawi with a surface area of approximately 28,750 sq. km. Other lakes include Lakes Chilwa, Malombe and Kazuni. The biggest river in Malawi is Shire. It drains water from Lake Malawi into the Zambezi River. Other big rivers include Lilongwe, Bua, Dwangwa, South and North Rukulu, Songwe, Mwanza, Ruo, Linthipe, Limphasa, Bwanje, Phalombe and Likangala. Apart from these, the country has an enormous network of interlocked drainage basins consisting of perennial and seasonal streams and rivers. Most of these are oriented towards Lakes Malawi, Lake Chilwa and the Shire River.

Ground water resources are also widely available in the country. Their occurrence is associated with two main types of aquifers: (a) the extensive, but relatively low yielding basement formations, which account for about 85% of the country’s geology; and (b) the relatively high yielding alluvial deposits occurring in the Lakeshore Plains and the Shire Valley.

There is a high degree of colleration between mean river flows and raifall data in any particular year. While this is also true generally for base flows (low flows) in most rivers, there are some rivers in the country that have experienced diminishing base flows in recent years with some rivers completely drying towards the end of dry seasons in recent years. The change in the hydrological regime of these rivers can be attributed to the depletion of vegetation in their respective catchments mainly due to agricultural expansion, bush fires, need for firewood and construction projects (NSOER, 2004).

Flooding is a common experienced in many parts of the country. Recent reports show that floods have caused enormous damage to to crops, property and sometimes loss of life. Hydrographic surveys carried over a number of rivers in the country show that siltation is increasing. This has affected the base flow rates of many of these rivers.

2.1.2.2 State of Water ResourcesWater resources in the country are generally on the decline both in terms of quality and quantity. Data from many districts show that a number of problems affect water resources. Some of these problems include degradation/pollution of water resources, depletion of water resources, siltation of water bodies, flooding of rivers, inadequate safe water supply facilities, water hyacinth infestation, salinity and hardness in groundwater. Table 2.1 gives an indication of the status of water quality (nutrient levels) in water bodies in the country.

Table 2.1: Nutrient Levels in Malawi as of 2006(Compiled in November, 2007)

WATER SOURCE LEVELS PARAMETERS AND CONCENTRATIONNitrate, mg/l Phosphate, mg/l

Rural Area Rivers Maximum 39.7 2.12Average 3.2 0.612

Urban Area Rivers Maximum 12.2 5.86Average 1.62 1.94

Lakes Maximum 2.3 0.42Average 0.61 0.038

Springs Maximum 5.0 0.95Average 0.83 0.13

Source: Central Water Laboratory, 2007

2.1.3 Biological DiversityIt is estimated that over 4,000 species of animals exist in the country. Of these, 500-1000 are endemic species of fish. This is a record of one of the greatest fresh water bio-diversity in the world. However it is an established fact that fish abundance in Lake Malawi is declining.

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2.1.3.1 FloraIt is also estimated that over 6000 plant species exist in Malawi. The National Herbarium and Botanic Gardens (NHBG) of Malawi listed 6,105 plant species in 1997. Nearly 100 species are endemic and, of these, 68 are found on Mulanje Mountain. The species listed by the NHBG comprised of flowering plants (angiosperms) non flowering plants (gymnosperms) ferns (pteridophytes) mosses (bryophytes) and lichens. Most of the wild species are found in national parks, game reserves and other protected areas. Wild plants are also found in small amounts on customary land, in graveyards and in special sites of interest.

Land coverage map by the World Bank Energy I Project (1993) showed that 32% of the country was opened up for intensive agriculture, 28% for extensive agriculture and 4% was for miscellaneous uses. The rest was under natural vegetation. The FAO (1999) described forest cover between 1990 and 1995 as changing from 3,612,000 ha to 3,339,000 ha. This gave a total change of - 273,000 ha and an annual change of – 55,000 ha, i.e. an annual change rate of 1-1.6%. The country’s plant diversity is affected by the expansion of agricultural industry and encroachment in protected areas. The country’s human population depends on agriculture for its livelihood and as the population continues to grow, the loss of bio-diversity is likely to continue. The population also depends on the plant resources for its energy requirements and many other activities.

According to Msekandiana and Mlangeni (2002) a large number of species in Malawi are already listed on the Red Data List. Out of a total of 5,000-6,000 plant species, 248 taxa are listed on the red data list, of these, 128 are threatened (Critically endangered, endangered or vulnerable) and 63 are categorised as data deficient. There are 114 confirmed as being restricted to Malawi and a further eight are endemic. The Red Data List Assessment for Malawi plants is provided as Table 2.2

Table 2.2: Red Data List Assessment for Malawi plants Category Number of TaxaTotal species in Malawi 5,000-6,000Listed on the RDL 247Endemics 114Possibly endemic 8Near-endemics 31Possibly near-endemics 1Extinct (Ex) 5Critically Endangered (CR) 25Endangered (EN) 14Vulnerable (VU) 89Lower-Risk near-threatened (LR-nt) 24Lower-Risk least concern (LR-lc) 27Data Deficient (DD) 63Source: Msekandiana and Mlangeni (2002)

2.1.3.2 FaunaThe 2002 National State of the Environment Report (NSER) indicates that there are 187 species of mammals, 69 species of amphibians, 124 species of reptiles, 630 species of birds and 600 species of fish.

Of the 187 species of mammals listed in Malawi, 124 are small (i.e. bats, rodents, shrews and elephant shrews). There are 59 species of bats, which include 17 that are rare throughout their range in Africa, 52 species of rodents, nine of shrews and four of elephant shrews. These mammals occur in various parts throughout the country.

Most large mammals occur in the National parks and wildlife reserves. Pursuant to the Protected Species Declaration Order of 1994, 33 large mammals were declared protected in order to accord appropriate management priority to them. According to the NSER 2002 the following are some of the main large mammal species in Malawi:

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Buffalo, Bush buck, Common duiker, Eland, Elephant, Impala, Hartebeest, Kudu, Puku, Reed buck, Nyala, Roan Antelope, Sable Antelope, Warthog, Zebra, Water buck

The species status of mammals is defined as follows: -

Satisfactory - survival not threatened; Rare - population small, not endangered or vulnerable at present, but at risk. Vulnerable - population threatened, could result in the species becoming endangered; Endangered - in danger of extinction, unlikely to survive if causal factors continue; Extinct - no longer occurs in the wild.

Ornithological observations in Malawi have been done by many interested observers and some records published in journals since the 1970s. The national parks and the wildlife reserves are important habitats for the bird fauna. Bird checklists for different national parks and wild reserves have been produced and are regularly updated.

The fish fauna is very diverse. The Lake Malawi ecosystem alone, comprising of the Lake Malawi itself, Lake Malombe and the rivers, has a fauna of about 500 - 1000 species of which around 400 species have been described. Almost all except six of these species are endemic to Lake Malawi. The protected areas play an important role in the protection of fish bio-diversity.

Among the domesticated fauna are cattle, goats, sheep, pigs, rabbits, guinea pigs, chicken, ducks, turkeys and guinea fowl. High population of chicken and goats are typical for the country. Over the past decade, the cattle population has declined steadily from over 2 million in 1990 to around 700,000 in 2000. This is because during that period more land was being deforested for arable cultivation and new settlements. The Northern region accounts for 31% of the total cattle population, the Central region 40% and the Southern region 29%. The goat and pig populations have been rising steadily over the last decade but sheep population is constant.

Most of the endangered mammalian species in Malawi have not been estimated and the descriptions are based on sightings. Table 2.3 shows the animal species that are threatened with extinction. These are mainly found in the protected areas and will generally not be affected by the proposed ADP-SP.

Table 2.3 Endangered Species of Animals Facing Extinction in the Protected Areas

Species Status Location ThreatsBlack rhino Critically endangered Only found in Liwonde

National Park. Extinct in Kasungu National Park and Mwabvi Wildlife Reserve.

Recently re-introduced, the numbers are still very small and not viable. Cross border poaching with illegal firearms mostly from the civil war in Mozambique caused initial extinction.

Cheetah Critically endangered Kasungu National Park. Probably extinct in Nyika National Park.

Numbers may not be viable.

Elephant Extinct Majete Wildlife Reserve. Poaching by Mozambican refugees with illegal firearms.

Lion Extinct in 1997/8 but few individuals returned in 2001

Liwonde National Park. Small non-viable population threatened by wire snares.

Lion Critically endangered Kasungu National Park. Population not viable and may become extinct.

Puku Critically endangered Kasungu National Park. Poaching is a threat.

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Vwaza Marsh and Nkhotakota Wildlife Reserves.

Wild dog Occasionally seen, numbers not estimated, critically endangered

Kasungu and Nyika National Parks.

Numbers may not be viable, killed by snares in the bush.

Source: NSER 2002

In addition to natural forests and game sanctuaries, the Government has set up protected areas as a measure to conserve some of the country’s biological diversity. There are three main categories of protected areas, namely: National parks; Wildlife reserves; Forestry reserves.

These areas cover a combined area of about 1,850,000ha, which is about 20% of the country. They protect many of the various ecosystems, many of the wildlife animal populations and water catchment areas. It is important to note that the proposed project is not likely to have any impact on these protected areas. Table 2.4 gives the list of national parks and wild reserves and their area.

Table 2.4: National Parks and Wildlife Reserves in Malawi

Name Area (ha)National ParksNyika 313,400Kasungu 231,600Lengwe 88,700Liwonde 33,800Lake Malawi 9,400Wild ReservesNkhotakota 180,200Vwaza 98,600Majete 69,100Mwabvi 13,500Total 1,037,600Source: NSER 2002

2.1.4 Ecological zones

Malawi occurs in the Zambezian phyto-region of southern Africa (White, 1983). This phyto-region has been mapped into eight eco-regions in Malawi by the World-Wide Fund for Nature (WWF)-US (Cumming, 1999). These eco-regions are described in Table 2.5. The Central Zambezian Miombo woodland is the most dominant terrestrial eco-region. The water eco-region comprising of the lakes is another dominant region. About 60% of the country has been modified, leaving only 36% under natural vegetation. Malawi’s climate is semi-arid in the lower Shire valley and parts of the Lakeshore, semi-arid to sub-humid in the medium -altitude plain and sub-humid to humid in the high-altitude plateaus. With altered topographic and soil characteristics due to leaching, the climate of different areas is likely to change thereby altering the habitat.Table 2.5: Major ecological zones in Malawi, with their sizes, descriptions and locations Ecological zone1 Estimated.

area (ha)Description of main features: plant, animal, fish species etc.

Location

Central Zambezian Miombo

4,739,360 Open canopy woodland of plateaus, hills and scarps (Brachystegia/Julbernadia/Isoberlini

Northern to central eastern Malawi, along the Lake Malawi escarpment,

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Woodland a sp.). Major soils are Ferralsols2. Animals are elephants, buffalo, and sable i.e. in Nkhota-kota Wildlife Reserve.

covering Chitipa, part of Karonga, Mzimba, Nkhota-kota, Dowa, Ntchisi, East Lilongwe and Dedza.

Southern Rift Montane Forest

592,420 Montane forests. Areas of high rainfall3 (>1400mm/annum).

In the Nyika National Park and the Vipya areas

Southern Miombo Woodland

355,450 Open canopy woodland of fertile areas (Piliostigma/Acacia/Combretum sp.). Soils are mostly luvisols and ferralsols, rainfall range of 800-1,000mm/annum.

Central-west of the country, i.e. south west of Lilongwe to Mchinji

Eastern Miombo Woodland

236,960 Open canopy woodland of fertile areas (Piliostigma/Acacia/Combretum sp.). Soils are mostly ferralsols. Animals are mainly elephants moving from Liwonde National Park and Mangochi Forest Reserve. Rainfall range is 800-1000/annum.

North of Lake Chilwa and just south of the eastern arm of Lake Malawi, i.e. Namwera area.

Zambezian and Mopane Woodland

1,184,840 Mopane woodland and woodlands on fertile soils (Adansonia/Acacia/Cordyla sp.). Animals are elephants, waterbuck, hippos, sable, and crocodiles in Liwonde National Park and fish in southern Lake Malawi, the Shire River and Lake Malombe.

South of Lake Malawi, covering the Upper Shire River region from Mangochi, Balaka and west of Machinga (Liwonde area) and a small portion west of the Elephant Marsh, i.e. Lengwe National Park area.

Zambezian Flooded Grassland

236,970 Swamp grasslands, perennially wet. This is important habitat for waterfowl.

Mostly Lake Chilwa and its surroundings and some surroundings of Lake Malawi.

South Malawi Montane Forest-Grassland Mosaic

947,870 Montane evergreen forests, montane grasslands in high altitude areas. Areas of high rainfall.

Zomba, Blantyre, Mulanje and Thyolo area.

Water 3,554,520 Water in lakes. There is diverse fish fauna in Lake Malawi and its catchment. Rainfall is varied, >1,400mm from northern and central areas to the range of 1,000-1,200mm in southern areas.

Lake Malawi

Based on WWF Eco-regions map for Southern Africa (1999) in Cumming (1999)

Classification of ecological zones for Malawi however differs. Some early scientist like Pike and Remington (1965) divided the country into four major physiographic classes (Refer Fig. 2.3). These have further been subdivided into 15 classes representing 15 ecological zones for Malawi. (Refer Fig. 2.4). The four classes include: the high-altitude plateaus, the medium-altitude plain, the Lakeshore plain and the lower Shire valley.

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The high-altitude plateaus consist of a number of isolated mountains such as Mulanje, Dedza, Zomba, the Nyika and the Vipya (altitude 1 350 to 3 000 meters). Topography varies from precipitous to undulating, and the soils are mostly lithosols and highly leached latosols. The medium-altitude plain occupies more than 75 per cent of the land surface (altitude 750 to 1 300 meters). The topography is flat to rolling with deep well-drained latosols on the upland sites and poorly drained hydromorphic soils on the lowland sites commonly known as “dambos”. The Lakeshore plain lies along Lake Malawi (altitude 450 to 600 meters). This area is characterized by flat to gently undulating plains. The soils are mostly deep, calcimorphic alluvials and colluvials, with some hydromorphic soils in isolated depressions. The Lower Shire Valley is a wide rift valley (altitude 35 to 105 meters) and its soils are mostly calcimorphic alluvials with some extensive areas dominated by hydromorphic soils and vertisols (Msiska, 2001).

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Fig. 2.3 Main Physiographic Units for Malawi (Pike and Remington, 1965)

23

Fig 2.4 Ecological Zones in Malawi (Pike and Remington, 1965)

2.1.5 Forests

Malawi has vast forest resources mostly of Miombo woodlands. This natural resource has been subjected to considerable reduction in area (mainly due human activities) to the present state. Forest resources of Malawi were estimated at 28% of the country in 1992. At the moment, that percentage has been considerably reduced and the process is continuing. A lot of deforestation or degradation has taken place in hilly areas and customary forests are being converted to gardens and settlements. Table 2.3 shows deforestation between 1972 and 1992.

Table 2.3: Deforestation between 1972 and 1993 for both indigenous and plantation forests of Malawi.

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REGION

1972FOREST EXTENT(Ha)

1992FOREST XTENT(Ha)

TOTALFOREST LOST(Ha)

RATE OFDEFORESTATION (Ha/YEAR)

NORTH 1,507,266 470,238 1,037,028 51,851 (3.4 %)CENTRAL 1,488,110 777,217 710,893 35,545 (2.4 %)SOUTH 1,404,510 650,860 753,650 37,683 (2.7 %)TOTAL 4,399,886 ,898,315 2,501,571 125,043 (2.8 %)Source: Forestry Department (1993)

Deforestation rate has been the highest in the Northern region of Malawi being estimated at 3.4 %; despite the low population in the region (population of 11 % as compared to 39% for Central and 50 % for the South of Malawi).

2.1.5.1 Forest typesMalawi forests can be divided into two main categories namely natural and plantation forests according to their nature as follows:

Natural forestsNatural forests represent the remainder of the Miombo forests that once covered almost the whole country. According to their management, these forests can be sub-divided into three categories as follows: -

Gazetted forestsThese forests are managed by Forestry Department and cover an estimated 1.3 million ha. There are 93 Forest Reserves scattered all over the country. Most of them are on hills and mountains protecting these fragile areas from environmental degradation through erosion but also protects important water catchment areas.

National Parks and Game ReservesThese are managed by Department of National Parks and Wildlife and comprise an estimated 0.98 million ha. which is 19 % of total land area. There are 5 National Parks and 4 Game Reserves

Customary land forestsThese are owned by the smallholders traditionally and cover estimated 3.1 million ha. This is the fast disappearing forest resources because of increasing pressure beyond.

Plantation forestsForest plantations have been established mainly by Government and also to a smaller extent by private estate owners and smallholders as follows:

Government plantationsGovernment, under the Forestry Department has established 0.09 million ha, covering about 1.8 % of total forest area. 85 % of the timber forests consist of softwood (mainly Pinus patula). The main hardwood species planted mostly for poles and fuelwood is the Eucalyptus species.

Private plantationsPrivate plantations are mostly owned by tea and tobacco estates and cover 20,000 hectares making up about 0.8% of the forest area. There is also 20,000 hectares of smallholder woodlots.

Trees outside forest reserves represent an important variable in the energy equation of smallholders. These trees are either planted or grow naturally in gardens, around homes and along linear features, such as roads. Isolated patches of forests are often in graveyards where it is considered taboo to cut trees. Woody biomass in these areas is very low, ranging from zero to 12 m 3 per hectare. Although the

25

amount of wood that can be harvested from this source is small per unit area, the overall volume is significant because smallholder farming covers over 4.5 million hectares.Table 2.4: Encroachment in Forest Reserves, National Parks and Game Reserves

CATEGORY EXTENT (Ha) EXTENT AFFECTED (Ha)

% AFFECTED AREA No. OF AREAS AFFECTED

National Parks 613,756 5,871 0.96 54

Game Reserves 367,723 17,908 4.87 30

Forest Reserves 870,052 23,012 2.64 571

TOTAL 1,851,531 46,791 8.47 655Source: Forestry Department (1993)

2.1.5.2 Threats to sustainable forest managementThe forestry resource is under threat primarily due to increasing population. In the Central and Southern Regions there is a substantial gap between fuel wood supply and demand from customary land. The deficit is being met from forest reserves. At the same time, demand for wood products, mainly fuel wood, is increasing due to population growth and urbanisation. The high population pressure also results in more land being cleared for agriculture, which further accelerates deforestation.

Forest Reserves, National Parks and Wildlife Reserves have been encroached by both subsistence farmers and commercial farmers for both crop production and settlements (Table 2.4). Over the last 20 years, 2.6% of Forest Reserve areas were encroached at a record 571 locations. 1% of National Parks area was encroached at 54 locations and 4.8% of Wildlife Reserves, at 30 locations. The overall effect of these encroachments is still low. In general, National Parks and Wildlife Reserves have been better protected than Forest Reserves. It is important to note from the low encroachment level, that forest protection by gazettment has been very effective against this problem.

2.1.5.3 Causes of forest lossThe problems of deforestation arise not only from poverty and population issues, but also from development activities and economic factors. It has been noted that among the top 6 causes of deforestation (Chipompha, 1997) are:1. Uncontrolled tree felling for fuelwood for curing tobacco in the smallholder and estate sectors . A recent aerial survey of the Namizimu Forestry Reserve in Mangochi District showed that the tobacco farmers in the outskirts of the forest had illegally entered into inaccessible parts of the forest and decimated large tracts of the natural Brachystegia trees for the farmers' use in curing tobacco. Similar occurrences are common in parts of Mchinji, Mzimba and Kasungu Districts.

2. Opening up of new garden and farm areas. The shortage of land in some parts of the country prompts forest clearing and agricultural expansion in marginal land. This has partly been due to the collapse of traditional controls over the allocation of land. 3. Loss of soil fertility and productivity which has caused agricultural production to decline . The ultimate response has been for the resource poor farmers and village people to look for short-term income generating alternatives which are usually charcoal and firewood, produced from the standing natural forests or natural regeneration. Fuelwood is the main source of energy in the rural and urban sectors. It provides more than 90% of the energy needs of domestic chores and cannot easily be substituted by another energy source at the moment.

4. Firewood for commercial purposes. There is an increasing opportunistic trade in rare commodities and firewood has become such a commodity. In the past few years, it has become more difficult for urban and peri-urban dwellers to easily obtain firewood. In Blantyre for example, this has led to the

26

decimation of the Ndirande Forest Plantation and the natural Brachystegia forest, which had been established for timber and environmental conservation.

In the customary land areas, trees are being cut for brick burning, lime firing and similar businesses. The production of charcoal destroys large tracks of mainly indigenous plants. This is occurring around all major urban centres of Malawi. A major hot spot is the Mwanza-Chikwawa area including Majete Wildlife Reserve, from where charcoal is supplied to Blantyre City.

5. Shifting cultivation. This is a traditional form of farming practised in Northern Malawi. Due to the rapidly increasing population, the demand for land is gradually exceeding supply in some parts. The creation of village forest areas could mean that shifting cultivation remains sustainable. In effect, this practice is important for the recycling of nutrients and serves well as a form of fallow system. The incorporation of nitrogen fixing tree species in the fallow would promote rapid fertility restoration to the abandoned land.6. Infrastructure development such as settlements, road construction and dam construction results in forestry land use change. These are development activities that are inevitable. With increasing population, more infrastructure development will take place.

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CHAPTER THREE: AGRICULTURE AND THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT

3.1 General SituationLandlocked Malawi ranks among the world's least development countries. The economy is predominantly agricultural, with about 85% of the population living in rural areas. Agriculture accounts for almost 40% of GDP and 85% of export revenues.

Malawi's economic reliance on the export of agricultural commodities renders it particularly vulnerable to external shocks such as declining terms of trade and drought. High transport costs, which can comprise over 30% of its total import bill, constitute a serious impediment to economic development and trade. Malawi imports most of the important products including fuel products and most of the fertilizers, making agricultural production expensive especially for smallholder agriculture.

The socio-economic environment is characterized by high interest rates, moderate inflation rate, high rates of HIV/AIDS, poor education and health facilities. The economy depends on substantial inflows of economic assistance from the IMF, the World Bank, and individual donor nations.

3.2 AgricultureMalawi has a dualistic agricultural economy, comprising an estate and a smallholder sector. Until recently, the estate sector had monopoly with respect to the production of certain export crops, e.g. tea and burley tobacco. Various shifts in policy including increased price incentives, extension of credit to the smallholder sector and deregulation of agricultural marketing, have led to a large increase in marketed output of certain crops, particularly maize and tobacco, from the smallholder sector. It is important to note that total land under smallholder production is high compared to total land under estate production. For instance in Lilongwe district, total smallholder land is 429 453 ha against 350 663 farm families while total estate land is 11525 ha against 25 estates (Lilongwe District Socio-Economic Profile, 12:2006).

Traditionally Malawi has been self-sufficient in its staple food, maize, mostly grown by smallholder farmers who mostly engage in subsistence farming. It is estimated that nearly 90% of the population engages in subsistence farming. Apart from maize, smallholder farmers produce a variety of other crops, beans, rice, cassava, tobacco, sorghum, millet and groundnuts (peanuts). The smallholder sector is itself increasingly differentiated, with a growing number of smallholders, including a disproportionate number of female headed households, cultivating less than 0.5 hectare, and unable to meet their subsistence needs. Apart from rain fed production, the Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security is also promoting winter and/or irrigation production.

3.2.1 Agriculture and the Input Subsidy ProgramThe Government of Malawi reintroduced agricultural input subsidies in the 2005/2006 season with a view to increasing agricultural productivity and to improve food security at both household and national levels. Prior to that, subsidies were minimal especially after the introduction of Structural Adjustment Programs in the 1980s1. The declining production of the country’s main staple food maize, due to bad weather and low input uptake, among other reasons led to massive importation of maize for a number of years prior to 2005/06 and especially in 2002 and 2005. Government therefore, implemented the Input Subsidy Programme (ISP) of 140,000 metric tones of fertilizer for maize and tobacco in the 2005/2006 season. Based on the successful season in 2005/2006 which led to the country attaining a surplus of 400, 000MT, the initiative was implemented with modifications in the 2006/2007 season with a total tonnage of 150,000 metric tones2 of subsidized fertilizer for maize and tobacco alongside 6,000 MT for hybrid and open pollinated varieties of maize seed.

1 The World Bank and IMF recommended removal of subsidy programs in the 1980s, during the Structural Adjustment Programs. However in the mid 1990s the government introduced a starter pack program which was in form of subsidy, on a small scale and only for two years.2 The total amount of subsidized fertilizer was increased up to 176,000MT resulting from the supplementary coupons that were included due to overwhelming demand.

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Figure 3.1 shows the yearly maize production during the past seven years. Generally, Malawi needs about 2.1 million MT of maize to fully satisfy Malawians in a year. From 2000 to 2005, only the production in 2003 came close to the national requirement. Most of the years have produced much less, to the point of massive maize importation in order to avert starvation. However during the past two years, since the introduction of the input subsidy program, maize production has considerably exceeded the minimal production, to the point of exporting the grain to Zimbabwe in 2006/2007.

Figure 3.1 National maize production

While the input subsidy program has shown amazing results, increasing maize output to record levels, the logistics still remain a challenge. In the first two years, the distribution system has been blamed for increasing corrupt practices where Chiefs have sold or given coupons to their relatives; there has been forgery of coupons; some have claimed that those selected are not really selected on the basis of poverty or vulnerability levels but more on political grounds. This year, the Government is trying several means, including complimenting the use of the coupons with Malswitch Cards, to deal with these challenges. It is hoped that if the piloting of Malswitch is successful, it will replace the coupon system in subsequent programs. Nevertheless, this has some cost implication of about US$ 5.6 per card.

During the extensive consultations conducted with the farm families and both men and women farmers, in all the areas that were visited, it was noted that the farmers were using or were conversant with the use of hybrid maize seed varieties. They were also familiar with some conservation farming techniques which are promoted by the Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security through the Agricultural Extension staff. In this respect, The ADP-SP, which is building upon some of the experiences of the present Agricultural Input Subsidy Programme, was not perceived to introduce significant different farming styles and needs for the farmers (including the women).

Currently the women and the majority of the farmers in the villages are aware of hybrid maize seed and its benefits. Some of the seed is supplied through the input subsidy programme and the rest is bought directly by the farmers from the commercial seed suppliers. Farmers who cannot afford hybrid maize seed use seed from previous harvest. This type of seed usually gives low yields and therefore the farmers prefer the hybrid seed varieties. In general, the farmers cannot afford good maize seed throughout the country and the seed to be supplied through the ADP-SP may be the only better seed supply option for the farmers. The main purpose of the ADP-SP is to improve the yield of the small scale farmers by providing them with appropriate targeted farm inputs, training and technology; thereby improving the farmers’ food security and nutrition. However, for those farmers who may harvest a few bags more than their food requirements, selling the surplus will provide them with some cash for their domestic needs and for

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additional agricultural inputs. Nevertheless the key objective of the project is not to turn the subsistence farmers into commercial farmers but rather to improve their access to adequate food. Therefore, the farmers will not require any commercial farming or marketing experience, although they will benefit from easy access to markets. In addition, the ADP-SP will target the existing subsistence farmers by providing them with better access to inputs and technology. Hence there is no opening up of new agricultural fields and expansion into virgin agricultural land. Consequently impacts of deforestation are not envisaged as a result of this programme.

3.2.2 Agriculture and MarketingFor smallholder farmers to sustain their production there is need for proper coordination between marketing and production. Since the majority of the smallholder farmers rely on agriculture as their main source of income, good output markets (in terms of prices and location) are important.

In Malawi, smallholder farmer’s access to markets is through ADMARC, Town Assembly Markets, District Markets and private traders. With the liberalisation of the market system, ADMARC and other government markets have moved out of the remote and rural areas leaving a window of opportunity to the private traders. This has created a gap as the window of opportunity has not been exploited by private traders due to the challenges of infrastructure (roads and warehouse). The gap has resulted in no competitive rural markets where farmers are faced with the low output markets for their produce (laws of supply and demand).

With the poor road network in rural areas, individual and corporative farmers are faced with the problems of transportation of their produce to urban markets to fetch good prices. Hence they are forced to sell to private traders at household level and at lower prices not competitive enough to break-even their cost.

3.2.3 Agriculture and Land TenureThe title to land in Malawi, recognised by the Land Act consists of three tenure categories of (a) Customary; (b) Private and; (c) Public.

(a) Customary land:Customary land refers to land that is held, occupied or used under customary laws, but does not include public land. Customary land constitutes about 65% of land in Malawi. According to the Customary Land (Development) Act Cap 59:01, “family land” is customary land which is held, occupied or used by members of the family on the allocation of the head of that family. In principle, family land is passed on to the members of the family and where there are disputes, these are resolved at the family level.

Partitioning of family land may be referred to the Local Land Board which will first ascertain the names of the members of the family entitled to a share of the land and the sizes of each such share. The Board, which is established in accordance with the provisions of the Local Land Boards act Cap 59:02 shall then effect the partition of the land with the agreement of the members with due regard to the rules of customary law affecting the land.

According to the different cultural practices in Malawi, land ownership varies depending on the marriage systems and customs. For example, people from the Northern Region and parts of the Southern Region such as Nsanje and Chikwawa practice a marriage system known as “lobola” or patrileneal. This is a system where the man pays dowry to the family of the woman as part of the marriage requirements. The man upon paying the dowry shoulders all the responsibility for the woman and his family. In this case, the woman ceases to own land which she may have possessed through her maiden family. In the Central Region, the man becomes part of the wife’s family (matrilineal), and he moves to stay at the woman’s place where he may have access to farmland belonging to the wife’s family. However, the land still remains the to the wife’s family.

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Most of the proposed ADP-SP smallholder farming activities will take place on customary land and people’s rights to land, especially women and the disadvantaged persons rights will be protected by their customary rights and/or the Local Lands Boards Act.

(b) Public land:Public land is land that is occupied, used or acquired by the Government, and any other land including land which reverts to the Government on termination, surrender or falling-in of freeholds or leaseholds. It is allocated to a family or lineage and the family have a right of using the land almost to posterity. It constitutes about 21% of land in Malawi. The ADP-SP will also utilise some of this land.

(c) Private land:Private land is land which is owned, held or occupied under a freehold title, or leasehold title, or a certificate of claim or which is registered as private land under the Land Act. It constitutes about 14% of the land area in Malawi. Not many activities of the ADP-SP will take place on this type of land

3.2.4 Agriculture and ForestsAccording to the Malawi National Land Policy 2002, there are growing conflicts between agriculture and other land uses as both human and animal populations increase. The decline in soil fertility because of overuse or improper agricultural techniques has encouraged encroachment in forestland, conservation areas, watershed, wildlife and national parks. The need for more land for cultivation, as cultivable land becomes scarce pushes farmers into marginal areas. The level of environmental damage from bush fires, poor farming practices and overgrazing calls for among other things, better and more efficient farming practices. The ADP-SP aims at improving the smallholder farming practices and productivity, thereby ensuring improved crop production per unit area of land. These efforts will contribute to the reduction of exploitation of marginal and forest areas. 3.2.5 Agriculture and GenderWomen comprise 70 percent of full-time farmers. Major shifts in the agricultural economy over the 1980s have had considerable impact on the smallholder sector, which was previously neglected in favour of estate production of export crops. However, an increasing proportion of smallholders are functionally landless, including a high proportion of FHHs. The formal sector offers limited employment opportunities, especially for women, and is shrinking under fiscal pressures and liberalisation; the informal sector is correspondingly gaining in importance.

A growing number of micro-level studies have been undertaken on gender divisions of labour and, more specifically, on women’s allocation of time between different activities in rural areas in Malawi. It has been found that a substantial amount of agricultural labour, within the subsistence smallholder sector, is generally under the control of women. According to the Demographic and Health Survey, 2004, seven in ten women work in agriculture. Men’s labour input into subsistence production was more seasonal than that of women, however, being mainly concentrated in the post-harvest period (GOM/UNICEF, 1987). Thus, men make greater inputs into tobacco production than food production (whether marketed or not). Other potential cash crops (e.g. groundnuts) may be considered ‘women’s’ crops and thus their cultivation and marketing may be more under the control of female farmers. Table 3.1 shows the gender distribution in the agricultural occupation and Table 3.2 shows the level of women participation in other selected sectors.

Table 3.1 Gender Distribution in the Agricultural OccupationFEMALE AGE CATEGORY

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION IN AGRICULTURE (%)

MALE AGE CATEGORY

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION IN AGRICULTURE (%)

15-19 77.8 15-19 62.520-24 73.7 20-24 54.825-29 66.4 25-29 55.1

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30-34 67.6 30-34 48.735-39 64.7 35-39 53.840-44 65.3 40-44 62.645-49 75.4 45-49 62.7

50-54 80.6Source: Demographic and Health Survey, 2004; National Statistical Office

Table 3.2 Women Participation in Selected SectorsCATEGORY STATISTICS BY YEAR (%)

1991 2000Ratio of boys to girls in Primary and Secondary School 79.7 91.8

1990 2006Ration of young Literate women to men (age 15 – 24) 67.6 86.1

1990 2000 2006Women in national parliament 10 8 13.6

1990 2000 2004Share of women employed in the non agricultural sector

10.5 11.8 12.4

Source: Africa Development Indicators, 2007 (MDGs, Goal 3)

During the public consultations and field investigations for this study, it was quite clear that women continue to dominate in some roles in subsistence agriculture. There was a similar trend to the one clarified in the above paragraph, with most women involved in basic work while the work that has some cash implications tends to be for men. Table 3.3 gives results of the survey on gender roles in agriculture according to the districts, regions and national levels. Table 3.3Gender Allocation Activities in the Districts Visited

ACTIVITY

DISTRICT

Central Region Southern Region Northern Region TOTAL

Mch

inji

Salim

a

Lilo

ngwe

Ntch

eu

Tota

ls in

Cen

tral

Regi

on

Chikw

awa

Blan

tyre

Mul

anje

Mac

hing

a

Tota

ls in

Sou

ther

n Re

gion

Nkha

taba

y

Karo

nga

Mzim

ba

Tota

ls in

Nor

ther

n Re

gion

TOTA

LS

(NAT

IONA

L)

Preparation of gardens

M 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 4F 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 9C 0 0 0 0A 0 0 1 1 2 2

Registration for inputs

M 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 3 11F 1 1 0 1 1 1 3 4C 0 0 0 0A 0 0 0 0

Collection and transportation of inputs

M 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 3 10F 1 1 2 1 1 2 0 4C 0 0 0 0A 0 0 0 0

Storage and care of inputs

M 1 1 2 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 3 7F 1 1 2 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 3 7C 0 0 0 0A 0 0 0 0

Application of inputs

M 0 0 0 0F 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 3 0 6C 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 3 0 6

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A 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 5Crop harvesting M 0 0 0 0

F 1 1 1 3 1 1 0 4C 1 1 3 1 1 0 3A 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 3 7

Crop transportation

M 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 4 0 7F 1 1 1 1 2 0 3C 0 0 0 0A 0 0 1 1 1 3 3

Crop storage structures (construction)

M 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 4 0 8F 0 0 0 0C 0 0 0 0A 0 0 1 1 1 3 3

Maintenance of stock

M 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 3 11F 0 1 1 0 1C 0 0 0 0A 0 0 0 0

Crop fumigation M 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 3 6F 1 1 1 3 1 1 2 1 1 1 3 5C 1 1 1 3 1 1 0 4A 0 0 0 0

Crop use and sale M 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 3 11F 1 1 1 3 1 1 2 1 1 1 3 8C 0 0 0 0A 0 0 0 0

Key: 1 – stands for the groups that dominate in the activity

The table shows distribution of farm activities among smallholder farmers in terms of dominance in different activities. From the table, based on the total region and national results, the figures indicate activities dominated by females, males and children even though all family members may be involved in all these activities. For instance, preparation of gardens in the central and southern regions is dominated by females (4 against 1 in the Central and 4 against 2 in the Southern Regions). Contrary in the Northern Region both females and males are active in preparation of gardens. On the other hand, the overall national picture shows females being more active in preparation of gardens. The registration and acquiring of inputs is dominated by males in all the three regions (total of 11 males involvement against 4 females).

From the table it can be concluded that females dominate in farm labour activities, i.e. preparation of gardens and application of inputs while men are more involved in acquiring of inputs and construction of storage facilities. Family decisions on storage and sale of crops is dominated by males in all the three regions although joint family decisions are common. It is important to note that this pattern is most common in a household setting. However, although decision on sales is dominated by males, it is common for the proceeds of sale to equally be enjoyed by all members of the family. According to the Agriculture HIV and AIDS policy (2003-2008), the agriculture sector has strived for gender empowerment in all aspects of participation to ensure access to and control over production assets, information, technologies, land, credit, inputs and resource persons.

The MoAFS has a task force that vets all programs at concept stage, to ensure that cross cutting issues such as gender are mainstreamed. The Agriculture Gender Roles and Extension Support Services (AGRESS), in the Department of Extension Services (DAES) of the MoAFS takes the leading role in gender mainstreaming. DAES is the focal point for the Ministry of Women and Child Development. This collaboration ensures proper coordination and incorporation of gender issues into all development programs of the MoAFS. One of the strategies to ensure enforcement or promotion of the gender policy for the MoAFS is the formation of a parallel structure on gender at all levels of the Ministry.

According to the Ministry of Women and Child Development, the minimum participation of women in farmer clubs and committees is estimated at 30%, although most of the forestry committees have an

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average of 40% women participation. This level of participation is achieved through different awareness and leadership training programs that are organised in coordination with the Malawi Gender Trainers Team; a team of experts from different public and private sector organizations (Civil Society Gender Network), which provide capacity building services to all sectors, depending on specific requirements and needs.

The Ministry of Women and Child Development notes that women participation has improved from the time Malawi changed her political system to democracy. It is reported that in 1994, women participation in politics was at 5.6%, while in 1999, the participation improved to 8.8%. Currently, women participation is estimated at 14.6% although in key decision making positions such as that for Principal Secretaries of different Ministries, women participation is now at 20%. Parastatals have 22.2% women participation in different leadership positions. The Government is striving to ensure that women participation in all sectors reaches a minimum of 30%, in line with the Millennium Development Goals (MGDs).

For the ADP-SP, gender mainstreaming is important as it will facilitate equal or optimal distribution of roles and responsibilities; equal and fair access and control of inputs and credit; and division of labour. AGRESS will, among other strategies, use Gender Analysis to develop appropriate gender guidelines for the ADP-SP. Sensitisation and encouragement of women will be done to ensure that they confidently participate more in the different agricultural activities. In this regard the monitoring indicators (Table 6.2) include key indicators for monitoring women empowerment and participation.

The ADP draft project document and process has mainstreamed gender, HIV and AIDS by ensuring that the related actions are planned, funded and advocated for. The mainstreaming process will also ascertain that the monitoring and evaluation systems have gender disaggregated indicators to ensure that gender and HIV and AIDS issues are continuously monitored and actions taken to address issues emerging during implementation.

Gender and HIV and AIDS related actions planned by the ADP include the following: Implement the maize input (seed and fertilizer) subsidy programme in an equitable and gender

sensitive way; Promote improved on-farm processing and storage technologies (food and seed), especially

amongst women farmers to reduce their storage related workload; Create a conducive environment and mobilise women farmers to actively participate in the

export market; Promote contract farming and farmers’ organizations (cooperatives), women’s and youth

agricultural clubs for specific commodities or value chains for e.g. tobacco, cotton, sugar and tea; and

Develop gender, HIV and AIDS analysis and mainstreaming skills at all levels, beginning with focal points.

The above actions will be monitored using the following indicators:

1. Gender disparities 2. Enhanced capacity of girls, women, boys and men3. The level of decision making by women 4. The status and roles of girls, women, boys and men in agricultural development.

The ADP plans to employ gender sensitive research methods that disaggregate data by sex, location and age of farmers. The information obtained will be used to generate research data that is relevant for gender-sensitive policy and programme formulation to enable the ADP to:

1 Revise the agriculture sector policies to be gender, HIV and AIDS responsive, including revision of the gender, HIV and AIDS and formation of a plan of action and budget;

2 Revise agricultural monitoring and evaluation systems to ensure that indicators are gender

34

disaggregated and where data is missing, collect the data;3 Design and implement a sector-wide capacity building programme targeting all members of

staff including senior management on the gender, HIV and AIDS;4 Establish and train focal point staff on gender, HIV and AIDS mainstreaming;5 Conduct regular operations research on gender, HIV and AIDS and documentation of best

practices for scaling up;6 Develop a visibility strategy for the promotion of gender, HIV and AIDS in the ADP at village

and work place levels-combined with advocacy strategy;7 Review agricultural delivery and operational structures to support gender, HIV and AIDS

responsive programmes

Indicators for successful implementation of gender mainstreaming will include: % of farmers by gender categories using fertilizer; % of farmers by gender categories adopting an improved technology (to be specified); % of farmers by gender categories being member of a farmer organization; % of farmers by gender categories having access to credit; % of farmers engaging in income generating activities.

This information is currently missing and is vital item in monitoring changes at sector level and as feedback for policy discussions and for management decisions in the Ministry of Agriculture.

3.2.6 Agriculture and Health, HIV and AIDS

Agriculture being labour demanding, one’s health is crucial in production. Health care is provided at health centres spread across the districts, district hospitals and central hospitals. Government initiative is supplemented with churches and private sector support. Issues of HIV and AIDS and malnutrition are the main health challenges facing the agriculture sector.

Recent estimates made by the National AIDS Commission indicate infection rates in women attending antenatal clinics varying from 10% in rural areas to nearly 30% in urban areas. The high infection rate of HIV in women of childbearing age suggests that many children are born HIV infected. The HIV infection in people aged 15-49 is concentrated in younger age groups (15-24 years), particularly women. Most of these HIV infected individuals do not yet know their status (Agriculture HIV and AIDS Policy and Strategy document, February 2007). According to the Policy Document, HIV and AIDS and its related diseases have affected the agriculture activities in several ways which include:

(a) Eroding of agriculture staff at all levels due to HIV and AIDS infection(b) Loss of income by employees in commercial agriculture. Income is diverted to support

infected and affected households(c) Loss of workers in commercial agriculture which result in reduction of labour(d) Shift in crop production from labour intensive cash crops to low labour demanding crops

mainly food crops only. The infection of HIV and AIDS has left women with more community work (caring for the sick and orphans and funeral services) hence they no longer have the extra time to devote themselves to farm labour production.

(e) Loss of physical assets such as land and livestock - these are sold for the households to earn cash to care for the sick or additional members of the house (orphans)

The ADP will assess HIV prevention and AIDS impact mitigation based on the following and other factors:

1. HIV related morbidity and mortality attrition 2. Resilience and household coping mechanisms3. HIV infection risks and vulnerabilities

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3.2.7 Agriculture and Pest Management Production of both crops and livestock in Malawi is limited by a number of factors, which include aspects of weather, low soil fertility, poor agronomic practices and the incidence of insect pests and diseases. This section describes issues of agriculture and pest management in relation to the (A.D.P).The outbreaks of insect pests and diseases in Malawi are currently on the increase as they are known to cause crop losses of up to 30% (Coffman et al, 1992). Malawi, like most of the countries that depend on agriculture, uses some considerable amount of pesticides as one way of combating most of the pest problems. The pesticides that are used in Malawi include insecticides, fungicides, herbicides, fumigants, nematicides, Acaricide and rodenticides. To some extent, other products such as Growth Regulators, Repellents, Molluscicides and Parasiticides are also used. Recently some scientists have initiated the testing of some botanical plants to regulate pests.

3.2.7.1 Current status on the use of pesticides in MalawiThe major crops that are grown in Malawi on which pesticides are used include Tobacco, Sugarcane, Coffee, Maize, Cotton and Tea. Pesticides are used in these crops to prevent and control the various pests and diseases that attack them. Table 3.4 illustrates the estimated use of pesticides in Malawi by crop.

Table 3.4: Pesticides use in Malawi for the Major CropsCROP ESTIMATED USE (% of total)Tobacco 40-50Coffee 15-20Sugarcane 10-15Cotton 10Tea 5Maize 4Source: Pesticides Control Board, 2004

Malawi does not manufacture pesticides. This means that all pesticides that are consumed in the country are imported. There are some chemical companies that import pesticides into the country and these in turn supply the pesticides to various stakeholders in both crops and livestock production. The most abundantly consumed products are insecticides, followed by herbicides and then fumigants, fungicides and rodenticides. Herbicides are mostly used in sugar plantations, whereas fumigants are mostly used in the tobacco industries. Insecticides are mostly used in field crops particularly maize.

The major importers of pesticides in Malawi are:(f) Farmers Organizations;(g) Chemicals and Marketing;(h) Agricultural Trading Company (A.T.C);(i) Coffee / Tea Association of Malawi;(j) Sugar Corporation of Malawi (SUCOMA); and(k) Limbe Leaf

3.2.7.2 Pesticides Management: Legislation and Registration

Previously, there was no regulatory body to control importation and consumption of pesticides in the country. Although the amount of pesticides used in Malawi is generally low as compared to other countries, there has been a lot of abuse of these toxic substances. In the absence of the regulatory body, chemicals were just imported by some organizations, as it deemed necessary. As a result, there were more chemicals than actually required. This has resulted in the build-up of pesticides products that are now becoming obsolete.

The Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security conducted a survey in 1996/97 and subsequently in 1999/2000 crop seasons to take stock of pesticides. The survey revealed that some 127 tones and 112 tones for the two periods respectively were of obsolete stocks.

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3.2.7.3 The Pesticides Act, 2000The Pesticides Control Board should ensure that all stakeholders observe safe handling of pesticides. The registrar is mandated to make frequent checks in all premises where pesticides are stored to ensure safety. The Registrar is also mandated to take stock of obsolete chemicals in all premises.

The Pesticides Control Board will advise the Malawi Government on how to dispose off obsolete stock. This will involve collecting all obsolete stock from all premises and arranging for incineration in properly assessed and designated sites.

3.2.7.4 Use of non-pesticide plant protection methodsIn Malawi there exists some indigenous knowledge in plant protection. Some farmers have reported that they practice the use of botanical plants to control some insect pests and diseases. For example, leaves from the fish bean plant, Tephrosia vogelli have been used to control a number of pests in maize and beans. The neem leaves are used to prevent maize from weevils.

Stemming from this knowledge, Malawian entomologists initiated various trials on using botanicals to control insect pests. Recently, a concoction of ash-50g; nicotine-50g; and 1/4bar soap-25g has been recommended for the control of red spider mite ( tetranychus evance) on tomatoes. The use of Neem (Azadirachta indica A. juss), Fish beans (Tephrosia vogelli Hook F.), M’pungabwi (Sweet basil) have given promising results on the control of diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella (L) on crusiferus. Neem (Azadirachta indica A. juss) is also used to control root knot nematodes Meloidogyne species on bananas.

Table 3.5 shows botanicals that are being tested for the control of various pests.

Table 3.5: Botanicals being tested for the control of various pestsScientific Name Local Name Pest on which it is usedCombretum ternifolium Kadale Storage pestsElephantorrhiza goetzei Chiteta Storage pestsCassia spp. Muwawani Storage pestsMucuna spp. Dema Storage pestsTephrosia vogelli Wombwe Storage pests / cabbage pestsNeem Nimu Storage pests / vegetable pestLasiosiphon kraussianus Katupe Storage pests- Katswatswata Storage pests- Kangaluche Storage pestsDicoma spp. Somphole Storage pests

The other non-pesticide control methods being used in Malawi is biological control. Examples include:(a) Apoanagyrus lopezzi on cassava mealy bug;(b) Teretrius nigrescens on Larger Grain Borer (Prostephamus truncates (Horn);(c) Cofesia flaripe on cereal stem borer (Chilo partellus);(d) Cales noack on citrus woolly whitefly (Aleurothixus floccosus); and(e) Tiphlosromolus aripo on cassava green mite (Monorychelus tanajoa)

3.2.7.5 Pesticides Management Recommendations for the ADP-SPThe following recommendations are being proposed for proper Pesticides Management for the Agricultural Development Programme.

(a) there is need to strengthen Pesticides Registration and Management through the Pesticides Control Board to enable it to among other things, control inflow of pesticides into the country;

(b) the end-users (farmers) should be trained/educated in order to improve their understanding of proper use of pesticides;

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(c) there is need to promote Integrated Pesticides Management (IPM) in order to mitigate the effects of pests and in particular the Larger Grain Borer on Maize;

(d) the Pesticides Control Board should be empowered by increasing staff to undertake inspection roles countrywide;

(e) sufficient resources should be allocated to the Pesticides Control Board within ADP implementation for proper Pest Management awareness and sensitization meetings; and

(f) Extension workers should also be trained and informed on the current registered and recommended pesticides for different crops.

In addition to the above recommendations, a pesticides management plan has been prepared and is given in Appendix 3.2

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CHAPTER FOUR: RELEVANT LEGISLATION AND THE WORLD BANK POLICY

4.1 Malawi Legislation Relevant to the ADP-SP

Malawi has, over the past ten years, developed a number of new policies and legislation to guide environmentally sustainable development in the various sectors of the economy. Outlined below are the policies and legislation that have a bearing on agriculture and the ADP-SP in particular.

4.1.1 Policy Framework

4.1.1.1 The Constitution of the Republic of Malawi (1995)The Constitution of Malawi provides a foundation for environmental management in Malawi. Sections 13 (d) and (e) define the role of the State in environmental management as follows:

(a) To manage the environment responsibly in order to:i. Prevent degradation of the environment;i. Provide healthy living and working environment for the people of Malawi;ii. Accord full recognition to the rights of future generations by means of environmental

protection and sustainable development of natural resources;iii. Conserve and enhance the biodiversity of Malawi.

(b) To enhance the quality of life in rural communities and to recognize rural standards of living as a key indicator in the success of Government policies.

With respect to gender equality, the Constitution under Section 13 (e) gives the State the responsibility to achieve gender equality for women through:

i. Full participation of women in all spheres of Malawian society on the basis of equality with men;

ii. The implementation of principles of non-discrimination and such other measures as may be required;

iii. The implementation of policies to address social issues such as domestic violence, security of the person, lack of maternity benefits, economic exploitation and rights to property.

The implication of this is that Government has a responsibility of ensuring that development programmes and projects (including those in agriculture) are undertaken in an environmentally responsible manner with the ultimate aim of attaining sustainable development and to the benefit of all including women and future generations.

4.1.1.2 National Environmental Action Plan (1994)The National Environmental Action Plan (NEAP) developed in 1994 and updated in 2004 provides a framework for integrating the environment into all socio-economic development activities of the country. The objectives of the NEAP are to: document and analyse all major environmental issues and measures to alleviate them; promote sustainable use of natural resources in Malawi; and develop an environmental protection and management plan. The NEAP identifies the following as key environmental issues to be addressed: soil erosion, deforestation, water resources degradation and depletion, threat to fish resources, threat to biodiversity, human habitat degradation, high population growth, air pollution and climatic change. Most of the issues identified are linked to agriculture and therefore any efforts to address the issues will involve and benefit the agriculture sector.

In order to protect the environment from further degradation; the NEAP outlines actions that need to be undertaken and to ensure adequate environmental protection. The actions relevant to the ADP-SP include to:

Discourage cultivation on marginal lands (steep slopes and river banks) Promote of agro-forestry;

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Construct permanent physical conservation structures such as storm water drains, terraces and bunds;

Promote crop rotation; Promote mixed and intercropping by smallholder farmers; Improve land productivity through sustainable land saving technologies; Intensify training of farmers in improved farming practices; Improve management of forest resources on customary land; Promote proper handling and use of agrochemicals.

The ADP-SP has elements of these actions as strategies to increase the agricultural productivity of the smallholder farmer.

4.1.1.3 National Environmental Policy, 2004Malawi's National Environmental Policy is aimed at promotion of sustainable social and economic development through sound management of the environment and natural resources. The policy seeks, among other things, to: secure for all persons now and in the future an environment suitable for their health and well being; promote efficient utilization and management of the country’s natural resources and encourage, where appropriate long- term self-sufficiency in food, fuelwood and other energy requirements; facilitate the restoration, maintenance and enhancement of the ecosystems and ecological processes essential for the functioning of the biosphere and prudent use of renewable resources; integrate sustainable environment and natural resources management into the decentralized governance systems and ensure that the institutional framework for the management of the environment and natural resources supports environmental governance in local government authorities; enhance public education and awareness of various environmental issues and public participation in addressing them; and promote local community, NGO and private sector participation in environment and natural resource management.

The key principles that apply to the proposed project are that:

a) Every person has a right to a clean and healthy environment;

b) Every person has a duty to promote sustainable utilisation and management of the environment and natural resources, including taking legal action against any person whose activities or omissions have or are likely to have adverse effects on the environment;

c) Women should effectively participate in policy, program and project design and implementation to enhance their role in natural resource use and management activities;

d) There is need to use natural resources sustainably to support long-term food security and sustainable economic growth;

e) Rational and secure tenure over land and resources is a fundamental requirement for sustainable natural resource management; and

f) Tradeoffs between economic development and environmental degradation can be minimised through use of EIA and environmental monitoring.

For the proposed ADP-SP, it is important to recognize the linkage between environment and development. It is also important to realize that the two are not mutually exclusive but rather complementary. More important for the ADP-SP whose key objective is food security, the programme should integrate gender, children and other vulnerable groups’ concerns in environmental planning at all levels, to ensure sustainable social and economic development.

4.1.1.4 National Land Policy, 2002The National Land Policy focuses on land as a basic resource common to all people of Malawi. It provides the institutional framework for democratizing the management of land and outlines the procedures for protecting land tenure rights, land-based investments and management of development

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at all levels. It ultimately seeks to promote optimum utilization of Malawi’s land resources for development.

The policy recognizes agriculture development as the major benefactor land use sector and highlights a number of approaches for addressing problems facing land resources. Some of provisions relevant to the ADP-SP are that:

The policy guarantees full legal protection of the customary land tenure to the people of Malawi, to enable the ordinary Malawians adequately participate in agricultural activities and other rural livelihoods;

The policy recognizes several sectoral policies and strategies in physical planning, fisheries, environment, forestry, irrigation and wildlife and for this reason; it encourages multi-sectoral approach in land use and management at local and districts level;

The policy recognises social actions that influence and control people’s use of land and realises that the rights of women, children and the disabled are usually denied on the basis of customs and traditions; or disregarded due to prejudice and lack of effective presentation. In view of this and of the increasing land pressure due to population growth, the policy calls for clear consideration of gender and the rights of children and the disabled (including those affected by the HIV and AIDS pandemic) in planning and implementation strategies of land based investments.

The policy requires that environmental impact assessment be undertaken for all big land development projects, and those planned in fragile ecosystems in order to protect biodiversity and water resources.

The policy recognises the damaging effects of poor agricultural methods and land use practices. Chief among these is high smallholder population concentrations, primitive agriculture technologies and soil erosion. The ADP-SP as defined in its objectives intends to address these impacts.

Two main statutes which regulate land use are the Land Act and the Town and Country Planning Act, Number 26, 1988. These statutes deal with land tenure and land use quite comprehensively. The issues of land tenure and land use are recognized as critical in sustainable environmental management in Malawi. The Land Act and The Town and Country Planning Act highlight the sustainable use of land resources by strengthening and clearly defining security of tenure. This is essential, as people are more inclined to manage well, land that belongs to them.

In terms of compensation, the Land Policy under Section 4.16 gives Government the duty to protect the free enjoyment of legally acquired property rights in land and to that effect a landholder is entitled to compensation if the owner’s property is acquired by Government for public use. The policy further requires that the compensation paid must be fair and adequate, based on the open market value of the land and all permanent improvements on the land.

4.1.1.5 National Water Policy, 2004The National Water Policy 2004 addresses all aspects of water including resource management, development, and service delivery conforming to the current global and regional trends and the requirements as reflected under the Millennium Development Goals. The overall policy goal is sustainable management and utilisation of water resources in order to

provide water of acceptable quality and of sufficient quantities, ensure availability of efficient and effective water and sanitation services that satisfy the basic

requirements of every Malawian and; enhance the country’s natural ecosystems.

One of its objectives is promoting public and private sector participation in water resources management, development, supply and conservation. The principles that will guide the implementation of this project include the following:

Management, protection and conservation of water resources to be undertaken in an integrated manner;

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All people to have access to potable water and sanitation services to reduce incidences of water related diseases;

Water resources shall be optimally, equitable and rationally allocated and regulated to ensure sustainable optimal economic returns and social enhancement;

Water resources management will be based on the concept of decentralisation and will promote local participation with the catchment as the unit of water management;

Promote the empowerment of user communities to own, manage and invest in water resources development;

Pollution of water resources shall follow the “Polluter Pays” principle to ensure water user responsibility.

4.1.1.6 National Forest Policy of Malawi, 1996This policy aims at promoting sustainable contribution of national forests, woodlands and trees towards improvement of the quality of life in the country by conserving the resources for the benefit of the nation and to the satisfaction of diverse and changing needs of Malawi population, particularly rural smallholders. The Policy prevents changes in land-use, which promote deforestation, constrain farm forestry or endanger the protection of forests with cultural or biodiversity or water catchment conservation values, and it also discourages excisions in gazetted forest, except in cases of environment friendly public utility, for which suitable inter-sectoral and local consultations will be established.

The Policy further recognizes environmental impact assessment as an important tool for new projects as one way of promoting sustainable management of forest resources.

The ADP-SP is undertaking an environmental and social impact of the program to ensure that adverse impacts arising from the program are avoided, minimized and mitigated. However it should be noted that the ADP-SP is targeting improved access to agricultural inputs and technologies on existing small holder farm land.

4.1.1.7 Malawi Growth and Development Strategy (2006-2011)The Malawi Growth and Development Strategy (MDGS) is the overarching operational medium-term strategy for Malawi designed to attain the nation’s vision 2020. The MDGS builds on the Malawi Economic and Growth Strategy (MEGS) that emphasises the need to create a conducive environment for private sector investment to stimulate economic growth. It also incorporates lessons from the implementation of the Malawi Poverty and Reduction Strategy (MPRS). The main aim of the MDGS is to create wealth through sustainable economic growth and infrastructure development as a means of achieving poverty reduction.

The MDGS has identified six priority areas of agriculture and food security; irrigation and water development; transport infrastructure development; energy generation and supply; integrated rural development; and prevention and management of nutrition disorders and highlights the main development strategies identified for the key priority areas and thematic focus areas. The strategies relevant to the ADP are as follows:

Agriculture and Food Security: Key strategies include contract farming, strengthening linkages of farmers to markets, provision of effective extension services, increased livestock production to meet domestic demand, orienting smallholders to greater commercialisation and international competitiveness and improving agricultural productivity.

Irrigation and Water Development: The long term goal is ensure that water resources are well protected and managed to meet agricultural, domestic and industrial demands. The strategies for achieving this goal include catchment management.

Prevention and Management of Nutrition Disorders, HIV and AIDS: The long term goal is to prevent further spread of HIV and AIDS and to mitigate its impact on the socio-economic and psychosocial status of the general population and high risk groups and reducing levels of malnutrition among all Malawians. Strategies include increase the number of people accessing voluntary counselling and

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testing and ARVs, increase nutrition therapy for people living with HIV, increase HIV/AIDS awareness among the people.

The MDGS recognises the need to invest in social development through education, health, good governance, gender mainstreaming in national development and the need to protect the most vulnerable.

Hence the ADP should integrate the strategies of the MDGS into the programme to ensure that it is line with government policy and contributes towards sustainable economic growth and consequent poverty reduction.

4.1.2 Legal Framework

4.1.2.1 Environment Management Act, 1996The Environment Management Act provides the legal basis for the protection and management of the environment and the conservation and sustainable utilization of the natural resources.

The Act under Section 24 specifies the types and sizes of activities in Malawi that require an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) before they can be implemented. A prescribed list of projects to which (EIA) applies is provided in the Guidelines for EIA, 1997.

The Act further outlines the EIA process to be followed in Malawi; and requires that all project developers in both the public and private sectors comply with the process. The Act under section 26 (3) further requires that no licensing authority issue any license for a project for which an EIA is required unless the Director of Environmental Affairs (DEA) has given consent to proceed; on the basis of a satisfactory EIA or non-requirement of an EIA. Non-compliance with the EIA requirements is an offence and attracts penalties.

4.1.2.2 Land Act (1965) The Land Act (Cap 57.01) mainly deals with land tenure and land use. It recognises that every person, including the vulnerable (women, children and the disabled) has a natural dependence on land; and that it is therefore important for the government to provide for secure and equitable access to land (as a resource and an economic asset) by clearly defining security of tenure.

The Act has implications on the proposed project in that agriculture is land based and impinges on issues of land tenure. The ADP-SP while increasing food security and agricultural led economic growth will also ensure sustainable management of natural resources. Management of the environment and natural resources by the farmers can be better realized where there is secure land tenure.

4.1.2.3 Water Resources Act (1969)The Water Resources Act provides for the control, conservation, apportionment and use of water resources of Malawi. The Act vests ownership of all public water in the President while the control of all public water is vested in the Minister responsible for water affairs. The Act prohibits any person to divert, dam, store, abstract or use public water or for any such purpose construct or maintain any works except in accordance with a water right. The Act further prohibits any person to interfere, alter the flow of or pollute or foul any public water and non-compliance is an offence.

The ADP-SP should be guided by the provisions of the Act to avoid discharge of agrochemicals into water courses by training the farmers in proper use and management of agrochemicals.

4.1.2.4 Pesticides Act (2000)

The Act provides for the control and management of import, export, manufacture, distribution, storage, disposal and use of pesticides.

The Act provides for the establishment of a Pesticides Control Board which is responsible for the control and management of all pesticides in Malawi. The Board is responsible for: registration, control

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and management of all pesticides in Malawi; issuing guidelines on the environmentally sound handling or use of pesticides; conducting public educational campaigns on the safe handling and use of pesticides.

The ADP-SP in its pest management initiatives should comply with the requirements of the Pesticides Act and also OP 4.09 on Pest Management.

4.1.2.5 Forestry Act (1997)The Forestry Act provides for participatory forestry, forest management, forestry research, forestry education, forest industries, protection and rehabilitation of environmentally fragile areas. The act among other things seeks to: augment, protect and manage trees and forests on customary land in order to meet basic fuelwood and forest produce needs of local communities and for the conservation of soil and water; promote community involvement in the conservation of trees and forests in forest reserves and protected forest areas; prevent resources degradation and to increase socio-economic benefits; promote community involvement in conservation of trees and forests; promote optimal land use practices through agroforestry in small holders farming systems; protect fragile areas such as steep slopes, river banks, water catchment and to conserve and enhance biodiversity.

The Act under Section 28 highlights an environmental impact assessment as an important tool for making an informed decision for granting permission for developments in protected forest reserves. This provision is consistent with the provisions of Guidelines for Environmental Impact Assessment.

4.1.3 Administrative Framework

The Environment Management Act sets out the powers, functions and duties of the Director of Environmental Affairs in administering the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) process. The Act further provides for the establishment of the National Council for the Environment (NCE) and the Technical Committee on the Environment (TCE) under Sections 10 and 16 respectively. The NCE is a policy making body which advises EAD and the Government in general, on environmental matters including making recommendations to the Minister on decisions to be undertaken on EIA submissions. The TCE provides technical advice to the Department on environmental matters including EIA. This ESIA will have to be reviewed by the TCE and recommended to the NCE for approval.

In 1998, the Government approved the Decentralisation Policy which devolves administration and political authority to the district level and integrates governmental agencies at the district and local levels into single administrative units. The Decentralization Policy assigns certain responsibilities to District Assemblies. One of the responsibilities is to assist the government in the management and preservation of the environment and natural resources. In this regard, the Government has established the position of Environmental District Officers who have a vital role to play in the integration of environmental concerns into district development planning and development in the District Assemblies. Implementation of the ESIA will therefore be the responsibility of the District Assemblies in the project impact areas.

4.1.4 International Conventions Malawi endorses and adheres to a number of internationally acceptable policies, conventions, treaties and protocols. Those of relevance to the ADP-SP are:

(a) Convention of Biological Diversity(b) Convention to Combat Desertification(c) Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants(d) Convention on International Plant Protection(e) Convention on Wetlands of International Importance(f) Convention concerning the protection of world and natural heritage(g) African Convention on Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources(h) United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change(i) FAO International Undertaking on Plant Genetic Resources

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4.1.5 Agricultural Policies

4.1.5.1 HIV/AIDS in the Agriculture Sector Policy and Strategy, 2003-2008; 2003The HIV and AIDS policy and strategy for the agriculture sector was developed in 2003 with an overall objective of mainstreaming HIV/AIDS and gender issues into all agricultural programmes and projects. The Department of Agricultural extension is the focus in the implementation of the HIV and AIDS policy. The Policy specifically aims at the following objectives:

Promotion of gender based participation of the agriculture sector as part of the national HIV and AIDS response;

Addressing the HIV and AIDS epidemic both in the workplace and at community level in the agriculture sector;

Mobilizing resources for the implementation of HIV and AIDS agriculture sector response; Provision of administrative support for the implementation of the sectoral HIV and AIDS

strategic framework; and Advocating legislative support for the HIV and AIDS Policy in the agriculture sector.

The proposed Agricultural Development programme (A.D.P-SP) will benefit from this policy especially by incorporating HIV and AIDS strategies highlighted in the policy. The strategies include:

1. Gender mainstreaming such as development of guidelines for mainstreaming HIV and AIDS prevention, care, support and treatment to reduce the effects of service disparities;

2. Economic empowerment, which include initiation of diversified agribusiness and non-agro based small-scale enterprises; improvement of the economic status of disadvantaged groups especially women through enhanced access to credit, skills training and employment; and strengthening the existing community-based women’s organizations in the sector to improve and expand the provision of services;

3. Food and Nutrition Security strategy through building community based capacity in food processing and nutrition education, and developing food-processing technologies to expand on agro-based industry and household food availability;

4. Expanded HIV and AIDS Communication through provision of support to the development of Behaviour Change Interventions (BCI) and Information Education and Communication (IEC) materials;

5. Community Based Support Strategy e.g. Mobilizing communities in HIV/AIDS prevention and mitigation;

6. Human Resource Protection such as implementation of HIV and AIDS workplace programmes and implementation of capacity building programme in the agriculture sector for the purpose of immediate filling of vacancies;

7. Workplace HIV and AIDS Strategy by increasing access to relevant information to match with the pace of HIV and AIDS epidemic; and

8. HIV and AIDS Action Research Development. This is in form of instituting a variety of Agriculture based HIV and AIDS research at community level and work place in all Agriculture Programs, conducting research in labour saving technologies, and compiling appropriate data on crop diversification, food processing and labour saving technologies relating to HIV/AIDS and agriculture.

4.1.5.2 Food Security Policy, 2006The food security policy was developed with along term goal of significantly improving the food security of the Malawi population. The policy further incorporates mainstreaming of cross-cutting issues in the operation process as guided by respective national policies and strategies. The cross-cutting issues include HIV and AIDS, Environment, Gender equity and empowerment, and Science and Technology. The need for this policy during ADP-SP implementation can not be overemphasized since component 2 is mainly aiming at ensuring Sustainable Food Security. The strategies outlined in the Food Security Policy will be of paramount importance to the proposed Agricultural Development Programme.

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4.1.5.3 New Era Agricultural Policy: A Strategic Agenda for Addressing Economic Development and Food Security in Malawi, 2005

The Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security developed the new Era Agricultural Policy in 2005 to outline the actions to be implemented by the Government and other stakeholders in the agriculture sector in an effort to create ‘a nation with sustainable food security and increased agro-based incomes’. The Proposed programme is one of the actions, which should entirely utilize the short term, medium term and long term strategies of the policy such as production of commodities in areas with comparative advantages, rehabilitation of all farmer training centres and development of appropriate technologies such as high yielding, drought and disease tolerant crop varieties and livestock breeds respectively.

4.1.5.4 National Irrigation Policy and Development Strategy, 2000 The NIPDS was produced to provide a clear statement of the Government’s aspirations for the irrigation sector and to highlight the strategy for attaining irrigation development objectives. The emphasis on irrigation development was increased due to the occurrence of droughts and their effect on crop production. The broad policy objectives are of paramount importance to successful implementation of the Agricultural Development Programme especially in drought prone areas such as the Shire Valley and also to small holder farmers during both wet and dry seasons.

4.1.5.5 Contract Farming Strategy, 2007The strategy seeks to achieve economic growth and development in the agriculture sector. Firstly, the strategy seeks to cushion farmers’ weaknesses in the production, processing and marketing of various agricultural commodities. Secondly, this strategy aims at enhancing forward and backward market linkages as advocated in the country’s referral policy framework, the Malawi Growth and Development Strategy (MGDS). Lastly the strategy provides the need for the interested parties to transfer new technologies to the farmers and hence enable them access lucrative markets with minimal risks. The ADP-SP may benefit from efforts made under this strategy for farmers to market excess produce.

The proposed ADP-SP will benefit quite a lot from this strategy since the strategy will also promote increased productivity through the active participation of small-scale farmers in the agribusiness demand and supply chains. In addition, the farmers will have increased access to technical support in extension services, farm inputs, managerial support, improved average prices, value adding, guaranteed market and good bargaining power.

4.1.5.6 Agriculture Extension in the New Millennium Policy, 2000The Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security developed the Agriculture Extension in the New Millennium Policy in the year 2000. The policy mainly aims at accommodating different changes such as market liberalization and de-linking of agricultural credit from extension services. Furthermore, the policy addresses challenges faced by farmers such as dwindling land holding sizes, declining soil fertility and HIV and AIDS crisis. Since the Agricultural Extension department is one of the Key departments within the Ministry of Agriculture and also in ADP-SP implementation, the strategies outlined in this policy will play an important role in ensuring the success of the programme.

4.1.5.7 Strategic Plan to Improve Livestock Production 2003-2008, 2003This strategic plan was developed by the Department of Animal Health and Livestock Development (DAHLD) to improve the livestock sub-sector in Malawi. The strategic plan outlines and details the specific issues, actions, strategies and activity targets that the department envisages undertaking and achieving. It further focuses on contributing to poverty reduction and enhancement of the availability of livestock and livestock products to markets. The proposed ADP-SP may have to align itself with the DAHLD, in order to identify synergies for income generating activities for the maize small holder farmers, in efforts to further reduce poverty.

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4.1.5.8 National Land Resources Management Policy and Strategy, 2000The national Land Resources Management Policy and Strategy was a first attempt at documenting a set of policy on land use and management in the history of Malawi. The policy was developed under the International Scheme for the Conservation and Rehabilitation of African Lands (ISCRAL) to which Malawi is a signatory. In addition, it is consistent with the recommendations made in the National Environmental Action Plan (NEAP), 1994.

The policy addresses issues such as land capability, land degradation, land suitability, land tenure, land conservation, soil erosion, water course systems and sustainable land use. Its overall policy goal is to promote the efficient, diversified and sustainable use of land based resources both for agriculture and other uses in order to avoid sectoral land use conflicts and ensure sustainable socio-economic development. This is important to the implementation process of the propose A.D.P to ensure that the envisaged increase in agricultural production and productivity promotes land resources conservation in accordance with the strategy.

4.1.5.9 Land Resources Conservation Strategic Plan 2007-2011, 2006The strategic plan provides an overview of the operations of Land resources Conservation Department’s strategy aimed at optimally contributing to the national strategic objective of achieving sustainable food security and poverty reduction. It provides guidance in the implementation of land resources conservation programmes, which are part of the proposed programme. It further ensures that different programmes are in line with the national Land Resources Management Policy, National Environmental Policy, Nutrition and Food security Policy, Land Policy, Malawi Strategy for Sustainable Development and Malawi growth and Development Strategy (MGDS).

The Land Resources Conservation Strategic Plan also aims to respond to Regional Indicative Strategic Development Plan of the SADC, the 2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development and the Millennium Development Goal of ensuring environmental sustainability.

4.1.5.10 Malawi Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Master Plan, 1995The Agriculture Research Master Plan’s main purpose is to provide an appropriate framework or strategy to make future research work more effective in achieving the national goal of increasing agricultural production. It reflects the opinion of the Malawi scientists, the Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security and members of the Agricultural Research Council. This will be useful to ensure that research findings are tailored towards the different programmes within the Ministry of Agriculture and Food security in order to develop appropriate technologies.

4.1.5.11 Seed Policy, 2003The National Seed Policy, 2003 was developed with the overall objective of increasing agricultural production and diversification. It specifically focuses on establishing, through appropriate policies and programmes, an environment conducive to the development of a sustainable seed industry. Different strategies outlined in this policy document are of paramount importance especially in ADP-SP’s implementation. These include:

establishing small holder seed enterprises to assist to assist to develop the traditional seed sector and organized seed production;

encouraging extension programmes at village level and assisting seed production schemes that produce quality seeds; and

encouragement of inclusion of seed technology topics in the curricula of the University of Malawi and the Natural Resources College in order to improve knowledge and skills of students and trainees.

4.1.5.12 Crop Production Policy, 1987The Crop production Policy aims at improving a balanced and diversified production of food and cash crops to meet the country’s requirements for food, foreign exchange and raising rural incomes. It further aims at improving and maintaining the productive potential of the land. The proposed Agricultural

47

Development Programme is in line with the crop production policy because both the policy and the programme aim at creasing production and productivity. This is because some of the expected results from implementation of the policy include:

Sustainable and self sufficiency food production; Fair distribution of cash crops to afford farmers equal opportunity of increasing income

generation while avoiding the risk of overproducing for the trade throughout the country; Increased crop production in areas which have suitable agro-ecological factors with appropriate

farming systems to suit varying topographic conditions for the conservation of natural resources;

Diversification of both food and cash crops for food security, promoting exports while accommodating changing market conditions;

Ensured Quality control in crop production and reduced risk of pesticide contamination as a result of any use of chemicals on crops; and

Appropriate technology transferred to farmers for steady improvement in yield.

4.1.5.13 National Fisheries and Aquaculture Policy, 2001The fisheries sectoral policy aims at maximizing the sustainable yield from the national waters of Malawi and man-made water bodies. Secondary objectives are to improve the efficiency of exploitation, processing and marketing of quality fish products, promote investment in the fishing industry, rural fish farming units and exploit all opportunities to expand existing and develop new aquatic resources. Particular care is to protect endemic fish fauna, not only because these are scientific and educational assets, but also because they represent a major economic resource. The proposed ADP-SP requires protect fish from agro-chemicals, particularly in the lake shore areas where most of the economic activity is fish farming.

4.1.5.14 National Fertilizer Strategy 2007The vision of this strategy is to achieve high levels of agricultural productivity, ensuring equity in household food security, income and employment and sustainable utilization of natural resources. Specifically, the strategy aims at achieving the following objectives:

(a) To increase fertilizer availability, (b) To improve farmers access to affordable fertilizer. (c) To improve utilization of fertilizer and related inputs. (d) To facilitate improvement of infrastructure. (e) To create an enabling environment for public-private sector partnership in the development of

the fertilizer industry.

The ADP-SP objectives are in line with some of the above objectives.

4.2 Relevant World Bank PoliciesThe proposed Agricultural Development Program will trigger two of the World Bank’s 10+1 Safeguard Policies, namely, Environmental Assessment (OP 4.01) and Pest Management (OP 4.09). The two safeguard policies are reviewed below and the policies relevant to the ADP are summarised in Table 4.1

4.2.1 Environmental Assessment (Operational Policy 4.01)

The World Bank’s environmental assessment operational policy requires that all projects proposed for Bank financing are screened for potential environmental and social impacts. The policy is triggered if a project is likely to have adverse environmental risks and impacts in its area of influence.

According to OP 4.01 the Bank classifies proposed projects into one of four categories, depending on the type, location, sensitivity, and scale of the project and the nature and magnitude of its potential environmental impacts:

48

Category A: A proposed project is classified as Category “A” if it is likely to have significant adverse environmental impacts that are sensitive, diverse, or unprecedented. For a Category A project, the borrower is responsible for preparing a report, normally an EIA (or a suitably comprehensive regional or sectoral EIA).

Category B: A proposed project is classified as Category “B” if it’s potential adverse environmental impacts on human populations or environmentally important areas—including wetlands; forests, grasslands, and other natural habitats—are less adverse than those of Category “A” projects. These impacts are site-specific; few if any of them are irreversible; and in most cases mitigatory measures can be readily designed. The scope of EIA for a category “B” project may vary from project to project, but it is narrower than that of a category “A” EIA.

Category C: A proposed project is classified as Category “C” if it is likely to have minimal or no adverse environmental impacts. Beyond screening, no further EIA action is required for a Category “C” project.

Category FI: A proposed project is classified as Category FI if it involves investment of Bank funds through a financial intermediary, in sub-projects that may result in adverse environmental impacts."

According to the World Bank’s Draft Project Appraisal Document of 4 th December 2007, the ADP-SP has been classified as a Category “B” project; hence, the requirement to carry out this environment and social impact assessment.

OP 4.01 also requires that prior to project appraisal, the Government of Malawi will approve and disclose the EIA report in places publicly accessible to affected groups including local NGOs. The Government of Malawi must officially submit the approved report to the Bank; and authorize the Bank to disclose the document at its Info-shop in Washington DC. In commissioning the formulation of the ESIA and by making the document available to the public, the proposed project will be in compliance with BP 17.50.

4.2.2 Pest Management (Operational Policy 4.09)

The procurement of any pesticide in a Bank-financed project is contingent on an assessment of the nature and degree of associated risks, taking into account the proposed use and the intended users. With respect to the classification of pesticides and their specific formulations, the Bank refers to the World Health Organization’s Recommended Classification of Pesticides by Hazard and Guidelines to Classification (Geneva: WHO 1994-95). The following criteria apply to the selection and use of pesticides in Bank-financed projects:

(a) They must have negligible adverse human health effects;(b) They must be shown to be effective against the target species;(c) They must have minimal effect on non-target species and the natural environment. The methods, timing, and frequency of pesticide application are aimed to minimize damage to natural enemies;(d) Their use must take into account the need to prevent the development of resistance in pests.

At a minimum, pesticide production, use and management should comply with FAO’s Guidelines for Packaging and storage of Pesticides, Guidelines on Good Labelling Practice for Pesticides, and Guidelines for the Disposal of Waste Pesticide Containers on the Farm. The Bank does not finance formulated products that fall in WHO classes IA and IB, or formulations of products in Class II, if (a) the country lacks restrictions on their distribution and use; or (b) they are likely to be used by, or be accessible to, lay personnel, farmers, or others without training, equipment, and facilities to handle, store, and apply these products properly.

The proposed project will trigger OP 4.09 since it will support post-harvest pest control to minimise post-harvest pest damage from eroding crop productivity gained through the program’s improved technology

49

adoption by farmers. However, procurement of pesticides will not be financed until experience demonstrates that the local capacity exists to adequately manage their environmental and social impacts in compliance with OP 4.09 as described above.

Table 4.1: Summary of Safeguard Policies Triggered by the ADP-SPSafeguard Policy Yes NoEnvironmental Assessment (OP/BP 4.01) [X] [ ]Natural Habitats (OP/BP 4.04) [ ] [X]Pest Management (OP 4.09) [X] [ ]Cultural Property (OP 4.11) [ ] [X]Involuntary Resettlement (OP/BP 4.12) [ ] [X]Indigenous Peoples (OP/BP 4.10) [ ] [X]Forests (OP/BP 4.36) [ ] [X]Safety of Dams (OP/BP 4.37) [ ] [X]Projects in Disputed Areas (OP/BP 7.60) [ ] [X]Projects on International Waterways (OP/BP 7.50) [ ] [X]

Relevant World Bank safeguard policies concerned in the proposed project are highlighted by a light shade. Appendix 4.1 gives all the World Bank Policies

Table 4.2: World Bank Safeguard Policies Applicable to the Proposed Project OP 4.01 Environmental Assessment

The objective of this policy is to ensure that Bank-financed projects are environmentally sound and sustainable, and that decision-making is improved through appropriate instruments to identify, assess, minimize and mitigate potentially adverse environmental impacts.

The policy is triggered if a project is anticipated to have potentially adverse impacts in its area of influence.

Depending on the project, and nature of impacts a range of instruments can be used: EIA, environmental audit, hazard or risk assessment and environmental management plan (EMP). When a project is likely to have sectoral or regional impacts, sectoral or regional EA is required. The Borrower is responsible for carrying out the EA.

Under ADP, the Government has undertaken this ESIA to assess the social and environmental impacts of the program and to determine mitigation measures for the adverse impacts.

OP 4.09 Pest Management

The policy aims at promoting the use of biological or environmental control methods and reducing reliance on synthetic chemical pesticides. The Bank supports integrated approaches to pest management such as biological control, cultural practices, and the development and use of crop varieties that are resistant or tolerant to the pest. The use of pesticides may be supported when justified under an IPM approach. The Bank requires that any pesticides it finances must be manufactured, packaged, labelled, handled and stored, disposed of and applied according to standards acceptable

The policy is triggered if procurement of pesticides is envisaged (either directly through the project or indirectly through on-lending); if the project may affect pest management in a way that harm could be done, even though the project is not envisaged to procure pesticides. This includes projects that may lead to substantially increased pesticide use and subsequent increase in health and environmental risks; and projects that may maintain or expand present pest management practices that are unsustainable.

Under ADP, support will be provided for post-harvest pest management and therefore pesticides may be used.

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http://intranet.worldbank.org/WBSITE/INTRANET/OPSMANUAL/0,,contentMDK:20064701~pagePK:60001255~piPK:60000911~theSitePK:210385,00.html

















http://www.worldbank.org/environmentalassessment

to the bank. An appropriate pest management plan to address risks must be developed.

CHAPTER FIVE: IMPACTS OF THE PROJECT In this chapter, the potential impacts of the ADP-SP are identified (Table 5.1), mitigation measures are determined (Table 5.2) and the impacts are evaluated (Table 5.3)

5.1 Project Activities and the Impacted Environmental Components

The project activities to be implemented under the ADP-SP have been grouped into three components as follows:

Component 1 for Institutional Development and Capacity Building in Preparation of a SWAp in Agriculture;

Component 2 for Sustainable Smallholder Productivity Growth and; Component 3 for Project Coordination

Activities for these three ADP-SP project components will impact on the different environmental and social components in different ways. The different environmental components include the:

land resources on which the proposed agricultural activities will take place; soils which may be tilled or loosened to receive the seeds water resources, which will be affected by the fertilizers, nutrients and the different

chemicals to be used for pest management; vegetation which may have to be cleared to pave way for new gardens, induced by the

benefits of the ADP-SP; and society which will generally benefit from the project.

5.2 Determination of Impacts

Potential environmental and social impacts for the ADP-SP were identified, considering the environmental components that are likely to be affected by the ADP-SP activities. The impacts were collectively identified through contributions and participation of the key stakeholders, particularly the farmers. Details of the comments made by these farmers and other key stakeholders are presented in the separate Annex to this report.

The matrix given in Table 5.1 was used to confirm the impacts identified through the public consultations. Functional review and transformation for SWAp, for instance, is marked with an “X” on the matrix, to impact on the rural livelihoods, national and local economy; due to the resultant improvements in efficiency and effectiveness of the MoAFS. Hence the “X” against the respective activities in the matrix denotes a positive or negative impact.

Marking of the matrix was performed by a team of seven professionals comprising: an Environmentalist/Water Engineer, a Biologist/Environmentalist, an Agricultural Engineer, a Social Scientist, an Agricultural Economist, an Agriculture/Environmental professional and a Public Health Expert. All these professionals contributed to the identification of impacts through a one-day meeting. These seven people also participated in the field investigations where stakeholders contributed to the determination of some of the impacts. Professional judgment and experience of the consultant also plaid a major role in the identification of the impacts.

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As can be seen from the table 5.1, most of the environmental and social impacts will be felt during project component 2, while fewer environmental and social impacts will arise from activities of components 1 and 3.5.3 Determination of Mitigation Measures After recording them in the matrix in Table 5.1 the impacts were categorized into positive and negative impacts and mitigation measures for the negative impacts were determined as recorded in Table 5.2. These mitigation measures were also determined and discussed with all the key stakeholders during the consultations and field investigations.

5.4 Evaluation of Negative Impacts

The potential negative impacts were evaluated in line with the methodology used in the EIA Sector Specific Guidelines for Malawi, in terms of their magnitude and extent, significance, probability of occurrence and duration using the scales of 1 to 5 as presented in Table 5.3. As can be noted from the table, a score of 1 denotes the least severity while a score of 5 represents the highest severity of impact. The scores were then added up to determine aggregates for each impact. The ADP-SP project implementers will have to pay particular attention to the impacts with high aggregate scores.

5.5 Consultation with Relevant Stakeholders

Stakeholders at different levels were consulted during the process of conducting the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment. These stakeholders included officials at National Level (including officials from the Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security and the Ministry of Gender and Child Welfare). Consultation was extended to staff of different Agricultural Development Divisions (ADD’s), District Agricultural Development Offices, District Executive Committee (DEC) and farmers from Extension Planning Areas (EPA’s). These people were consulted because they have different stakes in the proposed ADP-SP. These stakes include benefiting from the increased agricultural production and also being negatively affected by the consequences of agricultural chemicals and environmental degradation.

The consultations provided a forum for discussing the changes and opportunities to arise from the ADP-SP project implementation. The consultations also assisted in gathering relevant and up-to-date environmental and social information about the local conditions of the project areas. The people consulted suggested ways to avoid or minimize adverse impacts and to capture potential benefits. The consultation process included personal interviews using questionnaires, focus group discussions and community meetings.

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Table 5.1: Project Activities and their Potential Impacts on the Various Environmental Components

ENVI

RONM

ENTA

L /S

OCIA

L CO

MPO

NENT

S

Ecos

yste

ms

Land

Res

ourc

es

Soils

Surfa

ce w

ater

reso

urce

s

Surfa

ce w

ater

qua

lity

Gro

undw

ater

reso

urce

s

Gro

undw

ater

qua

lity

Flor

a

Faun

a

Air q

uality

Rura

l live

lihoo

ds

Futu

re la

nd u

se o

ptio

ns

Loca

l eco

nom

y

Natio

nal e

cono

my

HIV

and

AIDS

Aest

hetic

and

am

enity

va

lues

Gen

der

PROJECT COMPONENT / ACTIVITIESCOMPONENT 13

Functional review and transformation for SWApX X X X

Technical systems and skills development X X X X

COMPONENT 24

Gender mainstreaming X X X X XVegetation clearing X X X X X X X X XReduced Soil tillage X X X X X X X X XInadequate financial resources to purchase farm inputs X X XIncreased pressure on land due to increased access to inputs

X X X X X X X X

Increased agro-chemical availability, application/ accumulation as more and more inputs are made available to farmers

X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

Increase in maize (and complementary crop) varieties X X X X X X X X X X XLabour based impacts X X XIncrease in conservation farming practices and use of X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

3 Component 1: Institutional Development and Capacity Building in Preparation of a SWAp in Agriculture

4 Component 2: Sustainable Food Security

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ENVI

RONM

ENTA

L /S

OCIA

L CO

MPO

NENT

S

Ecos

yste

ms

Land

Res

ourc

es

Soils

Surfa

ce w

ater

reso

urce

s

Surfa

ce w

ater

qua

lity

Gro

undw

ater

reso

urce

s

Gro

undw

ater

qua

lity

Flor

a

Faun

a

Air q

uality

Rura

l live

lihoo

ds

Futu

re la

nd u

se o

ptio

ns

Loca

l eco

nom

y

Natio

nal e

cono

my

HIV

and

AIDS

Aest

hetic

and

am

enity

va

lues

Gen

der

PROJECT COMPONENT / ACTIVITIESorganic manureCrop rotations X X X X X X X X X XIntercropping leguminous seeds X X X X X X X X X X XIncreasing rates of improved technology transfer and adoption X X X X X X XRainwater management X X X X X X X X X X X X X X XIncrease in agricultural extension services X X X X X X X X X X X X X X XStrengthening information flow X X X X X X X X X X X X X X XResearcher-led experimentation X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X XRefurbishment of one warehouse5 X XIncreased crop harvesting X X X XCross border trade X X X X X XProject phase out X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X XCOMPONENT 36

Project Coordination X X X XNotes: X indicates the component of the environment that the project has potential impacts (may be negative or positive).

5 Largely to equip, repair and repaint. No significant new construction.6 Component 3: Project Coordination

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Table 5.2 Impacts and their mitigation measuresCOMPONENT/ACTIVITY ENVIRONMENTAL/

SOCIAL COMPONENT AFFECTED

POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL /SOCIAL IMPACTS MITIGATION MEASURES FOR NEGATIVE IMPACTS

Positive Impacts Negative Impacts

Component 1, Subcomponent 1.1: Change Management Functional review and

transformation for SWAp Rural Livelihoods Economy Gender

Improvement on the national economy through more efficient and effective management of resources

Improvement on performance of MoAFS as a result of streamlining functions and responsibilities

Sensitivity of current employees: o Fear of Loss of jobso Fear of Loss of

control/autonomyo Fear of marginalisation

(women) and being left out in key positions

Sensitisation of staff on change

Properly planned exit strategies and payment of terminal benefits to staff

Gender mainstreaming

Component 1, Subcomponent 1.3:

Institutional Development

Technical systems and skills development

Economy Rural livelihoods Gender

Improvement on the national economy

Improvement of individual skills

higher performance and sustainability of the research and technical support systems

Staff motivation

Fear of marginalisation (women) and being left out in training and up-grading opportunities

Gender mainstreaming

Component 2, Sustainable food security

Gender mainstreaming Economy, Rural livelihoods, Gender, HIV and AIDS

Both local and national economy improved as men and women participate equally in Agriculture

Rural livelihoods improved

55

COMPONENT/ACTIVITY ENVIRONMENTAL/SOCIAL COMPONENT AFFECTED


Positive Impacts Negative Impactsas more people and women get empowered

HIV and AIDS prevalence reduced as more women get more empowered to make decisions.

Vegetation clearing for preparation of gardens

Ecosystems, Soils, Water, Flora, Fauna, Local economy, Aesthetics

Soils loosened up and exposed to erosion

Surface water resources silted and natural storage reduced due to loosened soils

Surface water quality degraded by silt

Ground water recharge reduced from rapid runoff

Flora degraded and fauna habitat destroyed

Local resources reduced by cleared useful grass, plants and trees

General aesthetics degraded

Promote conservational farming and agro-forestry

Early clearing of vegetation before the onset of heavy rains

Construct contour bunds, ridges and plant vertiver grass to trap silt and enhance ground water recharge

Control vegetation clearing

Preserve some areas to retain grass for thatch and plants for medicines

Reduced soil tillage Ecosystems, Soils, Surface water resources

and quality, Rural livelihoods, Economy,

Ecosystems preserved due to less disturbance of soil and vegetation

Soils protected from rains Water resources preserved

due to reduced siltation of

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Positive Impacts Negative Impacts Aesthetics, Gender

reservoirs Surface water quality

improved due to reduced silt Rural livelihoods and

economy improved by improved productivity from minimum tillage

Aesthetics improved by maintenance of natural ground and less gullies

Women and men relieved of strenuous tillage works

Inadequate financial resources to purchase farm inputs

Land, Livelihoods, Gender

Reduced harvests and adverse impacts on livelihoods

More land required to compensate for poor agricultural practices

Conflicts for land due to jealousy or envy for those accessing inputs (marginalisation of the disadvantaged groups)

Re-establish farmer clubs where farmers can easily access loans

Conduct awareness campaigns to educate farmers on the availability and limitation of funds

Educate farmers on the eligibility and modality of farm inputs distribution

57



Positive Impacts Negative ImpactsIncreased agricultural activity due to increased access to inputs

Ecosystems, Land, Soils, Water, Flora Fauna, HIV and AIDS and Gender

Discrimination or conflicts among villagers over eligibility to the free subsidy program

Increased exploitation of land in anticipation for subsidised inputs

Degradation of ecosystems, land, soil, water flora and fauna as more land is exploited

Marginalisation of disadvantaged groups over access to land and inputs

Educate community either through radios or newspapers on the beneficiaries of the program

Promote IGAs for additional income generation to provide alternatives for those not eligible for subsidised inputs

Set up committees to resolve disputes with assistance of local leaders

Increased agro-chemical availability, application/ accumulation as more and more inputs are made available to farmers

Ecosystems, Land, Soils, Water, Fauna, Air, Rural livelihoods, Local and national

economy, Health and safety, HIV and AIDS

Rural livelihoods, local and national economies improved due to increase in crop harvest

HIV an AIDS decreased as women get more financially empowered and independent

Livelihoods and community socioeconomic relationships improved as more food is produced and as people associate more through farming and commercial interactions

Households are able to consume more

Ecosystems degraded Land, soils and water

contaminated by agro-chemicals

Animals and vegetation poisoned and contaminated by agro-chemicals

Air quality degraded from sprays

Misuse, overuse and abuse of pesticides due to easy availability

Health and safety risks from chemical poisoning

HIV and AIDS increased as men get more disposable

Advocate for bio degradable chemicals, physical and biological control methods and on farm manure production because farmers complain on labour to transport manure from home to the field

58



Positive Impacts Negative Impacts Improving people’s health

and children’s education through better feeding

income

Increase in maize (and complementary crop) varieties

Ecosystems, soils, flora, rural livelihoods, future land use options, economy, health and safety, HIV and AIDS, Gender

Soils conserved by varieties that need minimum or no tillage

Rural livelihoods improved by increased harvest

Improving people’s health and children’s education through better feeding

Future land use options increased as less land is used for same quantity harvested

Local and national economies improved from increased harvests

HIV and AIDS prevalence reduced by better nutrition as more food becomes available

Gender division of labour improved as less work is required.

Ecosystems, flora and fauna disturbed by new crop varieties

Potential for introduction of invasive species

Flora affected by new varieties

Local communities affected by different food taste

Ensure new crop varieties are approved and compatible with ecosystems

As far as possible, ensure crop varieties are of acceptable taste by the communities

Labour based impacts Rural livelihoods, HIV and AIDS, Gender

Reduced overall labour as some farming elements are made easy or eliminated (e.g. minimum or no tillage)

Increase in child labour for inputs application and harvesting

Increase in strenuous activities for HIV and AIDS

Child labour law enforcement and community sensitization

59



Positive Impacts Negative Impactsaffected

Increase in farm based activities for men, children and women (e.g. input collection and application, organic manure preparation and application and crop harvesting)

Provide opportunities for farmers to access bicycles on soft loans

Facilitate produce marketing and income generating activities for farmers to earn additional income for contracting out labour.

Increase in conservation farming practices and use of organic manure

Ecosystems, soils, water, flora, rural livelihoods, economy, HIV and AIDS and Gender

Improved ecosystems as soil organic content is enhanced

Improved soils due to high humus content in the soil

Protected surface and groundwater resources as vegetative cover is preserved

Protected surface and groundwater quality as silt and pollution are checked and absorbed by vegetative cover

Improved vegetative cover Improved livelihoods from

better crop yields due to fertile soils

Contact with organic matter could increase chances of contamination

Increased breading of flies Smells form organic matter Water pollution from animal

waste

Educate farmers on the need to protect themselves from direct contact with animal waste by using appropriate protective clothing

Educate farmers in proper composting methods to prevent fly breeding and smell

Educate farmers in protecting water from contamination

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Positive Impacts Negative Impacts Improved people’s health

and children’s education through better feeding

Savings on inorganic fertilizers by the communities and the nation

Better lives for the HIV and AIDS affected due to increased access to food

Crop rotation Ecosystems, soils, water, flora, fauna, rural livelihoods, economy, HIV and AIDS and Gender

Improved soils Improved ecosystems due

to improved soils Improved vegetative cover

and animal habitat Improved livelihoods for the

communities Improved local and national

economies due to better yields

More labour required for preparation of fields

Since women are more involved in farming, gender division of labour might affect women more

Requires more land HIV and AIDS affected

may be subjected to more work

Introduce IGAs for farmers to earn additional income for contracting out some filed work

Educate farmers in appropriate crop rotation to minimise land requirements

Intercropping leguminous seeds Ecosystems, Land resources, Soils, Water, Rural livelihoods, Economy, HIV and AIDS and Gender

Improved soils due to nitrogen fixation

Improved vegetative cover and animal habitat

Improved livelihoods for the communities from additional food and income

Improved local and national economies

Less land used for different types of crops

Crops may compete for food and nutrients

More types of pests to deal with

Selective pesticide and fertilizer application on different crops may be difficult

Higher labour input due to different peak labour demand

Apply selective inter cropping

Selection of pesticides to cover a wide range of pests

Suitable fertilizers for intercropping

Engage in IGAs to be able to pay for some activities

61



Positive Impacts Negative ImpactsIncreasing rates of improved technology transfer and adoption

Livelihoods, Land use, Economy, HIV and AIDS, Gender

Improved livelihoods as farmers benefit from increased yields from technology improvement

Improved land resources use and management as the production per unit of land in increased due to efficient technologies

Improved soils Improved economy from

increased productivity Less work for the

disadvantaged as new and efficient technologies are used

Failure to adopt new agricultural technologies by farmers (problems with change of mindset)

Conduct field demonstrations on new technologies

Rain water management Ecosystems, Soils, Water, Flora, Fauna, Air quality, Rural livelihoods, Economy, HIV and AIDS Gender

Improved ecosystems Improved landscape as

gullies will be reduced Protected and improved

soils as rain water is managed

Improved surface and groundwater quality as silt and pollution are trapped

Increased surface and groundwater resources through recharge and reduced evaporation

Improved vegetative cover and animal habitat

Higher labour input for construction of contour ridges, swales and box ridges

62



Positive Impacts Negative Impacts Improved livelihoods for the

communities Improved air quality as there

will be less dust Improved local economy

due to efficient and effective use of water

Increase in agricultural extension services

Ecosystems, Land resources, Soils, Water, Flora, Fauna, Rural livelihoods, Economy, HIV and AIDS Gender

Improved ecosystems Improved land as gullies will

be reduced Improved soils Improved surface and

groundwater quality Increased surface and

groundwater resources Improved vegetative cover


communities Improved air quality Improved local and national

economy Improved awareness of

gender and HIV and AIDS issues

Improved socioeconomic relationships

Increased work load for already insufficient extension staff

Provide and train adequate extension staff

Strengthening information flow Ecosystems, Land resources, Soils, Water, Flora,


be reduced Improved soils Improved surface and

63



Positive Impacts Negative Impacts Fauna, Rural livelihoods, Economy, HIV and AIDS and Gender

groundwater quality Increased surface and







Researcher-led experimentation Ecosystems, Land resources, Soils, Water, Flora, Fauna, Local communities, Rural livelihoods, Economy, HIV and AIDS and Gender


be reduced Improved soils Increased surface and






Improved socioeconomic

Pollution of surface and groundwater from chemicals

Ensure waste from research laboratories is adequately and properly treated

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Positive Impacts Negative Impactsrelationships

Increased crop harvesting Economy, Livelihoods, HIV and AIDS, Gender

Improvement of the economy and livelihoods as more food is available for consumption and sale

Improved people’s health and children’s education through better feeding

Improved management of HIV and AIDS impacts as people have access to sufficient food

Gender streamlining eased as women become more economically empowered

Lack of markets to sell farm produce

Promote formation of farmer associations and cooperatives, which could easily access markets

Link ADP with other programmes that aim at improving transport and access to markets and inputs by farmers

Cross boarder trade Economy, Livelihoods, Infrastructure, Aesthetics, HIV and AIDS, Socioeconomic community

relationships

Improved local and national economy

livelihoods for the communities


Increased risk of HIV and AIDS,

Awareness campaigns on the risks of HIV and AIDS promoted through cross boarder relationships with highly mobile and sexually active persons

Refurbishment of one warehouse

Livelihoods, economy Improved local and national food security

Project phase out Ecosystems, Soils, Water, Flora, Fauna, Local communities, Rural livelihoods, Economy,

Discontinuation of subsidies may lead to: Farmers’ reluctance to

continue on their own, leading to:o Degradation of

ecosystems o Degradation of soils

Prepare comprehensive programme exit strategies that empower the district assemblies and other key stakeholders to continue with the activities in a sustainable manner

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Positive Impacts Negative Impacts HIV and AIDS and Gender

and water resources and quality

o Disturbance of flora and fauna

o Disturbance of local communities and rural livelihoods

o Disruption of local and national economies

o Risk of increase in impacts of HIV and AIDS due to loss or reduced sources of food and income

Component 3, Project coordination Preparation and

management of project work plans, financial and procurement operations

Rural livelihoods, Economy & gender

Improved local and national economy and livelihoods for the communities as a result of efficient and effective targeting of financial, human and technical resources.

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Table 5.3 Evaluation of Negative ImpactsComponent 1: IMPACTS FROM FUNCTIONAL REVIEW AND TRANSFORMATION FOR SWAp Sensitivity of current employees

o Fear of Loss of jobso Fear of Loss of control/autonomyo Fear of marginalisation (women)

Score 1 2 3 4 5 Score 1 to 5

Magnitude or Extent

Impacts will occur only at the ADP sites.

Impacts will occur throughout the country.

Impacts will occur regionally.

- 1

Significance Impacts are low. A small change that is hardly detectable.

Impacts are moderate. An impact that is measurable, but does not alter ecosystems.

Impact is high. Many organisms lost or affected. Major disruption of ecosystem processes.

Impact is very high. A process or area is completely disrupted or destroyed. Loss of all affected organisms.

Impact is unknown. Insufficient information is available to determine impacts – apply cautionary principle.

- 2

Probability of occurrence

Possible. The impact may occur, but it is not probable, provided recommendations/mitigatory measures are followed, and management is effective.

Probable. The impact is very likely to occur.

Definite. Unavoidable. - 5

Duration Short term, during the first year of the programme only.

Medium term, during first three years of implementation.

Long term, for the entire project phase.

Very long term, for the entire project phase and after closure.

- 1

TOTAL SCORE - 9Component 2: IMPACTS FROM VEGETATION CLEARING FOR PREPARATION OF GARDENSSoil erosionScore 1 2 3 4 5 Score 1 to 5

Magnitude or Extent




- 1

Significance Impacts are low. A small Impacts are moderate. Impact is high. Many Impact is very high. A Impact is unknown. - 2

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change that is hardly detectable.

An impact that is measurable, but does not alter ecosystems.

organisms lost or affected. Major disruption of ecosystem processes.

process or area is completely disrupted or destroyed. Loss of all affected organisms.

Insufficient information is available to determine impacts – apply cautionary principle.









- 4

TOTAL SCORE - 10Component 2: IMPACTS FROM VEGETATION CLEARING FOR PREPARATION OF GARDENS

SiltationScore 1 2 3 4 5 Score 1 to 5

Magnitude or Extent




- 3






- 3


Possible. The impact may occur, but it is not probable, provided recommendations/mitigatory measures are



68

followed, and management is effective.





- 4


Degradation of Surface Water QualityScore 1 2 3 4 5 Score 1 to 5

Magnitude or Extent




- 3






- 3









- 4


Reduced Groundwater Recharge due to Rapid RunoffScore 1 2 3 4 5 Score 1 to 5

69

Magnitude or Extent




- 1






- 2









- 4


Flora degraded and fauna habitat destroyed Future land use options limited as farming takes priority Local resources reduced by cleared useful grass, plants and trees General aesthetics degraded


Magnitude or Extent




- 1



Impact is high. Many organisms lost or affected. Major disruption of

Impact is very high. A process or area is completely disrupted or destroyed. Loss of

Impact is unknown. Insufficient information is available to determine impacts –

- 1

70

ecosystem processes. all affected organisms. apply cautionary principle.









- 1

TOTAL SCORE - 4Component 2: IMPACTS FROM INADEQUATE FINANCIAL RESOURCES TO PURCHASE SUBSIDISED INPUTS OR FROM DELAYS IN DISTRIBUTING INPUTS

Reduced Agricultural ProductionScore 1 2 3 4 5 Score 1 to 5

Magnitude or Extent




- 1






- 2





Duration Short term, during the first Medium term, during Long term, for the Very long term, for the - 2

71

year of the programme only.

first three years of implementation.

entire project phase. entire project phase and after closure.

TOTAL SCORE - 6Component 2: IMPACTS FROM INCREASED AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITY DUE TO INCREASED ACCESS TO INPUTS

Conflicts over access to inputsScore 1 2 3 4 5 Score 1 to 5

Magnitude or Extent




- 1






- 2









- 2

TOTAL SCORE - 8

72

Component 2: IMPACTS FROM INCREASED AGRO-CHEMICAL AVAILABILITY, APPLICATION/ACCUMULATION AS MORE INPUTS ARE MADE AVAILABLE TO FARMERS Ecosystems degraded Land , soils and water contaminated Animals and vegetation poisoned and contaminated, Air quality degraded from sprays Health and safety risks from chemical poisoning Eutrophication of rivers and water bodies Misuse, overuse and abuse of pesticides Score 1 2 3 4 5 Score 1 to 5

Magnitude or Extent




- 3






- 3









- 4

TOTAL SCORE - 13

Component 2: IMPACTS FROM INCREASE IN MAIZE (AND COMPLEMENTARY CROP) VARIETIES

Ecosystems disturbed by new crop varieties Threat of introduction of invasive species

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Flora affected by new varieties Local communities affected by different food tasteScore 1 2 3 4 5 Score 1 to 5

Magnitude or Extent




- 3






- 2









- 4

TOTAL SCORE - 10Component 2: LABOR BASED IMPACTS

Increase in child labour Increase in farm based activities for women Score 1 2 3 4 5 Score 1 to 5

Magnitude or Extent




- 1


Impacts are moderate. An impact that is measurable, but does

Impact is high. Many organisms lost or affected. Major

Impact is very high. A process or area is completely disrupted

Impact is unknown. Insufficient information is available to

- 2

74

not alter ecosystems. disruption of ecosystem processes.

or destroyed. Loss of all affected organisms.

determine impacts – apply cautionary principle.









- 4

TOTAL SCORE - 10

Component 2: IMPACTS FROM INCREASE IN CONSERVATION PRACTICES AND USE OF ORGANIC MANURE

Contact with organic matter could increase chances of contamination Increased breeding of flies Smells form organic matterScore 1 2 3 4 5 Score 1 to 5

Magnitude or Extent




- 1






- 2


Possible. The impact may occur, but it is not probable, provided



75

recommendations/mitigatory measures are followed, and management is effective.





- 4

TOTAL SCORE - 10Component 2: IMPACTS FROM INCREASE IN CONSERVATION FARMING PRACTICES AND USE OF ORGANIC MANURE

Increased organic pollution of surface water Increased risk of organic contaminationScore 1 2 3 4 5 Score 1 to 5

Magnitude or Extent




- 3






- 2









- 4

TOTAL SCORE - 13

76

Component 2: IMPACTS FROM INCREASED CROP ROTATION

More labour required Since women are more involved in farming, gender division of labour might affect women more Requires more land HIV and AIDS affected may be subjected to more workScore 1 2 3 4 5 Score 1 to 5

Magnitude or Extent




- 1






- 2









- 4

TOTAL SCORE - 12Component 2: IMPACTS FROM INTER-CROPPING LEGUMINOUS SEEDS

Crops may compete for nutrients More types of pests to deal with Selective pesticide and fertilizer application on different crops may be difficult Higher labour input due to different peak labour demandScore 1 2 3 4 5 Score 1 to 5

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Magnitude or Extent




- 1






- 2









- 4

TOTAL SCORE - 10Component 2: INCREASING RATES OF IMPROVED TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER AND ADOPTION

Failure to adopt new agricultural technologies by farmers (problems with change of mindset)Score 1 2 3 4 5 Score 1 to 5

Magnitude or Extent




- 3






- 2

Probability of Possible. The impact may Probable. The impact Definite. Unavoidable. - 1

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occurrence occur, but it is not probable, provided recommendations/mitigatory measures are followed, and management is effective.

is very likely to occur.





- 2

TOTAL SCORE - 9Component 2: IMPACTS FROM INCREASED RAIN WATER MANAGEMENT

Higher labour input for construction of contour ridges, swales and box ridgesScore 1 2 3 4 5 Score 1 to 5

Magnitude or Extent




- 1






- 2









- 4

TOTAL SCORE - 8

79

Component 2: IMPACTS FROM INCREASE AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION SERVICES

Increased work load for already insufficient extension staffScore 1 2 3 4 5 Score 1 to 5

Magnitude or Extent




- 1






- 3









- 2

TOTAL SCORE - 9

Component 2: IMPACTS FROM RESEARCHER-LED EXPERIMENTATION

Pollution of surface and groundwater from chemicalsScore 1 2 3 4 5 Score 1 to 5

Magnitude or Extent




-1

Significance Impacts are low. A small change that is hardly

Impacts are moderate. An impact that is

Impact is high. Many organisms lost or

Impact is very high. A process or area is

Impact is unknown. Insufficient information

- 2

80

detectable. measurable, but does not alter ecosystems.

affected. Major disruption of ecosystem processes.

completely disrupted or destroyed. Loss of all affected organisms.

is available to determine impacts – apply cautionary principle.









- 4

TOTAL SCORE - 12Component 2: IMPACTS FROM INCREASED CROP HARVESTING

Lack of markets to sell farm produceScore 1 2 3 4 5 Score 1 to 5

Magnitude or Extent




- 3






- 2


Possible. The impact may occur, but it is not probable, provided recommendations/mitigatory measures are followed, and



81

management is effective.Duration Short term, during the first

year of the programme only.




- 2

TOTAL SCORE - 10

Component 2: IMPACTS FROM INCREASED CROSS BOARDER TRADE

Increased risk of HIV and AIDS,Score 1 2 3 4 5 Score 1 to 5

Magnitude or Extent




- 3






- 2









- 4

TOTAL SCORE - 10

Component 2: IMPACTS FROM PROJECT PHASE OUT

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Farmers’ reluctance to continue on their own, leading to:o Degradation of ecosystems o Degradation of soils and water resources and qualityo Disturbance of flora and faunao Disturbance of local communities and rural livelihoodso Disturbance of local and national economieso Risk of increase in HIV and AIDS prevalenceo Disturbance of social and economic community relationships


Magnitude or Extent




- 1






- 4









- 5

TOTAL SCORE - 13

83

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5.6 Brief Summary of Key Impacts

5.6.1 Environmental Impacts

Most of the environmental impacts will result from the activities of the ADP-SP component 2. These activities relate to the preparation of the fields for planting, production and use of new seed varieties, application of different fertilizers and nutrients, preparation and application of organic manure and use of agro-chemicals including herbicides and pesticides.

5.6.1.2 Impacts from Preparation of FieldsIncreased soil erosion and resultant muddiness of surface water courses due to soil disturbances from tilling activities will be the main environmental impact associated with preparation of the fields

5.6.1.3 Use of agro-chemicals including pesticidesThe use of agro-chemicals will result in contamination of surface and groundwater and in negative effects on vegetation, crop yields, aquatic ecology and wildlife and people’s health.

5.6.2 Social and Economic Impacts

The ADP-SP will have a wide range of social and socio-economic impacts and will play a key role in the overall economic development of the country. Agricultural productivity is closely related to reduction of poverty and malnutrition. Hence, small-scale farmers in particular, will have an important role to play in reducing poverty, creating widespread growth and reducing malnutrition through the ADP-SP programme in the following respects:

(a) There is general agreement that increased agricultural productivity is a precondition for growth and development in most African countries, particularly the least developed countries such as Malawi. It is estimated that a 1% increase in agricultural income generates a 1 % increase in non-farm income, and that the rural non-farm economy accounts (on average) for at least 20% of full-time rural employment in most of African countries; and non-farm income for about 40% of rural incomes. ADP-SP farmers will have opportunities for bumper maize yields with surplus production, which they will sell either to ADMARC or private traders to increase their economic base. Access to markets by smallholder farmers will improve their purchasing power for inputs and ultimately reduce overdependence on subsidy inputs;

(b) Food Security is fundamental in achieving economic growth and development. If households have food security, they can redirect their efforts to other income generating activities or small scale businesses

(c) Increased agricultural production will promote increased agro processing of different products. This will improve job opportunities for smallholder farmers as well as their output to markets

(d) Agriculture is a primary source of employment and income in Malawi. Employment contributes to offsetting migration, and reducing costs associated with rural to urban migration by providing income-generating opportunities in the rural areas.

(e) Increased smallholder production will result in increased national production especially on maize. This will lead to improved exports of other agricultural products or agro-processed product.

(f) Additional income (from surplus maize production) will enable the household’s access other nutritious food such as meat and fish for protein. In the long run therefore, malnutrition levels will be reduced.

(g) A major impact of agricultural growth through the ADP-SP will be the transfer and adoption of agricultural technologies and the knowledge systems that underpin agriculture, thereby

85

contributing to the transformation of rural society. ADP-SP farmer training in technologies, improved seed use, fertilizer use and land conservation will promote individual farmer skill for easy trickling down of information to other farmers.

(h) Agricultural productivity contributes to social development, which in turn has profound effects on health and education, spurring further development. The Integrated Health Survey 2 reported that literacy levels are low in rural areas (62%) while they are high in urban areas (80%). Of those who did not attend school, lack of money for school fees and clothing were reported as the reasons. Hence improvement in rural income levels will promote primary and secondary education thereby improving literacy levels in rural areas.

(i) The institution and capacity building of staff in MoAFS will effectively improve the economy as a result of efficient use of human and financial resources. The coordinated planning and implementation of agricultural activities, complemented by a well developed monitoring and evaluation system from ADP, will bring about efficient use of Government resources.

(j) ADP aims at 6% annual economic growth from agriculture, which will result in increased GDP as Malawi’s economy mainly depends on agriculture

There are some few negative social and economic impacts: Continued large investments in subsidy programs and lack of proper implementation

techniques will affect other agriculture development projects such as infrastructure, if there is no proper exit strategy

The road network and lack of competitive private trader participation in rural areas will affect prices of agricultural products.

The project will raise general concerns among the community. These will include upsetting existing social and economic community management relationships, land tenure system, security of livelihoods, and gender division of labour.

Discrimination against those participating in the subsidy program and conflicts among the villagers is likely to occur if proper sensitisation of and participation of the communities is not carried out and facilitated

Suppliers of subsidised seed and fertilizer (e.g. ADMARC) have a tendency to focus on supplying subsidised inputs, at the expense of inputs needed by commercial buyers. This is aggravated by the lack of resources and capacity by ADMARC and other suppliers to provide both services.

5.6.3 Gender and HIV and AIDS Impacts

A number of earlier studies suggest that a third of total households in Malawi are female headed and that the numbers may be increasing due to the HIV and AIDS pandemic. Two-thirds of the Female Headed Households (FHHs) are currently not married, with about 20 percent having absent husbands. The 2004 Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) indicated that approximately 23 percent of households are headed by women, with the incidence of female headship much higher in rural than in urban areas. Apart from heading the family without a man, most of these families have smaller land holding due to disrupted tenure and poor inheritance system. The proposed program will have the following main positive impacts in terms of gender and HIV/AIDS:

reduced HIV and AIDS transmission as a result of more mainstreaming and training for the agricultural staff;

intensive awareness campaigns for the farmers mainstreaming gender, and HIV/AIDS; equitable distribution of roles and responsibilities and equitable access to resources and control

of benefits if gender messages are clearly diffused among villagers and and; women and men will work together in productive and community activities.

86

On the other hand; since many of the poor and disadvantaged families depend on agriculture, the project is likely to positively impact more on the physically fit persons than the marginalized and the sick, if the special needs of these marginalised families are not considered.

5.6.4 Pest Management Related Impacts

Pest management under the proposed ADP should be undertaken with thorough and informed planning and knowledge at all levels including the national up to the local farmer level. While the benefits of the proposed Agricultural Development Programme can be obvious and impressive, the adverse environmental and social impacts from pest management practices can be significant, long-term, and perhaps permanent.

The most significant environmental and social impacts arise from poor pesticide storage, handling and application by agro dealers and smallholder farmers.

The past and present performance assessment of the Pesticides Control Board (PCB) has revealed that the Board has not been able to effectively and efficiently deliver its services due to a number of constraints or challenges (PCB Strategic Plan, 2006-2011). This problem is due to various factors ranging from poor management and institutional inadequacies to poor and weak systems and processes especially on law enforcement. Therefore, the proposed ADP-SP should make deliberate efforts to strengthen the (PCB) or ensure that this is done through other programmes. The following are some of the impacts that might arise due to increased pesticides usage during the ADP-SP implementation:

5.6.4.1 Human and Animal Poisoning

The majority of Malawians (80%) are subsistence farmers. This proportionately large population of subsistence farmers has to be protected from harmful pesticides and other agro-chemicals. Neglecting standards could result in human and animal poisoning or loss of life. In addition, inspection of pesticides distributor’s premises has revealed substandard storage and handling facilities and practices. This poses a health hazard to human beings (particularly the farmers) and animals.

5.6.4.2 Illegal Trade of Pesticides through Porous Borders

Malawi does not manufacture pesticides. All the pesticides that are marketed or used in the country are imported either from neighbouring countries or from overseas. Due to the high demand and lucrative market, there is an illegal pesticide market trade resulting in the misuse, overuse and abuse of pesticides. During the field investigations, it was learnt that DDT illegally finds its way from Zambia into Malawi, in Mchinji district. Increased agricultural production from the proposed ADP is likely to enhance increased trade in pesticides, part of which will be illegal.

The illegal trade will result in pilling up of unwanted pesticides in the country. Currently it is difficult to regulate and monitor entry of pesticides in the country because of the porous borders. Failure of the PCB to regulate and monitor most of the agro-chemical dealers (due to their disorganized nature) will result in increased importation of illegal agro-chemicals.

5.6.4.3 Excessive, Inadequate or Improper Use The pesticides imported into the country are often re-packed to suit the purchasing requirements of the smallholder farmers. These re-packed units often do not have proper labelling or sufficient instructions for use. Excessive pesticide application may result in accumulation of persistent pesticides in the soil and the environment and may continuously and cumulatively affect the food chain, water resources (rivers, lakes and groundwater), fauna and flora and ultimately human health. On the other hand, inadequate application due to ignorance and due to lack of funds may adversely affect crop production. As an example of improper use, aldicarb (temik) is currently being sold as nematicide, instead of being used for field crops. In addition, most of the fumigating companies (applicators) are employing unqualified workers and using substandard equipment thereby endangering human lives and the environment.

87

Increased agricultural use of chemicals such as herbicides and insecticides will have a negative impact on the soils and subsequently on the quality of surface and ground water resources.

5.6.4.4 Risk of Contamination

Most of the subsistence farmers and agro-dealers targeted under the proposed ADP-SP are illiterate. This results in poor and improper use and application of pesticides. Most of the farmers do not use the prescribed equipment. This may lead to contamination of food, poisoning of applicators and contamination of the environment. Currently there is lack of proper disposal facilities for spent pesticides and their packaging. This culminates in pesticides stockpiles and subsequent contamination of the environment.

The above concerns justify the need for Integrated Pest Management practices (biological, physical and chemical practices) to control and reduce the use of agro-chemicals.

88

CHAPTER SIX: ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING PLAN

6.1 Environmental and Social Management Plan

The purpose of the Environmental Management Plan (EMP) is to ensure that the identified environmental and social impacts are mitigated, controlled or eliminated through planned activities, to be implemented throughout the project life. The EMP also provides opportunities for the enhancement of positive impacts. Among other things, the EMP gives details of the mitigation measures to be implemented for the impacts and the responsible institutions to implement the mitigation measures.

It is to be appreciated however, that implementation of the EMP may be slightly modified to suit changes or emergencies that may occur on site at the time of project implementation. The plan therefore should be considered as the main framework that must be followed to ensure that the key potential negative impacts are kept minimal or under control. In this regard, flexibility should be allowed to optimize the implementation of the EMP for the best results in environmental management. For the ESIA, the EMP consists of environmental and social impacts that are derived from the field investigations, public consultations and professional judgment. This EMP will have to be reviewed and updated from time to time reflect the current conditions at the time of project implementation. Presented in Table 5.1 is an EMP, which would easily fit in the implementation of the ADP-SP in the different project locations throughout the country. The costs given in the table are only indicative and actual costs will have to be determined for specific project activities and sites to reflect current costs at the time of project implementation.

The environmental management and monitoring plan relates to the larger ADP and the entire MoAFS. Therefore major environmental activities such as tree planting, study tours to neighbouring countries and provision of rainwater management structures etc, would have to be implemented within the ministry’s programme of activities, in coordination with the relevant line ministry and the Environmental Affairs Department. From table 6.1, the ADP-SP would have to allocate some funds for the implementation of the activities as indicated in the table. The rest of the funds would have to be drawn from the MoAFS and the line ministries or institutions as appropriate.

89

Table 6.1: Environmental and Social Management PlanNo.

Environmental/ Social Impacts

Proposed Mitigation/Enhancement Measures

Responsible Institution Estimated Cost (MK) and Proposed Source of Funding

Frequency/Time Frame

Component 1: IMPACTS FROM FUNCTIONAL REVIEW AND TRANSFORMATION FOR SWAp1 Fear of Loss of jobs

Fear of Loss of control/autonomy

Fear of marginalization (women)

Use available staff in new structure as much as possible

Train and grade existing staff to suit new job requirements

Sensitise staff on change Properly planned exit

strategies and payment of terminal benefits to staff

Women empowerment

MoAFS 2,500,000.00 for orienting and training staff in preparation for the ADP-SP (to be funded from ADP-SP)

Before project Implementation

Component 2: IMPACTS FROM VEGETATION CLEARING FOR PREPARATION OF GARDENS1 Soil erosion Promote conservational

farming and agro-forestry Encourage early clearing of

vegetation before the onset of heavy rains

MoAFS, DA

From recurrent MoAFS budgets through Land Conservation Dept.

Annually during project implementation

2 Siltation Promote contour bunds, ridges and vertiver grass to trap silt and enhance ground water recharge



MoAFS, DA



3 Degradation of Surface Water Quality

Prevent river bank cultivation Promote agro-forestry Train farmers in methods to

control soil erosion

MoAFS Forestry department DA



4 Reduced groundwater recharge due to rapid runoff

Promote and train farmers in conservation and agro-forestry farming

MoAFS, DA

From recurrent MoAFS budgets through Land

Annually during project implementatio

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No.





Conservation Dept. n5 Flora degraded and

fauna habitat destroyed

Local resources reduced by clearing useful grass, plants and trees for building and medicines

Promote tree planting Limit bush clearing Preserve some areas to

retain grass for thatch and plants for medicines

MoAFS Forestry Department District Assembly


Link with National Forestation Programmes


6 Future land use options limited as farming takes priority

Encourage farming on already available agricultural land

MoAFS, DA From recurrent MoAFS budgets through Land Conservation Dept.


7 General aesthetics degraded

Promote sustainable land management

MoAFS, DA From recurrent MoAFS budgets through Land Conservation Dept.


Component 2: IMPACTS FROM INADEQUATE FINANCIAL RESOURCES TO PURCHASE INPUTS OR FROM DELAYS IN DISTRIBUTING INPUTS8 Reduced harvests and

adverse impacts on livelihoods

More land required to compensate for poor agricultural practices


Provide farm inputs on time Establish farmer clubs where

farmers can easily access loans

Encourage agri-business for farmers to afford inputs

Conduct awareness campaigns to educate farmers on the availability and limitation of inputs

Educate farmers on the eligibility and modality of farm

MoAFS, DA From recurrent MoAFS budgets through Department of Agricultural Extension.

Once annually during project implementation

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No.





inputs distribution

Component 2: INCREASED PRESSURE ON LAND DUE TO INCREASED ACCESS TO INPUTS9 Conflicts for land as

more people want to participate in farming

Discrimination or conflicts among villagers over eligibility to the subsidy program



HIV and AIDS and gender marginalisation problems increased due to competition for land and other resources.

Educate community (either through radios or newspapers) on the beneficiaries of the program

Develop sustainable subsidy programme implementation guidelines


Use already existing local committees, with assistance of local leaders to resolve land disputes

MoAFS, DA 1,500,000.00 Community Education for (to be funded by ADP-SP)

Once annually

Component 2: IMPACTS FROM INCREASED AGRO-CHEMICAL AVAILABILITY, APPLICATION/ACCUMULATION 10 Ecosystems degraded

Land , soils and water contaminated by agro-chemicals

Animals and vegetation poisoned and contaminated,


Misuse, overuse and

Advocate for bio degradable chemicals, physical and biological control methods and on farm manure production

Promote recommended use of pesticides

Use approved pesticides Regulate pesticides usage Promote Integrated Pest

MoAFS PCB DA PCB Ministry of Agriculture

1,500,000.00 for awareness (ADP to supplement PCB annual programmes)

Once annually during Project Implementation

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No.





abuse of pesticides due to easy availability


HIV and AIDS increased as men get more disposable income

Management Educate farmers on proper

use of pesticides Mainstream Gender and HIV

and AIDS in ADP-SP in consultation with programmes by NAC

Component 2: IMPACTS FROM INCREASE IN MAIZE (AND COMPLEMENTARY CROP) VARIETIES 11 Ecosystems, flora and

fauna disturbed by new crop varieties



Ensure crop varieties are of acceptable taste by the communities

Control importation of varieties

MoAFS, DA From recurrent MoAFS budgets through Crop Production Dept.


Component 2: LABOR BASED IMPACTS12 Increase in child labour

for inputs application and harvesting

Increase in strenuous activities for HIV and AIDS affected



Provide opportunities for farmers to access bicycles for collection of inputs, on soft loans


Ministry of Labour MoAFS District Assembly

Link farmers to financial institutions for bicycle loans

Once annually just before peak labour requirements

Component 2: IMPACTS FROM INCREASE IN CONSERVATION FARMING PRACTICES AND USE OF ORGANIC MANURE

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No.





13 Contact with organic matter could increase chances of contamination

Increased breading of flies

Smells form organic matter

Water pollution from animal waste




MoAFS Farmers

From recurrent MoAFS budgets through Land Conservation and Extension Departments


Component 2: IMPACTS FROM INCREASED CROP ROTATION14 More labour required for

preparation of fields Since women are more

involved in farming, gender division of labour might affect women more



Introduce IGAs for farmers to earn additional income for contracting out some filed work

Gender and HIV and AIDS mainstreaming

Educate farmers in appropriate crop rotation and intercropping to minimise land requirements

MoAFS From recurrent MoAFS budgets through Crops and Extension Depts.; to be assisted by NAC.


Component 2: IMPACTS FROM INTER-CROPPING LEGUMINOUS SEEDS15 Crops may compete for

food and nutrients More types of pests to

deal with Selective pesticide and

fertilizer application on different crops may be difficult

Higher labour input due

Apply selective inter cropping Selection of pesticides to

cover a wide range of pests Suitable fertilizers for

intercropping Engage in IGAs to be able to

pay for some activities

MoAFS PCB

From recurrent MoAFS budgets through Crops Dept.


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No.





to different peak labour demand

Component 2: INCREASING RATES OF IMPROVED TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER AND ADOPTION 16 Failure to adopt new

agricultural technologies by farmers (problems with change of mindset)

Intensify field days Conduct field demonstrations

on new technologies Promote field visits (exchange

programmes)

MoAFS 3,000,000.00 for field days and exchange visits (to be included in ADP-SP budget)


Component 2: INCREASE IN AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION SERVICES17 Increased work load for

already insufficient extension staff

Provide and train adequate extension staff

MoAFS ADP-SP to support annual extension training programmes (See t able 7.3 for capacity building requirements)


Component 2: IMPACTS FROM INCREASED RAIN WATER MANAGEMENT18 Higher labour input for

construction of contour ridges, swales and box ridges

Encourage community participation

MoAFS District Assembly

From recurrent MoAFS budgets through Extension Dept.


Component 2: IMPACTS FROM RESEARCHER-LED EXPERIMENTATION19 Pollution of surface and

groundwater from chemicals Ensure waste from research

laboratories is adequately and properly treated

MoAFS EAD Ministry of Irrigation and

Water Development

From recurrent MoAFS and EAD Budgets in collaboration with the Water Resources Board

During Project implementation

Component 2: IMPACTS FROM INCREASED CROP HARVESTING20 Lack of markets to sell farm

produce Promote formation of farmer

associations and cooperatives, which could easily access markets

MoAFS Ministry of Trade and

Industry Ministry of economic

From recurrent MoAFS budgets through Extension Dept.; in

Before and During project Implementation

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No.






Planning Ministry of Transport

collaboration with the line ministries

Component 2: IMPACTS FROM INCREASED CROSS BOARDER TRADE21 Increased risk of HIV and

AIDS Awareness campaigns on the

risks of HIV and AIDS promoted through cross boarder relationships with highly mobile and sexually active persons

Ministry of Agriculture Link with NAC on HIV and Aids training programmes

During Project Implementation

Component 2: IMPACTS FROM PROJECT PHASE OUT22 Discontinuation of subsidies

may lead to: Farmers’ reluctance to






o Disruption of local and national economies

o Risk of increase in

Prepare comprehensive programme exit strategies that empower the District Assemblies and other key stakeholders to continue with the activities in a sustainable manner

MoAFS From recurrent MoAFS budgets through Decentralization activities.

Before and During Project implementation

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No.





impacts of HIV and AIDS due to loss or reduced sources of food and income

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6.2 Environmental and Social Monitoring Plan

6.2.1 Monitoring

Environmental monitoring comprises activities to track progress in the implementation and compliance to the proposed mitigation measures and in some cases compensatory measures outlined in the environmental management plans.

The purpose of monitoring is to ensure that main environmental and social mitigation measures, highlighted in the EMP, have been synchronized with the project implementation process. In this regard, environmental monitoring activities will have to be undertaken before, during and even after project implementation.

The proposed ADP-SP will be implemented nation-wide. Therefore, monitoring will take place at the district level in the respective areas and the following monitoring arrangements are proposed:

During project planning and implementation, designated members of the ADP-SP, Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security, Agricultural Development Divisions and District Executive Committees, will be responsible for the monitoring of:

1. inclusion of environmental and social issues in the ADP-SP implementation plans as required in the environmental management plan;

2. provisions for capacity building for the ESIA including for all the cross-cutting issues;

3. appropriate sequence and timely implementation of all ESIA activities as they relate to the program activities;

4. the preparation of proper exit strategies before project phase out; and

5. sustainability of the ESIA and project activities after project phase out.

The ADP Secretariat shall support the ADDs, District Agricultural Development Offices (DADOs) and District Executive Committees (DECs) at all stages of the work including monitoring. The DECs will also take part in all monitoring and evaluation activities.

6.2.2 Monitoring Indicators and Monitoring Plan

To be able to assess the effectiveness of the environmental management for proposed project components, monitoring indicators are provided in table 6.2 for this ESIA. These indicators will have to be reviewed for the actual project activities and site to reflect the current project site conditions.

Table 6.3 presents the environmental monitoring plan for the implementation of the EMP activities for the ESIA. The monitoring institutions proposed in this table will use the monitoring indicators, to determine progress made by the responsible institutions or by the developer, in implementing the mitigation for the negative impacts. Funds for the monitoring activities will be drawn from the ADP and line Ministries as indicated in the table.

Table 6.2: Key Monitoring Indicators for the ESIA for the ADP

COMPONENT OF THE KEY INDICATORS UNITS OF

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PROJECT MEASUREMENT

Functional Review and Transformation for a Swap

Number of people (staff) complaining against reforms

Number of people (staff) satisfied with the reforms

Number of people (staff) laid off Number of women participation affected by the

reforms Number of known HIV and AIDS affected

persons being laid off Number of known HIV and AIDS affected

persons promoted Increase in women participation (Appointments

and Training)

No

NoNo

No

No

No

%Sustainable Small Holder Productivity Growth

Increased conservational farming Increase in amount of silt in water courses Degradation of surface water quality Technology adoption rate Increase in area planted with trees Increase in crop production estimates Number of subsidy programme conflicts Increase in participation of women Number of field days conducted Number of demonstrations conducted Number of Exchange visits carried out Degradation in ecosystem (e.g. flora and fauna

including animal habitat) Changes in soil properties (e.g. pH, mineral

and nutrient content, salinity) Increase in women participation HIV related morbidity and mortality attrition Effective resilience and household coping

mechanisms for HIV and AIDS HIV infection risks and vulnerabilities Change in ration of men to women in

preparation of gardens Change in ratio of women to men participating

in registration of inputs Participation of family members in application

of inputs Ratio of women to men accessing credit

facilities Ratio of women to men accessing inputs e.g.

fertilizers and seed Ration of women to men accessing appropriate

and cost-saving agricultural technology Ratio of women to men receiving ADP-SP

training Ratio of women to men using fertilizer;

%

%% change%% %No%NoNoNo%Ph levels in soils%%%%%%

%

%

%

%%

%

%

99

Ratio of women to men adopting an improved technology (to be specified);

Ratio of women to men being members of a farmer organization;

Ratio of women to men having access to credit; Ratio of women to men engaging in IGA

%

%

%%%

Post Harvest and Marketing

Change in HIV/AIDS Prevalence Instituted market systems Number of cooperatives formed

%NoNo

Gender indicators Ratio of men to women participating in

decisions on crop use and sale Participation of women in post harvest activities Ratio of men to women accessing markets and

market information

%

%%

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Table 6.3: Monitoring Plan for the EMP Activities of the ESIANo. Environmental/ Social

ImpactsProposed Mitigation/Enhancement Measures

Monitoring indicator Responsible Institution

Frequency/Cost

Component 1: IMPACTS FROM FUNCTIONAL REVIEW AND TRANSFORMATION FOR SWAp

1 Fear of Loss of jobs Fear of Loss of

control/autonomy Fear of marginalization

(women)

Use available staff in new structure as much as possible

Train and grade existing staff to suit new job requirements

Sensitise staff on change Properly planned exit

strategies and payment of terminal benefits to staff

Women empowerment

% Staff retained % of women retained Number of staff trained

and graded to suit new job requirements

Number of complaints from staff

Exit plan and benefits for redundant staff

ADP Secretariat

Ministry of Women and Child welfare

Before project Implementation

Twice during first year of project implementation

Component 2: IMPACTS FROM VEGETATION CLEARING FOR PREPARATION OF GARDENS1 Soil erosion Promote conservational

farming and agro-forestry Encourage early clearing of

vegetation before the onset of heavy rains

% increase in conservational farming and agro-forestry

% of farmers clearing vegetation in time

ADP Secretariat

DA,



2 Siltation Promote contour bunds, ridges and vertiver grass to trap silt and enhance ground water recharge



% or Number of contour and bands, ridges constructed

% of the farm area planted with vertiver grass

% of farmers clearing vegetation in time

Water Resources Department,

ADP Secretariat,

Annually

From recurrent MoAFS budgets through Land Conservation Dept.)

3 Degradation of Surface Prevent river bank % of farmers cultivating Water Annually during

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No. Environmental/ Social Impacts



Frequency/Cost

Water Quality cultivation Promote agro-forestry Train farmers in methods

to control soil erosion

river banks % of farmers practicing

agro-forestry % of farmers trained in

methods to control soil erosion

resources department

EAD

project implementation


4 Reduced groundwater recharge due to rapid runoff

Promote and train farmers in conservation and agro-forestry farming

% of farmers trained in conservation and agro-forestry farming

ADP Secretariat



5 Flora degraded and fauna habitat destroyed

Local resources reduced by clearing useful grass, plants and trees for building and medicines

Promote tree planting Limit bush clearing Avoid animal conservation

areas Preserve some areas to

retain grass for thatch and plants for medicines

% change in area planted with trees

% Area preserved with trees and grass

Forestry Department

ADP Secretariat

Annually From recurrent

MoAFS budgets through Land Conservation Dept.

6 Future land use options limited as farming takes priority

Limit farming on already available agricultural land

% increase in area used for agricultural purpose

Ministry of Lands

ADP Secretariat

Annually

7 General aesthetics degraded

Promote sustainable land management

% degradation in landscape ADP Secretariat Annually

Component 2: IMPACTS FROM INADEQUATE FINANCIAL RESOURCES TO PURCHASE SUBSIDISED INPUTS OR FROM DELAYS IN DISTRIBUTING INPUTS8 Reduced harvests and

adverse impacts on Provide farm inputs on time Establish farmer clubs

% increase in crop production estimates

ADP Secretariat

Annually

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Frequency/Cost

livelihoods More land required to

compensate for poor agricultural practices


where farmers can easily access loans

Encourage agri-business for farmers to afford inputs

Conduct awareness campaigns to educate farmers on the availability and limitation of inputs

Educate farmers on the eligibility and modality of farm inputs distribution

Number of days of delay in supplying inputs

% of eligible farmers accessing inputs

5 of farmers engaged in agribusiness

% of farmers understanding the availability and limitations on inputs


Component 2: INCREASED PRESSURE ON LAND DUE TO INCREASED ACCESS TO INPUTS9 Conflicts for land as

more people want to participate in farming

Discrimination or conflicts among villagers over eligibility to the subsidy program



HIV and AIDS and gender marginalisation problems increased due to competition for land and other resources.

Educate community (either through radios or newspapers) on the beneficiaries of the program

Develop sustainable subsidy programme implementation guidelines


Use already existing committees with assistance of local leaders to resolve land disputes

Number of reported complaints

Guidelines developed

Number of IGAs established for additional income

Number of land disputes registered

ADP Secretariat

Annually


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Frequency/Cost

Component 2: IMPACTS FROM INCREASED AGRO-CHEMICAL AVAILABILITY, APPLICATION/ACCUMULATION AS MORE INPUTS ARE MADE AVAILABLE TO FARMERS10 Ecosystems degraded

Land , soils and water contaminated by agro-chemicals

Animals and vegetation poisoned and contaminated,


Misuse, overuse and abuse of pesticides due to easy availability


HIV and AIDS increased as men get more disposable income

Advocate for bio degradable chemicals, physical and biological control methods and on farm manure production

Promote recommended use of pesticides

Use approved pesticides Regulate pesticides usage Promote Integrated

Pesticides Management Educate farmers on proper

use of pesticides Mainstream Gender and

HIV & AIDS in the ADP-SP in consultation with NAC

% damage in ecosystems elements (e.g. water quality, vegetation and animals

% of farmers trained and using recommended methods for pesticides

% of farmers using IPM

ADP Secretariat

Water quality section of MoIWD

EAD PCB

Once before and once annually after project start

3,000,000.00 from ADP-SP

Component 2: IMPACTS FROM INCREASE IN MAIZE (AND COMPLEMENTARY CROP) VARIETIES 11 Ecosystems, flora and

fauna disturbed by new crop varieties



Ensure crop varieties are of acceptable taste by the communities

Control importation of species

Number of reported illegal crop varieties detected

Number of complaints about taste

Number of cases involving illegal importation of seed

ADP Secretariat



Component 2: LABOR BASED IMPACTS

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Frequency/Cost

12 Increase in child labour for inputs application and harvesting

Increase in strenuous activities for HIV and AIDS affected



Provide opportunities for farmers to access bicycles for collection of inputs, on soft loans


Increase in child labour cases reported

Number of bicycles loaned to farmers

Number of farmers able to complete their farming duties

Ministry of Women and Child Welfare

NGOs ADP

Secretariat

ADP Secretariat

Annually

1,000,000.00 (to be funded from ADP)

Component 2: IMPACTS FROM INCREASE IN CONSERVATION FARMING PRACTICES AND USE OF ORGANIC MANURE13 Contact with organic

matter could increase chances of contamination

Increased breading of flies

Smells form organic matter

Water pollution from animal waste




Number cases reported not using of Protective material

Cases of organic matter related infections

Increase in fly breading Increase in biological

water pollution

ADP Secretariat

Ministry of Health

Ministry of Irrigation & Water Development



Component 2: IMPACTS FROM INCREASED CROP ROTATION14 More labour required for

preparation of fields Introduce IGAs for farmers

to earn additional income Number of farmers

completing their farm Ministry of

Women and Once annually

during project

105




Frequency/Cost

Since women are more involved in farming, gender division of labour might affect women more



for contracting out some filed work

Gender and HIV and AIDS mainstreaming

Educate farmers in appropriate crop rotation to minimise land requirements

duties on time % Women participation

in the ADP % of farmers practicing

crop rotation

Child Welfare District

Assembly

implementation


Component 2: IMPACTS FROM INTER-CROPPING LEGUMINOUS SEEDS15 Crops may compete for

food and nutrients More types of pests to

deal with Selective pesticide and

fertilizer application on different crops may be difficult

Higher labour input due to different peak labour demand

Apply selective inter-cropping

Selection of pesticides to cover a wide range of pests

Suitable fertilizers for intercropping

Engage in IGAs to be able to pay for some activities

% increase in successful inter-cropping

% reduction in pests Crop production levels

ADP Secretariat



Component 2: INCREASING RATES OF IMPROVED TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER AND ADOPTION 16 Failure to adopt new

agricultural technologies by farmers (problems with change of mindset)

Intensify field days Conduct field

demonstrations on new technologies

Promote field visits (exchange programmes)

Technology Adoption rates

% of target farmers using new technologies

Number of field days

ADP Secretariat



Component 2: INCREASE IN AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION SERVICES17 Increased work load for Provide and train adequate Number of extension ADP Once annually

106




Frequency/Cost

already insufficient extension staff

extension staff staff recruited and trained

Vacancy levels

Secretariat during project implementation

From recurrent MoAFS budgets through Human Resources Dept.

Component 2: IMPACTS FROM INCREASED RAIN WATER MANAGEMENT18 Higher labour input for

construction of contour ridges, swales and box ridges

Encourage community participation

Community participation levels

Number of rain water management structures constructed

ADP Secretariat



Component 2: IMPACTS FROM RESEARCHER-LED EXPERIMENTATION19 Pollution of surface and

groundwater from chemicals Ensure waste from

research laboratories is adequately and properly treated

Water quality degradation

Ministry of Irrigation and Water Development

Biannually during Project implementation

From recurrent Ministry of Irrigation and Water Development budgets.

Component 2: IMPACTS FROM INCREASED CROP HARVESTING20 Lack of markets to sell farm

produce Promote formation of

farmer associations and cooperatives, which could

Number of Farmer Associations formed

ADP Secretariat

DA

Annually during project Implementation

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Frequency/Cost

easily access markets


Number of institutions or programmes linked to ADP to facilitate access to markets

Ministry of Trade and Industry


Component 2: IMPACTS FROM INCREASED CROSS BOARDER TRADE21 Increased risk of HIV and

AIDS Awareness campaigns on

the risks of HIV and AIDS promoted through cross boarder relationships with highly mobile and sexually active persons

Number of awareness campaigns conducted

National Aids Commission

Ministry of Agriculture

During Project Implementation


Component 2: IMPACTS FROM PROJECT PHASE OUT22 Discontinuation of subsidies

may lead to: Farmers’ reluctance to






o Disruption of local

Prepare comprehensive programme exit strategies that empower the district assemblies and other key stakeholders to continue with the activities in a sustainable manner

Exit strategy document District or Town

Assembly preparedness to take over project

ADP Secretariat

6 months before project wind up

3,000,000.00 for assessment of the Assemblies capacity to take over (ADP-SP TO FUND)

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Frequency/Cost

and national economies

o Risk of increase in impacts of HIV and AIDS due to loss or reduced sources of food and income

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6.3 Implementation Arrangements for the ESIA

6.3.1 Definition of Roles and ResponsibilitiesSuccessful implementation of the ESIA, the EMP and the monitoring plan will require input, expertise and resources from all the key stakeholders including the ADP participating institutions. It will also require the participation and involvement of the farmers and the Local Leaders. Therefore these key stakeholders would need to collaborate at all levels including at district, division and national levels.

Some of the stakeholders will require basic training in environmental management and land and water conservation practices. The type of training has been given in Chapter 7. The present Chapter outlines some of the selected and recommended activities to be performed by each of the key stakeholders, in order to successfully implement the environmental management plan.

6.3.1.3 National level:The (MoAFS) will be responsible for the overall implementation of the project. The ADP Executive Management Committee (EMC), chaired by the Principal Secretary of MoAFS, will have the overall decision making responsibility regarding the management of the project, including approval of work plans and budgets.

For the ESIA therefore, the ADP Secretariat will coordinate and monitor implementation of the Environmental Management Plan. The ADP Secretariat will be charged with the day-to-day national level management of the project, and will be strengthened to be able to do so.

6.3.1.2 Division levelImplementation of the ESIA will be supervised by the ADDs. This comprises Programme Manager and heads of different department including the Crop Management, Extension Services, Land Resource Management, Agriculture Gender Roles and Support Services, Communication Services, Agri-Business Development and Livestock Management. Table 6.4 gives the ADDs and their respective districts:

Table 6.4: ADDs and their Respective DistrictsAGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT DIVISION

(ADD)DISTRICTS UNDER THE ADD

Blantyre Blantyre, Mulanje, Mwanza, Thyolo, Phalombe and Chiradzulu, Neno and Zomba

Shire Valley Chikwawa and NsanjeMachinga Machinga, Balaka, MangochiLilongwe Lilongwe, Dedza and NtcheuKasungu Kasungu, Mchinji, Dowa and NtchisiSalima Salima and Nkhota-kotaMzuzu Mzimba, Nkhata-bay and Rumphi.Karonga Karonga, Chitipa and Likoma

6.3.1.3 District LevelThe District Agricultural Development Offices (DADOs) and the Town or District Assemblies will be responsible for the technical work at the District or Town Assembly level. The DEC, which comprises officials such as the District Commissioner, Director of Planning and Development, Environmental District Officer, Lands Officer, HIV and AIDS Officer, Gender Officer and Social Welfare Officer; will provide technical expertise to the farmers, for successful implementation of the ADP.

The respective institutions indicated in the monitoring plan will carry out the monitoring for the implementation of the EMP, which will be done with the participation of the Field Extension Workers.

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CHAPTER SEVEN: CAPACITY BUILDING FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING

7.1 Current Environmental Management Capacity

7.1.1 Environmental Capacity in the Agriculture SectorThe Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security has technical and managerial capacity at different levels. The Headquarters, ADD and RDP have technical staff in the departments of Research, Crop production, Extension Services, Animal Health and Livestock Production, Land Resources Conservation and the Planning Division. These departments are supported by the Finance and Human Resources sections.

Extension Services The Extension Services include crop and livestock production, gender, agro-business, communication and methodologies. The officers work with the Agriculture Extension Development Coordinator (AEDC) and the Agriculture Extension Development Officer AEDO at section level to transfer technologies, gender and HIV and AIDS mainstreaming messages to the farmers. From project documents and information obtained during public consultations it was learnt that the average vacancy in the Department of Agriculture Extension Services is 58%.

Land Resources and Conservation DepartmentThe Land Resources and Conservation Department has three units of Land Management and Training, Environmental Conservation and Education and the Land Resource Survey and evaluation units.

At the ADD level, the Land Resources and Conservation Department has the Chief Land Resources Conservation Officer (CLRCO), the Principal Land Resources Conservation Officer (PLRCO), the Senior Land Resources Conservation Officer (SLRCO) and the Chief Draughtsman. At the district level the RDPs have the Land Resources and Conservation Officer (LRCO) and the Senior Assistant Land Resources and Conservation Officer (SALRCO).

The technical staff of Land Resources and Conservation Department includes the Agriculture Extension Development Officer (AEDO) who is their direct link to the farmer. However, the AEDOs focus more on agricultural production than on conservation activities.

The department has a vacancy level of around 59% at the headquarters. The vacancy level is slightly higher at ADD and District level (69%). This gap is high and should be filled for the effective implementation and sustainable management of the environment and natural resources.

Extension Planning AreaThe Extension Planning Area Section has the Agriculture Extension Development Coordinator (AEDC), the Agriculture Extension Development Officer (AEDO) and the Agriculture Veterinary Officer (AVO). These are the development officers who directly link research and extension services, land conservation technologies and livestock technologies to the farmer for improved and sustainable production.

The number of established positions for AEDOs is 2880 positions in the 8 ADDs but 41% of these positions are vacant. The ministry recruits these officers every year. However, the staff turnover is high due to remote locations and poor working conditions. As a result the AEDOs prefer to work for NGOs and other institutions offering better pay and working conditions.

The AEDO to Farmer ratio is currently very low and in Mchinji RDP for instance, the ratio is 1 AEDO to 4000 farmers instead of the recommended 1:800. Table 7.1 provides statistics of the AEDO staff levels and vacancies in some of the AAD districts.

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Table 7.1: Distribution of AEDO staff in the ADD

ADD Established Filled VacantKaronga 104 94 10Shire valley 184 126 58Salima 232 114 118Mzuzu 268 232 36Kasungu 392 221 171Blantyre 544 210 334Machinga 560 333 227Lilongwe 596 375 221Total 2880 1705 1175

Source Ministry of Agriculture – Human Resources Office

The Pesticides Control BoardThe pesticides Control Board works hand in hand with different ministries and departments in controlling the usage of pesticides for the protection of Malawians, their agricultural activities and their environment. The Board has a secretariat comprising of the registrar and the assistant registrar. It also has 3 filled posts against the established 6 posts in the inspection section. The Board is therefore, currently facing difficulties of low capacity levels, especially in the inspection section.

7.1.2 Environmental and Social Management Capacity in other Sectors

Environmental Affairs DepartmentThe Environmental Affairs Department (EAD) is the authority responsible for coordinating all environmental matters in the country. The Department headquarters is in Lilongwe and there are environmental district offices in the 28 districts of the country.

At the district level, there are 28 established positions of Environmental District Officers (EDOs). However, more than 50% of those positions are vacant mainly due to staff leaving in search for greener pastures. This is a great challenge as these are the officers that coordinate environmental matters at district level. The Environmental District Officer is a member of the District Environmental Sub-committee (DESC) of the District Executive Committee (DEC)

District AssembliesIn addition to the positions of EDOs in the District Assemblies, the 2004 functional review of the Assemblies proposed a number of changes to the Assembly structures, including the establishment of a Directorate of Agriculture, Environmental Affairs and Natural Resources. The purpose of the Directorate is to ensure food security and sustainable management and utilization of the environment and natural resources. This would augur well with the proposed ADP as the main aspects of the ADP as far as the ESIA is concerned, would be coordinated within one unit at Assembly level.

The Functional Review was already approved by Department of Human Resources Management and Training. However, it has not yet been implemented as an establishment, pending warrant from the Treasury Department.

The Ministry of HealthThe Ministry of Health and Population Services is one of the key Ministries to the successful implementation of the ADP. The Ministry has an extensive structure which is divided into curative and preventive sections. Currently, the Ministry is conducting a review of its structure to suit development programmes within the Ministry and outside the Ministry such as the proposed ADP-SP.

The preventive section of the Ministry relates very well with the implementation of the ADP-SP. Preventive mechanisms for negative environmental and social impacts of the ADP-SP could be

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included in the Environmental Health Programmes at different levels of the new proposed structure. The structure goes down to the community level where local voluntary staff trained in environmental health can play roles in the EMP and monitoring for the ADP-SP impacts. The structure showing the different levels of Environmental Health participation is presented as follows:

CONTROLLER OF PREVENTIVE HEALTH SERVICES

CHIEF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH OFFICER

PRINCIPAL ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH OFFICER (Regional)

DISTRICT ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH OFFICER (District Hospital)

ASSISTANT DISTRICT ENVIRONMENTAL OFFICER (Area / Health Centre)

SENIOR ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH ASSISTANT (Area / Health Centre)

ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH ASSISTANT (Health Post / Dispensary)

HEALTH ASSISTANT (Health Post / Dispensary)

SUPERVISORY HEALTH SURVEILLANCE ASSISTANT (Health Post / Dispensary)

HEALTH SURVEILLANCE ASSISTANT (Community Based)

The Ministry of Women and Child DevelopmentThe Ministry of Women and Child Development is the key Ministry coordinating issues of gender and child development. The Ministry has a well established structure, for gender related impacts of the ADP-SP. The structure is designed to facilitate increased women participation in development projects. The ADP-SP will benefit from this structure at all levels including the national, regional and district level.

The Ministry plans to conduct a functional review to strengthen the structures at the grass root level. Some of the key technical departments and officers relevant to the implementation of the ADP-SP are shown in the table 7.2

Table 7.2: Departments of the Ministry of Women and Child Development Relevant to ADP-SP

DEPARTMENT ESTABLISHED OFFICECommunity Development Principal Secretary

Director of Community Development Services Deputy Director of Community Development Chief Community Development Officer

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DEPARTMENT ESTABLISHED OFFICE Principal Community Development Officer (Adult Literacy) Principal Community Development Officer Senior Community Development Officer

Social Welfare Director of Welfare Services Deputy Director of Social Welfare Services Chief Social Welfare Officer Principal Social Welfare Officer

Gender and Development Director of Gender and Development Services Deputy Director of Gender and Development Chief Gender and Development Officer

Gender Affairs Programme Principal Gender and Development OfficerEconomic Empowerment Principal Gender and Development OfficerSocial Planning Services Controller of Planning Services

Chief Social Planning Officer Principal Social Planning Officer Senior Social Planning Officer Social Planning Officer Senior Programmer Data Preparation Clerk

District Offices District Community Services Officer Community Development Officer Social Welfare Officer Senior Assistant Community Development Officer Senior Assistant Social Welfare Officer Assistant Community Development Officer Assistant Social Welfare Officer Senior Community Development Assistant Senior Social Welfare Assistant Community Development Assistant Social Welfare Assistant

7.2 Capacity Building and Training RequirementsSuccessful implementation of the ADP partly depends on the effective implementation of the environmental management measures outlined in the ESIA. Training and capacity building is therefore necessary for the key stakeholders to ensure that they have the appropriate skills to implement the environmental management plan. This section outlines the types of capacity building and training initiatives that must be implemented as part of ADP, to ensure that the environmental management requirements outlined in the ESIA are fully implemented. 7.2.1 Institutional StrengtheningInstitutional capacity in the MoAFS to implement most of the measures outlined in this ESIA is considered to be weak particularly due to low staffing levels and inadequate resources to implement and monitor environmental management requirements.

Agriculture Extension Development Officers relate directly with the farmers and therefore are key in the implementation of the EMP. It is important therefore that some of the vacancies (which go up to 41%) should be filled. Currently, Extension Officers are trained at Natural Resources College (NRC) where they obtain a Diploma in Agriculture and Natural Resources. This training is of direct relevance to the implementation of the EMP. Hence new AEDOs with this training would be appropriate for implementation of the EMP. The Government should be responsible for assessing and filling up the AEDO vacancies (using their annual budgetary provisions) to ensure the success of the ADP in general and ADP-SP in particular.

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From the public consultations, it was noted that the AEDOs are more biased towards agricultural productivity. This may lead to gaps in the implementation of soil conservation and land management activities. The AEDOs therefore need to be conversant with soil and land conservation and management practices. This is more so because good soil and land conservation and management is a direct mitigation measure to a number of environmental impacts that are bound to arise from implementation of the ADP-SP.

Although Malawi has the appropriate legislation and the Pesticides Control Board, the Board is currently faced with difficulties to control and monitor importation and accumulation of obsolete pesticides, which threaten human health and the environment. There is need therefore, to build and enhance the capacity of the PCB to monitor pesticides imports and management.

In addition to the above measures, it is proposed that strengthening of the capacity of the following institutions, which are involved in agriculture training including soil conservation and land management, should be considered under the ADP-SP. Some of these institutions require improvement of basic facilities as follows:

a) Rehabilitation of Rural Training centres (RTCs) and Day Training Centres;b) Rehabilitation of the Land Husbandry Training Centre in Zomba;c) Installation of essential utilities (potable water and electricity) in most of the Extension Planning

Areas;d) Provision of computers to Agricultural Offices including at EPA level;e) Provision of communication services such as telephones to Extension Workers;f) Provision of transport systems such as minibuses for the training centres, vehicles for the

District Agricultural Offices and Agricultural Development Divisions and bicycles and motorcycles for extension workers; and

g) Conducting demonstrations for different agricultural activities such as crop management, irrigation farming and livestock management.

The responsibility to strengthen the capacity of the institutions would fall directly under the Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security, taking advantage of all the ongoing programmes including the ADP-SP. Therefore MoAFS will need to discuss with the donor institutions of the various programmes to establish the feasible funding possibilities. Table 7.3 summarises the capacity building requirements and proposes possible sources of funding.

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Table 7.3 Capacity Building Requirements

Institution Current Situation Capacity Building Recommendations

Responsibility Estimated Costs Remarks

Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security (MoAFS)

AEDOs – 41% Vacancy rate i.e. 1175 vacant posts

Fill in vacant posts with already trained personnel

Training AEDOs to Diploma level at Natural Resources College (2yr course) as a tailor made programme

Harmonise programmes with NGOs to optimise use of AEDOs in same areas

MoAFS to fill in the vacant posts

ADP to train the AEDOs and distribute them to its programmes including the ADP-SP

Total training Fees for 2 years K700,000 (Tuition K310,000/yr/boarding person plus Upkeep K40,000/yr)

Priority for MoAFS should be to recruit already trained AEDOs. Where they cannot get trained personnel to fill the posts, MoAFS to train the additional on their own through the NRC programme.

Land Resources and Conservation Department (LRCD)

59% vacancy level at Headquarters

69% vacancy level at district level

To fill at least 80% of the posts

MoAFS (LRCD)

To be met from normal budget of MoAFS

Priority should be given to filling up posts of the Land Resources and Conservation Officer (LRCO) and the Senior Assistant Land Resources and Conservation Officer (SALRCO) at the district level.

Pesticides Control Board (PCB)

3 posts filled in the inspection unit against 6 established positions; staining

Fill in all vacant posts PCB To be met from normal PCB budget

ADP-SP to provide support in form of an additional vehicle for inspection

MoAFS should facilitate filling in of vacant posts

ADP-SP may put as a conditionality that

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Institution Current Situation Capacity Building Recommendations

Responsibility Estimated Costs Remarks

themonitoring and enforcement of the Pesticides Act

(MK10million) and K500,000 annually for inspection & monitoring costs

they will not fund procurement of pesticides unless 90% of the posts are filled

Environmental Affairs Department (EAD)

28 EDO established position 50% of which are vacant

Fill in all vacant posts EAD EAD normal budget Filling of vacant posts will cater for all environment related projects

MoAFS Structures dilapidated

Rehabilitation of RTCs and Day Training Centres

MoAFS ADP

MK120million MoAFS to assess the requirements and prepare a prioritised and phased budget

Structures dilapidated

Rehabilitation of LHTC in Zomba

MoAFS ADP

MK40million


Installation of essential utilities (potable water and electricity)

MoAFS ADP

Normal MOAFS budget MoAFS to assess the requirements and prepare a prioritised and phased budget


Rehabilitation and provision of Agriculture Offices at EPA level

MoAFS ADP-SP



Rehabilitation and provision of communication services such as telephones for extension workers

MoAFS ADP-SP


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7.2.2 Proposed Training and Awareness ProgrammesThe general objective of the training and awareness programmes for implementation of the ESIA is to:

sensitize the various stakeholders on the linkages between environment and social impacts and agricultural productivity;

demonstrate the role of the various players in implementation and monitoring of the EMP; sensitize representatives and leaders of community groups and associations (who will in turn

relay the message to their communities) on the implementation and management of the miti -gation measures; and on their roles in achieving environmental sustainability;

ensure that district level staff are able to supervise the implementation of their components in the EMP; and

strengthen local NGOs and extension teams to provide technical support to the farmers.

The stakeholders have different training needs for awareness, sensitization, and in-depth training as follows:

awareness-raising for participants who need to appreciate the significance or relevance of envi -ronmental and social issues;

sensitization for participants who need to be familiar with the EMP and to monitor its implemen-tation; and

In-depth training for participants who will need to understand the potential adverse environmental and social impacts and who will at times supervise implementation of mitigation measures and report to relevant authorities.

In addition to the above training, it is recommended that study tours to other countries which have successfully implemented an Agriculture SWAp be undertaken by representatives of key stakeholders at the three levels to learn how environmental management of such a program is handled and to draw lessons that can be applied in their own situation.

The training will be at three levels i.e. national, district and community levels as outlined below.

7.2.3 National Level Awareness RaisingAt national level the following were identified for short awareness-raising to enable them appreciate the significance and relevance of the ESIA to the ADP-SP:

Directorate for Agricultural Extension Services (MoAFS), Directorate for Agricultural Research Services (MoAFS), Agriculture Development Divisions (MoAFS), Land Resources and Conservation Department (Ministry MoAFS), Environmental Affairs Department (Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources), Department of Lands (Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources), Ministry of Irrigation and Water Development, Ministry of Health Ministry of Gender and Social welfare and; Ministry of Women and Child Development District Assemblies Pesticides Control Board.

7.2.4 District Level SensitisationThe institutions identified to require sensitisation at district level are the District Assemblies and in particular, members of the District Executive Committee (DEC), the District Environmental Sub Committee (DESC) and the RDPs in the Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security.7.2.5 Community Level TrainingAt community level, in-depth training on the implementation of the EMP for the ESIA for the ADP-SP would be required for the Extension Workers in the Extension Planning Areas (EPAs), representatives of Village Development Committees (VDCs), Area Executive Committees (AECs) and NGOs working in the target areas.

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The proposed areas of training for the above would be based on the topics outlined in Table 7.4 and the depth of training for each topic would be designed to suit the three different levels

Table 7.4: ESIA Training Areas for Stakeholders of the ADP-SPTraining

Day 1 Morning Introduction to the ADP-SP Introduction to ESIA and EMP for the ADP-SP Relevant Malawi environmental legislation and World Bank

Safeguards and compliance requirementsDay 1 Afternoon Environmental, social and economic impacts of ADP-SP

ADP-SP and implications on land ownership and compensation

The Land Policy, Land Act and Land Acquisition Act.

Day 2 Morning

Gender, Nutrition HIV and AIDS and the ADP Mitigation measures for the negative impacts of ADP-SP Implementation and monitoring of the EMP Roles of various sectors in components of the EMP

Day 2 Afternoon The Pesticides Act and Requirements of Wold Bank Safeguard Policy OP 4.09 Pest Management

Use, management and disposal of pesticides in relation to the Pesticides Act

Integrated Pest Management Good environment and natural resources management

practices Case studies

7.2.4 Training Cost Estimates

The proposed cost estimates for the national level awareness, district sensitization and community level training will include transport costs, accommodation, venue and meals, per diems, stationery, production of training material and communication costs.

The cost of each national workshop is estimated at MK2, 000,000.00, while the cost of each district sensitisation meeting is MK300, 000.00 and the cost of each community level training is estimated at MK250,000.00; based on costs for similar national workshops, district sensitisation meetings and community level trainings conducted in the past. Table 7.5 summarises the cost estimates for the capacity building programmes. These expenses would have to be met by the ADP.

Table 7.5: ESIA Cost Estimates for Institutional Capacity Building MeasuresCAPACITY BUILDING PROGRAMME

DESCRIPTION COST ESTIMATES (MK)

National Level Awareness One day awareness to different stakeholders from key Ministries and Departments as outlined in section 7.2.3. This includes one workshop for each

6,000,000.00

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region (3 workshops in total)District Level Sensitization One sensitization meeting in

each of the 29 districts with participants from DEC, DESC, and RDP (29 meetings in total)

9,000,000.00

Community Level Training 2 days community level training per district (two communities per district) as per the training areas in table 7.2.

15,000,000.00

7.3 Justification for the Capacity Building and Training 7.3.1 Environmental management training for the ADP-SP ESIAThe overall objective of the ADP-SP is to attain increased food security at household and national level and increased agricultural led economic growth while ensuring sustainable management of natural resources. In order to achieve the objectives of the program, successful implementation of the environmental mitigation measures and recommendations in the ESIA is paramount. It is important therefore to ensure that target groups and stakeholders who have a key role in implementation of the EMP are provided with the appropriate training and awareness. The training for the ESIA will sensitise and clarify the roles of the stakeholders on the requirements of the ESIA and the EMP.

The ADP-SP will support pest management to minimise post-harvest damage. It is important therefore that the stakeholders understand the adverse effects of poor management of pesticides, to human health and the environment. Hence it is necessary that information and skills on proper pesticides management is imparted to project stakeholders and beneficiaries.

7.4 Proposed Approach in Executing TrainingThe stakeholders have different training needs for awareness, sensitization and training in the implementation of the ESIA and the EMP. It is therefore recommended that the trainings be tailor made to suit the different target group as follows.

The training could best be facilitated by a consultant in collaboration with relevant government departments. These government departments would include those that have experience in the successful implementation of EMPs and those that have specialised relevant knowledge (i.e. Environmental Affairs Department, relevant departments in the Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security, Ministry of Irrigation and Water Development, Ministry of Gender and Social Welfare and Pesticides Control Board). Each government department would provide training in its area of competence, with the overall facilitation and coordination done by an experienced consultant. The trainings will have to be conducted at the beginning of the project, before the program activities start, to enable participants apply the knowledge gained during program implementation.

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CHAPTER EIGHT: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONSThe ESIA for the ADP-SP demonstrates that the project will have both positive and negative impacts and the assessment generally indicates that the positive impacts outweigh the negative impacts.

The ADP-SP project component 2 will generate most of the negative environmental and social impacts while fewer negative environmental and social impacts will be generated from components 1 and 3. The identified positive impacts include:

increased food security, increased household income for the smallholder farmers, due to high agricultural productivity

and consequent sales; increased productivity, resulting in freeing up some resources e.g. time, land and labour; improved nutritional status of the farmers due to increased agricultural production; improved farmer skills from trainings in technologies, seed breeding, fertilizer use and land

conservation; increased opportunity for engagement in other income generating activities or small scale

businesses by smallholder farmers due to increased food security for the households; improved post-harvest storage techniques; targeted interventions (taking into account gender disparities) which will result in increased

adoption rate of improved technologies, increased access and control of resources particularly for women (who are usually disadvantaged) and improved agricultural production;

increased ability to cope with climatic shocks and changes; and a coordinated approach to agricultural investment, which may result in efficient use of

resources due to reduction in duplication, overlaps and gaps in agricultural efforts.

The ESIA has also identified a number of potential negative impacts which include the following: increased use of agrochemicals resulting in pollution of both ground and surface waters; increased use of fertilisers which may lead to eutrophication of water bodies; threats to human health and the environment due to poor pesticides and harbicides storage,

handling and application by agro dealers and smallholder farmers; contamination of water due to poor management of pesticides; increased siltation of water bodies due to increased cultivation on marginal lands and; loss of vegetation from land clearing to pave way for increased agricultural production.

The following measures are proposed to enhance the positive impacts and to mitigate the adverse ones:

training the farmers on proper application of fertilisers; training the farmers and agro-dealers on best practices for pesticide storage, handling,

application and disposal; equipping the farmers with skills in improved water catchment management; increasing and intensifying extension services for imparting knowledge to farmers and; training the farmers in good soil and water conservation and land management techniques.

To facilitate implementation of the environmental and social management measures within the ADP-SP, environmental and social management plans have been prepared. The plans provide an outline for environmental and social management measures to be undertaken, a schedule for implementation and responsible institutions to implement the measures. In addition, monitoring plans have been prepared to facilitate monitoring of the EMP. The monitoring plan gives the parameters to be monitored and the frequency of monitoring.

In order to achieve the objectives of the program and to successfully implement the environmental mitigation measures and recommendations in the ESIA, it is important to ensure that target groups and stakeholders who have a key role in the implementation of the EMP are provided with the appropriate

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awareness, skills and training. Training of key stakeholders is proposed at the three levels of national, district and community. The general objectives of the training are to:

sensitise the various stakeholders on the linkages between the environmental and social impacts on one hand and agricultural productivity on the other. The stakeholders will also be sensitized on their roles in the implementation and monitoring of the EMP;

sensitise representatives and leaders of community groups and associations (who will in turn relay the message to their communities) to manage the environmental and social impacts of ADP-SP;

ensure that district level staff are able to supervise the implementation of their components in the EMP and;

strengthen the capacity of local NGOs and extension teams to provide technical support.

In addition to the training, there is need to strengthen the capacity of various key institutions to effectively manage the environmental and social impacts of the program. Capacity strengthening includes increasing the number of staff in the Agricultural Extension Services, Pesticides Control Board and others. Furthermore, it is proposed that certain institutions such as the Agricultural Training Centres be rehabilitated and made operational; computers and communication facilities be provided to improve information flow and reporting; and that transport (in form of motor cycles and bicycles) be provided for the extension workers to reach out to the farmers. It is recommended that the programme design should include these elements which are essential for satisfactory implementation of the ADP-SP and the ESIA.

Recommendations and ConclusionThe negative impacts identified are mostly of low magnitude and can easily be mitigated. Some of the mitigation measures such as sustainable increase of the land, water and nutrient use efficiency are actually components of the ADP itself. The ESIA has environmental and social management and monitoring plans which if well implemented, will result in the overall sustainability of agricultural productivity and contribute towards sustainable development. It is recommended therefore that the environmental management and mitigation measures proposed in this report are adhered to.

In addition to implementation of the EMP, the following recommendations are proposed:

The ADP-SP should build synergies with the Customary Land Reform Programme in order to enhance the effects of the programme, considering that issues of land tenure have a bearing on how land is efficiently utilised and managed;

The Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security should oversee the implementation of the ESIA. The MoAFS should do this in coordination with the Environmental Affairs Department;

District and local community structures should be adequately trained to supervise implementa-tion of the EMP. The project should take advantage of the District Environmental Sub-Commit -tee led by the Environmental District Officer and should provide the necessary resources and equipment to enable them monitor implementation of the EMP at district and area levels;

Key stakeholders should be made aware of the project, the ESIA and its EMP and their role in its successful implementation. They should also be sensitized on the linkages between the project and the environmental and social impacts; and the need to mitigate the impacts to en -sure sustainable agricultural productivity of the ADP-SP project objectives;

The project should put in place an effective monitoring and evaluation and feedback mecha -nism on implementation of the EMP.

Resources should be allocated to the Pesticides Control Board for implementation of proper Pest Management awareness and sensitization meetings; and

There is need to strengthen Pesticides Registration and Management through the Pesticides Control Board to ensure proper management of pesticides.

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It must be realised that there are other programmes or activities that are planned or are currently being implemented in the agriculture or related sectors. Some of these programmes include the agro-forestry programmes, the agriculture communication branch activities of the MoAFS and the activities of NGOs and Civil Society involved in agriculture and environment.

It is recommended therefore that all these programmes direct their efforts in a manner that will support each other’s activities to avoid duplication of efforts and wasting of resources.

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REFERENCES

Government of Malawi ( 1987) ,Crop Production Policy, Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security Government of Malawi (1995) Malawi Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Master Plan,

Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security Government of Malawi (2003), Seed Policy, Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security Government of Malawi (2006) Land Resources Conservation Strategic Plan 2007-2011, Ministry of

Agriculture and Food Security Government of Malawi (1965), Ministry of Land, Land Act. Government of Malawi (1969) Water Resources Act, Ministry of Water Development, Government of Malawi (1994) National Environmental Action Plan. Volume 1, Department of

Research and Environment Affairs. Government of Malawi (1995) Constitution of the Republic Of Malawi, Ministry of Justice and

Constitutional Affairs Government of Malawi (1996) Environmental Management Act, Number 23, Department of

Environmental Affairs Government of Malawi (1996) Environmental Management Act, Number 23 Department of

Environmental Affairs. Government of Malawi (1996) Forestry Policy, Forestry Department Government of Malawi (1996), National Environmental Policy Ministry of Research and

Environmental Affairs Government of Malawi (1997), Forestry Act, Forestry Department Government of Malawi (2000) Pesticides Act , Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security Government of Malawi (2000) Agriculture Extension in the New Millennium Policy, Ministry of

Agriculture and Food Security Government of Malawi (2000) National Irrigation Policy and Development Strategy, Department of

Irrigation Government of Malawi (2000) National Land Resources Management Policy and Strategy, Ministry

of Agriculture and Food Security Government of Malawi (2001) National Fisheries and Aquaculture Policy, Ministry of Agriculture and

Food Security Government of Malawi (2002), Environmental Affairs Department, State of Environment Report.

Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment Affairs Government of Malawi (2002) National Land Policy, Ministry of Lands, Physical Planning and Surveys Government of Malawi (2003) HIV/AIDS in the Agriculture Sector Policy and Strategy 2003-2008;

Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security Government of Malawi (2004), Malawi Demographic and Health Survey. National Statistical Office Government of Malawi (2004), National Water Policy Ministry of Water Development Government of Malawi (2005) New Era Agricultural Policy: A Strategic Agenda for Addressing

Economic Development and Food Security in Malawi, Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security

Government of Malawi (2005) Strategic Plan for pesticides Control Board, Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security

Government of Malawi (2005) Integrated Household Survey, National Statistical Office. Government of Malawi (2006) Food Security Policy, Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security Government of Malawi (2006) Lilongwe District Socio Economic Profile, Ministry of Local

Government and Rural Development Government of Malawi (2006) Malawi Growth and Development Strategy. Ministry Of Finance and

Economic Planning. Government of Malawi (2007) Contract Farming Strategy, Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security Government of Malawi (2007) National Fertilizer Strategy, Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security

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APPENDICES

APPENDIX 1.1: ADP-SP COMPONENT 2 (REORGANIZED FOLLOWING DISCUSSIONS OF 16/11)

IMPROVED MAIZE-BASED PRODUCTION SYSTEMS v3

1. SUSTAINABLE LAND and RAINWATER MANAGEMENT

(incresaed soil OM,rotations

Develop water harvesting/infiltration tech.Better rainwater management

2. INTEGRATED CROP NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT

Radio/TV programsSoil Laboratory

3. IMPROVED SEEDSa. Improved maize seeds

OPV/Hybrids Validate new varietiesOPV Maintain & multiply breeder/basic seed Maize seed multiplication PPP?/farmer

Certify OPV seedsMonitor carry over seeds

b. Leguminous seeds for intercropping/fallowing Validate new varsin maize-based systems (Pigeon pea, etc.)

4. BETTER CROP & POST-HARVEST MANAGEMENT a. Best bet technologies: planting, weeding …)

b. Decreased post-harvest losses (LGB) Biological control of Large Grain Borer Farmer training in post-harvest handlingValidate chemical control measures Develop messages

Cross cutting and overal issues Economic analysis on maize based systems Campaign to address 'attitude' issuesResearch manag. syst. Strengthened Green belts/lead farmer/ FFS/ model village

+ Gender & HIV Recruit front line staffStrengthen District Agric Extension SystemImproved mobility + incentives for FL staff

M&E, Reporting, etc.

Optimise fertilizer formulas (farmers needs/ressources)

On-farm trials/Demo./fliers/posters …

Drought/disease tolerant vars (demo/etc)

On farm trials-demo./training/brochures

RESEARCH EXTENSION LAND & WATER

On farm-trials/Demonstrations/ Open field days, Flyers-posters etc.

Promotion/training farmer/awareness

Train SMS in Maize prod at ADD & district

Promotion/training farmer/awareness

Train SMS and para-seed inspectors

b. Manure/compost making & application

a. Develop area-specific adapated fertilizer recommendations

b. Field level rainwater harvesting

Seed multiplication (private/farmer)On-farm trials/demo etc.

Promote on-farm rainfall water harvesting tech. (bassins/pit planting, contour infiltration systems, hoe -pan breaking, …)

SMS/Extension worker and farmer training

a. Conservation farming /minimum tillage

On-farm trials/Demo./fliers/posters …

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APPENDIX 1.2 LIST OF INDIVIDUALS/INSTITUTIONS CONTACTEDNAME DESIGNATION INSTITUTION DATE CONSULTEDMr. Bodzalekani Programme Manager Shire Valley ADD 03 / 12 / 07Mr. Bernard Chief Agricultural Extension Officer Shire Valley ADD 03 / 12 / 07Mr. Kamanga Division Crops officer Shire Valley ADD 03 / 12 / 07Mr. Ngauma Deputy Division Officer Shire Valley ADD 03 / 12 / 07Mr Manjawira Livestock officer Shire Valley ADD 03 / 12 / 07Mr. Chatepa Principal Administration officer Shire Valley ADD 03 / 12 / 07Mr. Chikomola Principal Agriculture, Gender Roles and

Extension Support Services OfficerShire Valley ADD 03 / 12 / 07

Mr. Palani Acting District Officer Chikwawa D.E.C 03 / 12 / 07Mr. Shaba Monitoring and Evaluation Officer Chikwawa D.E.C 03 / 12 / 07Mr Sigaleti Land Resources Conservation Officer Chikwawa D.E.C 03 / 12 / 07Mr. Lijuni Crops officer Chikwawa D.E.C 03 / 12 / 07Mr. Mangadzuwa Livestock officer Chikwawa D.E.C 03 / 12 / 07Mr. Zammimba Livestock Officer Chikwawa D.E.C 03 / 12 / 12Mr Gomani Livestock Officer Chikwawa D.E.C 03 / 12 / 07Mr Sibande Chief Agricultural Extension Officer Mzuzu A.D.D 03 / 12 / 07O.J.S. Kumwenda Principal Agriculture Extension

Methodologies OfficerMzuzu A.D.D 03 / 12 / 07

Mr. B.M. Nkhoma Director of Planning and Development Mchinji D.E.C 04 / 12 / 07Mr. C. Soko Assistant District Forestry Officer Mchinji D.E.C 04 / 12 / 07Mr. E.N. Kayuwe District Agricultural Development Officer Mchinji D.E.C 04 / 12 / 07Mr. C Matatiyo Crops Officer Mchinji D.E.C 04 / 12 / 07Mr. B. S. Chapolongana

Land Resource conservation Officer

Mchinji D.E.C 04 / 12 / 07

Mr. B. J. Tongwe Extension Methodologist Officer Mchinji D.E.C 04 / 12 / 07Mr. A Namanja District Information Officer Mchinji D.E.C 04 / 12 / 07Mr. S.C.D Wella Agricultural Extension Development

CoordinatorMlonyeni E.P.A, Kandusu village-Mchinji R.D.P

04 / 12 / 07

Mrs. L.B. Chunga Agricultural Extension Development Officer

Mlonyeni E.P.A, Kandusu village-Mchinji R.D.P

04 / 12 / 07

Mr. P. Kalepa Agricultural Extension Development Officer

Mlonyeni E.P.A, Kandusu village-Mchinji R.D.P

04 / 12 / 07

Mr. Mataka Deputy Programme Manager Blantyre ADD 04 / 12 / 07Mr Makwinja Crops Officer Blantyre ADD 04 / 12 / 07Mr. Juwawo Land Resources Conservation officer Blantyre ADD 04 / 12 / 07Mr. Kantsitsi Director of Planning and Development Blantyre D.E.C 04 / 12 / 07Mr. Ugeni Head of Crops Blantyre D.E.C 04 / 12 / 07Mrs. Bondwe Gender Officer Blantyre D.E.C 04 / 12 / 07Ms. Kunje Forestry Officer Blantyre D.E.C 04 / 12 / 07Mr. Tembo District AIDS Coordinator Tithandizane Mulanje D.E.C 04 / 12 / 07Mr. Lomoni District AIDS coordinator Mulanje D.E.C 04 / 12 / 07Mr. Jamu District Community Development Officer Mulanje D.E.C 04 / 12 / 07Mrs. Kadosa Agricultural Extension Development

CoordinatorMulanje RDP 04 / 12 / 07

Mr. Nyirongo Extension Officer Mulanje RDP 04 / 12 / 07Mr. Masiku Seed Officer Mulanje RDP 04 / 12 / 07G.K. Banda Nkhatabay D.E.C 04 / 12 / 07B.A. Msowoya Nkhatabay D.E.C 04 / 12 / 07W.B. Mvula Nkhatabay D.E.C 04 / 12 / 07P. Kalua Nkhatabay D.E.C 04 / 12 / 07A.P. Simbeye Nkhatabay D.E.C 04 / 12 / 07M.I.J. Kawonga Nkhatabay D.E.C 04 / 12 / 07T. Nyirongo Nkhatabay D.E.C 04 / 12 / 07V.P. Matayataya Nkhatabay D.E.C 04 / 12 / 07W.J. Msiska Nkhatabay D.E.C 04 / 12 / 07John M. Chimaliro Kalegha village Chintheche EPA Farmer 04 / 12 / 07Pegson M. Chrwa Msundu Village Chintheche EPA Farmer 04 / 12 / 07Julius Chiwowa Msundu Village Chintheche EPA Farmer 04 / 12 / 07V.H. Kajula Kajula Village Chintheche EPA Farmer 04 / 12 / 07Ruth Phiri Msundu Village Chintheche EPA Farmer 04 / 12 / 07

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NAME DESIGNATION INSTITUTION DATE CONSULTEDTerry Mwase Kaundasi Village Chintheche EPA Farmer 04 / 12 / 07Agness Mphande Mpalawezi Village Chintheche EPA Farmer 04 / 12 / 07Dainasi Chavula Thula Village Chintheche EPA Farmer 04 / 12 / 07Alesi Longwe Juliyanthazi Village Chintheche EPA Farmer 04 / 12 / 07Ackim S. mhande Mpita Village Chintheche EPA Farmer 04 / 12 / 07Delick Banda Thula Village Chintheche EPA Farmer 04 / 12 / 07Paulos Bwalintha Chiundasi Village Chintheche EPA Farmer 04 / 12 / 07Yipuwa Phiri Khwanguli Village Chintheche EPA Farmer 04 / 12 / 07Reuben Chirwa Msundu Village Chintheche EPA Farmer 04 / 12 / 07Mr. Maulana Assistant Registrar of Pesticides Pesticides Control Board 05 / 12 / 07Christopher Maiden Chairperson Village Development

committeeThabwa EPA, Sitolo Village Mulanje RDP

05 / 12 / 07

Mary Andrian VDC Secretary “ 05 / 12 / 07Gladys Kambuwa VDC Treasurer “ 05 / 12 / 07Ellen Jana VDC Committee member “ 05 / 12 / 07Agness Mowela Chairperson manure making “ 05 / 12 / 07Irene Mankwala Chairperson livestock section “ 05 / 12 / 07Hardwick Mussa Farmer “ 05 / 12 / 07Mr. J. Kausi Programme Manager Salima ADD 05 / 12 / 07Mr. B.W.V. Phewa Chief Agricultural Extension Officer Salima ADD 05 / 12 / 07Mr. D.S.C Zalinga Principal Crops Officer Salima ADD 05 / 12 / 07Mr. C.M. Likatho Livestock Development Officer Salima ADD 05 / 12 / 07Mr. J. L. Mlamba Principal Land Resource Conservation

OfficerSalima ADD 05 / 12 / 07

Mr. C.L.D Chilimbira Evaluation Officer Salima ADD 05 / 12 / 07Mrs. P.B Phewa Agricultural Communication Officer Salima ADD 05 / 12 / 07Mr. M. L. Chitsamba Human Resource Management Officer Salima ADD 05 / 12 / 07Mr. B. Chimwaza District Environmental Officer Salima D.E.C 05 / 12 / 07Mr. J. Kipandula Deputy Agricultural Development Division

OfficerSalima D.E.C 05 / 12 / 07

Mr. A. Manchichi Agricultural Extension development Officer Makande E.P.A, Kabwiri village-Salima R.D.P

05 / 12 / 07

Dr.Ching’amba Program Manager Karonga A.D.D 05 / 12 / 07Mr Ghambi Chief Agricultural Extension Officer Karonga A.D.D 05 / 12 / 07J.J. Nyondo Education Officer Karonga D.E.C. 05 / 12 / 07F.K.S Simfukwe Irrigation Officer Karonga D.E.C. 05/ 12 / 07C.K. Moyo Evangelical Lutheran Development service

officer Karonga D.E.C. 05 / 12 / 07

A.M. Chaponda Water Development officer Karonga D.E.C. 05 / 12 / 07M.M. Mwale Malawi Postal Cooperation officer Karonga D.E.C. 05/ 12 / 07M. Mwamlima NAPHAM supervisor Karonga D.E.C. 05 / 12 / 07H.B. Jaji District Social Welfare officer Karonga D.E.C. 05 / 12 / 07C. Msuku Forestry Officer Karonga D.E.C. 05/ 12 / 07C. Nawata Director of Planning and development Karonga D.E.C. 05 / 12 / 07A. Phiri Town Assembly Representative Karonga D.E.C. 05 / 12 / 07Mr. Zulu Chief Agricultural Extension Officer Machinga ADD 06 / 12 / 07Mr. Mphonda Land Resources Conservation officer Machinga ADD 06 / 12 / 07Mr. Jiya Communication Officer Machinga ADD 06 / 12 / 07Mr. Chirwa Crops Officer Machinga ADD 06 / 12 / 07Mr. Mzilahowa Director of Planning and Development Machinga D.E.C 06 / 12 / 07Mr. Luhanga Monitoring and Evaluation Officer Machinga D.E.C 06 / 12 / 07Mr. Mwaziwa District Environmental Officer Machinga D.E.C 06 / 12 / 07Mr. Mnenula HIV/AIDS Coordinator Machinga D.E.C 06 / 12 / 07Mr. J. Banda Program Manager Lilongwe A.D.D 06 / 12 / 07Mrs. A.B. Zidana Crops Officer Lilongwe A.D.D 06 / 12 / 07Mr. G. Chiwosi Principal Agricultural Officer Lilongwe A.D.D 06 / 12 / 07Mr. M. Kadzitaye Planning officer Lilongwe A.D.D 06 / 12 / 07Mrs. G. Chinamale Extension Officer Lilongwe A.D.D 06 / 12 / 07Mr. S. Soza Animal Health Officer Lilongwe A.D.D 06 / 12 / 07Mr. M. Kamtambe Chief Agriculture Health Livestock Officer Lilongwe A.D.D 06 / 12 / 07Mr. J. J. Senior Land Resource Coordination Lilongwe A.D.D 06 / 12 / 07

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NAME DESIGNATION INSTITUTION DATE CONSULTEDKanyangalazi Officer Mr. D. Yona Chief Agricultural Extension Officer Lilongwe A.D.D 06 / 12 / 07Mr. S Gwedemula Director of Planning and Development Lilongwe D.E.C 06 / 12 / 07Miss D. Mangani Extension Methodology Officer Lilongwe D.E.C 06 / 12 / 07Mr. F.W.M. Kwezani Land Resource Coordinating Officer Lilongwe D.E.C 06 / 12 / 07Mr. S.G.S. Phiri District Social Welfare Officer Lilongwe D.E.C 06 / 12 / 07Dr. Mviha Technology Transfer Officer Chitedze Research Station 06 / 12 / 07Mr. B. Rashid Technology Transfer Officer Chitedze Research Station 06 / 12 / 07Mr. M’buka Agricultural Extension Development

CoordinatorNanyumbu E.P.A-Machinga R.D.P

07 / 12 / 07

Mr. Mbosongwe Group Village Headman & Farmer “ 07 / 12 / 07Julius Nicks “ 07 / 12 / 07Mrs. Mpilanjala Group Village Headwoman & Farmer “ 07 / 12 / 07Mr. Chindamba Village Headman & Farmer “ 07 / 12 / 07Mr. Ajibu Jali Village Headman & Farmer “ 07 / 12 / 07

Group Village Headman & Farmer “ 07 / 12 / 07Mr. Nyumwa Group Village Headman & Farmer “ 07 / 12 / 07Mr. Namphiwa Group Village Headman & Farmer “ 07 / 12 / 07Mr. Useni Farmer “ 07 / 12 / 07Mr. Kuswele Village Headman “ 07 / 12 / 07Mr. D. M. Banda Director of Administration Ntcheu D.E.C 07 / 12 / 07Mr. V. M. Kachola Social Welfare Officer Ntcheu D.E.C 07 / 12 / 07Mr. F Mukhupa District Lands Officer Ntcheu D.E.C 07 / 12 / 07Mr. D. Gondwe Director of Planning and Development Ntcheu D.E.C 07 / 12 / 07O. Thera Rural Housing Mzimba D.E.C 07 / 12 / 07R.S.C. Kawayi Health Officer Mzimba D.E.C 07 / 12 / 07M. Phiri Land Resource Officer Mzimba D.E.C 07 / 12 / 07F. Sidira Fisheries and Environment Officer Mzimba D.E.C 07 / 12 / 07G. Shawa Community Development Officer Mzimba D.E.C 07 / 12 / 07B.R.K. Phiri Forestry Officer Mzimba D.E.C 07 / 12 / 07M.J. Fombe Monitoring and Evaluation Officer Mzimba D.E.C 07 / 12 / 07E. Mbewa District Water Officer Mzimba D.E.C 07 / 12 / 07Mr. I. Mwale Subsidy Coordinator Ministry of Agriculture and

Food Security Headquarters 10/12/07

Mr. Chande Unit Program Coordinator “ 10/12/07Mr. Chitatu Principal Human Resource Management

Officer“ 17/12/07

Mr M.J. Kapesa Senior Assistant Human Resources Management officer

Land resource conservation Officer

17/12/07

Mrs R. Habro Human Resources Management officer Lilongwe ADD 17/12/07

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APPENDIX 3.1: PESTICIDES FOR REGISTRATION CONSIDERATION IN MALAWI

INSECTICIDESCOMMON NAME TRADE NAME FORMULATION CONCENTRATIONAlphacypermethrin Fastac (Ripcord Super) EC 100g/LTAcephate Acephate, Orthene SP 750g/KG

Ace SP 750g/KGLancer DF 970g/KGLancer SP 750g/KGAsafet SP 750g/KGNovatheren TM SC 750g/KG

Acetamiprid Novacetam SL 222g/KGSpear SP 200g/KG

Aldicarb Sanacarb GR 150g/KGTemik GR 150g/KG

Amitraz Mitac EC 200g/LTAzinphos-methyl Gusathion SC 350g/LTAzocyclotin Peropal SC 500g/LT

Peropal WP 250g/KGBenfuracarb Oncol EC 200g/LT

Oncol CS 400g/LTOncol LS 900g/LT

Betacyfluthrin Bulldoc 050RC EC 50g/LTBulldock 0.050g GR 5g/LT

Bifenthrin Talstar EC 100g/LTBisect EC 100g/LT

Buprofezin Applaud WP 500g/KGCarbaryl Karbaspray WP 850g/KG

Sevin WP 850g/KGCarbaryl WP 850g/KG

Carbofuran Karbadust DP 50g/KGCuraterr GR 100g/KGCarbosan GR 100g/KGCarbofuran GR 100g/KGFuradan GR 100g/KG

Carbosulfan Marshal EC 250g/LTMarshals suscon GR 100g/LTCMF EC 250g/LTCarbosulfan EC 250g/LT

Chinomethionat Morestan WP 250g/KGChlordane Chlordane EC 600g/LT

Termidan EC 600g/LTChlorpyrifos Dursban EC 480g/LT

Dursban WG 750g/KGLirifos SC 500g/LT/480g/LTApollo SC 500g/LT

Cyfluthrin Baythroid EC 50g/LTBaysol AE/NF 50g/LTSneak WE 50g/LT

Cyhexatin Cyhexatin SC 600g/LTCypermethrin Cypennethrin EC 200g/LT

Cypersan EC 200g/LTCyrux EC 200g/LTKemprin EC 200g/LTSherpa EC 200g/LTCymbush EC 200g/LTRipcord EC 200g/LTNovacord TM EC 200g/LT

Cypennethrin +Profenofos

Polytrin C EC 40 + 400g/LT

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COMMON NAME TRADE NAME FORMULATION CONCENTRATIONDeltamethrin Bitam

DeltabakK-O GardCrackdownCislinDecitabDeltamethrinDecis K-OtabDecis forte

SCSCSCSCTBTabletECSCTabletEC

50g/LT50g/LT50g/LT10g/LT10g/LT25g/LT0.5g/KG50g/LT25g/LT100g/LT

Deltamethrin+Endosulfan Kracker EC 2.5g + 475g/LTDeltamethrin+Fenitrothion Shumba Supper DP 1.3g + 10g/KGDeltamethrin+Piperonyl Butoxide

K-Biol EC 25g + 250g/LT

Demeton-Methyl Metaxystox (I)Demeton-S-Methyl

ECSC

250g/LT250g/LT

Diazinon Diazinon EC 275g/LTDichlorvos DDVP

DedevapDichlorvosDDVP 100Doom

ECECECECM/V

1000g/LT1000g/LT1000g/LT100g/LT100g/LT

Dicofol Kelthane EC 185g/LTDimethoate Cygon

DimethoateRogor, PerfethionDimetDimethoate 20 WPNugor

ECECECECWPEC

400g/LT400g/LT400g/LT400g/LT200g/KG400g/LT

Disulfoton Disyston 5gSolvirexDisulfoton

GRGRGR

50g/KG50g/KG50g/KG

Disulfoton + Triadimenol Repulse 5.75g GR 50g + 7.5g/KG Endosulfan Thiodan

Endosulfan

EndfloAgrisulfan dustThiofloThionex

Thiokill

ECSCMOECSCWPSCMODPSCWPECEC

350g/LT350g/LT350g/LT350g/LT475g/LT475g/LT350g/LT350g/LT50g/KG475g/LT500g/KG350g/LT350g/LT

Fenitrothion Sumition EC 500g/LTFenitrothion Sumithion

Fenitrothion

FolithionTracker Garden Insecticide

ULVULVECECEC


Fenitrothion + Fenvalerate Sumicombi 3D DP 25g + 5g/KGFenpropathrin Meothrin EC 200g/LTFenthion Labaycid EC

WP500g/LT500g/KG

Fenvalernte FenkillFelecid

ECEC

200g/LT; 500g/LT200g/LT

Fenvalernte SumicidinFenvalernte/Sanvalerate

ECECEC

200g/LT; 500g/LT200g/LT; 500g/LT200g/LT

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COMMON NAME TRADE NAME FORMULATION CONCENTRATIONNovacidin TM EC 200g/LT

Fipronil RegentFipronil

GRGR

30g/KG30g/KG

Furfural Crop Guard EC 900g/LTGamma BHC Bexadust DP 6.0g/KGImidachloprid Confidor

Confidor 70Gaucho 70 WSImidachlorpridGaucho 600 FSGaucho 390 FSProtect 200 SLProtect 700 WS

SLWGWSWSFSFSSLWS

100g/LT, 200g/LT700g/KG700g/KG 45 WS700g/LT600g/LT390g/LT200g/LT700g/LT

Imidachloprid 233g/LT Monceren GT FS 390g/LTImidachloprid/Thiram Gaucho T

Gaucho 275FSNovacot Dress

WSFSFS

45 WS175g/LT + 100g/LT350g/LT

Isofenphos Peril turfgrass Insecticide SC 500g/LT

Lambda-Cyhalothrin Karate

VajraLambda-CyhalothrinNovathrin

ECWGCSECECEC

50g/LT37.5g/LT50g/LT50g/LT50g/LT50g/LT

Lufenuron Match EC 50g/LTMercaptothion Malathion

Mercaptothion

WPECWP

250g/KG250g/LT250g/KG

Methamidophos Tamaron, MethaphosSniper, Methamidophos

EC 585g/LT

Methomyl Methomyl, LannateMethomyl, LannateMethosan, Methomex

SLSPSP

200g/LT900g/KG900g/KG

Methoprene Kabat AE 41.3g/LTMevinphos mevinphos EC 20g/LTMineral oil Summer oil

BacoilECEC

-835g/LT

Monocrotophos NuvacronMonocronMonocrotophosMonostemAzodrinNovacrotophos TMPhoskill

WSCWSCWSCWSCWSCSLSL

400g/LT400g/LT400g/LT400g/LT400g/LT400g/LT400g/LT

Oxydemeton-Methyl Metasystox ® EC 250g/LTParathion Folidol EC 500g/LTPamthion Pamthion

NovaperECEC

500g/LT500g/LT

Pamthion-Methyl Pamthion-Methyl EC 500g/LTPermethrin Coopex TC

Tobacco guardTabakskernPermethrin

TCECECEC

250g/LT50g/LT5.0g/LT100g/LT

Phenthoate Elsan EC 500g/LTPhoxin Baythion Ant killer

Turmoil soil insecticideWhack

EC

ECEC

500g/LT

500g/LT500g/LT

Pirimiphos-Methyl Actellic EC EC 500g/LT

131

COMMON NAME TRADE NAME FORMULATION CONCENTRATIONActellic dustActellic smokegenerator

DP

EU

20g/KG

-Pirimiphos-Methyl+ Permethrin

Actellic Super ECActellic Super dust

ECDP

500g/LT16g + 3g/KG

Plus Pencycuron 50 EC Plus Pencycuron 50EC EC 50g/LT

Plus Thiram 107EC Plus Thiram 107EC EC 107g/LT

Profenophos Selecron EC 500g/LTPropargite Propargite EC 570g/LT

720g/LT790g/LT

Prothiophos Tokuthion EC 960g/LTTerbufox Terrafos

CounterGRGR

100g/KG100g/KG

Terbufos Hunter GR 150g/LTTetradifon Tedion V8 EC 81g/LTThiachloprid Calypso SC 480g/LTThiodicarb Larvin FW 375g/LTThiophanate-Methyl Topsin WP 500g/KGTriazophos Hostathion EC 420g/LTTrichlorfon Dipterex

Trichlorfon

SPGRSPGR

950g/KG25g/KG950g/KG25g/KG

Triflumuron Alsystin SC 480g/LTThiamethoxam Actara WG 250g/kg

HERBICIDESCOMMON NAME TRADE NAME FORMULATION CONCENTRATIONAcetochlor Sprint

WennerCuragrass, CrocodileTrophy SBulletHar-I-cane

ECECECEC

900g/LT700g/LT750g/Lt700g/LT

Acetochlor + Atrazine + Propazine Tuff-E-Nuff SC 96g + 202g + 202g/LTAcetochlor + Atrazine + Simazine Robust SC 160g + 165g + 165g/LTAcetochlor + Atrazine + Terbuthylazine Acetrazine SC 125g + 187.5g + 187.5g/LTAlachlor Alachlor 384, Eland

Alachlor 480Sanachlor 384Lasso 480 & 384Lasso MT

ECECECECCS


Ametryn GesapaxAmetrynAmetryn

SCSCWP

500g/LT500g/LT800g/KG

Ametryn + Atrazine Ametra SC 250g + 250g/LTAsulam (Na-Salt) Asulox SL 331g/LTAsulam Asulam SL 400g/LTAtrazine Atrazine

GesaprimGesaprim

SC, WP, WGWGSC

500g/LT,800g/KG,900g/k900g/LT500g/LT

Atrazine + Terbuthylazine Suprazine, Eliminator SC 600g/LT, 500g/LTAtrazine + Terbuthylazine +

132

COMMON NAME TRADE NAME FORMULATION CONCENTRATIONMetolachlor Gadomil SC 262.5g +262.5g +175g/LTBendioxide Basagran SL 480g/LTBromacil Bromacil

Hyvar-X80WPWP

800g/KG800g/KG

Bromoxynil BromoxBuctril DS

ECEC

225g/LT, 450g/LT450g/LT

Chlorimuron-Ethyl Classic WG 250g/KGChlorimuron-Ethyl + Metribuzin

Canopy WG 107g + 643g/KGClomazone EC Novazone EC 450g/LTCyanazine Cyanazine

BladexSCSC

500g/LT500g/LT

Cyanazine + Atrazine BlazineBladex Plus

SCSC

250g +250g/LT333g +167g/LT

2-4 -D (Amine) Embamine2-4 -D Amine

ECSL

480g/LT480g/LT

2-4 -D (Ester) 2,4 -D Ester EC 500g/LT2-4 -DB 2,4 -DB AS 480g/LT, 500g/LT2,4 -D Dicamba Spotaxe SL 240g +80g/LT2,4 -D MCPA Rampant Turfgrass

Herbicide WSC 360g + 315g/LT2,4-D + Picloram Tordon 101 SL 240g + 65g/LTDalapon Dalapon SP 850g/KGDicamba Banvel EC

SL480g/LT480g/LT

Diuron DiuronDiuron

WPSC

800g/KG500g/LT, 800g/LT

Diuron + Paraquat Gramuron SC 300g + 100g/LTEPTC EPTAM EC 720g/LTEPTC (+Safener for Maize) EPTAM super EC 720g/LTEthidimuron Ustilan

UstilanGRWP

100g/KG700g/KG

Fluazifop-P-Butyl Fusilade super, Forte EC 150g/LTFluazifop-R-Methyl Gallant Super EC 108g/LTFlufenacet Tiara SC 500g/LTFlumetsulam Broadstrike WG 800g/LTFluometuron Cottonex FW 500g/LTFlazafulfuron Kantana WP 100g/KGOxyfluorfen Goal EC 240g/LTGlufosinate ammonium Basta WSC 200g/LTGlyphosate Mamba/Springbok

Ridder weed killerRoundupCobra + DuikerShaikdownTurbo

SLSLSLSL

360g/LT360g/LT360g/LT180g/LT480g/LT500g/LT

Haloxyfob-R-Methyl-Ester Gallant Super EC 104g/LTHalusulfuron Servian WG 750g/LTHexazinone Ransom SL 240g/LTHexazionone Hexazinone, Hexsan

Velpar LVelpar SP

SC, SLSCSP

240g/LT 750 DF240g/LT900g/LT

Ioxynil +2,4 -D Actril D.S. EC 100g +600g/LTDIsoxatlutole Merlin WG 750g/LTMCPA (K-salt) MCPA SL 400g/LT

MCPB

MCPB AS 400g/LT

Mesotrione Callisto SC 480g/LTMetazachlor Pree

Butisan SECSC

400g/LT400g/LT, 500g/LT

Metolachlor Dual Magnum + EC 960g/LT

133

COMMON NAME TRADE NAME FORMULATION CONCENTRATIONFalcon Gold

Metribuzin VetoSencorContrast Turfgrass herbicideSencor WP Metribuzin

SCSC

SCWPSC

480g/LT480g/LT

480g/LT480g/KG480g/LT

Metribuzin + Chlorimuron Ethyl Extreme plus WP 107 + 643g/KGMSMA MSMA

MSMASLEC

720g/LT720g/LT

Nicosulfuron Sanson SC 40g/LTOxadiazon Ronstar EC 250g/LTOxyfluorfen Goal EC 240g/LTParaquat Paraquat

GramoxoneSLEC

200g/LT200g/LT

Paraquat Dichloride Uniquat SL 200g/LTPebulate Tillam 6E EC 720g/LTPendimethalin + Ametryne + Atrazine

Paragon Plus WP 350g + 200g + 200g/KG

Pendimethalin + Chlorimuron-Ethyl + Metribuzin

Paragon Extra WP 437 + 31g + 200g/KG

Prometryn Gesagard FW 500g/KGSethoxydim Nabu EC 186g/LTSimazine Simazine WP 800g/KGS-Metolachlor Dual Magnum

Falcon GoldECEC

960g/LT960g/LT

S.Metolachlor/Flumetsulan Bateleur gold EC 630 + 20g/LTTebuthiuron Tebusan SC,WP 500g/LT, 500g& 800g/KGTerbumeton Terbumeton

TerbumetonSCWP

500g/LT800g/KG

Terbuthylazine + S-Metolachlor

Sorgomil Gold SC 600g/LT

Terbuthyn Terbuthyn WP 800g/KGTerbuthyn Igran SC 490g/LTTerbuthyn + S-Metolachlor Igran +Combi Gold SC 450g +10g/LT

TrifluralinTrifluralin

ECSC

480g/LT500g/LT

FUNGICIDESCOMMON NAME TRADE NAME FORMULATION CONCENTRATIONAcibensolar-S-Metlyl Bion 50WG WG 500g/KGAcibanzolar-S-Metlyl Bion WG 50g/KGAnilazine Dyrene WP 750g/KGAzoxystrobin Ortiva 250SC SC 250g/KGBenomyl Benlate

Fundazol

SCWPFWWP

480g/LT500g/KG500g/LT500g/KG

Bitertanol Baycor EC 300g/LTCaptab Captab WP, SC 500g/KG, 500g/LTCarbendazim Derosol SC 510g/LTChlorothalonil Chloronil

DaconilBravo

SCWPFWSC

500g/LT750g/KG500g/LT, 720g/LT500g/LT

Copper Ammonium Nitrate Copper Count N SL 316g/LTCopper oxychloride Cupravit

DemildexCopper oxychloride

WPWPWPFW

850g/KG850g/KG850g/KG600g/LT

Copper Hydroxide Cung FU 538SC SC Copper Equiv. 350g/LT

134

COMMON NAME TRADE NAME FORMULATION CONCENTRATIONCupric hydroxide Funguran – OH

Cupric hydroxideKocide 101Kocide DF

WPWPWPWG


Cymoxanil +Mancozeb Rimit 50.6 WP WP 500g +60g/KGCyproconazole ALTO 100 SL

ALTO G34SLGR

100g/LT34g/KG

Cyproconazole +Disulfoton Alto mix GR 2.5g +75g/KGDifenoconazole Score EC 250g/LTDifolatan Captafol WP 800g/KGDimethomorph + Mancozeb Acrobat MZ WP 90g +600g/KGDinocap Karathane WP 200g/KGFenarimol Rubigan EC 120g/LTFosetyl - Aluminium Alliette WP 800g/KGHexaconazole Anvil SC 50g/LTIprodione Rovral

Rovral floIprodioneIprodione

SCFWSLSL

250g/LT255g/LT255g/LT255g/LT

Iprodione + Mancozeb Rovral M - -Mancozeb Pennozeb

SancozebDithane M45Mancozeb

WGWPWPWG


Mancozeb + Oxadixyl Sandofan M8 WP 560g + 80g/KGManeb (Dithiocarbamete) + Zinc Oxide

Manager Sc SC 435g + 4.7g/LT

Maneb + Fentin Acetate Brestan WP 180g + 540g/KGMetalaxyl + Mancozeb Ridomil MZ 70 WP WP 100g + 600g/KGOruface + Mancozeb Patafol plus WP 60g + 640g/ KGPencycuron Monceren SC 250g/LTProchloraz + Carbendazim Sportac alpha EC

SC300g + 80g/LT300g + 80g/LT

Prochloraz + Mangane ChlorideSporgon WP 295g/KG

Propamocarb - HCL Previcurn SC 722g/LTPropamocarb Hydrochloride Propamocarb SL 722g/LTPropiconazole Propiconazole EC 100g/LT, 200g/LTPropiconazole Tilt EC 250g/LTPropineb Antracol WP 700g/KGPyrazophos Afugan EC 295g/LTSulphur Wettable Sulphur

Kumulus, TriovitWPWP

800g/KG800g/KG

Azoxystrobin Ortiva 250 SC SC 250g/LTAcibensolar-S-Methyl Bion 50 WG WG 500g/KGDifenoconazole Score EC 250g/LTCyproconazole/Thiamethaxam

Verdadero GR 10 + 10g/KG

Tebuconazole Raxil 015 ESFolicur

ESEWEC

15g/LT250g/LT250g/LT

Thiram ThiramThiulin 50 DS

WPDS

750g/KG500g/KG

Tolcofox Methyl Rizolex 50 WP 500g/KGTolyfluanid Euparen Multi WP

WP500g/KG500g/KG

Tolyfluanid Sulphur E Euparen multi sulphur dust DP 75g + 920g/KG

Triadimefon Bayleton WP 50g/KGTriadimefon Bounce turfgrass

fungicide EC 250g/LTShavit EC 250g/LT

135

COMMON NAME TRADE NAME FORMULATION CONCENTRATIONBayfidan ECBayfidan GBaytan DSBaytan FS

ECGRDSFS

250g/LT10g/KG150g/KG150g/LT

Triadimefon + Propineb Bayleton A DS 50g + 700g/KGTriadimenol + Disulfoton Repulse 5.75g GR 7.5 + 50g/KGTrichoderma Trichoderma WP -Tridemorph Calixin EC 750g/LTZineb Zineb 70 WP WP 700g/KG

FUMIGANTSCOMMON NAME TRADE NAME FORMULATION CONCENTRATIONAluminium phosphide Gastoxin

Phostoxin Alphos+ Aluminium Phosphide

TBTB, Pellets

560g/KG560g/KG

Magnesium phosphide Degesch platesDegesch strips

FU (plates)FU (strips)

607g/KG607g/KG

Methyl Bromide +Chloropicrin

Methyl Bromide GA 980 + 20g/KGMetabromCurabrom

GAGA

980 + 20g/KG980 + 20g/KG

NEMATICIDESCOMMON NAME TRADE NAME FORMULATION CONCENTRATIONCadusafos Rugby GR 100g/KGEthoprop MOCAP GR 100g/KGEthylene Dibromide (EDB) Ethylene Dibromide

(EDB) EC, MO 1800g/LTFernamiphos Nemacur

NemacurECGR

400g/LT100g/KG

Metham Sodium HerbifumMetam Sodium

Liquid ConcentrationSC

510g/LT510g/LT

Methyl bromide + Chloropicrin Methyl brimideGA 980 + 20g/KG

Oxamyl Vydate SL 240g/LT, 310g/LT1,3 Dichloropropene Telone II Liquid concentrate 1110g/LTMetham-Sodium Herbifume Liquid concentrate 510g/LT

MOLLUSCICIDESCOMMON NAME TRADE NAME FORMULATION CONCENTRATIONCarbaryl + Metaldehyde Snailban RB 20 + 30g/KgMethiocarb Mesurol WP 800g/Kg

RB (Pellets) 800g/KgMethiocarb Draza RB 50g/Kg

Byluscide EC, WP 250g/L; 700g/KgMetason RB 50g/Kg

PUBLIC HEALTH (ENVIRONMENTAL) PESTICIDESCOMMON NAME TRADE NAME FORMULATION CONCENTRATIONAlphacypermethin Fendona SC

WP58g/Kg50g/Kg

Betacyflutrhin Tempo SC 125g/LTBrodifacoum Finale (Rodenticide)

Klerat

RB

BB

CB

CB

BB

0.02g/Kg0.05g/Kg; 0.75g/Kg0.05g/Kg; 0.75g/Kg0.02g/Kg0.05g/Kg; 0.75g/Kg0.02g/Kg0.05g?kg; 0.75g/Kg0.02g/Kg0.5g/Kg

136

COMMON NAME TRADE NAME FORMULATION CONCENTRATIONChlorpyrifox Baygon roach bait DB -Coumatetralyl Racumin rat bait

Racumin rat poisonRBFW

3.75g/Kg8g/LT

Cyfluthrin Baythroid HResponsar

WPEW

100g/kg50g/LT

Cyfluthrin + Propuxur Blattanex AE 2.5g/Kg + 10g/KgCyfluthrin + Tetramethrin Baygon spray AE -D-Allethrin Baygon mosquito coils FU (coils) 2g/KgD-Allethrin + Piperonyl Baygon mosquito mats FU (mats) 50g + 2-g/KgButoxideDDVP Fly bait RB 5g/KgDeltamethrin Glossinex

CrackdonwK-OgardK-OthrineK-Othrine 15DeltabakSuper crackdown/CislinK-OthrineK-Othrine

SCSCSCSCE.CSCSCWPDP

200g/LT10g/LT10g/LT10g/LT15g/LT50g/LT25g/LT25g/Kg; 50g/Kg2g/Kg

Deltamethrin + Bednet K-Onet TB + Bednet -Diazion PCO diazinon EC 880g/LTDichlorvos Super doom AE -Dichlorvos + Tetremethrin Baygon fumigator AE 10g + 2g + 10g/KgFenitrothion Reskol 64 EC 600g/LTFipronil Fipronil

RegentSCSC

200g/LT200g/Lt

Flumethrin Bayricol aerosol AE 2g/KgLambda-Cyhalothrin Icon 10 WP

Icon 2.5 CSWPCs

100g/Kg25g/LT

Mercaptothion Kopthion 50 DP DP 50g/KgMethomyl Dy-fly RB 10g/KgNaled DBM Dibron SL 344.9g/LTPermethrin Coopex Dust DP 5g/Kg

Coopex WPCooper WPPeripel 55TemephosmostopTobacco CuardImperatorCoopex smoke generator

TCWPSCECECSCFU

250g/LT250g/Kg550g/LT500g/LT50g/Kg100g/LT135g/Kg

Pemethrin + Piperonyl Pybuthrin 44 FU 0.39% + 0.382% + 0.206%

Pipperonyl butoxide Baygon knockdown spray AE 10g + 2g + 1-g/KgButoxide + D-AllethrinButoxide + D-Allethrin Pulvex fly smear -

0.206% + 0382% + 0.205%

Phoxim + Honey Baygon ant bait RB 0.8G/KgPropuxur Propuxur

Baygon dustBaygon fly bait

GADPRB

0.5 – 2.0%10g/Kg10g/Kg

Propuxur + Cyfluthrin Baygon surface spray AE -Pyrethrins + Piperonyl Coopermatic fly killer CB 9g/LTButoxide Flip mosquito larvacide

Mosquito larvacide oilKontakil

---

--

RODENTICIDESCOMMON NAME TRADE NAME FORMULATION CONCENTRATIONBrodifacoum Finale

Klerat

SLBBBB

0.05g/LT; 0.025g/LT0.05g/Kg; 0.02g/kg0.05g/Kg

137

Coumatetralyl Racumin FW LiquidBB Tracking powder

8g/LT3.75g/Kg

Flocoumafen StormSupakill

BB-

0.05g/Kg-

PLANT GROWTH REGULATORSCOMMON NAME TRADE NAME FORMULATION CONCENTRATIONAlkylated phenol-ethylene condensate

Agal 90Agripon SuperAgrowettArmoblenAstrozon green turf dyeCompementCurabuffG-49 WetterKynobuffBB5, Insure

SurfactantSurfactantNontonic SurfactantNontonic SurfactantDyeSurfactantBuffer + SpreaderSurfactant (Wetter)Ajuvant-

940g/LT940g/LT-SL VariousSL Various-----

Aminofit Amino Acid Complex Essential Amino acids for plant growth

Butralin TabamexTobago

ECEC

360g/LT360g/LT

Chlorthal-Dimethyl Razor, Erasor SC 360g/LTCU-Max Copper Liquid Complex Copper 50g/LTCytokinins + Auxins Kelpak SL 0.031mg/LT + 11mg/LTEthephon Ethephon

EthrelEthrel Latex stimulant

SLSLSL

480g/LT; 217g/LT480g/LT; 217g/LT480g/LT; 217g/LT

Heptamethyltrisiloxane Silwet L77 Adjuvant 1000g/LTModified phthalic –Glycerol alkyd resin

Latron B-1956 Speader/sticker -

Magnesium Magmax WP 65g/KGMultifeed N,P,K, Micronutrients Water Soluble

Foliar Fertilizerconcentrate

19:8:16

N-Decanol Antak, DecasuckerideRoyaltacSuckerkil N-Decanol

ECECEC

690g/LT; 785g/LT690g/LT; 785g/LT690g/LT; 785g/LT

N’Decanol + Octanol C85Fair 85

ECEC

400 + 300g/LT400 + 300g/Lt

Nonylphenol polyglycol ester

Sanawett 90 Wetter/Sticker 945g/LT

NPK + Cronutrient Green gold plus - -NPK (Plus micronutrients) Bayfolan, Nitrophoska

TurfolanGRGR

3-2-1 (22)3-2-1 (22)

Nitrophoska GRTurfolan

GR3-2-1(22)

3-2-1(22)

Pendimethalin Accotab BacstopNovatopPendimethalin

ECECECEC

330g/LT330g/LT330g/Lt330g/LT

Polyethylene wax Tax waxTeepol DetergentTeepol disinfectant

Wax (fruit polish)--

---

Polyvinyl Polymer Mist Control Adjuvant 20g/LTSodium borate Solubor WP 20.5%m/mSodium molybdate Sodium molybdate WP 38.8%m/mZinc oxide Zinc oxide WP 78.5%m/mZinc-Max Zinc Liquid Zinc complex 1130g/LT

ANIMAL HEALTH (PARASITICIDES)COMMON NAME TRADE NAME FORMULATION CONCENTRATIONAlphamethrin Paracide EC 70g/Lt

138

Amitrnz Milbitrnz EC 237.5g/kgAmitrnz Triatix stock spray

Triatix TREC 125g/LT

Cargaryl Pulvex dog shampoo EC 50g/LTChlorfenvinphos Chlorfenvinphos

SUPONASupona Super

ECECEC

200g/LT; 300g/LT200g/LT; 300g/LT1000g/LT

Chlorfenvinphos + Dioxathion

Tic grease - 4g + 4g/LT

Chlorpyrifos BarrierPulvex dog dipPulvex dog powder

ECECDP

480g/LT150g/LT10.7g/Kg

Closantel Prantel L 25g/LTCyfluthrin Cylence NF (pour-on) 10g/LTCypermethrin Pouracide NF -Deltamethrin Decatix

SpottonNF (pour-on) 50g/LT

Febantel + Pyrantel Pamoate

Welpan TB 1.6% + 1.44%m/v

Febantel + Pyrantel emboate + Praziquantel

Drontal TB -

Fenbendazole Rintal FW 100g/LTFenthion-methyl Bayopet spotton

Ticuvon spottonLL

100g/LT; 200g/LT200g/LT

Flumethrin

Flumethrin + Piperonyl

Bayopet tick rinseBayticolDrastic deadlineBacdip plus

ECECL (pour-on)EC

20g/LT20g/LT10g/LT20 + 100g/LT

Ivomectin Ivomec L (injecticable)(Endectoparasiticide)

1% M/V

LevamisoleHydrochloride/Oxychlozanide

Levisan Flowable concentrate 25 + 34 g/LT

PraziquantelPropuxur

CestocurBayopet tic + Flea powderBayopet dog colarBayopet cat collar

FW

DP--

25g/LT

10g/Kg94g/Kg94g/Kg

Propuxur + Cyfluthrin Bayopet surface spray AE -Quainthiophos Bacdip

Bayopet dog and cat shampoo & conditioner

AEEC

-

2g/Kg500g/LT

-Rafoxanide Ranide FW -Thiabendazole Thibenzole FW -Toltrazuril Baycox

SystamexSLFW

25g/LT-

TetrachlorvinphosPiperonyl Butoxide

139

APPENDIX 3.2 PESTICIDES MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING PLAN

1. Issues / Concerns During Pesticide Transportation

Item No

Potential Issues / Concerns

Cause of Concern Control/Mitigation Measure Responsible Person/Institution

Standards/Regulation Monitoring Institution

Monitoring Frequency

1.1 Adulteration Lack of controls Inspection, sampling and testing PCB Transporters -Packaging and storage standards-Product specifications-EMA-Pesticides Act

-MBS, PCB, ---ADP Secretariat

Half yearly

1.2 Accidents / spillages

-Vehicle condition, -Road condition,-Poor driving skills

Ensure that roadworthy vehicles are used. Ensure drivers are properly instructed.

Ministry of Agriculture

-Road traffic regulations. -Vehicle maintenance requirements

-PCB & EAD As need arises

1.3 Accidental Contamination

Using same vehicle for different purposes

Ensure vehicles are inspected and cleaned when changing use

PCB Transporter -PCB (pesticide transport regulations).

-Ministry of Agriculture-DA

As need arises

2. Issues/Concerns During Pesticide StorageItem No

Potential Issues / Concerns

Cause of Concern Control/Mitigation Measure Responsible Person/Institution



2.1 Pesticide loss, degradation and contamination.

-Inappropriate building for storage of pesticides.

-Suitable warehouse PCB TransporterAgro dealers

-PCB regulations -PCB-DA

Before approval of storage facilities for pesticides

Wrong shelving or stacking

-Routine inspection and inventory checks

Agro-dealers -PCB regulations, -PCB manufacturer’s guidelines

-PCB -DA

Half yearly

-Inadequate storage space. --Bad housekeeping -Multi-purpose use of warehouse

-Provide adequate and separate storage space for pesticides

Agro-dealers -PCB regulations, -PCB manufacturer’s guidelines

-PCB H

140

Over-stocking Buying the required quantities only

Agro-dealers Pesticides Act PCB As need arises

2.2 Occupational Health

Exposure to pesticides

-Provide protective clothing and ensure it is used. -Train farmers in proper pesticides handling. -Routine medical examination

Agro-dealersMinistry of Agriculture

Labour regulations, PCB regulations

-Min. of Labour. -PCB -DA

Annually

3. Issues/concerns during pesticide applicationItem No

Potential issues / concerns

Cause of concerns Control/Mitigation Measure Responsible Person/Institution



3.1 Pesticide misuse, over / under use

Lack of appropriate knowledge

-Training and awareness campaigns

Ministry of Agriculture Pesticide manufacturers regulations

-PCB, -EAD

Annually

3.2 Intentional poisoning

Frustration, Social pressures

-Ensure responsible, mentally sound and mature persons are given charge and control of pesticides. -Restrict accessibility to pesticides. -Spot checking

Agro-dealers Pesticides Act -PCB-Min of Labor -DA

Annually

3.3 Accidental poisoning

Lack of knowledge of pesticide potency and negligence

Training Ministry of Agriculture Pesticides Act -PCB-EAD

Annually

-Equipment malfunction -Wrong type of equipment. -Time and method of application (spraying)

-Regular maintenance of equipment. -Use recommended equipment. -Use approved methods of application. -Use recommended protective clothing. -Training seminars-Integrated Pesticide Management

-Ministry of Agriculture -Manufacturer’s recommendations. -Equipment maintenance policy

-PCB-ADP Secretariat-DA

Annually

-Improper cleaning of equipment. -Improper disposal

-Clean equipment and dispose equipment as recommended by manufacturer.

Ministry of Agriculture -Manufacturer’s recommendations. -PCB regulations. Water

-PCB-ADP Secretariat

Annually

141

of cleaning water and old equipment

-Use bio-beds and draining dams to dispose cleaning and drainage waters -Integrated Pesticide Management

resources regulations -DA

Multi-purpose use of equipment or pesticides

Control use of equipment and pesticides.-Thorough cleaning of equipment -Training-Integrated Pesticide Management

Ministry of Agriculture Pesticides Act -PCB-ADP Secretariat-DA

Annually

4. Issues / Concerns during disposal of pesticides containers and equipmentItem No

Potential Issue / concern

Cause of concern Control/Mitigation Measure Responsible Person/Institution



4.1 Water and Environmental pollution

-Cleaning of equipment, -Disposal of remains of pesticides -Disposal of containers and equipment

-Use of bio-beds, draining channels and draining dams. -Use chemical remains to re-spray. -Clean equipment in one place. -Use plants such as water lilies to absorb waste pesticides. -Take stock of pesticide containers-Integrated Pesticide Management

-PCB-Ministry of Agriculture-Environmental Affairs -Water resources Board

-Pesticides and equipment manufacturer’s recommendations. -Water pollution standards.

PCBEnvironmental Affairs.

Annually

142

4.2 Post Application Monitoring

Pesticides residues in the food chain

-Integrated Pest Management-Adherence to specifications on control of residues-Sensitize farmers not to harvest produce immediately after spraying-Information management-Develop manuals for use at grassroots level

-Ministry of Agriculture -Environmental standards-Wastewater standards

-Environmental Affairs-Water Resources Board-PCB-ADP Secretariat

Annually

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APPENDIX 4.1 SUMMARY OF WORLD BANK SAFEGUARD POLICIES

OP/BP 4.01 Environmental Assessment

The objective of this policy is to ensure that Bank-financed projects are environmentally sound and sustainable, and that decision-making is improved through appropriate analysis of actions and of their likely environmental impacts. This policy is triggered if a project is likely to have potential (adverse) environmental risks and impacts on its area of influence. OP 4.01 covers impacts on the natural environment (air, water and land); human health and safety; physical cultural resources; and trans-boundary and global environment concerns.

Depending on the project, and nature of impacts a range of instruments can be used: EIA, environmental audit, hazard or risk assessment and environmental management plan (EMP).When a project is likely to have sectoral or regional impacts, sectoral or regional EIA is required. The Borrower is responsible for carrying out the EIA.

Under ADP-SP, the Government has undertaken an Environmental and Social Impact Assessment to assess the social and environmental impacts of the program.

OP/BP 4.04 Natural Habitats

This policy recognizes that the conservation of natural habitats is essential to safeguard their unique biodiversity and to maintain environmental services and products for human society and for long-term sustainable development. The Bank therefore supports the protection, management, and restoration of natural habitats in its project financing, as well as policy dialogue and economic and sector work. The Bank supports, and expects borrowers to apply, a precautionary approach to natural resource management to ensure opportunities for environmentally sustainable development. Natural habitats are land and water areas where most of the original native plant and animal species are still present. Natural habitats comprise many types of terrestrial, freshwater, coastal, and marine ecosystems. They include areas lightly modified by human activities, but retaining their ecological functions and most native species.

This policy is triggered by any project (including any sub-project under a sector investment or financial intermediary) with the potential to cause significant conversion (loss) or degradation of natural habitats, whether directly (through construction) or indirectly (through human activities induced by the project).

The policy is not triggered as it is not expected that there will be significant conversion of natural habitats since the project is targeting smallholder farmers within their existing agricultural lands.

Project activities that could negatively impact on protected areas will not be funded

OP/BP 4.36 Forests The objective of this policy is to assist borrowers to harness the potential of forests to reduce poverty in a sustainable manner, integrate forests effectively into sustainable economic development and protect the vital local and global environmental services and values of forests. Where forest restoration and plantation development are necessary to meet these objectives, the Bank assists borrowers with forest restoration activities that

This policy is triggered whenever any Bank-financed investment project (i) has the potential to have impacts on the health and quality of forests or the rights and welfare of people and their level of dependence upon or interaction with forests; or (ii) aims to bring about changes in the management,

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maintain or enhance biodiversity and ecosystem functionality. The Bank assists borrowers with the establishment of environmentally appropriate, socially beneficial and economically viable forest plantations to help meet growing demands for forest goods and services.

protection or utilization of natural forests or plantations.

The policy is not triggered as it is not expected that there will be project activities impacting on forests.

Project activities that could negatively impact on forests will not be funded

OP 4.09 Pest Management

The objective of this policy is to (i) promote the use of biological or environmental control and reduce reliance on synthetic chemical pesticides; and (ii) strengthen the capacity of the country’s regulatory framework and institutions to promote and support safe, effective and environmentally sound pest management. More specifically, the policy aims to (a) Ascertain that pest management activities in Bank-financed operations are based on integrated approaches and seek to reduce reliance on synthetic chemical pesticides (Integrated Pest Management (IPM) in agricultural projects and Integrated Vector Management (IVM) in public health projects. (b) Ensure that health and environmental hazards associated with pest management, especially the use of pesticides are minimized and can be properly managed by the user. (c) As necessary, support policy reform and institutional capacity development to (i) enhance implementation of IPM-based pest management and (ii) regulate and monitor the distribution and use of pesticides.

The policy is triggered if : (i) procurement of pesticides or pesticide application equipment is envisaged (either directly through the project, or indirectly through on-lending, co-financing, or government counterpart funding); (ii) the project may affect pest management in a way that harm could be done, even though the project is not envisaged to procure pesticides. This includes projects that may (i) lead to substantially increased pesticide use and subsequent increase in health and environmental risk; (ii) maintain or expand present pest management practices that are unsustainable, not based on an IPM approach, and/or pose significant health or environmental risks.

Under ADP-SP, the policy will be triggered as the ADP-SP will support post-harvest integrated pest management and therefore pesticides may be used.

A pesticides management and monitoring plan has been prepared for the ADP-SP

OP/BP 4.11Physical Cultural

The objective of this policy is to assist countries to avoid or mitigate adverse impacts of development projects on physical cultural resources. For

This policy applies to all projects requiring a Category A or B Environmental Assessment under

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Resources purposes of this policy, “physical cultural resources” are defined as movable or immovable objects, sites, structures, groups of structures, natural features and landscapes that have archaeological, paleontological, historical, architectural, religious, aesthetic, or other cultural significance. Physical cultural resources may be located in urban or rural settings, and may be above ground, underground, or underwater. The cultural interest may be at the local, provincial or national level, or within the international community.

OP 4.01, project located in, or in the vicinity of, recognized cultural heritage sites, and projects designed to support the management or conservation of physical cultural resources.

The policy is not triggered as it is not expected that physical cultural resources will be affected.

Project activities that could negatively impact on physical cultural resources will not be funded

OP/BP 4.10 Indigenous Peoples

The objective of this policy is to (i) ensure that the development process fosters full respect for the dignity, human rights, and cultural uniqueness of indigenous peoples; (ii) ensure that adverse effects during the development process are avoided, or if not feasible, ensure that these are minimized, mitigated or compensated; and (iii) ensure that indigenous peoples receive culturally appropriate and gender and intergenerationally inclusive social and economic benefits.

The policy is triggered when the project affects the indigenous peoples (with characteristics described in OP 4.10 para 4) in the project area.

The policy is not triggered as it is not expected that indigenous peoples will be affected.

Project activities that could negatively impact on indigenous peoples will not be funded

OP/BP 4.12 Involuntary Resettlement

The objective of this policy is to (i) avoid or minimize involuntary resettlement where feasible, exploring all viable alternative project designs; (ii) assist displaced persons in improving their former living standards, income earning capacity, and production levels, or at least in restoring them; (iii) encourage community participation in planning and implementing resettlement; and (iv) provide assistance to affected people regardless of the legality of land tenure.

This policy covers not only physical relocation, but any loss of land or other assets resulting in: (i) relocation or loss of shelter; (ii) loss of assets or access to assets; (iii) loss of income sources or means of livelihood, whether or not the affected people must move to another location.This policy also applies to the involuntary restriction of access to legally designated parks and protected areas resulting in adverse impacts on the livelihoods of the displaced persons.

The policy is not triggered as no involuntary resettlement will take place

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under ADP-SP.

Any investments involving involuntary resettlement will not be funded.

OP/BP 4.37 Safety of Dams

The objectives of this policy are as follows: For new dams, to ensure that experienced and competent professionals design and supervise construction; the borrower adopts and implements dam safety measures for the dam and associated works. For existing dams, to ensure that any dam that can influence the performance of the project is identified, a dam safety assessment is carried out, and necessary additional dam safety measures and remedial work are implemented.

This policy is triggered when the Bank finances: (i) a project involving construction of a large dam (15 m or higher) or a high hazard dam; and (ii) a project which is dependent on an existing dam. For small dams, generic dam safety measures designed by qualified engineers are usually adequate.

The policy is not triggered as no dams are involved under ADP-SP.

Any investments involving dams will not be fundedOP 7.50 Projects in International Waters

The objective of this policy is to ensure that Bank-financed projects affecting international waterways would not affect: (i) relations between the Bank and its borrowers and between states (whether members of the Bank or not); and (ii) the efficient utilization and protection of international waterways.

The policy applies to the following types of projects: (a) Hydroelectric, irrigation, flood control, navigation, drainage, water and sewerage, industrial and similar projects that involve the use or potential pollution of international waterways; and (b) Detailed design and engineering studies of projects under (a) above, include those carried out by the Bank as executing agency or in any other capacity.

This policy is triggered if (a) any river, canal, lake or similar body of water that forms a boundary between, or any river or body of surface water that flows through two or more states, whether Bank members or not; (b) any tributary or other body of surface water that is a component of any waterway described under (a); and (c) any bay, gulf strait, or channel bounded by two or more states, or if within one state recognized as a necessary channel of communication between the open sea and other states, and any river flowing into such waters.

The policy is not triggered as the ADP-SP will not have activities in international waters.

Any investments involving international waters will not be funded

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OP 7.60 Projects in Disputed Areas

The objective of this policy is to ensure that projects in disputed areas are dealt with at the earliest possible stage: (a) so as not to affect relations between the Bank and its member countries; (b) so as not to affect relations between the borrower and neighbouring countries; and (c) so as not to prejudice the position of either the Bank or the countries concerned.

This policy is triggered if the proposed project will be in a “disputed area”. Questions to be answered include: Is the borrower involved in any disputes over an area with any of its neighbours. Is the project situated in a disputed area? Could any component financed or likely to be financed as part of the project be situated in a disputed area.

The policy is not triggered as no project activities will take place in disputed areas under ADP-SP.

Any investments involving disputed areas will not be funded

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Documents

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