MIDTERM REVIEW TOPICS version 1.0Review your homeworks and in class assignmentsThe midterm will be taken from these assignments

Topic / Concept DetailedGeneral: Structures, processes, molecules Diffusion, osmosis and active transport Measuring pH Use of indicators in biologyIdentify and define the structure, molecules and processes we have learned about

Distinguish between diffusion, osmosis and active transport

What does pH measures – what affect pH in an organism

What is an indicator, and how are they used?

Botany Primary parts and functionsLeaves, stems, flowers, fruit

Male and female parts

Chloroplasts

Cell walls

Central vacuole

ReproductionFruits, seeds, pollen

Cells Cell typesProkaryote

Eukaryote

Plant vs. Animal

Cells Continued:

Organelles and their functionsNucleus,

ribosomes,

golgi apparatus,

plasma membrane,

mitochondria, ATP

vacuoles,

cytoplasm

Path of a protein Nucleus ribosomes ER golgi apparatuesplasma membrane

Plasma membrane structure

Phospholipid bilayer

Hydrophilic/hydrophobic

Diffusion and active transport through the membrane

Protein channels in the membrane

Biomolecules Proteins, carbohydrates,Lipids Fats What foods each comes from Importance of each for health Recognize chemical structure diagrams EnzymesProteins are made up of and break down to amino acids

Carbohydrates are made up of and break down to glucose

LipidsSteroidsFats are made up of and break down to fatty acidsEnzymes – what they are and what they do and how

Digestive System Structures of the digestive system and their functions Where each of the biomolecules is processed in the digestive system Regulation of sugar by the hormones of the liver and pancreasMouth,

epiglottis,

stomach,

small intestine,

large intestine,

colon,

liver,

pancreas

Digestive System - Continued

Absorption in the small intestine, water absorption in the large intestine

Role of insulin and glucagon in responding to increases and drops in glucose levels in the

body

Respiratory System Structures of the respiratory system Movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide between arteries and veins in the capillariesMouth, nose, trachea

lungs,

bronchi, alveoli

Cillia and moisture in airways

Diffusion in the alveoli

Effect of carbon dioxide on blood chemistry and respiration rate

Circulatory System Structures of the circulatory system Movement of materials arteries and veins in the capillariesHeart,

arteries,

veins,

capillaries

Movement of blood through the chambers and vessels of the circulatory system

Effect of carbon dioxide on blood chemistry and heart rate

Calculating maximum, upper and lower heart rate for appropriate exercise

Urinary System Structures of the urinary system Structures in the kidney Diffusion and active transport Movement of molecules Processes of the urinary systemKidney,

ureter,

bladder,

urethra

Nephrons and glomerulus

Which molecules are filtered out of the blood and which are reabsorbed

Where and how filtration, absorption, secretion and excretion occur

How we test for protein and glucose in the urine and what that means

Immune System Structures and cells of

the immune system 3 levels of immunity Memory and immunitySkin, hairs, oils

Inflammatory response

Specific vs. non-specific immune response

Natural killer cells

, B-Cells,

T-Cells,

memory cells

Antibodies

Immunization and immunity

The systems working togetherHomeostasis

Diffusion

Circulation of gases, nutrients and wastes throughout the body

DNA Structure of DNA Base Pairs RNA and DNA Codons Translation TranscriptionDouble helix – who discovered

Pairing of Adenine, Thymine, Guanine and Cytosine

RNA vs. DNA

Three base-pair sets code for amino acidsDNA is translated to RNA in the nucleus

mRNA transcribes RNA to amino acids in the cytoplasm