€¦ · Web viewUse of stem cells to treat Stargardt’s disease and one other named condition. COMPLETE WORKBOOK ACTIVITY 9 p. 15-16 Ethics of the therapeutic use of stem cells

Biology 11 IB Earland

Name: Block:

1.1 - IB Cell Biology Notes

Understandings, Applications and Skills (This is what you maybe assessed on)

Statement Guidance1.1.U1 According to the cell theory, living organisms are

composed of cells.COMPLETE WORKBOOK ACTIVITY 1 p. 5 AND ACTIVITY 2 p. 6

1.1.U2 Organisms consisting of only one cell carry out all functions of life in that cell.

Students are expected to be able to name and briefly explain these functions of life: nutrition, metabolism, growth, response, excretion, homeostasis and reproduction.

1.1.U3 Surface area to volume ratio is important in the limitation of cell size.

1.1.U4 Multicellular organisms have properties that emerge from the interaction of their cellular components.

COMPLETE WORKBOOK ACTIVITY 3 p. 7-8

1.1.U5 Specialized tissues can develop by cell differentiation in multicellular organisms.

1.1.U6 Differentiation involves the expression of some genes and not others in a cell’s genome.

COMPLETE WORKBOOK ACTIVITY 7 p. 12

1.1.U7 The capacity of stem cells to divide and differentiate along different pathways is necessary in embryonic development and also makes stem cells suitable for therapeutic uses.

COMPLETE WORKBOOK ACTIVITY 8 p. 13

1.1.A1 Questioning the cell theory using atypical examples, including striated muscle, giant algae and aseptate fungal hyphae.

1.1.A2 Investigation of functions of life in Paramecium and one named photosynthetic unicellular organism.

Chlorella or Scenedesmus are suitable photosynthetic unicells, but Euglena should be avoided as it can feed heterotrophically.

1.1.A3 Use of stem cells to treat Stargardt’s disease and one other named condition.

COMPLETE WORKBOOK ACTIVITY 9 p. 15-16

1.1.A4 Ethics of the therapeutic use of stem cells from specially created embryos, from the umbilical cord blood of a new-born baby and from an adult’s own tissues.

1.1.S1 Use of a light microscope to investigate the structure of cells and tissues, with drawing of cells. Calculation of the magnification of drawings and the actual size of structures and ultrastructures shown in drawings or micrographs. (Practical 1)

Scale bars are useful as a way of indicating actual sizes in drawings and micrographs.

COMPLETE WORKBOOK ACTIVITY 4 & 5 p. 9-10

1


Flipped Notes From the Video

According to the cell theory, living organisms are composed of what?

What do all cells at least have?

Identify the three components of the Cell Theory

How does striated muscle, giant algae and aseptate fungal hyphae cause the cell theory to be questioned?

Discuss the conditions necessary for life and the expression of these by single celled organisms

What are the functions of life in Paramecium?

What are the functions of life in Chlamydomonas?

Describe why surface area to volume ratio is important in the limitation of cell size

Describe how specialized tissues can develop

Describe what controls cell differentiation

2

http://youtu.be/Qc9EzZ0ZLDc


Topic 1 – CellsSo How Big are these Cell Things ? Reference p. 5-7in your text & Activity 4 & 5 in your workbook

Feature Actual Size Relative Size ComparisonMolecule 1 nm 1 dimeMembrane thickness 10nm 10x larger 3 text books stackedVirus 100 nm 100x Grade 8 studentBacteria 1um 1000x A large classroomOrganelle 10 um 10,000 x schoolAnimal cell 100 um 100,000x campus

*Molecules are too small to be seen with any time of microscope!Below is a table of the microscope sizes that you should be familiar with:Unit Abbr. Metric Conversion Conversion factorKilometer km 1000m 103 m

m 1mCentimeter cm 102 m

mm 0.001mmicrometer um 0.000 001m

nm 10-9 mRecall SI Units and Unit Conversions:

Show your work for unit conversions THIS WAY AWAYS!!!

5mm = ? nm 4.4cm = ?nm 6.8mm=? um 3.5cm = ? cm 7.1 um = ? cm 1520nm = ?mm

3

1. Cell Biology (Core) – 1.1 Introduction to cells

Name:

1. Calculate the magnification of these scale bars:

2. Calculate the actual size of these images:

http://www.bioknowledgy.info/ (Chris Paine)


3. What would you need to do if you were only given a scale bar and asked to calculate actual size?Demonstrate by finding the length of this stoma in µm. Show your working.

4. a. Calculate the length of this epithelial cell. b. Calculate the diameter of the nucleus of this cell.

5. a. Calculate the diameter of the main body of this human egg cell AND the thickness of one section of the zona pellucida.



6. Calculate the length of this Elodea cell.

Written questions: (they might appear in this style in the exam)1. A student views an image of a cell magnified 50000 times. The image is 60mm long.

a. What is the actual length of the sample in the image?

b. Is the cell more likely to be a plant cell, animal cell, bacterium or virus? Explain why.

2. A sperm cell has a tail 50µm long. A student draws it 50mm long. What is the magnification?



Finding Total Magnification and the Diameter of the Field of View When using a Microscope

Total Magnification = (power of the eye piece) x (Power of the objective lens)

Field of View = diameter of circle you can see for each magnification

Using a ruler, you find the field of view for low power (4.5 mm)Then, from this measurement, the FOV for the other powers is calculated using the formula:

FOVx = FOV low x Maglow Ex: FOVmed = 4.5mm x (40/100) = 1.8 mm

Magx

Power Total Magnification Diameter of FOV in mm Diameter in umHigh 400x 0.45 mm 450 umMedium 100x 1.8 mm 1800 umLow 40x 4.5 mm 4500 um

Actual Size of Specimen: estimate how many could fit end to end across the diameter of the field of view, then use the following formula

Size of Specimen = diameter of FOV

# of objects the fit across

Drawing Magnification: this is used to determine how many times bigger your drawing is than the actual size

Drawing Magnification = drawing size

Actual size

Scale Bars: Images often carry a scale bar which is a line on the image that shows how long the line is in the real specimen. The easiest way to add a scale bar is to find the actual size of the specimen and then draw a line beside the specimen indicating the measurement



Practicing your new skills

Using one of the prepared slides practice drawing what you see in the space below. Make sure you title, label, size etc. as appropriate



1.1.U1 According to the cell theory, living organisms are composed of cells.

1. State the three core ideas of cell theory:

1.

2.

3.

2. What evidence supports the idea that living organisms are composed of cells?

a. Living organisms are …

b. Organelles …

c. Cells multiply …

1.1.A1 Questioning the cell theory using atypical examples, including striated muscle, giant algae and aseptate fungal hyphae. AND Nature of Science: Looking for trends and discrepancies - although most organisms conform to cell theory, there are exceptions. (3.1)

3. For each atypical example outline how it challenges conventional cell theory

a. Striated muscle

b. Giant algae

c. Aseptate fungal hyphae



1.1.U2 Organisms consisting of only one cell carry out all functions of life in that cell.

4. State the functions of life, as demonstrated by all living organisms.

M - Metabolism

R -

H -

G -

R -

E -

N -

1.1.A2 Investigation of functions of life in Paramecium and one named photosynthetic unicellular organism.

5. Below is an image of a paramecium. Label and annotate the image to indicate how it performs each of the functions of life.


http:// umanitoba.ca /Biology/BIOL1030/Lab1/biolab1_3.html#Ciliophora http:// umanitoba.ca /Biology/BIOL1030/Lab1/biolab1_3.html#Ciliophora http:// umanitoba.ca /Biology/BIOL1030/Lab1/biolab1_3.html#Ciliophora

http://umanitoba.ca/Biology/BIOL1030/Lab1/biolab1_3.html%23Ciliophora




Below is an image of a Chlorella. Label and annotate the image to indicate how it performs each of the functions of life.

1.1.U3 Surface area to volume ratio is important in the limitation of cell size.

6. Explain why small cells are more efficient than big cells:


http://www.algae.info/Algaecomplete.aspxhttp://www.algae.info/Algaecomplete.aspxhttp://www.algae.info/Algaecomplete.aspx


7. As a cell grows in size eventually the metabolic rate increases beyond it’s ability to exchange materials and waste causing the cell to die. To prevent this increase in cell size is used as a trigger for cell division. The smaller cells restore a viable SA:vol.

a. What mechanisms other than cell division to cells use to maintain viable, efficient SA:Vol ratios?

b. What mechanisms other than cell division to multicellular organisms use to maintain viable, efficient SA:Vol ratios?

8. Extension: describe how the invasive Caulerpa algae genus break the rules of SA:Vol (you will have to research this point – include your citations below your answer)

1.1.U4 Multicellular organisms have properties that emerge from the interaction of their cellular components.

9. Unicellular organisms carry out all the functions of life, multi-cellular organisms differentiate and show emergent properties.a. Describe what is meant by the term emergent properties.

b. Outline the advantages of cells differentiating to carry out specific functions.



1.1.U6 Differentiation involves the expression of some genes and not others in a cell’s genome.

10. All cells in an organism share the same, identical, genome (i.e. they all possess the same genetic information).

a. In which type of cells is the entire genome active?

b. Describe how newly formed cells become specialised.

(Extension: refer to the packaging of genes in your answer)

1.1.U5 Specialized tissues can develop by cell differentiation in multicellular organisms.

11. Collections of similar cells are called tissues. How many different distinct highly specialised cell types have been recognised in humans?

1.1.U7 The capacity of stem cells to divide and differentiate along different pathways is necessary in embryonic development and also makes stem cells suitable for therapeutic uses.

12. Describe what is meant by the term stem cell.

13. Define the following types of stem cells. Giving an example of each:

a. Totipotent

b. Pluripotent

c. Multipotent

d. Unipotent



1.1.A3 Use of stem cells to treat Stargardt’s disease and one other named condition.

14. Complete the table to detail the use of stem cells in the treatment of specific conditions.

Condition Stargardt'sb macular dystrophy

Outline the condition and the problems it causes

Affects around one in 10,000

children

Recessive genetic (inherited)

condition

The mutation causes an active

transport protein on photoreceptor

cells to malfunction

The photoreceptor cells degenerate

the production of a dysfunctional

protein that cannot perform energy

transport

that causes progressive, and

eventually total, loss of central

vision

Describe treatment of the condition using stem cells

The benefit of using stem cells

Stem cells are currently the only viable

treatment for this condition.



1.1.A4 Ethics of the therapeutic use of stem cells from specially created embryos, from the umbilical cord blood of a new-born baby and from an adult’s own tissues. AND Nature of Science: Ethical implications of research—research involving stem cells is growing in importance and raises ethical issues. (4.5)

15. Complete the table to compare the different sources of stem cells available:

Comparison of stem cell sources

Embryo Cord blood Adult

Differentiation

Can differentiate into

any cell type

Limited capacity to

differentiate (without

inducement only

naturally divide into

blood cells)

Genetic damage

Due to accumulation of

mutations through the life of the

adult genetic damage can occur

Compatibility

16. Therapeutic cloning remains a controversial area of medicine.a. Outline the main arguments for therapeutic cloning

b. Outline the main arguments against therapeutic cloning



1.1.S1 Use of a light microscope to investigate the structure of cells and tissues, with drawing of cells. Calculation of the magnification of drawings and the actual size of structures and ultrastructures shown in drawings or micrographs. (Practical 1)

17. The diagram below shows the characteristic rod-shaped structure of E. coli bacteria.

a. Calculate the magnification of the image.



b. State the method (shown here) by which bacteria reproduce.



18. Calculate the actual size of the structures delineated in yellow.

19. Calculate the magnification of these scale bars:



20. What is the magnification of these images?

a. Scale bar 10µm measures 40mm on the image.

b. Scale bar 5µm measures 25mm on the image.

21. A micrograph has a scale bar of 2µm, which measures 40mm on the image. Measuring the maximum length of the cell in the image, the ruler reads 180mm. How long is the cell?

22. A student views an image of a cell magnified 350 times. The image is 250mm long. What is the actual length of the sample in the image?

Citations:

Allott, Andrew. Biology: Course Companion. S.l.: Oxford UP, 2014. Print.

Taylor, Stephen. "Essential Biology 02.1 Cell Theory.docx." Web. 17 Aug. 2014. <https://www.box.net/shared/r2o3scijx1>.


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€¦ · Web viewUse of stem cells to treat Stargardt’s disease and one other named condition. COMPLETE WORKBOOK ACTIVITY 9 p. 15-16 Ethics of the therapeutic use of stem cells