g]kfnsf] åGå k|ltj]bg @)^(

lj=;+= @)%@ kmfu'g / @)^# dª\l;/ % ut]aLr ePsf cGt/f{li6«o dfgjclwsf/ sfg'g tyf cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg'gsf åGå;Fu ;DalGwt pNnª\3gx¿sf] ljZn]if0f

0

© /fdk|;fb x'dfufO{+åf/f lvlrPsf] cfj/0f tl:a/ . dfOtL3/ d08nfdf aflnPsf d}gaQLx¿n] ;g\ @))^ dO{;Dd dfl/Psf g]kfnLx¿sf] cflwsfl/s ;ª\Vof !#,@$^ sf]/]sf 5g\ . of] :d[lt sfo{qmd ælx+;f lj/f]wÆ gfds gful/s zflGt ;d"xåf/f d08nfdf cfof]lht dfl;s d}gaQL hfu|fd sfo{qmdsf] qmddf ul/Psf] lyof] .

© of] k|ltj]bg h]g]efl:yt ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3Lo dfgjclwsf/ pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{noåf/f tof/ kfl/Psf] xf], sflQs @)^(

1

e"ldsf

g]kfn ;/sf/ / g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_n] @)^# ;fndf lj:t[t zflGt ;Demf}tfdf x:tfIf/ ubf{ pgLx¿n] cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gsf s]xL k|d'v l;4fGtx¿sf] kfngf tyf ;Ddfg ug]{ s'/fdf k|lta4tf hgfPsf lyP . o;df åGåsf ;dodf ePsf 36gfsf ;DaGwdf ;TotYo yfxf kfpg] / cGt/f{li6«o dfgjclwsf/ sfg'g tyf dfgjLo sfg'gsf] uDeL/ pNnª\3gsf kLl8tx¿n] Gofo / kl/k"/0f b'a} kfpg] s'/fsf] ;'lglZrt ug]{ nufotsf s'/fx¿ lyP . 5 jif{kl5 klg oL dxTTjk"0f{ cfsfª\Iffx¿nfO{ ;kmnLe"t kfg{ w]/} sfd ug{ afFsL 5 . of] k|ltj]bg ;fj{hlgs ubf{sf] ;dodf g]kfndf ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg Gofo ;+oGqsf] ¿kdf :yfkgf ug]{ elgPsf ;To lg¿k0f tyf d]nldnfk cfof]u / a]kQf 5fglag cfof]u :yfkgf;DaGwL sfg'gnfO{ cem} clGtd ¿k lbg ;lsPsf] 5}g . cGt/f{li6«o dfgjclwsf/ sfg'g tyf dfgjLo sfg'gsf uDeL/ pNnª\3gsf kL8sx¿nfO{ Gofo k|0ffnLdfkm{t\ hjfkmb]xL agfOPsf] 5}g / kLl8t tyf ltgsf kl/jf/x¿ lg/Gt/ kL8fdf 5g\ h;nfO{ /fHon] cfTd;ft ;d]t u/]sf] kfOFb}g .k|:t't g]kfnsf] åGå k|ltj]bgsf ;fy} ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg Gofo ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L clen]v e08f/ -clen]v e08f/_n] åGåsf qmddf ul/Psf uDeL/ dfgjclwsf/ pNnª\3gsf nflu Gofo ;'lglZrt ug]{ hNbf]aNbf] sfo{df dxTTjk"0f{ of]ubfg k'¥ofpg] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 . åGå;Fu ;DalGwt cGt/f{li6«o dfgjclwsf/ sfg'g tyf cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg'gsf @)%@ kmfu'g ! b]lv @)^# dª\l;/;Dd ePsf pNnª\3gsf d'Vo k|ju{x¿sf] clen]vg tyf ljZn]if0f u/]/ o; k|ltj]bgn] ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg Gofo cfof]u / cbfntx¿nfO{ cfkm\gf sfdnfO{ yk cufl8 a9fpg cg';Gwfgsf] cfwf/ pknAw u/fpFb5 . of] k|ltj]bg cg';Gwfg geO{ cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gsf] uDeL/ pNnª\3g ePsf] cfzª\sfsf nflu dgfl;a cfwf/;lxtsf ljZj;gLo cf/f]kx¿sf] klxrfg ug]{ Pp6f k|f/lDes cEof; xf] . s'g} Goflos k|lqmofaf6 cg';Gwfg tyf cleof]hgnufotsf dfWoddfkm{t\ ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg GofonfO{ cufl8 a9fpg oL cf/f]kx¿nfO{ ;Da4 /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gsf ;Gbe{df k|:t't ul/Psf 5g\ . k|:t't clen]v e08f/n] klg efjL ;Gtltsf lglDt ;To pb\3f6g / hjfkmb]xLtfsf nflu ;Da4 clen]vgsf] ;+/If0f ug{ d2t ug]{5 .

ljZje/ dfgjclwsf/sf] pkef]u tyf Gofosf nflu d}n] sfd u/]sf w]/} jif{df b08xLgtflj?4 n8\gdf ePsf] ljkmntf tyf Gofosf] c:jLsf/n] yk uDeL/ pNnª\3g ug{df b'?T;fxg dfq u/]sf] kfPsf] 5' .

2

To;}n], d of] k|ltj]bg / clen]v e08f/nfO{ lx+;fTds tyf b'Mvb åGåaf6 g]kfnn] d'lQm kfcf];\ tyf zflGtsf nflu lbuf] husf] lgdf{0f ug]{ cTofjZos k|of;df ;xof]u k'uf]];\ egL g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ k|bfg ub{5' .

gfeL lkNn];+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3Lo dfgjclwsf/ pRrfo'Qm

3

lj:t[t ljifo;"rL

cWofo ! — kl/ro............................................................................................!)

!=! k|ltj]bgsf] ;dLIff....................................................................................!)!=@ k[i7e"ld.................................................................................................!!!=# cfof]hgfsf] kl/0ffd / ;fwg ......................................................................!@

!=#=! ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg Gofo ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L clen]v e08f/ -clen]v e08f/_.................!@!=#=@ k|ltj]bg ...........................................................................................!#

cWofo @ — åGåsf] Oltxf; ................................................................................!*

@=! ;dLIff..................................................................................................!*

@=!=! k[i7e"ld............................................................................................!*@=!=@ åGå.................................................................................................@!

cWofo # — åGå/t kIfx¿ .................................................................................#*

#=! ;dLIff..................................................................................................#*#=@ zfxL g]kfnL ;]gf.....................................................................................#* #=# g]kfn k|x/L............................................................................................$)#=$ ;z:q k|x/L an.....................................................................................$!#=% g]kfn sDo'lg:6 kf6L{ -dfcf]jfbL_.................................................................$@

cWofo $ — nfu' cGt/f{li6«o sfg'g......................................................................$$

$=! ;dLIff......................................................................................................$$

4

$=@ cGt/f{li6«o dfgjclwsf/ sfg'g..................................................................$$

$=@=! ;fdfGo l;4fGtx¿ ............................................................................$$$=@=@ lgnDag / ;ª\s6sfn.........................................................................$^

$=# cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg'g ........................................................................$^

$=#=! ;z:q åGå.......................................................................................$^$=#=@ ;femf wf/f #....................................................................................$&

$=$ cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gcGtu{tsf kmf}hbf/L lhDd]jf/L..............................................$(

$=$=! cg';Gwfg / cleof]hg ug]{ bfloTj.........................................................$($=$=@ cGt/f{li6«o ck/fwx¿ ........................................................................%)$=$=# dfgjtflj?4sf] ck/fw........................................................................%!$=$=$ o'4 ck/fw......................................................................................%@

$=% cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gsf] k|of]u;DaGwL l;4fGtx¿ ................................................%#

$=%=! cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gcGtu{tsf bfloTjx¿sf] lhDd]jf/L.....................................%#$=%=@ cGt/f{li6«o dfgjclwsf/ sfg'g / cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg'gsf] Ps;fy k|of]u — ljz]if sfg'g..............................................................................................%#$=%=# ;z:q åGådf afnaflnsf....................................................................%$

cWofo % — u}/sfgg'gL xTof ..............................................................................%^

%=! ;dLIff..................................................................................................%^%=@ ;Da4 sfg'gL vfsf.................................................................................%&

%=@=! cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg'gcGtu{t u}/sfg'gL xTofM o'4 ck/fw.........................%*

s_ xTof...............................................................................................%*

5

v_ u}/;}lgs JolQmlj?4 cfqmd0f.................................................................%(u_ hyfefjL cfqmd0f...............................................................................%(3_ c;dfg'kflts cfqmd0f.........................................................................^)ª_ cfjZos k"j{;fjwfgL glnO{ ul/Psf] cfqmd0f..............................................^)r_ plrt k|lqmof gk'¥ofO{ ul/g] ;hfo jf xTofsf] o'4ck/fw ..............................^)5_ em'SofP/ dfg]{ jf 3fOt] t'Nofpg] .............................................................^!h_ cª\ueª\uaf6 ePsf] d[To' ......................................................................^!em_ d[ts;DaGwL ljifonfO{ x]g]{ cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg'g..................................^@

%=@=@ cGt/f{li6«o dfgjclwsf/ sfg'gcGtu{t u}/sfg'gL xTof.................................^@

%=# u}/sfg'gL xTofsf cf/f]kx¿sf] k|j[lQ..............................................................^#

%=#=! ;'/Iffkmf}håf/f ul/Psf nlIot xTof........................................................^$

s_ vfgtnf; sf/afxL jf u:tLsf qmddf......................................................^$

k|tLsfTds 36gf %=!...........................................................................^%

k|tLsfTds 36gf %=@ .........................................................................^^

v_ ;fd"lxs k|ltzf]wdf .............................................................................^^

k|tLsfTds 36gf %=# .........................................................................^^

u_ lx/f;tdf d[To'...................................................................................^&

i) ;}lgs Aof/]s tyf k|x/Lsf] y'gfdf ePsf d[To' ..........................................^&k|tLsfTds 36gf

%=$..........................................................................^&

6

ii) y'gfcl3 t/ kqmfp kl/;s]kl5 ePsf xTofx¿ .........................................^*k|tLsfTds 36gf %=%..........................................................................^*k|tLsfTds 36gf %=^..........................................................................^(

3_ cfTd;dk{0f u/]sf dfcf]jfbLx¿sf] xTof....................................................^(

k|tLsfTds 36gf %=&.........................................................................&)

ª_ ;'/Iffkmf}håf/f k|yfhlgt cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gsf] pNnª\3g ub}{ ePsf u}/sfg'gL xTof....................................................................................................&)

i) lg;fgfx¿df e]b 5'6\ofpg g;Sg'..........................................................&)k|tLsfTds 36gf %=*..........................................................................&!

ii) adaf/L .........................................................................................&!k|tLsfTds 36gf %=(.........................................................................&!

%=#=@ g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_åf/f...........................................................................&@

s_ nlIot xTof......................................................................................&@

k|tLsfTds 36gf %=!)........................................................................&#k|tLsfTds 36gf %=!!.........................................................................&$

v_ kqmfpkl5 xTof..................................................................................&$

k|tLsfTds 36gf %=!@........................................................................&$k|tLsfTds 36gf %=!#........................................................................&%

u_ cw{Goflos sfo{ljlwsf kl/0ffd:j¿k u}/sfg'gL xTof — h:t}, hgcbfntåf/f

lbOPsf] d[To'b08.....................................................................................&%

7

k|tLsfTds 36gf %=!$........................................................................&&

3_ n8fOFsf qmddf ePsf u}/sfg'gL d[To'.......................................................&&

k|tLsfTds 36gf %=!%M df8L a; adlj:kmf]6gsf] 36gf................................&*

ª_ lj:kmf]6s kbfy{sf] hyfefjL k|of]u...........................................................&*

k|tLsfTds 36gf %=!^........................................................................&(

r_ cgfjZos kL8f lbg] ...........................................................................&(

k|tLsfTds 36g%=!&..........................................................................&(

%=#=# lelhnfGt] ;d"xåf/f ePsf u}/sfg'gL xTof.................................................*)%=#=$ dlxnfdflysf] k|efj............................................................................*!

k|tLsfTds 36gf %=!*........................................................................*@

%=#=% afnaflnsfdflysf] k|efj......................................................................*@

s_ leGgtf 5'6\ofOPg...............................................................................*@

k|tLsfTds 36gf %=!(........................................................................*@k|tLsfTds 36gf %=@)........................................................................*#

v_ c;dfg'kflts ¿kdf afnaflnsfsf] xTof..................................................*#

k|tLsfTds 36gf %=@!........................................................................*$

%=$ cGt/f{li6«o ck/fw..................................................................................*$

k|tLsfTds 36gf %=@@.......................................................................*$

%=% d[tsnfO{ x]g]{ ;DaGwdf.............................................................................*^%=^ cflwsfl/s clen]v / k|To'Q/.....................................................................*&

%=^=! ;/sf/............................................................................................*&

8

%=^=@ g]kfn sDo'lg:6 kf6L{ -dfcf]jfbL_............................................................*&%=^=# lx/f;tdf æcfTdxTofÆ........................................................................**

cWofo ^ — hah{:tL a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{....................................................................(%

^=! ;dLIff......................................................................................................(%

^=!=! cWoogljlw ......................................................................................(&

^=@ ;Da4 sfg'gL vfsf.................................................................................(&

^=@=! kl/efiff...........................................................................................(&^=@=@ cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg'g....................................................................(*^=@=# cGt/f{li6«o dfgjclwsf/ sfg'g..............................................................((^=@=$ /fHo tyf g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_åf/f JoQm ul/Psf] k|lta4tf..............................!)!

^=# åGåsf a]nf ank"j{s a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{sf k|j[lQ................................................!)@^=$ 36gfsf pbfx/0fx¿ ..............................................................................!)%

k|tLsfTds 36gf ^=!.........................................................................!)^k|tLsfTds 36gf ^=@........................................................................!)&k|tLsfTds 36gf ^=#.........................................................................!)(k|tLsfTds 36gf ^=$........................................................................!)(k|tLsfTds 36gf ^=%.........................................................................!!)

cWofo & — oftgf...........................................................................................!!!

&=! ;dLIff.................................................................................................!!!&=@ ;Da4 sfg'gL vfsf.................................................................................!!#

9

&=@=! oftgf.............................................................................................!!#&=@=@ cª\ueª\u........................................................................................!!&&=@=# cGo k|sf/sf ceb| Jojxf/..................................................................!!*

&=# oftgfsf cf/f]kx¿ ................................................................................!@)

&=#=! ljlw / ;fwgx¿ ..............................................................................!@)&=#=@ cg';Gwfg ug]{ jf dfcf]jfbLsf] lk5f ug]{ qmddf ;'/Iffkmf}håf/f ul/Psf] elgPsf oftgf...................................................................................................!@!

k|tLsfTds 36gf &=! .......................................................................!@@k|tLsfTds 36gf &=@M d}gf ;'g'jf/sf] oftgf / d[To'...................................!@#

&=#=# ;hfo jf s/sfksf] ;fwgsf] ¿kdf dfcf]jfbLåf/f lbOPsf] elgPsf] oftgf........!@%

s_ zflGt ;'/Iff sfod /fVg] tyf …hgGofoÚsf] ;fwgsf] ¿kdf oftgf...................!@%

k|tLsfTds 36gf &=#.........................................................................!@^

v_ s/sfksf] ;fwgsf] ¿kdf oftgf............................................................!@^

k|tLsfTds 36gf &=$........................................................................!@&

&=$ cª\ueª\usf cf/f]kx¿ ...........................................................................!@&

&=$=! ;'/Iffkmf}håf/f ePsf cª\ueª\u............................................................!@*&=$=@ ;hfo / s/sfksf ¿kdf dfcf]jfbLaf6 ePsf cª\ueª\u............................!@*

k|tLsfTds 36gf &=%........................................................................!@(

&=% cGo ceb| Jojxf/sf cf/f]kx¿ ................................................................!@(

&=%=! dfcf]jfbLåf/f ul/Psf] qm"/ jf a]OHhtLk"0f{ ;hfo.......................................!@(

k|tLsfTds 36gf &=^.........................................................................!#)

10

&=%=@ ;f]wk'5sf] qmddf ;'/Iffkmf}håf/f ul/Psf] qm"/ jf a]OHhtLk"0f{ Jojxf/.............!#)

k|tLsfTds 36gf &=&.........................................................................!#!

&=^ /fHosf bfloTjx¿ .................................................................................!#!&=& cflwsfl/s hjfkm..................................................................................!#@

cWofo * — :j]R5frf/L kqmfp...........................................................................!$)

*=! ;dLIff...............................................................................................!$)*=@ ;Da4 sfg'gL vfsf...............................................................................!$)

*=@=! cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg'g...................................................................!$!*=@=@ cGt/f{li6«o dfgjclwsf/ sfg'g............................................................!$!*=@=# /fli6«o sfg'g..................................................................................!$)

s_ ;+ljwfg..........................................................................................!$@v_ ;fj{hlgs ;'/Iff P]gcGtu{tsf lgjf/s gh/aGbsf cfb]zx¿ .......................!$@u_ cftª\ssf/L tyf ljWj+zfTds ultljlw -lgoGq0f / ;hfo_ cWofb]z -6f8f]_cGtu{tsf lgjf/s gh/aGbsf cfb]zx¿ ...................................................................!$#3_ k'gMkqmfp........................................................................................!$#

*=# :j]R5frf/L kqmfpsf cf/f]kx¿ .................................................................!$$

*=#=! ;'/Iffkmf}håf/f ul/Psf :j]R5frf/L kqmfp................................................!$$

k|tLsfTds 36gf *=!........................................................................!$%k|tLsfTds 36gf *=@........................................................................!$%

*=#=@ dfcf]jfbLåf/f ul/Psf :j]R5frf/L kqmfp;/xsf ckx/0fx¿ .........................!$^

11

cWofo ( — of}g lx+;f......................................................................................!$&

(=! ;dLIff...............................................................................................!$&(=@ ;Da4 sfg'gL vfsf...............................................................................!$*

(=@=! anfTsf/........................................................................................!$(

s_ cltqmd0f.............................................................................................!%!v_ an, an k|of]usf] wDsL, jf hf]/h'n'd.......................................................!%!

(=@=@ cGo of}g lx+;f.................................................................................!%@(=@=# JolQmut kmf}hbf/L lhDd]jf/L................................................................!%#

(=# k[i7e"ld...............................................................................................!%#

(=#=! ;dLIff............................................................................................!%#(=#=@ g]kfndf of}g lx+;fsf] ;fdflhs tyf ;fF:s[lts ;Gbe{.................................!%$(=#=# of}g lx+;fsf] kLl8t, kl/jf/ tyf ;d'bfodfly k/]sf kl/0ffdx¿ ......................!%%(=#=$ g]kfndf zflGt k|fKt ug{df /x]sf afwfx¿ ...............................................!%^(=#=% of}g lx+;faf/] Go'g ph'/L.....................................................................!%&

(=$ ljZn]if0fM k|j[lQsf ;ª\s]tx¿ ...................................................................!%*

(=$=! u};; tyf ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\åf/f ul/Psf ljBdfg cg';Gwfg.............................!%*

s_ P8ef]s];L kmf]/d, g]kfn / cGt/f{li6«o ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg Gofo s]Gb|åf/f ul/Psf cg';Gwfg............................................................................................!%*v_ dlxnf k'g:yf{kgf s]Gb|........................................................................!^)u_ dfgjclwsf/ ;~rf/ k|lti7fg, g]kfn -Ol/sg_åf/f ul/Psf] cg';Gwfg................!^!

12

3_ o'lgkm]d / ;fyLåf/f emfkf / df]/ª lhNnfdf ul/Psf] cg';Gwfg.......................!^!ª_ pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{no, o"PgPkmkLP, P8\ef]s];L kmf]/d / ;]G6/ km/ d]G6n x]Ny sfplG;lnªåf/f c5fd lhNnfdf ul/Psf] d"Nofª\sg e|d0f..................................!^@

(=$=@ clen]vfno cEof;sf] qmddf klxrfg ul/Psf 36gfx¿sf] ljZn]if0f...............!^#

s_ ;dLIff............................................................................................!^#v_ ;'/Iffkmf}håf/f ePsf] elgPsf] of}g lx+;f...................................................!^#

i) dfcf]jfbLsf] vf]htnf; tyf pgLx¿nfO{ ;f]wk'5 ug]{ qmddf ;'/Iffkmf}håf/f ePsf] elgPsf] of}g lx+;f..............................................................................!^$k|tLsfTds 36gf (=!.........................................................................!^$k|tLsfTds 36gf (=@........................................................................!^$k|tLsfTds 36gf (=#.........................................................................!^%k|tLsfTds 36gf (=$.........................................................................!^^

ii) ;'/Iffkmf}håf/f df}sf 5f]k]/ ul/Psf] elgPsf of}g lx+;f...............................!^^

u_ dfcf]jfbL ePsf] elgPsf of}g lx+;f..........................................................!^^

cWofo !) — hjfkmb]xLtf.................................................................................!^*/ k|efjsf/L Goflos pkrf/sf] clwsf/.................................................................!^*

!)=! ;dLIff..............................................................................................!^*

!)=!=! ;To / hjfkmb]xLtfk|ltsf] ;fj{hlgs k|lta4tf.........................................!^(

s_ cGtl/d ;+ljwfg................................................................................!^(v_ lj:t[t zflGt ;Demf}tf........................................................................!^(u_ ;/sf/............................................................................................!^(

13

3_ 7"nf /fhgLlts bnx¿ ........................................................................!^(ª_ ;'/Iffkmf}h.......................................................................................!&)

!)=@ ;Da4 sfg'gL vfsf...............................................................................!&!

!)=@=! cGt/f{li6«o dfgjclwsf/ sfg'g...........................................................!&!

s_ k|efjsf/L Goflos pkrf/sf] clwsf/......................................................!&!v_ cleof]hg ug]{ st{Jo..........................................................................!&@

!)=@=@ cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg'g..................................................................!&#

!)=# hjfkmb]xLtfsf ;+oGqx¿ ........................................................................!&#

!)=#=! g]kfnsf] kmf}hbf/L Gofo k|0ffnL............................................................!&#

s_ cg';Gwfgsf] ;'?jft...........................................................................!&#v_ k|x/L cg';Gwfg.................................................................................!&$u_ lhNnf ;/sf/L jlsn..........................................................................!&%3_ k'k{If ;'g'jfO{.....................................................................................!&^ª_ km};nf, k'g/fj]bg / ;hfo....................................................................!&^r_ pRr cbfntsf yk pkrf/x¿ .............................................................!&^

i) aGbLk|ToIfLs/0fsf] lgj]bg..................................................................!&^

ii) k/dfb]zsf] l/6..............................................................................!&&

!)=#=@ k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/L.......................................................................!&&!)=#=# sfo{sf/L tyf ;+;bLo pkrf/x¿ ........................................................!&*

s_ hfFra'em cfof]u................................................................................!&*

14

v_ ;'/Iffkmf}hsf] lgu/fgL.........................................................................!&*

!)=#=$ /fli6«o dfgjclwsf/ cfof]u...............................................................!&(!)=#=% dfcf]jfbL æGofo k|0ffnLÆ...................................................................!*)!)=#=^ cfGtl/s hjfkmb]xLtfsf ;+oGqx¿ .......................................................!*!

s_ zfxL g]kfnL ;]gf...............................................................................!*!

i) sf]6{ ckm OGSjfo/L..........................................................................!*@

ii) sf]6{ df;{n...................................................................................!*@iii) cg'zf;gfTds

sf/afxL....................................................................!*#iv) g]kfnL ;]gf dfgjclwsf/ lgb]{zgfno...................................................!*#

v_ g]kfn k|x/L / ;z:q k|x/L an..............................................................!*#

i) cg'zf;gfTds sf/afxL -ljefuLo sf/afxL_............................................!*$

ii) ljz]if cbfnt sf/afxL.....................................................................!*$iii) dfgjclwsf/ PsfO÷;]n, sfg'gL PsfO tyf cGo cjojx¿ ......................!*$

!)=#=& g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_............................................................................!*%

!)=$ JolQmx¿nfO{ hjfkmb]xL agfpgdf ljkmntf.................................................!*^

!)=$=! sfg'g...........................................................................................!*^!)=$=@ ansf] k|of]u..................................................................................!*^!)=$=# hfgsf/Lsf] ;fj{hlgsLs/0f...............................................................!*&!)=$=$ pko'Qm sfg'gsf] cefj....................................................................!*&!)=$=% pGd'lQm........................................................................................!*&!)=$=^ k|x/L cg';Gwfg..............................................................................!**

15

s_ k|yd hfx]/L bvf{:t............................................................................!**v_ cg';Gwfg........................................................................................!*(

!)=$=& Gofokflnsf..................................................................................!(!!)=$=* k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/L......................................................................!(@!)=$=( ;/sf/ / dGqfno...........................................................................!(@!)=$=!) åGåsf qmddf dfcf]jfbL æGofo k|0ffnLÆ................................................!(#!)=$=!! cfGtl/s sf/afxLsf ;d:ofx¿ ........................................................!($

s_ ;'/Iffkmf}h.......................................................................................!($v_ g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_...............................................................................!(%

cWofo !! — l;kmfl/;x¿ .................................................................................!(^

!!=! ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg Gofo;DaGwL cfof]ux¿ -:yfkgf ePkl5_nfO{.............................!(^

!!=!+=! ;fdfGo..........................................................................................!(^!!=!+=@ ljifout........................................................................................!(&

s_ u}/sfg'gL xTof.................................................................................!(&v_ a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{.................................................................................!(*u_ oftgf............................................................................................!(*3_ :j]R5frf/L y'gf................................................................................!(*ª_ of}g lx+;f.........................................................................................!((r_ sfg'gL............................................................................................!((

16

!!=@ k|wfgdGqLsf] sfof{no / u[x dGqfnonfO{....................................................@))!!=# ;/sf/ / zflGt tyf k'glg{df{0f dGqfnonfO{................................................@))!!=$ /Iff dGqfnonfO{..................................................................................@)!!!=% ;+ljwfg;efsf ;b:ox¿nfO{....................................................................@)!!!=^ dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nonfO{................................................................@)!!!=& GofokflnsfnfO{...................................................................................@)@!!=* g]kfn k|x/L sdfG8nfO{..........................................................................@)@!!=( g]kfnL ;]gf tyf ;z:q k|x/L an sdfG8nfO{...............................................@)@!!=!) dfcf]jfbL g]t[TjnfO{.............................................................................@)#!!=!! /fhgLlts bnsf g]t[TjnfO{.....................................................................@)#!!=!@ /fli6«o dfgjclwsf/ cfof]unfO{...............................................................@)#!!=!# gful/s ;dfhnfO{...............................................................................@)#!!=!$ ;~rf/dfWodnfO{...............................................................................@)$!!=!% cGt/f{li6«o ;d'bfonfO{.........................................................................@)$!!=!^ kLl8tx¿nfO{.....................................................................................@)$

kl/lzi7 ! — g]kfndf ;z:q åGåsf] ;do/]vf........................................................@)%kl/lzi7 @ — cWoogljlw.................................................................................@@&

!=! ;dLI

17

ff................................................................................................@@&

!=@ ;dfj]zsf nflu dfkb08.........................................................................@@&

!=@=! uDeL/tfsf] Go'gtd dfkb08................................................................@@&!=@=@ hfgsf/Lsf] kof{Kttf tyf ljZj;gLotf..................................................@@*!=@=# ;|f]tx¿sf] ljZj;gLotf......................................................................@@(!=@=$ k|df0fsf] dfkb08.............................................................................@@(

!=# kL8sx¿sf] klxrfg................................................................................@#)!=$ cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog tyf k/fdz{...............................................................@#)

18

cWofo ! — kl/ro

!=! k|ltj]bgsf] ;dLIffg]kfnsf] åGå k|ltj]bgn] g]kfndf @)%@ kmfu'gb]lv @)^# dª\l;/ % ut];Dd ePsf åGå;Fu ;DalGwt cGt/f{li6«o dfgjclwsf/ sfg'g tyf cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg'gsf k|d'v k|ju{x¿sf] clen]vg tyf ljZn]if0f u/]sf] 5 . o; k|ltj]bgdf ePsf 36gf tyf tYofª\sx¿ ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg Gofo ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L clen]v e08f/ — nueu #),))) b:tfj]h tyf 36gfx¿sf] tYofª\s e08f/ — af6 lnOg'sf ;fy} /fli6«o dfgjclwsf/ cfof]u, /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿ / ;g\ @))% dO{df pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{no g]kfndf :yfkgfkZrft\ o;n] d'n'sdf cfkm}F u/]sf] cg'udgaf6 klg ;xof]u lnOPsf] 5 . of] tYofª\s e08f/ pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{non] ;"rgf Joj:yfkg ;fwgsf] ¿kdf ljsf; u/]sf] lyof] h;n] o;df clelnlvt 36gfx¿af/] yk lj:t[t cg';Gwfg ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5 . o; clen]v e08f/nfO{ k|:t't k|ltj]bgsf] Pp6f cTofjZos ;fem]bf/sf] ¿kdf lnOg'k5{ . of] pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{nosf] j]a;fO6 www.ohchr.org df lgMz'Ns pknAw 5 .

of] k|ltj]bg / clen]v e08f/n] u}/sfg'gL xTof, a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{, oftgf, :j}lR5s kqmfp, of}g lx+;f / k|efjsf/L Goflos pkrf/sf] cefj h:tf åGåsf a]nf cjnf]lst cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gsf uDeL/ pNnª\3gx¿df hf]8 lbPsf] 5 . o; ;Gbe{df s] s'/fdf hf]8 lbg' dxTTjk"0f{ 5 eg] of] k|ltj]bg tof/ ug'{cl3 k|fKt ;fdu|L tyf cf/f]ksf ljj/0fx¿nfO{ Pslqt u/L ;+/If0f ug{ k|f/lDes cEof;sf] ¿kdf sfd yflnPsf] lyof] . of] sfd kmf}hbf/L cg';Gwfgsf] ¿kdf ul/Psf] lyPg / clen]v e08f/df ;"rLs[t jf o; k|ltj]bgdf ePsf ;Dk"0f{ cf/f]ksf] pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{non] :jtGq ¿kn] k'li6 u/]sf] 5}g . t}klg, oL clelnlvt 36gfdf, pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{no cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gsf] pNnª\3g ePsf] 5 eGg] zª\sfnfO{ dgfl;a cfwf/ k|bfg ug]{ ljZj;gLo cf/f]kx¿ 5g\ eGb5 . To;}n], oL 36gfx¿ bIf Goflos clwsf/Lx¿åf/f zL3|, lgikIf, :jtGq tyf k|efjsf/L cg';Gwfg ul/gsf nflu of]Uo 5g\ .

åGåsf a]nf ul/Psf ck/fwsf uDeL/ cf/f]kx¿sf] pNn]Vo ;ª\Vofsf ;DaGwdf g]kfnL ;/sf/L clwsf/L / dfcf]jfbLsf] xfn;Ddsf] hjfkm gu0o 5 . k|x/L clwsf/L, /fhgLlts bnsf g]tf tyf ;/sf/L clwsf/Lx¿n] slyt pNnª\3gx¿sf ;DaGwdf cufl8 a9\g ;lsFb}g jf x'Fb}g / ;To lg¿k0f tyf d]nldnfk cfof]un] g} To;nfO{ x]g]{5 eg]/ ltgsf] cleof]hg jf cWoognfO{ cGoq df]8]sf, :yug u/]sf jf, s]xL 36gfdf t, lkmtf{ lnPsf 5g\ . åGåsf qmddf ul/Psf

19

dfgjclwsf/ tyf cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg'gsf] uDeL/ pNnª\3gsf nflu lhDd]jf/ JolQmx¿lj?4 d'2f rnfpgdf g]kfnL ;/sf/L clwsf/L tyf /fhgLlts bnx¿df b]lvPsf] /fhgLlts OR5fzlQmsf] sdLn] yk uDeL/ pNnª\3gx¿nfO{ k|f]T;fxg dfq u/]sf] 5 / To:tf] lg/Gt/ eO/xg] vt/f 5 .of] sfd pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{nosf sd{rf/L tyf h]g]ef tyf g]kfnl:yt pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{nosf lj1 k/fdz{bftfåf/f ;DkGg ul/Psf] xf] . o;sf lglDt g]kfnsf nflu ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3Lo zflGt sf]ifn] cfly{s ;xof]u h'6fPsf] xf] . o; kl/of]hgfsf] p2]Zo ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg Gofo k|lqmofsf nflu cfwf/e"ld tof/ kf/L zflGtsf] lbuf] hu lgdf{0f ug{ of]ubfg k'¥ofpg' /x]sf] 5 .g]kfndf åGåsf qmddf ePsf dfgjclwsf/ tyf cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg'gsf] uDeL/ pNnª\3gx¿sf] clen]vg tyf ;ª\sngdf of]ubfg k'¥ofP/, k|:t't k|ltj]bgn] g]kfn ;/sf/, /fli6«o dfgjclwsf/ cfof]u, ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg Gofo ;+oGqx¿ tyf gful/s ;dfhnfO{ b08xLgtflj?4 n8\g, kLl8tx¿nfO{ Goflos pkrf/ tyf kl/k"/0f k|bfg ug{ / ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg Gofo /0fgLltnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{df ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] p2]Zo /fv]sf] 5 . To;}cg';f/ pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{no åGåsf qmddf ul/Psf uDeL/ pNnª\3gaf/] ;TotYo yfxf kfpg] dxTTjk"0f{ sfo{sf nflu of]ubfg k'uf];\ egL of] k|ltj]bg / clen]v e08f/nfO{ zflGtsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f tyf sfg'gL zf;gsf] lxtdf k|bfg ub{5 .

!=@ k[i7e"ld

g]kfnsf] åGå k|ltj]bg lj:tfl/t ;dofjlwdf w]/} JolQm tyf ;ª\u7gx¿n] ;DkGg u/]sf] sfdsf] pTsif{ xf] . g]kfndf bz jif{eGbf nfdf] åGåsf qmddf g]kfnL dfgjclwsf/ ;ª\u7gx¿, gful/s ;dfhsf sfo{stf{x¿, kqsf/x¿, /fli6«o dfgjclwsf/ cfof]u, cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf / pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{non] cGt/f{li6«o dfgjclwsf/ sfg'g / cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg'gsf uDeL/ pNnª\3gx¿sf] ;lqmo ¿kdf cg'udg u/]sf, ;sf/fTds x:tIf]k u/]sf / To;af/] k|ltj]bg u/]sf 5g\ . o;qmddf åGåsf ;DaGwdf d'n'se/ b]vfk/]sf lx+;fsf] hfgsf/L /fVg] sfd ePsf] 5 . ljz]ifu/L åGåsf k|f/lDes jif{x¿df :yndf uP/ hfgsf/L ;ª\sng ug]{ / k|ltj]bg tof/ ug]{ JolQmx¿ ;|f]t ;fwg ;DkGg lyPgg\ / pgLx¿;Fu pRr:t/Lo k|fljlws pks/0f klg lyPg . a?, cfwf/e"t dfgjclwsf/k|ltsf] k|lta4tf tyf sfuh / snd g} To;sf nflu k|]/0ff / ;fwg lyP .

Toltv]/sf] k]lrnf] p2]Zo JolQmx¿sf clwsf/x¿sf] ;+/If0f tyf k|j4{g ug'{ / o'4df u}/;}lgsx¿nfO{ Iflt x'gaf6 hf]ufpg' eP tfklg

20

of] sl7g / vt/fk"0f{ sfdn] cToGt ljljw k|sf/sf / Jofks ;ª\Vofdf k|ltj]bg, 5fkfdf n]v/rgf, k':ts, b:tfj]h tyf cGo ;fdu|Lx¿sf] pTkfbg u¥of] . oL ;a}nfO{ Ps} 7fpFdf /fv]/ x]bf{ ;flxTosf] of] ljljwfo'Qm ;ª\u|xn] åGå;Fu ;DalGwt lx+;fsf] Pp6f lj:t[t -oBlk ck"0f{_ lrqk6sf] lgdf{0f u/]sf] 5 .

g]kfn ;/sf/ / g]kfn sDo'lg:6 kf6L{ -dfcf]jfbL_n] lj:t[t zflGt ;Demf}tfdf x:tfIf/ u/]/ o'4 ;~rfngsf ;DaGwdf ;TotYosf] :yfkgf ug]{ / åGåkLl8tx¿n] kfpg] Gofo tyf kl/k"/0fnfO{ ;'lglZrt ug]{ k|lta4tf JoQm u/]sf lyP . of] p2]Zo xfl;n ug{ pQm zflGt ;Demf}tfn] b'O{j6f ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg Gofo ;+oGqsf] klg Joj:yf u¥of] .

;To lg¿k0f tyf d]nldnfk cfof]uM ;z:q åGåsf] qmddf dfgjclwsf/sf] uDeL/ pNnª\3g ug]{ tyf dfgjtflj?4sf] ck/fwdf ;+nUg JolQmx¿sf af/]df ;To cGj]if0f ug{, 1/

JolQm a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{;DaGwL cfof]uM JolQm a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{nfO{ b08gLo s;'/ agfO{ jf:tljs ;TotYo aflx/ Nofpg] tyf JolQm a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{df ;+nUg JolQmx¿nfO{ ;hfo lbg], a]kQf kfl/Psf] JolQmaf/] ;To yfxf kfpg] kl/jf/sf] clwsf/nfO{ ;+/If0f u/L kLl8tx¿nfO{ Ifltk"lt{sf] Joj:yf ug]{, a]kQf JolQm tyf To:tf sfo{sf nflu lhDd]jf/ JolQmsf ;DaGwdf ;TotYo yfxf kfpg]2.

oL ;+j}wflgs x}l;ot k|fKt k|lta4tfx¿ åGåsf] lj/f;tnfO{ ;Daf]wg ul/g'k5{3 / kLl8tx¿sf nflu ;To, Gofo tyf kl/k"/0f lbuf] zflGt xfl;n ug{sf nflu cfjZos 5g\ eGg] s'/fsf 7f]; / cf}krfl/s :jLs[lt x'g\ . oL bfloTjx¿ hlt k|:6 5g\ 5fglagsf] bfo/f tyf hl6ntfsf] cy{df oL b'O{ cfof]un] ;fdgf ug]{ sfd Tolts} r'gf}tLk"0f{ x'g]5 .

of] k|ltj]bg tof/ kfbf{;Dd oL cfof]ux¿sf] lgdf{0f ug]{ sfg'g kfl/t ug]{ sfd ;f];DaGwL kf7df /fhgLlts bnx¿sf] ;xdlt x'g

1 g]kfn, lj:t[t zflGt ;Demf}tf, bkmf *=@=%, *=$ -@)^#_Ù g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg -@)^#_, wf/f ##-w_ .2 ;ft /fhgLlts bn tyf tTsfnLg g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_n] @)^# sflQs @@ ut] a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{;DaGwL 5fglag ug{ Ps pRr:t/Lo cfof]u ug7g ug{ ;xdlt u/] . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg -@)^#_, wf/f ##-y_ klg x]g'{xf];\ .3 ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg Gofo k|lqmof / ;+oGqx¿ æhjfkmb]xLtf ;'lglZrt ug{, Gofo lbg / d]nldnfk xfl;n ug{ ljutdf 7"nf] :t/df ePsf b'Jo{jxf/sf] lj/f;tnfO{ ;'Nemfpg] ;dfhsf k|oTgx¿;Fu ;DalGwt x'G5 . Report of the UN Secretary-General, The rule of law and transitional justice in conflict and post-conflict societies (S/2004/16), para. 8.

21

g;s]sfn] lgs} g} l9nf] eO;s]sf] 5 / of] d:of}bfs} ¿kdf 5 . To;afx]s, k|d'v /fhgLlts bnx¿n] åGådf ePsf cGt/f{li6«o ck/fw tyf cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gsf] 3f]/ pNnª\3gdf cfddfkmL lbg kfpg]u/L efjL ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg Gofo cfof]unfO{ clwsf/ ;DkGg agfpg k|:tfjx¿ k]; u/]sf 5g\ . pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{no s] :d/0f u/fpF5 eg] /fHox¿n] hfltxTof, dfgjtflj?4sf] ck/fw / o'4 ck/fw h:tf s]xL lglZrt ck/fwdf cfddfkmL lbg] sfdaf6 aRg'k5{ lsgeg] o:tf cfddfkmL cGt/f{li6«o l;4fGtljk/Lt x'G5g\ . yk, cfddfkmLn] b08xLgtfnfO{ a9fjf lbP/ cGt/f{li6«o dfgjclwsf/ sfg'gsf] dfq pNnª\3g ug]{ xf]Og ls ltgn] lbuf] / ;xL cy{sf] zflGtsf] hunfO{ ;d]t sdhf]/ agfpFb5g\ . o; ;Gbe{df, ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3n] cfddfkmL;DaGwL cfkm\gf] c8fgsf lj?4 rflng] s'g} klg /fli6«o k|lqmofnfO{ ;dy{g gug]{ gLlt lnPsf] 5 eGg] pNn]vgLo 5 .

oL b'O{j6f dxTTjk"0f{ cfof]usf] cl:tTj / x}l;ot h];'s} ePsf] eP klg oL cf/f]kdWo] w]/}h;f]df g]kfnL sfg'gx¿sf] pNnª\3g ePsf] 5 / ltgdf bIf g]kfnL Goflos clwsf/Låf/f zL3|, lgikIf, :jtGq / k|efjsf/L cg';Gwfg x''g'k5{ .

!=# cfof]hgfsf] kl/0ffd tyf ;fwg

o; cfof]hgfsf] k|fylds p2]Zo of]hgfa4 ¿kdf åGå;Fu ;DalGwt dfgjclwsf/ tyf cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg'gsf pNnª\3gx¿sf] klxrfg ug'{ lyof]4. o;/L x]bf{, ;/sf/, /fli6«o dfgjclwsf/ cfof]u tyf gful/s ;dfhnfO{ ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg Gofo k|lqmofnfO{ cufl8 a9fpg / o;sf] k|ult jf k|ultxLgtfsf] cg'udg ug{ b'O{j6f ;fwg nlIot 5g\ .k|To]s ;fwgsf ljz]iftf tyf ltgsf] ;DefJo e"ldsfaf/] tn JofVof ul/Psf] 5 .

!=#=! ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg Gofo ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L clen]v e08f/ -clen]v e08f/_

of] clen]v e08f/ g]kfnL tyf cª\u|]hL b'j} efiffdf åGå;Fu ;Da4 xhf/f}+ b:tfj]h tyf cGo ;fdu|Lx¿ ePsf] k"0f{ ¿kn] vf]Hg ;lsg]u/L agfOPsf] ljB'tLo clen]v e08f/ xf] . o;df g]kfnL

4 ePsf c¿ tYofª\s Ps jf ;f]eGbf a9L sf/0fn] ubf{ r's]sf 5g\ M tYofª\s -!_ b]zJofkL ePsf] 5}gÙ -@_ åGåsf] ;Dk"0f{ cjlwnfO{ ;d]6]sf] 5}gÙ -#_ s]xL lglZrt lsl;dsf pNnª\3g jf 36gfsf cToGt ljlzi6 ;d"xdf cfkm\gf] Wofg s]lGb|t u/]sf] 5, jfÙ -$_ clwsf/df cfwfl/t vfsfdf :ki6;Fu atfOPsf] 5}g . zflGt tyf k'glg{df{0f dGqfno / cgf}krfl/s ;]jf s]Gb| -OG;]s, Pp6f k|d'v g]kfnL u};;_ åGå;Fu ;DalGwt tYofª\sx¿sf] ;ª\sng u/]sf 5g\ t/ logn] ;Gbe{, lx+;fsf kLl8tx¿ jf kL8sx¿sf] cfa4tfdf eGbf Ifltk"lt{sf] k|of]hgsf nflu xtfxtL ePsf] s'/fdf cfkm\gf] Wofg a9L s]lGb|t u/]sf 5g\ .

22

tyf cª\u|]hL efiffdf k|fKt tYofª\saf6 5flgPsf pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{nosf] lgikIf d"Nofª\sgdfkm{t Go"gtd dfkb08 k"/f ug]{ pNnª\3gsf cf/f]kx¿ ;dfj]z ul/Psf 5g\5 . /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿ Pj+ pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{nosf] bz jif{sf] cfkm\g} k|ltj]bgnufot ljleGg ljZj;gLo ;|f]taf6 hfgsf/L ;ª\sng ul/Psf] lyof] . oL 36gfdf kLl8t tyf kL8s ;d"xsf af/]df hfgsf/L, slyt lx+;fsf] sfg'gL of]Uotf, 36gf ePsf] -jf ;'? ePsf]_ ldlt / 7fpF ;dfj]z ul/Psf 5g\ . ;|f]tx¿af6 g} /]s8{ ul/Pcg';f/ 36gfx¿sf] j0f{g klg o;df ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{nosf] j]a;fO6df pknAw clen]v e08f/sf] ;fj{hlgs e;{gaf6 uf]Ko 7flgPsf 36gfnufotsf hfgsf/L x6fOPsf] 5 . of] hfgsf/L pko'Qm ePcg';f/ ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg Gofo ;+oGq jf cbfntnfO{ pknAw u/fpg ;lsg]5 .

pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{no :jo+n] lx+;f ePsf] 5 ls 5}g eGg] d"Nofª\sg u/]sf] 5}g . clen]v e08f/n] k|of]ustf{nfO{ cfkm}Fn] cg';Gwfg / d"Nofª\sg ug{ hfgsf/L tyf ;fwg k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu, ljleGg 36gf ePsf 7fpF, pNnª\3gsf k|sf/, kLl8t jf kL8ssf] cfa4tf jf ltgsf] c¿ s'g} ldnfj6af/] ul/Psf] k|f/lDes d"Nofª\sgaf6 kmfObf lnP/ k|of]ustf{x¿n] zL3| / j:t'ut ¿kdf cg';Gwfgsf ultljlw / If]qsf] Joj:yf ug{ ;S5g\ . t/, s] s'/f ;Demg cfjZos 5 eg] of] clen]v e08f/ w]/} ;|f]taf6 NofOPsf b:tfj]hx¿af6 lgdf{0f ul/Psf] 5 h;df Psgf;sf jf lgolGqt efiff k|of]u gul/Psf ;ª\lIfKt / ck"0f{ tYofª\s /flvPsf 5g\ . To;n] ubf{ o; clen]v e08f/df ePsf b:tfj]hx¿df k|o'Qm ;a} kof{ojfrL zAb jf j}slNks efiff cfkm}Fdf k"0f{ x'g] s'/fsf] k|Tofe"lt gx'g] x'gfn] dxTTjk"0f{ zAb jf zAbfjnLx¿sf] k|of]u ubf{ jf vf]hL ubf{ ;fjwfgL ckgfpg'k5{ . o; clen]v e08f/df /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o ;ª\u7gx¿, pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{no / cGo ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3Lo lgsfox¿, ;~rf/ If]q tyf cGo If]qsf cgnfOgdf pknAw b:tfj]hx¿ klg ;dfj]z ul/Psf 5g\ . o;n] åGå/t kIfx¿sf ljlzi6 PsfOx¿ sfo{/t If]q jf e]u /÷jf ;+/rgfx¿sf ;DaGwdf ltgsf] r]g ckm sdfG8af/] klg tYofª\s pknAw u/fPsf] 5 . åGå/t b'j} kIfåf/f @)%@ ;fn / @)^# ;fnaLr hf/L ul/Psf b:tfj]hx¿, h;dWo] w]/}h;f] clxn] pknAw 5}gg\, klg ;Dej eP;Dd o;df ;dfj]z ul/Psf 5g\6 . To;}n], of] clen]v e08f/

5 tYofª\s 5gf]6 tyf Go'gtd dfkb08sf] cWoogljlw;DaGwL lj:t[t hfgsf/Lsf nflu cg';"rL @, k[= @@( x]g'{xf];\ .6 åGåsf ;dodf g]kfnL ;]gf / g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_åf/f hf/L ul/Psf lj1lKtx¿ vf; 36gf -h:t}, em8k jf cGo 36gf_sf ;DaGwdf b'j} kIfåf/f s] elgPsf] lyof] / s] elgPsf] lyPg eGg]af/]sf dxTTjk"0f{ clen]v x'g\ . o;nfO{ clen]v e08f/df ePsf] c¿ hfgsf/L;Fu le8fP/ ;lhn} hfFr ug{ ;lsg]5 .

23

uDeL/ pNnª\3gsf] cf/f]k nfu]sf 36gfx¿sf] cg';Gwfg ug{ Pp6f ;'b[9 of]hgf tyf ;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lsf] ¿kdf dfq geO{ efjL ;Gtltsf nflu / efjL ;TofGj]if0f tyf ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg Gofo;DaGwL lnOg] kxnx¿sf lglDt klg ;Da4 b:tfj]hsf] ;+/If0fsf nflu dxTTjk"0f{ 5 .

!=#=@ k|ltj]bg

o; k|ltj]bgn] ;Da4 cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gnufot åGåsf] qmddf ul/Psf dfgjclwsf/ / cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg'gsf uDeL/ pNnª\3gx¿sf] cg';Gwfg tyf ljZn]if0f, o:tf pNnª\3g;Fu ;DalGwt k|j[lQut 9fFrf tyf l;kmfl/;x¿ k|:t't u/]sf] 5 . o;df P3f/ cWofo 5g\ h;dWo] rf/j6f k|j[lQ lx+;fsf k|ju{x¿;Fu k|ToIf ¿kdf ;DalGwt 5g\ . tL x'g\7 M u}/sfg'gL xTof -cWofo %_, ank"j{s a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{ -cWofo ^_, oftgf -cWofo &_, :j]R5frf/L kqmfp -cWofo *_ / of}g lx+;f -cWofo (_ .

lx+;fsf k|ju{x¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg ul/Psf oL kfFr cWofodWo] k|To]s cWofo pNnª\3gsf] sfg'gL kl/efiffaf6 k|f/De x'G5 / To;kl5 ;Da4 k|d'v d'2fx¿ tyf k|j[lQsf] pNn]v ul/g'sf ;fy} ;Gbe{ clen]v e08f/af6 lnOPsf k|tLsfTds 36gfx¿af6 To;sf] lrq0f ulPsf] 5 . To;kl5 tYox¿ :yflkt ePsf] cj:yfdf clwsf+z k|tLsfTds 36gfx¿af6 s;/L sfg'gsf] pNnª\3g x'gk'Uof] eGg] s'/fsf] ljZn]if0f lbOPsf] 5 . åGån] ljleGg If]q / ;d'bfodf kf/]sf] c;/sf ;DaGwdf yk hfgsf/L pknAw u/fpg, u}/sfg'gL xTof, JolQm a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{ / oftgf;DaGwL cWofox¿df ljleGg b[Zo ;fdu|L klg ;dfj]z ul/Psf 5g\ . logn] clen]v e08f/ / OG;]sn] /fv]sf] åGåkLl8t kfZj{lrqsf] ljj/0faf68 -!_ ef}uf]lns If]q, -@_ kLl8tsf] y/, lnª\u, cNk;ª\Vos, k];f–Joj;fo tyf cfa4tf, / -#_ cf/f]lkt kL8ssf] ;ª\u7g cfa4tfsf cfwf/df ljleGg k|sf/sf ljvl08t tYofª\s pknAw u/fPsf] 5 . tn lbOPsf] b[Zo ;fdu|Ln] /fi6«JofkL ¿kdf p:t}vfn] tYofª\s k|:t't ub{5g\ .cGo 5j6f cWofox¿df kl/ro -cWofo !_Ù /fhgLlts tyf ;}Go kl/k|]Iodf /x]/ kl5Nnf cWofox¿df 5nkmn ul/Psf d'2fx¿ ePsf] åGå j0f{g -cWofo @_Ù åGå cufl8 a9\b} hfFbf åGå/t kIfx¿ tyf ltgsf sf/afxLsf] ;dLIff, vf;u/L zfxL g]kfnL ;]gf / g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_sf] -cWofo #_Ù åGå cjlwe/ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf nfu' ul/Psf 7 cWofo %, u}/sfg'gL xTof k[= &@, cWofo ^, ank"j{s a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{ k[= !)(, cWofo &, oftgf -cª\ueª\u, cGo ceb| Jojxf/ / :j]R5frf/L y'gf_ k[= !@$, cWofo *, :j]R5frf/L y'gf k[= !%! / cWofo (, of}g lx+;f k[ !%* .8 OG;]ssf] åGåkLl8t kfZj{lrq åGåkLl8taf/] ;ª\slnt tYofª\ssf] e08f/ xf] . o;af/]sf] hfgsf/L http://www.insec.org.np/victim/ df pknAw 5 .

24

cGt/f{li6«o dfgjclwsf/ tyf dfgjLo sfg'gsf] ;dLIff -cWofo $_Ù / unt sfd ePsf] eGg] cf/f]kx¿sf] ;Daf]wg ug{ nlIot åGåsfnLg cj:yfdf /x]sf ;+oGqx¿sf] d"Nofª\sg -cWofo !)_ 5g\ . k|ltj]bg ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg Gofo ;+oGq -:yfkgf ePkl5_, Gofokflnsf, ;'/Iffkmf}h, /fhgLlts bnx¿, /fli6«o dfgjclwsf/ cfof]u, gful/s ;dfh, cGt/f{li6«o ;d'bfo tyf kLl8tnufot ;a} k|d'v kIfx¿nfO{ l;kmfl/; -cWofo !!_ ub}{ ;dfKt x'G5 . afnaflnsfsf] ;z:qkmf}hdf ePsf] etL{sf ;DaGwdf ePsf] pNnª\3gaf/] o; k|ltj]bgdf 5nkmn ul/Psf] 5}g eGg] s'/fnfO{ Wofg lbg' cfjZos 5, g t clen]v e08f/sf] nflu ;ª\sng ubf{ g} o;dfly 5nkmn ul/Psf] 5 . 5'§} ljlzi6Ls[t k|lqmof / dxf;lrjsf ljz]if k|ltlglwåf/f x'g] cg'udgnufot ;'/Iff kl/ifb\ k|:tfj !^!@ -@))%_ cGtu{t cg'udg tyf k|ltj]bg ;+oGqsf] ljBdfgtf ePsf sf/0fn] ubf{ o;df ;dfj]z gul/Psf] xf]9 . t/, o;n] ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg ;+oGqx¿, jf c¿ s'g} bIf Goflos lgsfonfO{ cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gsf] pNnª\3gsf] cg';Gwfg jf cleof]hgsf] ;Gbe{df o:tf cf/f]kx¿dfly jf 5nkmn ug{af6 /f]Sg] 5}g .

yk hfgsf/L kl/lzi6df lbOPsf] 5 . kl/lzi6 Ps åGå ;'? x'g] a]nf;Ddsf] / åGåsfnLg 36gfx¿sf] lj:t[t ;do/]vf xf] . kl/lzi6 b'O{n] of] k|ltj]bg tyf ;Gbe{ clen]v e08f/ tof/ kfbf{ k|o'Qm cWoogljlwsf] ;dLIff k|:t't u/]sf] 5 .

9 UN Security Council, Security Council resolution 1612 (2005) 26 July 2005, S/RES/1612 (2005). For further information, see Chapter 4, section 4.5.4 Children in Armed Conflict.

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cWofo @ — åGåsf] Oltxf; @=! ;dLIff

g]kfn sDo'lg:6 kf6L{ -dfcf]jfbL_10n] @)%@ kmfu'g ! ut] g]kfnL /fHosf lj?4 ;z:q ljb|f]xsf] yfngL u¥of] . To;kl5sf] Ps bz-sdf u|fdL0f g]kfnsf] Pp6f ;'b"/ 7fpFdf ;'?df zflGt ;'/Iffsf] 7flg-Psf] ;d:of Pp6f hAa/ / k|foM aa{/ åGådf ljsl;t x'gk'Uof] h;n] ;Dk"0f{ d'n'snfO{ g} k|efljt u¥of] . åGå;Fu ;DalGwt xt-fxt x'g]x¿sf] 7\ofSs} ;ª\Vof cem};Dd pknAw geP tfklg clxn]sf kl5Nnf cg'dfgx¿n] g]kfn ;/sf/ / g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_aLr lj:t[t zflGt ;Demf}tfdf x:tfIf/ eO{ åGåsf] cf}krfl/s cGTo ePsf] ldlt @)^# dª\l;/ % ut];Dddf sDtLdf !#,))) dflg; dfl/Psf] hgfp-F5g\ . åGåsf qmddf æa]kQfÆ ePsf !,#)) eGbf a9L dflg; xfn;Dd x/fO/x]sf 5g\11 .

;/sf/L ;'/Iffkmf}h / g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_åf/f ePsf dfgjclwsf/ pNnª\3g tyf b'Jo{jxf/ åGåsf] cjlwe/ Jofks eP . åGå;Fu ;DalGwt xTofx¿ g]kfnsf &% lhNnfdWo] b'O{j6fdf afx]s ;a} lhNnfdf ePsf] /]s8{ /flvof]12 . o; k|ltj]bgsf] ;f/sf] ¿kdf /x]sf cGt/f{li6«o dfgjclwsf/ sfg'g tyf dfgjLo sfg'gsf uDeL/ pNnª\3g tyf b'Jo{jxf/x¿ — u}/sfg'gL xTof, oftgf, hah{:tL JolQm a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{, of}g lx+;f tyf nfdf] ;do;Dd ul/g] :j]R5frf/L kqm-fpnufot — sf cltl/Qm, xhf/f}+ dflg; cGo lsl;dn] åGåaf6 k|ToIf jf k/f]If ¿kdf k|efljt eP . w]/} JolQm tyf kl/jf/x¿ cfkm\gf 3/af6 lj:yflkt ePÙ d'n'se/ 7"nf] dfqfdf lzIff, :jf:Yo tyf cfwf/e"t ;/sf/L ;]jfx¿ cj?4 ePÙ åGån] cfly{s sl7gfOnfO{ emg} rsf{of]Ù / cl:y/tf tyf eosf] jftfj/0f Jofks eof] .

k|:t't k|ltj]bgdf lnlka4 slyt pNnª\3g tyf b'Jo{jxf/x¿sf nflu ;Gbe{ pknAw u/fpg @)%@ ;fnb]lv @)^# ;fn;Ddsf k|d'v 36gf tyf ljsf;qmdx¿nfO{ a'Gb} / hf]8 lbFb} o; cWofon] åGåsf k|d'v kIfx¿sf] ;ª\lIfKt j0f{g pknAw u/fpFb5 . klxnf, P]ltxfl;s ;Gbe{sf] /]vfª\sg ul/Psf] 5 eg] To;kl5 åGåsf] ;'?df ljBdfg /fhgLlts tyf ;fdflhs—cfly{s cj:yfx¿sf] ;ª\lIfKt ljj/0f lbOPsf] 5 . To;kl5 o; cWofon] sDo'lg:6 kf6L{ / u'6x¿sf] ;fª\10 o;kl5, æg]skf -dfcf]jfbLÆ jf ædfcf]jfbLÆ . oLdWo] cflwsfl/s kf6L{ gLlt, jQmJo jf sfo{sf ;Gbe{df ls6]/ eGg'kbf{ klxnf]nfO{ ?rfOg] eP klg oL b'O{6}nfO{ o; cWofodf ;/f]j/L k|of]u ul/g]5 . 11 g]kfndf k|d'v dfgjclwsf/ ;ª\u7gsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] OG;]sn] dfl/Psf ! xhf/ # ;o @#^ hgfsf] /]s8{ /fv]sf] 5 . OG;]s åGåkLl8t kfZj{lrq -@)!) cu:6_ www.insec.org.np/victim/ af6 lnOPsf] . cGt/f{li6«o /]8qm; ;ldltsf cg';f/ -cfO{;Lcf/;L_, åGåsfndf a]kQf ePsf !,#%) eGbf a9L JolQmsf] n]vfhf]vf ePsf] 5}g . International Committee of the Red Cross, “Nepal: Red Cross releases documentary on conflict-related missing.” (8 August 2010). Available from www.icrc.org/web/eng/siteeng0.nsf/html/nepal-news-060810. 12 kj{tLo lhNnfx¿ dgfª / d':tfªdf åGå;Fu ;DalGwt s'g} klg xTof ePsf] /]s8{ ul/Psf] 5}g .

30

u7lgs tyf j}rfl/s pb\ejnfO{ klxNofpF5 h;n] g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_sf] u7gdf of]ubfg u¥of] . clg ;z:q åGåsf] ljj/0f ;'? x'G5 / of] g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_n] eGg] u/]sf] …hgo'4Úsf] 3f]if0ffaf6 x'G5 13.

@=!=! k[i7e"ld

cfw'lgs g]kfnsf] Oltxf; ;g\ !&^( b]lv ;'? x'G5 hlta]nf cfhsf] klZrd g]kfndf kg]{ ;fgf] clw/fHo uf]/vfsf zf;sn] dWolxdfnosf] blIf0fL kxf8df kg]{ w]/} /fHo tyf afO;]÷rf}aL;] /fHox¿dfly ljho xfl;n u/]/ ltgnfO{ PsLs/0f u/L zfxj+zåf/f zfl;t Pp6} /fHosf] lgdf{0f u/] . g]kfndf zfx /fhfx¿n] ;g\ !*$^ ;Dd /fHo u/] / To;kl5 /f0ff s'nLgtGqsf Ps ;b:on] k|ToIf zlQm cfkm\gf] xftdf lnP, zfxj+zLo /fhfnfO{ gfddfqsf] /fhfdf ;Lldt u/] / j+zfg'ut ¿kdf k|wfgdGqL x'g kfpg] k/Dk/f a;fn] . of] qmd /f0ff kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿n] csf]{ Ps ztfAbL;Dd rnfP . @))& ;fndf -!(%% O{=_ pbLodfg k|hftflGqs cfGbf]ngsf k|of;x¿;d]tn] ubf{ /f0ff k|wfg-dGqLnfO{ x6fOof] / zfx j+znfO{ ;Qfdf kmsf{Oof] .

u2Ldf k'g:yf{kgf ePkl5 gofF ;+ljwfg d:of}bf ug{ ;+ljwfg;ef r'gfjsf nflu p7]sf cfjfhx¿nfO{ kfvf nufpg /fhf ;kmn eP, oBlk ;g\ !(%) sf] bzsdf s]xL g s]xL dfqfdf k|hftGqsf] lj:tf/ eg] eO/x]sf] lyof] . kmn:j¿k @)!% ;fndf d'n'ssf] klxnf] lgjf{lrt ;/sf/ ;Qfdf b]vfk¥of] . ;fk]lIfs pbf/Ls/0fsf] of] cjlw Psbd} 5f]6f] x'gk'Uof] / @)!& ;fndf k';df /fhfn] lgjf{lrt ;/sf/nfO{ g} avf{:t u/], ;a} /fhgLlts bnx¿dfly k|ltaGw nufP / ælgb{nLo k|hft-GqÆsf] k~rfotL Joj:yf nfu' u/], h'g csf]{ #) jif{;Dd rNof] .

;g\ !(() sf] ;'?lt/, s]xL /fhgLlts bnx¿, h;dWo] g]kfnL sfª\u|]; / sDo'lg:6 kf6L{x¿sf] u7aGwg k|d'v lyP14, n] hgtfsf] ;xeflutfdf k|hftflGqs cfGbf]ngsf] ;'?jft u/]15 . o; cfGbf]ngn] ;8s lj/f]w sfo{qmdsf] cfFwLa]x/L Nofof] . o; qmddf k|bz{gsf/L / k|x/L b'j}sf] Hofg} hfg]u/L pgLx¿aLr lx+;fTds em8k eP . o; sf/afxLsf] k|ToIf kl/0ffd:j¿k g]kfndf ;g\ !((! dO{df ax'bnLo k|hft-Gqsf] :yfkgf x'gk'Uof] .13 ljleGg JolQm / ;d"xn] of] bzjif]{ 36gfnfO{ h] gfd lbP klg, lj:t[t zflGt ;Demf}tfn] o;nfO{ æ;z:q åGåÆ eg]sf] 5 . dfcf]jfbLn] æhgo'4Æ eg] klg o;nfO{ …ljb|f]xÚ, …cftª\sjfbÚ / cGo gfdx¿ klg lbOPsf] lyof] . åGå/t b'j} kIf ;+nUg gePsf pkqmd, lj:tf/ tyf kl/rfng h:tf ;z:q åGåsf] ;dodf ePsf dfcf]jfbL sfo{nfO{ hgfpg'kbf{ …ljb|f]xÚ -OG;h]{G;L_nfO{ o; cWofodf t6:y zAbsf] ¿kdf k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 . 14 ;+o'Qm jfddf]rf{ @)$^ df3 @ ut] u7g ul/Psf] lyof] . o;df g]kfn sDo'lg:6 kf6L{ -dfS;{jfbL—n]lggjfbL_ -g]skf -dfn]__, g]skf -dfS;{jfbL_, g]kfn dhb'/ ls;fg kf6L{, g]skf -rf}yf] dxflwj];g_ / t'N;Lnfn cdfTo, lji0f'axfb'/ dfgGw/ tyf s[i0f/fh jdf{sf] g]t[Tjdf /x]sf cGo sDo'lg:6 ;d"xx¿ lyP . Martin Hoftun, William Raeper and John Whelpton, People. Politics and Ideology: Democracy and Social Change in Nepal (Kathmandu,

Mandala Book Point, 1999).

15 hgcfGbf]ng elgPsf] .31

To;sf] Ps bzs;Dd g]kfnsf] ax'bnLo k|hftflGqs k|0ffnL ljsl;t x'Fb} uof] . ;g\ !(() sf] bzsdf, tLgj6f cfd lgjf{rg tyf b'O{j6f :yfgLo lgjf{rg klg ;DkGg eP / g]kfnL sfª\u|]; / g]kfn sDo'lg:6 kf6L{ -PsLs[t dfS;{jfbL—n]lggjfbL_åf/f ljleGg ;/sf/sf] u7g klg eof] . t/, pQm k|hftflGqs k|0ffnLn] qmdzM cfkm"nfO{ s]xL If]qx¿df h]lnPsf] kfof] . ;'zf;g, ;'/Iff tyf ;Dj[l4 h:tf k|hftGqn] u/]sf jfrfx¿ k"/f x'g g;s]sfn] k|hftGq;Fu lj/lQmFb} uPsf] hg;ª\Vofsf] 7"nf] lx:;faf6 o;n] cfnf]rgfsf] ;fdgf ug'{k¥of] .

k/Dk/fut lx;fan] g]kfnsf] ;fdflhs hLjg cToGt txLs[t 5 . hfltut tyf cGo txut ljefhgn] d'n'ssf] w]/}h;f] ;fdflhs, cfly{s tyf /fhgLlts hLjgsf] ljGof; u/]sf] 5 . ;g\ !(() sf] gf6sLo /fhgLlts kl/jt{gn] hgtfsf ;fdflhs k|ult tyf a[xQ/ ;dfgtfsf cfsfª\Iffx¿nfO{ XjfQ} a9fP . t/, ;g\ !(() sf] bzssf] ;'?sf s]xL tYofª\sLo ;"rsx¿n] cy{tGqdf ;sf/fTds ljsf; ePsf] b]vfP tfklg clwsf+z dflg;sf] hLjg:t/ ul/asf] ul/a g} /Xof] . cfly{s ;"rsx¿n] ;8s, xjfO{ oftfoft tyf ;~rf/ ;~hfn, / :jf:Yo, lzIff tyf a}ª\s ;'ljwfh:tf cfwf/e"t k"jf{wf/sf] lgdf{0f tyf ;]jfdf ;'wf/ ePsf] b]vfP . t/, dflg;sf] 36\bf] qmozlQm tyf e"lddf 36\bf] kx'Fr, b]zleq} tyf cGo d'n'sx¿sf] t'ngfdf a9\bf] c;dfgtf / u|fdL0f cy{tGqdf /x]sf] ultxLgtfsf sf/0f cfly{s ljsf;df b]lvPsf] ?U0ftfn] o; s'/fnfO{ v08g u¥of]16 . ;g\ !(() sf] bzssf] ;'?lt/ g} s]xL ljZn]ifsx¿ g]kfndf ;z:q åGåsf nflu cg's"n ulx/f];Fu h/f uf8]/ /x]sf ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s l:ylt ljBdfg /x]sf] atfpg yfln;s]sf lyP . ltgn] nfdf] ;dob]lvsf cfkm\gf u'gf;fx¿ JoQm ug{ cfd"n kl/jt{gsf/L cfGbf]ngsf] ;Defjgf /x]sf] r]tfjgL lbPsf lyP17 .

g]kfndf sDo'lg:6 kf6L{x¿ nfdf] ;dob]lv g} /fhgLlts b[Zok6nsf] Ps lx:;f /xL cfPsf 5g\ . g]kfn sDo'lg:6 kf6L{sf] u7g ef/tdf ;g\ !($& df ePsf] lyof] / ;g\ !(%( df ePsf] g]kfnsf] klxnf] cfdlgjf{rgdf p;n] rf/ :yfg lht]sf] lyof] . To;kl5 g]skfdf cfPsf] ljefhgn] rf/ bzseGbf a9L ;do;Dd c¿ klg s]xL jfdkGyL /fhgLlts bn / u'6¿nfO{ hGd lbof] / ;fDojfbL nIox¿ xfl;n ug{ xltof/ p7fpg] ls gp7fpg] eGg]nufotsf d'Vo j}rfl/s d'2fsf ;DaGwdf laNs'n} km/s ljZjf;x¿ klg b]vf k/]18 . of] j}rfl/s 16 ;z:q åGå ;'? x'Fbfv]l/sf ;fdflhs ;"rsfª\sx¿sf nflu x]g'{xf];\ — Nepal South Asia Centre, Nepal Human Development Report 1998 (Nepal South Asia Centre, Kathmandu, 1998).17 R. Andrew Nickson, “Democratization and the Growth of Communism in Nepal: A Peruvian Scenario in the Making?” and Stephen L. Mikesell, “The Paradoxical Support of Nepal’s Left for

Comrade Gonzalo”, in Deepak Thapa ed., Understanding the Maoist Movement of Nepal (Kathmandu, Martin Chautari, 2003).

18 ;g\ !(&! Df sDo'lg:6 qmflGtsf/Lx¿sf] Pp6f ;d"xåf/f emfkf lhNnfdf ;'? ul/Psf] ljb|f]xnfO{ k|x/Låf/f bdg ul/of] / o;af6 w]/} sfo{stf{sf] d[To' x'gk'Uof] . o; ljkmntfaf6 kf7 l;Sb}, clvn g]kfn qmflGtsf/L sf]cl8{g];g sld6L …bL3{sfnLg hgo'4Úsf] j}rfl/s wf/af6 cnu eof] / kf6L{sf nIo xfl;n ug{ u}/;}lgs wf/ klqmof] . o;n] cfkm\gf] lj:tf/ ub}

32

ljefhg ;g\ !(() sf] hgcfGbf]ngsf qmddf klg k|:6} b]lvPsf] lyof] . Toltv]/ s]xL sDo'lg:6 kf6L{x¿ cGo bnx¿;Fu} ldn]/ cf}krfl/s ¿kdf g} k|bz{gdf ;xefuL ag]sf lyP eg] cGon]19 s]jn cgf}krfl/s ;dy{g lbP / ;z:q ;ª\3if{k|ltsf] cfkm\gf] j}rfl/s k|lta4tfnfO{ sfod g} /fv] .

;g\ !(() gf]e]Da/df, sltko jfdkGyL bnx¿ ldn]/ k'iksdn bfxfn -kl5 k|r08 eg]/ lrlgPsf_sf] g]t[Tjdf g]kfn sDo'lg:6 kf6L{ -Pstf s]Gb|_sf] u7g u/] / ;g\ !((! hgj/Ldf Pstf s]Gb|sf] /fhgLlts df]rf{sf] ¿kdf ;+o'Qm hgdf]rf{ g]kfnsf] u7g eof] . ;+o'Qm hgdf]rf{n] ;g\ !((! Dff ePsf] cfdlgjf{rgdf efu lnO{ gf} :yfg lht]/ t];|f] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] kf6L{ aGof] . t/, o;n] ;g\ !((@ df ePsf] :yfgLo lgjf{rgdf /fd|f] ug{ ;s]g . ;g\ !(($ df g]skf -Pstf s]Gb|_ / ;+o'Qm jfddf]rf{ g]kfn km'6] . Pstf s]Gb|sf] g]t[Tj k'iksdn bfxfnn] u/] eg] jfddf]rf{sf] g]t[Tj afa'/fd e§/fO{n] u/] / b'j}n] To;kl5sf lgjf{rgx¿ alxisf/ u/]20 . ;g\ !((% dfr{df g]skf -Pstf s]Gb|_nfO{ g} g]kfn sDo'lg:6 kf6L{ -dfcf]jfbL_ gfds/0f u/L /fHosf lj?4 ;z:q ;ª\3if{sf] ;'?jft ug{ of]hgfx¿ agfOP . kmn:j¿k ljb|f]xsf] tfTsflns cjwf/0ffut husf] lgdf{0f ug]{ b:tfj]hx¿ g]kfndf ;z:q ;ª\3if{sf] /0fgLlt tyf sfo{gLlt / hgo'4sf] P]ltxfl;s yfngLsf] of]hgf cfP .

ljb|f]xsf] k|f/lDes of]hgf tyf th{'df ;g !((& sf] g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_sf] Pp6f k|sfzgdf o;/L atfOPsf] 5 M

;g\ !((% dfr{df ePsf] kf6L{sf] t];|f] lj:tfl/t a}7sn] d'n'sdf hgo'4sf] /0fgLlt tyf sfo{gLltsf] /]vfª\sg ub}{ lj:t[t /fhgLlts—;}lgs gLlt tyf sfo{qmdsf] lgdf{0f ub}{ o'4 5]8\g] clGtd lg0f{o u¥of] . To;kl5 d"ntM kf6L{sf] k"/fgf] ;fª\u7lgs ;+/rgfnfO{ n8fs' b:tfdf 9fNg 5

{ g]skf -dfS;{jfbL—n]lggjfbL_ x'Fb} ;SsnL g]kfn sDo'lg:6 kf6L{sf] eUgfj]zsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] g]skf -dfS;{jfbL_;Fu ldn]/ g]skf -PsLs[t dfS;{jfbL—n]lggjfbL_ u7g u¥of] . o;}aLr, …hgcfGbf]ngÚ yfNg] ls …bL3{sfnLg hgo'4Ú, ;+;b\sf] kg:yf{kgf u/]/ ;+ljwfg;efsf] dfu ug]{ ls /fhtGqnfO{ ;dy{g ug]{, / ;f]leotd'vL dfS;{jfb jf rLgd'vL dfcf]jfb cjnDag ug]{nufotsf s]xL d'2fx¿df ePsf dtleGgtfn] ubf{ g]skfleq ax; tyf ljefhgx¿ eP . df]xgljqmd l;+x / lgd{n nfdfsf] g]t[Tjdf ;g\ !(&$ df g]skf -rf}yf] dxflwj]zg_sf] u7g ul/of] / o;n] …hgcfGbf]ngÚsf] kIf lnof] h;nfO{ cg's"n ;dodf ;z:q ljb|f]xdf kl/0ft ug{ ;lsGYof] . Tof] ;d"x d'Vo u/]/ k/Dk/fut dfcf]jfb tyf rLgsf] ;fF:s[lts qmflGtnfO{ ;dy{g ug]{ ls dfcf]sf pQ/flwsf/Lx¿n] lnPsf] ;'wf/jfbL af6f]nfO{ k5\ofpg] eGg] ljifonfO{ lnP/ km'6\of] . lgd{n nfdfaf6 km'6]/, s]xL cem s§/ dfcf]jfbLx¿n] g]skf -d;fn_sf] u7g u/], oBlk b'O{ jif{d} of] gofF kf6L{ klg km'6\of] . afa'/fd e§/fO{;lxt df]xgljqmd l;+x g]skf -d;fn_d} /x] eg] k'iksdn bfxfn;lxt df]xg j]Bn] g]skf -dzfn_ u7g u/] . cfkm\gf] kf6L{sf] g]tfsf] ¿kdf bfxfnsf] pbo eof] / pgL ;g\ !(*( df kf6L{ dxf;lrj ag]+ .19 g]skf -d;fn_ / g]skf -dzfn_ .20 Arjun Karki and David Seddon, “The People’s War in Historical Context”, in Arjun Karki and David Seddon, eds., The People's War in Nepal; Left Perspectives (Delhi, Adroit Publishers,

2003), pp.12-18; Deepak Thapa and Bandita Sijapati, A Kingdom Under Siege: Nepal’s Maoist Insurgency, 1996 to 2003 (Kathmandu, The Print House, 2003).

33

dlxgf;Dd tLj| tof/L ul/of] . clg !((% ;]K6]Da/df ePsf] kf6L{sf] s]Gb|Lo sld6Lsf] a}7sn] æhgo'4sf] P]ltxfl;s yfngLsf] of]hgfÆnfO{ kfl/t u¥of], h;n] o'4sf] ;}4flGts cfwf/ tyf o'4sf] nIosf] kl/efiff ub}{ o'4sf] clGtd tof/L / yfngLsf nflu lj:t[t of]hgf tyf sfo{qmdsf] th'{df u¥of]21.

;g\ !((% cS6f]a/df g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_n] /f]Nkf / ?s'd lhNnfdf cfkm\gf sfo{stfx¿nfO{ kl/rfng ug{ tyf cfkm\gf] cfwf/nfO{22 lj:tf/ ug{ Pp6f cleofg23 ;~rfng u¥of] . To;sf] nuQ} ;g\ !((% gf]e]Da/sf] ;'?lt/, k|x/Ln] /f]Nkf lhNnfdf æck/];g /f]ldof]Æ gfds sf/afxL yfNof], ;f] sf/afxLnfO{ ;3fpg yk k|x/L sd{rf/L ;f] If]qdf k7fOP / gofF k|x/L rf}sLx¿sf] :yfkgf ul/of] . pQm lhNnfdf cfk/flws ultljlw a9]sfn] To;sf] k|To'Q/df /f]ldof] ck/];g yfNg' k/]sf] egL cf}krfl/s ¿kdf atfOP tfklg, Xo'dg /fO6\; jfr tyf cGo cjnf]sgstf{sf] ljrf/df g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_nfO{ ;f] If]qaf6 x6fpg ;f] sf/afxL yflnPsf] lyof] . pQm sf/afxLaf6 dfgjclwsf/sf] 3f]/ pNnª\3g x'g uof]24 . o;n] ;/sf/lj/f]wL ultljlwx¿nfO{ bafpg'sf ;§f bl/b|tf / ul/aLdf afFr]sf u|fdL0f hgt-fnfO{ g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_ tkm{ g} ws]Nof] / kf6L{nfO{ ;/sf/lj?4 u|fdL0f hgtfnfO{ kl/rfng ug{ h'g cfqmf]z cfjZos lyof] o; sf/afxLn] To;}nfO{ pQ]lht ug]{ sfd u¥of]25 . ;g\ !((% sf] kl5Nnf] cjlwdf g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_n] cfkm\gf] k|efj / ;dy{gnfO{ lj:tf/ ug]{ k|of;x¿nfO{ lg/Gt/ hf/L /fVof] . o;n] d'n'sel/ sl/a @% lhNnfdf ;fj{hlgs ¥ofnL tyf a}7sx¿sf] cfof]hgf ub}{ cGTodf ;g\ !((% l8;]Da/df sf7df8f}Fdf o:tf] ¥ofnLsf] cfof]hgf u/L of] sfo{qmd ;dfKt ul/Psf] lyof]26 .

@=!=@ åGå

@)%@ df3 @! Uft] afa'/fd e§/fO{n] g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_;Fu cfa4 ;+o'Qm hgdf]rf{ g]kfnsf] gfddf tTsfnLg ;/sf/;dIf Ps $) ;"qLo dfukq k]; u/]27 . ;f] dfukqdf Jofks ;fdflhs, cfly{s tyf /

21 g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_, æg]kfndf hgo'4sf] Ps jif{M ;dLIffÆ, js{/ -!((& km]a|'c/L_22 l;h cleofg, ?s'd / /f]Nkfsf b'O{j6f kxf8af6 /flvPsf] cleofg . 23 Thapa and Sijapati, A Kingdom Under Siege (see footnote 20)

24 Human Rights Watch, Between a Rock and a Hard Place: Civilians Struggle to Survive in Nepal’s Civil War (October 2004) p. 10. Available from

www.hrw.org/reports/2004/nepal1004/25 P]=26 lb OlG8k]G8]G6åf/f 8f afa'/fd e§/fO{;Fu lnOPsf] cGtjf{tf{, jif{ %, cª\s, $!, @)%@ dª\l;/ @&—k'; $ .27 ;+o'Qm /fli6«o hgdf]rf{ g]kfnnn] g]kfnsf k|wfgdGqLnfO{ @)%@ df3 @! Ut] $) ;"qLo dfukq k]; u/]sf] lyof] . pQm dfukqn] ;x/ / ufpFaLrsf] a9\bf] vf8n -;x/–ufpFaLrs] b"/L_nfO{ klg hgfPsf] lyof] . http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/nepal/document/papers/40points.htm df pknAw 5 .

34

fhgLlts dfux¿ /flvPsf lyP / To;df dfu k"/f gePsf] v08df ;z:q ;ª\3if{ ;'? ug]{ r]tfjgL ;d]t lbOPsf] lyof] .

To;sf] Ps xKtfkl5 g} @)%@ kmfu'g ! ut]af6 g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_n] dWoklZrdf~rn, klZrdf~rn / dWodf~rn If]qsf kf-Frj6f lhNnfdf k|x/L rf}sL, :yfgLo k|zf;lgs sfof{no, wgL hldGbf/ / ljleGg /fhgLlts bnsf ;b:ox¿dfly cfqmd0f u/L æhgo'4Æsf] yfngL u¥of] . /f]Nkf, ?s'd / l;Gw'nL lhNnfdf g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_n] k|x/L rf}sLx¿dfly wfjf af]Nof] / 7"nf] ;ª\Vofdf lj:kmf]6s kbfy{sf] e08f/ xTofPsf] bfaL u¥of] . uf]/vf lh-Nnfdf g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_n] ;/sf/sf] :jfldTj /x]sf] s[lif ljsf; a}ª\ssf] ;fgf ls;fg ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] sfof{nodfly cfqmd0f u/L C0fsf sfuhftx¿ ;a} g:6 u¥of] . pgLx¿n] lhNnfl:yt Pp6f 7"nf] /S;L sf/vfgfnfO{ ad xfg]/ Wj:t kf/] . g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_n] sf7df8f}Fl:yt k]K;Lsf]nfsf] af]6lnª KnfG6df klg cfqmd0f u¥of] / sfe|] lhNnfdf ;fx" elgPsf Ps JolQmsf] 3/df wfjf af]Nof]28 . cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfsf s]xL :yfgLo sfof{nox¿dfly klg cfqmd0f ul/Psf va/x¿ cfPsf lyP29 . To;kl5sf ;ftfx¿df klg lx+;f lg/Gt/ hf/L /Xof], vf;u/L dWoklZrdf~rn If]qsf] /f]Nkf / ?s'd lhNnfdf . PDg]:6L OG6/g];gnsf] Ps k|ltj]bgcg';f/, æg]skf -dfcf]jfbL_sf] cfqmd0faf6 /fhgLlt1 tyf hldGbf/x¿nfO{ k|foM pgLx¿sf xftv'§fdf uDeL/ rf]6k6s nfUg uPsf] lyof] . t/, ;g\ !((^ dfr{kl5 eg] o; k|j[lQdf kl/jt{g cfO{ ;j{;fwf/0f, vf;u/L g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_n] kf6L{sf zq' egL 3f]if0ff u/]sf wgL hldGbf/ tyf :yfgLo /fhgLlts g]tfx¿, sf] hfgfhfg xTof x'g yfNof] .Æ30

o; cjlwdf dfcf]jfbL;Fu n8\g] lhDd]jf/L s]jn g]kfn k|x/L — k|ltljb|f]xsf nflu g tflnd g} lnPsf] g t ;fwg;|f]tn] g} ;DkGg hgky k|x/L — sf] lyof] . k|x/L rf}sLx¿nfO{ k6sk6s lg;fgf agfOof] / lgoldt ¿kdf ltgsf u:tL 6f]nLx¿nfO{ w/fkdf kfl/of], vf;u/L b'u{d If]qx¿df hxfF pgLx¿nfO{ yk ;'/Iff ;xof]u gu0o x'GYof] . k|x/Ln] slxn]sfxLF dfgjclwsf/sf] pNnª\3g x'g]u/L ljlwx¿sf] k|of]u u/L To;sf] abnf lnof] . PDg]:6L OG6/g];gnn] åGå ;'? ePsf] jif{ lbgleqdf u/]sf] Ps :ynut cWoogdf cfwfl/t /x]/ k|ltj]bg u¥of] M

28 CPN (Maoist), “The Historic Initiation and After”, Worker, (June 1996); International Crisis Group, “Nepal’s Maoists: Their aims, structure and strategy”, Asia Report no. 104, 27 (October 2005) Available from http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/asia/south-asia/nepal/104_nepal_s_maoists_their_aims_structure_and_strategy.ashx.29 Amnesty International, Nepal: Human Rights Violations in the Context of a Maoist Peoples War (10 March 1997). Available from http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/info/ASA31/001/1997/en

30 P]=35

k|x/Ln] 3fts ansf] k|of]unfO{ :ki6 ¿kdf Gofof]lrt 7x¥ofpg g;lsg] l:yltdf tyf kqmfpsf] ljsNksf] ¿kdf To:tf] ansf] af/Daf/ k|of]u ug{ k'u]sf] 5 . v'§fsf kfOtfnfdf lxsf{pg] tyf aGbLsf lt3|fdfly s'g} ux|'ª\uf] j:t'n] k]Ng]h:tf oftgfsf nflu / :j]R5frf/L kqmfp tyf y'gfsf nflu klg k|x/Lx¿ lhDd]jf/ 5g\ . s]xL aGbLx¿sf] t lx/f;tdf g} d[To' ePsf] 531 .

æbf]xf]/f] em8kdf xTofÆ jf u}/sfg'gL xTof elgPsf ;'?sf 36gfx¿dWo] Pp6f 36gfdf, PDg]:6L OG6/g];gnn] ?s'd lhNnfsf] lkkn ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt -uflj;_sf] n]s ufpFdf Ps gfafns;lxt 5hgfsf] @)%@ kmfu'g !% ut] xTof ePsf] af/] k|ltj]bg u¥of]32 .

;g\ !((* dO{b]lv !((( dO{;Dd, lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnfsf] ;/sf/n] åGååf/f ;jf{lws k|efljt lhNnfx¿ ?s'd, /f]Nkf, hfh/sf]6, ;Nofg, uf]/vf / l;Gw'nLdf æck/];g lsnf] ;]/f 6'Æ gfds sf/afxL ;'? u/]/ ljb|f]xsf] hjfkm lbof] . cflwsfl/s¿kdf æpRr ;'/Iff kl/rfngÆ gfd lbOPsf] ;f] sf/afxLdf ;z:q k|x/L PsfOx¿nfO{ sf7df8f}Faf6 oL lhNnfx¿df ;?jf ul/of] / gofF k|x/L rf}sLx¿sf] :yfkgf klg ul/of] . dWoklZrd tyf ;'b"/ klZrdf~rn If]qsf cGo !* lhNnfdf klg k|x/L PsfOx¿sf] kl/rfng ul/Psf] lyof] . ck/];g lsnf] ;]/f 6' sf/afxLsf] qmddf k|x/Lsf] xftaf6 sl/a %)) hgfsf] Hofg hfg'sf ;fy}33 k|x/Låf/f uDeL/ dfgjclwsf/ pNnª\3g eof] elgof] . o;n] g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_sf] cfGbf]ngsf nflu hgtfsf] ;dy{gnfO{ emg a9fpFb} nfg] sfd u¥of]34 .

o;/L ul/Psf sf/afxLsf cltl/Qm, ;/sf/n] PsLs[t k|of;x¿ klg ug{ vf]Hof] . o:tf k|of;x¿df cfkm\gf xltof/ la;fpg]x¿nfO{ dfkmL lbg], cfTd/Iff ;d"xx¿ u7g ug{ :yfgLo ufpFn]x¿nfO{ kl/rfng ug{ of]hgf agfpg] / ljb|f]x;Fu h'em\gsf nflu k|x/Lsf] clwsf/df j[l4 ug]{ sfg'gL kl/jt{g nfu' ug]{nufotsf s'/fx¿ kb{5g\ . ;g\ !((* h'nfO{df, ;/sf/n] u0f]zdfg l;+x zflGt cleofgsf] yfngL u¥of] / cfTd;dk{0f ug]{ g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_sf ;b:ox¿nfO{ cfddfkmL lbg] 3f]if0ff u¥of] . o; 31 P]= @ .32 See Ref. Nos. 1996-02-27 - incident - Rukum _5685 and 1996-02-27 - incident - Rukum _5688. kl5 5nkmn ul/P h:t}, /fHosf] tkm{af6 ePsf oftgf kLl8tx¿nfO{ c¿ pkfo lyPg / oftgf Ifltk"lt{;DaGwL P]g, @)%# ag] klg o;n], cGo s'/fsf cltl/Qm, oftgfnfO{ ck/fwLs/0f ug{ g;s]sf], oftgfnfO{ cToGt ;fF3'/f] ¿kdf kl/efiff u/]sf], / ;du|df oftgnfO{ lgoGq0f ug{ tyf oftgf ePsf] kfOPsf] cj:yfdf Ifltk"lt{ pknAw u/fpgdf k|efjsf/L gePsfn] o;sf] Jofks cfnf]rgf ePsf] 5 .33 OG;]s åGåkLl8t kfZj{lrq -kfbl6Kk0fL !! x]g'{xf];\_Ù Sudheer Sharma, “The Maoist Movement: An Evolutionary

Perspective”, in Thapa, Understanding the Maoist Movement of Nepal, p. 372 (see footnote 17); Amnesty International, Nepal - Human Rights at a Turning Point? (1999). Available from www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/ASA31/34 Human Rights Watch, Between a Rock and a Hard Place (see footnote 24); Amnesty International, Nepal: A Spiralling Human Rights

Crisis (2 April 2002). Available from www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/ASA31/016/2002/en/dom-ASA310162002en.html

36

3f]if0ffn] g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_sf] lx+;fsf kLl8tx¿nfO{ Ifltk"lt{ pknAw u/fpg] / k'gjf{;sf] Joj:yf tyf ljb|f]xsf sf/0f s6f}tL ul/Psf ;]jfx¿sf] k'g:yf{kgf ug]{ s'/f klg atfof] . o; cleofgnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{ ;g\ !((( cu:6df /fHon] tLg s/f]8 ?k}ofF ljlgof]hg u/L Pp6f sfo{bn agfof] . t/ o;sf] cg'udg sdhf]/ eof] elgof] / w]/} kLl8tn] o;af6 kmfObf lnP glnPsf] :ki6 5}g35 .

g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_n] @)%% k'; # ut] ?s'd, /f]Nkf, ;Nofg / hfh/sf]6 lhNnfdf ePsf] bf];|f] r/0fsf] :yfgLo lgjf{rgsf] k"j{;GWofdf /fhgLlts sfo{stf{x¿, vf;u/L g]kfnL sfª\u|];, dflysf] cfqmd0f a9fP/ nUof]36 .

;g\ !((* df /]8qm;sf] cGt/f{li6«o ;ldlt -cfO{;Lcf/;L_n] ;z:q åGåsf] cg'udg ;'? ug{ yfNof] / ;g\ !((( h'gdf g]kfndf cfkm\gf] :yfoL sfof{nosf] :yfkgf u¥of]37 . cfO{;Lcf/;L u}/;}lgs JolQmx¿ tyf n8fOF n8\g c;dy{ jf czQm JolQmx¿sf] ;+/If0fsf nflu sfd ug{] tyf kLl8tnfO{ lrlsT;sLo ;xfotf k|bfg ug{]nufotsf cfkm\gf] k/Dk/fut sfof{b]zsf w]/} If]qdf ;lqmo lyof] .

PDg]:6L OG6/g];gnsf cg';f/, ;g\ !((( gf]e]Da/;Dddf, ljBdfg lhNnf ;'/Iff ;ldltsf cltl/Qm k|efljt lhNnfx¿dWo] kfFr lhNnfsf %( ufpFdf ;fj{hlgs ;'/Iff ;ldltx¿ u7g ul/;lsPsf] lyof]38 . oL ;ldltsf] sfd uf8{x¿sf] lgo'lQm ug'[{ lyof], h;sf] sfd g]skf -35 dfcf]jfbLåf/f dfl/Psf JolQmsf ljwjfx¿nfO{ eQf lbOg]5 / ltgsf 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ dfWolds tx;Dd 5fqj[lQ k|bfg ul/g]5 egL 3f]if0ff ul/of] . lhNnf ;ldltx¿ u7g ul/P klg k'g:yf{kgf of]hgf, h'g sfo{qmdsf] Pp6f d'Vo p2]Zo lyof], sf] pko'Qm sfof{Gjog ePg . P]= . PDg]:6L OG6/g];gn k|d08nsf ;b:ox¿n] u0f]zdfg l;+x zflGt cleofgsf] sfof{Gjogsf af/] @))) gf]e]Da/df k|lhcx¿nfO{ k|Zg ubf{ pQm cleofgsf] sf]if dfcf]jfbL lx+;fkLl8tx¿nfO{ cfly{s ;xof]u h'6fpgdf vr{ ul/of] egL hjfkm lbOof] . PDg]:6L OG6/g];gnn] k|x/L;dIf cfTd;dk{0f ug]{ dfcf]jfbLx¿sf nflu æk'g:yf{kgfÆ cfof]hgfnfO{ ;xof]u ug{ ;f] /sd vr{ ul/Psf] eGg] s'g} klg k|df0f kfPg . o;n] k};f s;/L vr{ eO/x]sf] 5 eGg] s'/f b]vfpg /fd|f];Fu /]s8{ klg g/fVg] u/]sf] kfof] . cflwsfl/s cfFs8fsf cg';f/, @))) cS6f]a/df, @,%)^ hgfn] k|x/L;dIf cfTd;dk{0f u/]sf lyP . ;g\ @))@ km]a|'c/Lsf] ;'?;Dddf, !! xhf/ eGbf a9Ln] cfTd;dk{0f u/]sf lyP elgG5 . tLdWo] w]/}h;f] dflg; k|foM s/sfdkdf k/L dfcf]jfbLnfO{ vfgf tyf af; pknAw u/fpg]x¿ lyP . c¿ dfcf]jfbLåf/f :yfkgf ul/Psf …hg;/sf/Úsf] tNnf] txdf ;lqmo lyP .Æ P]= . b ;fpy Pl;og Pgflnl;; u|'ksf] !((( l8;]Da/sf] k|ltj]bgn] Pp6f g]kfnL klqsfsf] pNn]v ub}{ eg]sf] 5 M æg]kfnL sfª\u|];sf s]xL g]tfn] o;n] dflg;nfO{ cftª\ssf/L ultljlwdf nfUg b'?T;fxg ug]{ / kLl8tx¿n] rflxF Ifltk"lt{ gkfpg] x'gfn] o; ;'emfjk|lt s8f cfklQ k|s6 u/] . Pp6f :yfgLo klqsf -h'nfO{ !( sf] g]kfn hfu/0f_n] æhf];'s}n] dfcf]jfbL ag]/ ;/sf/;dIf cfTd;dk{0f u/L wgL aGg ;S5Æ eGof] . South Asia Analysis Group, “Nepal update: The Maoist menace continues” (3 December 1999) Available from www.southasiaanalysis.org. /fhgLlts ;DaGw g} /sd s;n] k|fKt u¥of] eGg] s'/fsf] lgwf{/s tTj ePsf] s'/f cGo k|ltj]bgn] hgfpFb5g\ . Bandana Shrestha and Som Niroula, “Internally Displaced

Persons in Nepal”, Peace and Democracy in South Asia, vol. 1, Issue 2 (2005).

36 Amnesty International, Nepal - Human Rights at a Turning Point? (see footnote 33)37 International Committee of the Red Cross, Emergency Appeals, 1998 to 2005.

38 Amnesty International, Nepal: Human Rights and Security (2000). Available from http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/ASA31/001/2000/en/389533d6-dfc0-11dd-8e17-69926d493233/asa310012000en.html; Amnesty International, Nepal: A Spiralling Human Rights Crisis (see footnote 34)

37

dfcf]jfbL_sf ;b:ox¿n] sxLF st} ultljlwx¿ ub}{ u/]sf] yfxf kfPsf] v08df To;sf ;DaGwdf ;aeGbf glhssf] k|x/L rf}sLnfO{ va/ ug'{ lyof] . oL uf8{x¿nfO{ ;/sf/åf/f xltof/ lbOPsf] x'Fb}gYof] t/ pgLx¿n] aGb'ssf] nfO;]G; eg] kfpg ;Sy] . pgLx¿ ;/sf/sf] df}g :jLs[lt lnP/ dfcf]jfbL lj/f]wL lelhnfGt]sf] ¿kdf sfd uy]{ . g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_lj?4 n8\gsf nflu 5b\d ansf] ¿kdf sfd ug{ tflnd glnPsf ;j{;fwf/0fx¿sf] k|of]unfO{ k|j4{g ug]{ oL k|f/lDes k|of;x¿ åGåsf] kl5Nnf] cjlwlt/ æk|ltsf/ ;ldltÆ eg]/ lrlgg] ;d"xx¿sf] k"j{cEof; lyP . ljz]ifu/L slknj:t', ¿kGb]xL, gjnk/f;L / b}n]v lhNnfdf, oL ;ldltx¿nfO{ /fHosf] ;'/Iffkmf}håf/f tflnd lbOPsf] / z:qo'Qm kfl/Psf] elgof] / oL slyt k|ltsf/ ;ldltx¿ g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_lj?4 uDeL/ dfgjclwsf/ b'Jo{jxf/sf nflu lhDd]jf/ lyP . ;g\ !((( l8;]Da/sf] ;'?df, s[i0fk|;fb e§/fO{sf] ;/sf/n] æPsLs[t ;'/Iff of]hgfÆ39sf] th'{df ul/Psf] 3f]if0ff u¥of] . o;}cg';f/ dfcf]jfbL ;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu ;'emfj lbg Ps pRr:t/Lo ;ldltsf] :yfkgf ul/of] . k"j{k|wfgdGqL z]/axfb'/ b]pjfsf] cWoIftfdf u7g ul/Psf] ;f] ;ldltnfO{ ;a} /fhgLlts bnx¿;Fu k/fdz{ u/]/ ;/sf/nfO{ l;kmfl/; ug]{ lhDdf lbOPsf] lyof] . t/, ;ldltsf] u7g nuQ} ;/sf/ lu/]sfn] of]hgf ;kmn ePg .;'/Iffkmf}hsf] kl/rfngdf cfPsf] tLj|tf;Fu} lgbf]{if ;j{;fwf/0fsf] xTof eP h:t} k|x/Låf/f g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_sf zª\lst JolQmx¿sf] u}/Goflos xTof emgemg x'g yfNof]40 . u}/Goflos, u}/sfg'gL jf :j]R5frf/L xTof;DaGwL ljz]if k|ltj]bsn] ;g\ @))) km]a|'c/Ldf ;f]xL l;nl;nfdf g]kfnsf] e|d0f ul/g\ / cfkm\gf] k|ltj]bgdf åGåsf k|f/lDes jif{x¿df g]kfn k|x/L tyf g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_åf/f ePsf u}/sfg'gL xTof tyf cGo dfgjclwsf/ pNnª\3gx¿af/] ;/f]sf/ p7fOg\41 . /fHoåf/f ePsf u}/sfg'gL xTofx¿sf] ;ª\Vof ;g\ @))) df 36\of] . of] cGt/f{li6«o bafasf sf/0f / dgf]an lu/]sf] tyf sdhf]/ cj:yfdf /x]sf] k|x/L u:tLdf lg:sg clgR5's ePsf sf/0fn] xf]42 .

;g\ @))) clk|ndf k|wfgdGqL, /IffdGqL / k|wfg;]gfklt ldn]/ ag]sf] /fli6«o ;'/Iff kl/ifb\nfO{ tTsfnLg k|wfgdGqL 39 P]=40 o:t} Pp6f 36gf c5fd lhNnfsf] wGs' uflj;l:yt Pp6f :s'ndf @)%^ k'; #) ut] dfcf]jfbLåf/f cfof]lht Pp6f ;fF:s[lts sfo{qmddf k|x/Ln] uf]nL rnfpFbf ePsf] lyof]M Ref. No. 2000-01-14 - incident -

Achham _2110. /f]Nkf lhNnfsf] 3tL{ufpF uflj;df dfcf]jfbLn] u/]sf] k|x/Lsf] xTofsf] abnf lng k|x/Ln] klg ?s'd lhNnfsf] vf/f uflj;sf] Pp6f ufpFdf @)%^ kmfu'g !) ut] cfuhgL u¥of] M :

Ref. No. 2000-02-22 - incident - Rolpa _5540.

41 Report of the Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions to Commission on Human Rights: Mission to Nepal (E/CN.4/2001/9/Add2)42 Amnesty International, Nepal: Killing with Impunity (20 January 2005) Available from http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/info/ASA31/001/2005

38

e§/fO{åf/f ;]gfsf ;DaGwdf lg0f{ox¿ ug{ kfpg]u/L ;+j}wflgs lhDd]jf/L ;lxt ;lqmo agfOof] . To;} jif{sf] ;]K6]Da/df dfcf]jfbLn] 8f]Nkf lhNnfsf] ;b/d'sfd b'gO{df cfqmd0f u¥of] . pgLx¿n] lhNnf k|x/L sfof{no, sf/fuf/, dfnkf]t sfof{no, a}ª\s / lhNnfl:yt cGo ;/sf/L sfof{nox¿nfO{ c:yfoL ¿kdf lgoGq0fdf lnP . tL cfqmd0fdf sl/a Ps bh{g k|x/Lsf] xTof ul/of], aGbLx¿nfO{ eufOof] tyf cfqmd0fsf/Ln] xltof/ / gub sAhf u/] . oxL a]nf o:t} k|s[ltsf cGo cfqmd0fx¿ klg ePsf lyP,43 t/ b'gO{sf] cfqmd0f / kl/df0ffTds ¿kdf a9\b} uPsf cfqmd0fx¿sf] k|j[lQnfO{ x]bf{ ;f] cfqmd0f dfcf]jfbLåf/f ul/Psf] clxn];Dds} 7"nf] lyof] .

lgs} l9nfOkl5, dfgjclwsf/ cfof]u P]g, !((& cg';f/ Ps :jtGq /fli6«o dfgjclwsf/ ;+:yfsf] ¿kdf g]kfn /fli6«o dfgjclwsf/ cfof]usf] :yfkgf @)%& h]7 @# ut] ul/of], oBlk o;sf sd{rf/L tyf ;+;fwg cToGt ;Lldt lyP .

;g\ @))) cS6f]a/;Dddf pQm ;/sf/nfO{ lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnfsf] ;/sf/åf/f k|lt:yfkg ul/;lsPsf] lyof] . To;sf] nuQ}kl5, gofF pkk|wfgdGqLn] g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_ s]Gb|Lo ;ldltsf Ps ;b:o;Fu @)%& sflQs !! ut] cgf}krfl/s ;+jfb u/] h'g Pp6f ce"tk"j{ sbd lyof] . ;f] a}7sdf g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_n] jftf{sf] k"j{;t{sf] ¿kdf ;/sf/n] y'gfdf /fv]sf ;a}nfO{ l/xf ug'{kg]{ dfu /fv]sf] elgof] .

sflQs !* ut] ;/sf/n] b'O{ dfcf]jfbL g]tfx¿ lbg]z zdf{ / lbgfgfy zdf{nfO{ kqsf/;dIf l/xf u¥of] hxfF pgLx¿n] lx+;f Tofu]sf] ;fj{hlgs 3f]if0ff u/] . kl5 l/xf ul/Psf dfcf]jfbLsf g]tfx¿n] ;/sf/n] cfkm"x¿nfO{ kf6L{ kl/Tofu ug{ afWo u/fPsf] eg]/ cf/f]k nufPkl5, g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_n] ;+jfbsf] ;Defjgf cGTo ePsf] 3f]if0ff u¥of] .

;fy}, k|x/Ln] dfq ljb|f]xsf] d'sflanf ug{ g;s]sf] s'/fsf] dx;'; x'Fb} uO/x]sf] lyof] / ;]gfnfO{ !^ j6f lhNnf ;b/d'sfddf v6fOPsf] lyof] . g]kfn k|x/LnfO{ l:yltsf] ;fdgf ug{ ufx|f] kl//x]sf] s'/f ;/sf/n] g]kfn k|x/LnfO{ ;xof]u ug{ cw{;}lgs an ;z:q k|x/Lansf] lgdf{0f ug{ ;z:q k|x/L cWofb]z, @)%& hf/L u/]sf] s'/faf6 klg yfxf x'G5 .

g]kfnL sfª\u|];sf k|jQmf g/xl/ cfrfo{n] @)%& df3 !( ut] ;/sf/ / g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_n] cfkm\gf cfGtl/s Rofgndfkm{t\ uf]Ko 43 pbfx/0fx¿df /f]Nkfsf] 3tL{ufpFl:yt Onfsf k|x/L sfof{nodf @)%^ kmfug' & ut] ul/Psf] cfqmd0fÙ ?s'dsf] 6S;]/fl:yt Onfsf k|x/L sfof{nodf @)%^ r}t @# ut] ul/Psf] cfqmd0fÙ / nDh'ªsf] ef]n]{6f/df @)%& c;f]h !! ut] ul/Psf] cfqmd0f kb{5g\ .

39

jftf{ ul//x]sf] s'/fsf] v'nf;f u/]44 . ;g\ @))! km]a|'c/Ldf ;DkGg g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_sf] bf];|f] /fli6«o ;Dd]ngn] cfkm\gf p2]Zox¿ xfl;n ug{] dfWodsf] ¿kdf /fhgLlts ;+jfb ug{ kf6L{ OR5's /x]sf] s'/fsf] hgfp lbof] . g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_n] æd'n'sdf /fhgLlts bn, ;ª\u7gx¿ tyf hgjuL{o ;ª\u7gsf k|ltlglwx¿ ;a}sf] a}7s, o:tf] a}7såf/f cGtl/d ;/sf/sf] lgjf{rg clg cGtl/d ;sf/sf] g]t[Tjdf hg;+ljwfgsf] k|Tofe"ltÆsf] nflu cfXjfg u¥of]45 . ;f]xL ;Dd]ngsf qmddf dfu{lgb]{zs l;4fGtsf ¿kdf dfS;{jfb–n]lggjfb–dfcf]jfbsf ;fy;fy} gofF j}rfl/s bz{g æk|r08kyÆ46sf] ¿k/]vf klg b]vf k¥of] .

k|x/Lsf] lg/Gt/ kl/rfngsf cltl/Qm ;/sf/n] ljb|f]xnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ s]xL cfktsfnLg sfg'gL kxnx¿ klg u¥of] . o;n] :yfgLo k|zf;g P]g ;+zf]wg ug{ cWofb]z hf/L u¥of] / ljsf; If]qsf If]qLo k|zf;sx¿nfO{47 yk clwsf/x¿ k|bfg u¥of] . ;fy}, o;n] /fHolj?4sf] ck/fw tyf ;hfo P]g, @)$( cGtu{tsf cleof]ux¿sf] ;'g'jfO{ ug{ Ps ljz]if cbfntsf]48 klg u7g u¥of] h'g /fi6«ljKnj tyf /fhb|f]x h:tf ck/fwx¿df klg nfu' eof] .

;g\ @))! clk|ndf ;/sf/n] ? $) s/f]8 -%# nfv cd]l/sL 8n/_sf] ah]6;lxtsf] PsLs[t cfGtl/s ;'/Iff tyf ljsf; of]hgf -cfO{cfO{P;8LkL_ ;'? u¥of] . ;+j]bgzLn lhNnfx¿df ljsf; sfo{nfO{ cufl8 a9fpg ;g\ !((( df yflnPsf] cl3Nnf] of]hgfsf ljk/Lt of] gofF of]hgfcGtu{t æljsf;sf ultljlwsf nflu cg's"n l:yltsf] lgdf{0fdf d2t ug{Æ ;]gfsf] kl/rfng ul/of] . o; sfo{qmdsf] p2]Zo dfcf]jfbLx¿ ;jf{lws ;lqmo /x]sf] 7flgPsf !! lhNnfdf ljsf; sfo{nfO{ tLj|tf lbg' lyof] . klxnf] r/0fdf ;/sf/n] of] sfo{qmd uf]/vf, ?s'd, /f]Nkf, hfh/sf]6 / sflnsf]6 lhNnfx¿df ;'? u¥of] . ;]gfsf u'Ndx¿, sl/a !%) hgfsf] ;ª\Vofdf, lhNnflhNnfdf v6fOP49 . of]hgfa4 bf];|f] r/0fdf af6f] tyf k'nx¿sf] lgdf{0f ug]{, vfg]kfgLsf] Joj:yf ug]{ tyf cf}iflw cfk"lt{ ug]{ elgPsf] lyof] . t/, of] of]hgf g} 5f]6f] ;dosf nflu dfq rNof] . lj=;+= @)%*

44 The Kathmandu Post, 2 February 200145 Thapa and Sijapati, A Kingdom Under Seige, pp. 113-4 (see footnote 20)46 International Crisis Group, Nepal’s Maoists (see footnote 28). k|r08ky sDo'lg:6 qmflGtsf] nfdf] ;dob]lvsf ljjflbt b'O{j6f /0fgLlt …bL3{sfnLg hgo'4Ú / …hgljb|f]xÚnfO{ Ps} 7fpFdf Nofpg] k|oTg ePsf] b]lvG5 . hgo'4 d"ntM u|fdL0f kl/j]zdf ug]{ / hgljb|f]x gu/ tyf ;x/df s]lGb|t ug]{ ;f]r lyof] . k|r08kyn] ;x/ tyf gu/x¿nfO{ 3]/faGbL ug]{ p2]Zon] u|fdL0f Onfsfdf cfkm\gf] zlQm lg/Gt/ alnof] agfpFb} ;x/L ljb|f]xdf a9L hf]8 lbg cfXjfg u¥of] . lrlgofF z}nLsf] h:tf] bzs nfdf] ;ª\3if{ g]kfndf ;kmn gx'g] s'/fsf] dx;'; x'Fb} uPsfn] dfcf]jfbLn] cfkm\gf] k4ltnfO{ klg kl/dfh{g u/] .47 cWofb]z @))! cu:6df sfg'g aGof] .48 ljz]if cbfnt P]g, @)#! cGtu{t ul7t, h;nfO{ kl5 ljz]if cbfnt P]g, @)%( åf/f k|lt:yfkg ul/of] .49 Sudheer Sharma, “The Maoist Movement: An Evolutionary Perspective”, in Thapa, Understanding the Maoist Movement of Nepal (see footnote 17).

40

dª\l;/ !! ut] ;ª\s6sfnsf] 3f]if0ff / ;]gf kl/rfng ePnuQ} ;/sf/n] uf]/vfafx]s ;a} lhNnfdf o; sfo{qmdnfO{ :yug u¥of]50 .

;g\ @))! Dff dfcf]jfbLåf/f k|x/LnfO{ dfl/Psf] tyf aGbL agfOPsf] ;ª\VofnfO{ x]bf{ pgLx¿n] emgemg 7"nf cfqmd0fx¿ u/] . clk|n ! df dfcf]jfbLn] ?s'dsf] ?s'dsf]6l:yt Ps k|x/L rf}sLdf cfqmd0f u¥of] / clk|n ^ df pgLx¿n] b}n]vsf] 6f]nLl:yt Ps k|x/L lzlj/df cfqmd0f u/], h;df #! k|x/Lsf] Hofg uof] eg] c¿ cf7hgfnfO{ cfTd;dk{0f ul/;s]kl5 klg u}/sfg'gL ¿kdf xTof u/]sf] elgof]51 . h'nfO{ ^ df nDh'ª, g'jfsf]6 / u'NdL lhNnfsf k|x/L rf}sLx¿ Wj:t kfl/of] eg] h'nfO{ @# df afh'/f lhNnfl:yt tLgj6f lhNnfn] klg To:t} lgolt ef]Ug'k¥of] .

u|fdL0f tyf lhNnf txdf lgjf{rgsf] :yugn] NofPsf] /fhgLlts z"Gotfn] dfcf]jfbLx¿nfO{ cfkm\gf] cfwf/ Onfsf eGg] u/]sf If]qnfO{ ;'b[9 ug{ ;lhnf] eof] . cfkm\gf] k|efj ;jf{lws alnof] /x]sf] dWoklZrdf~rn If]qsf lhNnfx¿af6 ;'? u/]/ g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_n] lhNnf æhg;/sf/Æ u7gsf] 3f]if0ff u¥of]52 . ;g\ @))! sf] dWo;Dddf @@ lhNnfdf hg;/sf/sf] 3f]if0ff ul/Psf] lyof], lgjf{rg ;DkGg u/fOPsf] elgof], cfkm\g} s/ k|0ffnL nfu' ul/of], ljsf; lgd{f0fsf sfdx¿ yflnP, æhgcbfntx¿Æsf] u7g ul/of] / dBkfg, ljjfx]t/ ;DaGw, dlxnflj?4sf] lx+;f / e|i6frf/nufot pgLx¿n] ;dfhlj/f]wL 7fg]sf Jojxf/dfly s8f / slxn]sfxLF lx+;fTds lgoGq0f nfu' ul/of] . æhgcbfntÆåf/f ul/Psf km};nfx¿df d[To'b08 klg kb{Yof]53 . cfwf/ Onfsfdf hfg] s'/fnfO{ kf6L{åf/f cToGt s8fOsf ;fy lgoGq0f ul/Psf] lyof] / tL If]qdf k|j]z ug{ klxn] g} cg'dlt lng' kb{Yof] .

@)%* h]7 !( ut] /fhf jL/]Gb|, /fgL tyf /fhkl/jf/sf c¿ bz ;b:onfO{, cf}krfl/s l/kf]6{cg';f/, o'j/fh bLk]Gb|åf/f uf]nL xfgL xTof ul/of] / To;kl5 pgn] cfkm}Fdfly uf]nL xfg]/ xTof u/] . /fhf / /fgLsf] d[To';Fu} /fhfsf efO 1fg]Gb| /fhu2Ldf cf;Lg x'g k'u] . xTof lghL kfl/jfl/s ljjfb;Fu ;DalGwt lyof] eg]/ xTofsf08af/]sf] h'g cflwsfl/s egfO aflx/ cfof] To;n] Jofks ljjfb v8f u¥of] . xTofsf08kl5sf] cj:yfdf g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_n] nfdf] ;dob]lvsf] cfkm\gf] u0ftGqsf] dfunfO{ hf]8bf/ ¿kdf cufl8 a9fP klg d"nk|jfxsf /fhgLlts bnx¿n] ;+j}wflgs /fhtGqk|ltsf] cfkm\gf] k|lta4tfnfO{ k'li6 u/] .

50 Amnesty International, Nepal: A Spiralling Human Rights Crisis (see footnote 34)51 pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{nosf] uf]Ko ;|f]t Ref No. 5495.52 lbks ;fksf]6f, pynk'ynsf bz jif{ -sf7df8f}F qmflGtsf/L kqsf/ ;ª\3, @))*÷(_Ù International Crisis Group, Nepal's Maoists (see footnote 28).53 Amnesty International, Nepal: A Spiralling Human Rights Crisis (see footnote 34)

41

h'nfO{ !@ df /f]Nkf lhNnfl:yt xf]n]/L k|x/L rf}sLdf ePsf] 7"nf] cfqmd0fkl5 ;]gfnfO{ klxnf]k6s dfcf]jflblj?4 k|ToIftM kl/rfng ul/of] . aGbL agfOPsf ^( k|x/L clwsf/L tyf b'O{ ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ d'Qm ug]{ lgb]{zg;lxt l;kfxLx¿nfO{ xf]n]/L / g'jfufpF uflj;df k7fOof] . ;]gf g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_;Fu gn8Lsg s]xL lbgkl5 To; If]qaf6 lkmtf{ eof] elgof] / h'nfO{ !( df k|wfgdGqL lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnfn] /fhLgfdf lbP . o; /fhLgfdfsf] k5fl8 r]g ckm sdfG8dfly p7]sf] ljjfb lyof] egL o;nfO{ Jofks ¿kdf JofVof ul/of]54 .

w]/} lhNnfdf /fHosf] pkl:ylt lhNnf ;b/d'sfddf dfq ;Lldt x'Fb} uof] . w]/} lhNnfdf hf]lvdk"0f{ cj:yfdf tyf cnuynu ¿kdf /x]sf k|x/L rf}sLx¿ of t kl/Tofu ul/P of dfcf]jfbL cfqmd0fdf Wj:t agfOP . ;g\ @))! h'nfO{;Dddf /f]Nkf / ?s'd lhNnfdf k|x/L rf}sLx¿sf] ;ª\Vof qmdzM #( / @# af6 em/]/ b'O{—b'O{j6fdf k'Uof] . :yfgLo ;/sf/L lgsfox¿sf] cj:yf klg p:t} lyof] / d'n'ssf] clwsf+z efudf lhNnf ;b/d'sfdaflx/ pknAw /x]sf ;]jfx¿df eg] ljBfno, :jf:Yo rf}sL, s[lif sfof{nox¿ / x'nfs lyP / oL klg cToGt k|efljt lyP .

lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnfn] /fhLgfdf lbPkl5 z]/axfb'/ b]pjf @)%* ;fpg * ut] k|wfgdGqL eP . pgn] kb ;DxfNg]lalQs} dfcf]jfbL;Fu o'4lj/fdsf] 3f]if0ff u/], Pp6f kxn h;nfO{ g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_sf cWoIf k|r08n] klg :jLsf/ u/L cfkm\gf] kIfaf6 klg o'4lj/fdsf] 3f]if0ff u/] . oL ljsf;qmdx¿df klxnf] jftf{ k|lqmofsf] yfngL eof] .

;/sf/ tyf g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_sf k|ltlglwx¿n] ;'?df sf7df8f}F ;x/5]p nlntk'/ lhNnfsf] uf]bfj/Ldf @)%* ebf} !$ ut] e]6 u/] . jftf{ 6f]nLsf ;b:ox¿sf] ;'/Iff tyf jftf{df ePsf ljj/0fx¿ k|];df s;/L n}hfg] h:tf Joj:yfksLo s'/faf/] 5nkmn ug{ cfof]hgf ul/Psf] of] kl/rofTds a}7s lyof]55 . bf];|f] a}7s @)%* ebf} @* / @( ut] alb{of lhNnfdf eof] . dfcf]jfbLx¿n] tLgj6f dfux¿ cufl8 ;f/] M klxnf], gofF ;+ljwfgÙ bf];|f], cGtl/d ;/sf/Ù / t];|f], u0ftGqsf] 3f]if0ff . ;Demf}tfdfkm{t\ s]xL ;kmntf xft kfb}{ jftf{ s]xL cufl8 a9\of] . pbfx/0fsf nflu, ;/sf/n] ;fj{hlgs ;'/Iff lgodfjnLnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbPg / ^* aGbLnfO{ d'\Qm u¥of] eg] dfcf]jfbLx¿n] u0ftGqsf] dfunfO{ lgjf{lrt ;+ljwfg;efn] ;'Nemfpg] u/L xfnsf nflu kG5fP. t];|f] a}7s km]l/

54 Also according to Ashok K. Mehta and Mahendra Lawoti, “Military Dimension of the ‘People’s War’”, in Mahendra Lawoti and Anup K. Pahari, eds., The Maoist

Insurgency in Nepal: Revolution in the Twenty- First Century (New York, Routledge, 2010), p. 189.

55 Nepali Times, no.58, 31 August - 6 September 2001.

42

nlntk'/d} gf]e]Da/df eof] t/ b'j} kIf ;+ljwfg;efsf] d'2faf/] ;xdltdf k'Ug ljkmn eP .

o'4lj/fdsf] cjlwel/ ;/sf/n] dfcf]jfbL z'elrGtsx¿nfO{ kqmfp ug]{ sfdnfO{ hf/L /fVof] eg] dfcf]jfbLn] klg d"nk|jfxsf /fhgLlts bnsf ;dy{sx¿dflysf] cfqmd0fnfO{ hf/L /fVof] . k|x/Ln] dfq clnslt lj>fd kfof]56 . zflGt jftf{sf qmddf dfcf]jfbLx¿ jf:tjd} /fhgLlts ;dfwfg rfxGy] jf cfkm\gf ;}GonfO{ yk dha't agfpFb} / km]l/ o'4 ;'? ug]{ df}sfsf] kvf{Odf lyP eGg]af/] ljleGg c8\snafhL eO/x] .

cGt/f{li6«o If]qdf ePsf 36gfx¿af6 ;/sf/nfO{ klg lxDdt cfPsf] h:tf] b]lvof] . ;/sf/n] g]kfndf g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_lj?4sf] cfkm\gf] cleofgnfO{ cd]l/sfdf @))! ;]K6]Da/ !! df ePsf] cftª\ssf/L xdnfkl5 cftª\safbaf/] p7]sf yk ljZjJofkL lrGtfx¿;Fu nu]/ hf]8\of] . o;sf] p2]Zo cGt/f{li6«o ;}lgs ;xof]u k|fKt ug'{ lyof] . ;g\ @))! Gff]e]Da/df u[x/fHodGqLn] cftª\sjfb pGd"ng ug]{57 k|lta4tfsf] qmddf cd]l/sL ;/sf/n] g]kfnnfO{ !) j6f cfw'lgs x]lnsK6/ pknAw u/fpg ;xdlt hgfO;s]sf] tyf ef/t ;/sf/n] g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_nfO{ cftª\ssf/Lsf]58 laNnf nufPsf] s'/fsf] v'nf;f u/] . t}klg, jftf{sf] kIfdf cGt/f{li6«o ;dy{g alnof] g} /Xof]59 .

56 Thapa and Sijapati, A Kingdom Under Siege, p.120 (see footnote 20)

57 The Kathmandu Post, 12 November 2001; Nepal Press Digest (Weekly), vol. 44, no.46, 15 November 2001.

58 ef/tn] cftª\ssf/Lsf] laNnf le/fPsf]df g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_n] To;sf] lgGbf u¥of] . o;n] cd]l/sf / ef/tsf zf;sx¿nfO{ æg]kfnL hgtflj?4 if8oGq gug{Æ r]tfjgL lbg'sf ;fy} To;f] u/]df uDeL/ kl/0ffd ef]Ug'kg]{ r]tfjgL ;d]t lbof] M g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_sf] @)%* c;f]h @) ut] ePsf] kf]ln6Ao'/f] a}7sn] kfl/t u/]sf k|:tfjx¿af/] hf/L k|]; lj1lKt, hgfb]z, @)%* c;f]h @@ ut] k|sflzt .59 gj]{, a]nfot / l:j; ;/sf/nufotsf o'/f]k]nL bftfx¿sf] ;d"xn] zflGtk"0f{ ;dfwfg / d]nldnfkdf ;xof]u ug{ o"Pg8LkLsf] g]t[Tjdf zflGt tyf ljsf; sf]ifsf] :yfkgf u¥of] . gj]{nL /fhb"t Oglu|8 cf]km\;6f8nfO{ @)%* c;f]h !( ut]sf] lb sf7dfG8' kf]:6df p4[t ul/Psf] . cd]l/sfn] jftf{sf] lj/f]w u/]sf] lyPg . /fOlhª g]kfn, @)%* c;f]h @@Ù g]kfn k|]; 8fOh]:6 -;fKtflxs_, jif{ $$, cª\s $!, @)%* c;f]h @* .

43

Diagram 2.1: Number of Killings, February 1996 to July 2001, by Region

o;}aLr, cw{;}lgs ;z:q k|x/L an sfof{Gjogdf cfO;s]sf] lyof] eg] g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_sf] ;}Go b:tfn] cfkm\gf] bhf{ tyf ;+/rgfnfO{ lg/Gt/ lj:tf/ u/L cGttM cf}krfl/s ¿kdf hgd'lQm ;]gfsf] lgdf{0f u¥of] .

g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_n] @)%* dª\l;/ * ut] bfª lhNnfl:yt 3f]/fxLdf ;}lgs Aof/]sdfly ul/Psf] klxnf] cfqmd0fnufot s]xL cfqmd0fx¿ u/L cfkm\gf] ;}lgs sf/afxLnfO{ k'gM rfn' u¥of] . ;]gfdfly ul/Psf] ;kmn cfqmd0fdf dfcf]jfbLn] cfw'lgs xltof/x¿ — cw{:jrflnt P;Pncf/,60 dl;g ug tyf /s]6 k|If]ksnufot — sAhf u/] / of] cl3Nnf jif{x¿df k|x/Laf6 sAhf ul/Psf k'/fgf] x'Fb} uPsf =#)# /fOkmneGbf dxTTjk"0f{ km8\sf] lyof] .dª\l;/ * ut] g} dfcf]jfbLn] Ps #& ;b:oLo ;+o'Qm qmflGtsf/L hgkl/ifb\ tyf s]Gb|Lo hg;/sf/ cfof]hs sld6L u7g u/]sf] 3f]if0ff u¥of] . ægf}nf] hgjfbL jf nf]stflGqs u0ftflGqs qmflGt k"/f ug]{ ;ª\3if{ tyf qmflGtkl5sf] /fHonfO{ dfu{bz{g ug{Æ61

g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_åf/f ;+o'Qm df]rf{sf] ¿kdf qmflGtsf/L hgkl/ifb\sf] of]hgf ul/Psf] lyof] . ;'?df 5fof ;/sf/sf] ¿kdf sfd ug]{ / cGttM ljBdfg /fli6«o ;/sf/nfO{ lj:yfkg ug]{ o;sf] p2]Zo lyof] .

60 Thapa and Sijapati, A Kingdom Under Siege, pp.121-22 (see footnote 20).

61 g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_, æo"cf/kL;Lsf] ;femf Go'gtd gLlt tyf sfo{qmdx¿Æ, ;g\ @))@ .44

s]xL lbgleq g} dfcf]jfbLx¿n] csf]{ 7"nf] cfqmd0f u/] / of] rflxF ;f]n'v'Da' lhNnfsf] ;b/d'sfd ;Nn]/Ldf ePsf] lyof] . k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/L tyf kfFr l;kfxLsf] xTof Pj+ glhs}sf] kmfKn' ljdfg:ynnufot ;/sf/L ejgx¿ Wj:t ug]{afx]s, o; cfqmd0fn] g]kfnsf] k"jL{ If]qdf klg ljb|f]x km}lnPsf] s'/fsf] hgfp lbof] .

lj=;+= @)%* dª\l;/ !! ut] ;/sf/n] ;ª\s6sfnsf] 3f]if0ff u/L cftª\ssf/L tyf ljWj+zfTds ultljlw -lgoGq0f / ;hfo_ cWofb]z -6f8f]_, @)%* hf/L u¥of] . ;ª\s6sfnn] sltko ;+j}wflgs clwsf/ tyf :jtGqtfx¿sf] lgnDag u¥of]M lgjf/s gh/aGblj?4sf] clwsf/Ù ljrf/, cleJolQm, e]nf x'gkfpg] tyf cfjthfjt ug{ kfpg] :jtGqtfÙ ;"rgf, ;DklQ, uf]]kgLotf, ldl8of lgoGq0faf6 ;+/If0fsf] clwsf/Ù / aGbLk|ToIfLs/0fsf] clwsf/afx]s ;+j}wflgs pkrf/sf] clwsf/ . 6f8f]n] ;'/Iffkmf}hnfO{ a[xt\ dfkb08sf] k|of]u u/]/ …lgjf/s gh/aGbsf] cfb]zÚdf zª\lstx¿nfO{ kqmg] / y'Gg] clwsf/ lbof] . 6f8f]sf] d2tn] 7"nf] dfqfdf :j]R5frf/L kqmfp ul/P62 .

ev{/} kl/rfng ul/Psf ;]gf, g]kfn k|x/L / sf/afxLdf ptfl/Psf] gofF ;z:q k|x/LannfO{ ;+o'Qm sf/afxLsf qmddf ;]gfsf] o'lgkmfO8 sdfG8cGtu{t /flvPsf] lyof], oBlk o'lgkmfO8 sdfG8sf] cjwf/0ffsf ;DaGwdf ;g\ @))# gf]e]Da/;Dd cf}krfl/s ¿kdf s]xL klg atfOPsf] lyPg . of] gofF ;zQm ;'/Iffkmf}hn] s]xL dfcf]jfbL cfqmd0fx¿nfO{ ljkmn kf¥of] eg] s]xL 36gfdf t o;n] pN6} cfqmd0f ;d]t u¥of]63 .

;g\ @))@ clk|ndf ;/sf/n] cWofb]znfO{ cftª\ssf/L tyf ljWj+zfTds ultljlw -lgoGq0f / ;hfo_ P]g -6f8f_, @))@64 åf/f k|lt:yfkg ug{'sf ;fy} g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_sf g]tfx¿nfO{ kqm]/ a'Efmfpg] / xltof/ a'emfpg]nfO{ k'/:sf/sf] 3f]if0ff u¥of] . 62 cWofb]zn] s]xL ck/fwnfO{ cftª\sjfbsf] ¿kdf klefiff u¥of] . o;n] ;'/Iff clwsf/Lx¿nfO{ cleof]uljgf s;}nfO{ klg () lbg;Dd / u[xdGqfnosf] :jLs[lt lnP/ csf]{ () lbg;Dd y'Gg ;Sg] clwsf/ lbof] . of] cWofb]z;Fu cfPsf] lgb]{zgn] g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_sf ;b:ox¿ jf dfcf]jfbL;Fu ;+nUg ePsf jf pgLx¿nfO{ ;xfotf ug]{x¿nfO{ cftª\ssf/L egL laNnf nfpg ;lsGYof] . cWofo & x]g'{xf]; — oftgf, k[= !@$ .63 lj=;+= @)%* dª\l;/ @# ut] dfcf]jfbLn] /f]Nkfsf] /ª\s uflj;sf] /ftdf6]df b"/;~rf/ 6fj/sf] ;'/Iffy{ vl6Psf] zfg];]dfly c;kmn cfqmd0f u¥of] . To;sf] ef]lnkN6 dª\l;/ @$ ut] ;Nofg lhNnfsf] sk'/sf]6df b"/;~rf/ 6fj/sf] ;'/Iffy{ vl6Psf] zfg];]dfly u/]sf] cfqmd0f klg c;kmn eof] . lj=;+= @)%* df3 !) ut] kfFry/sf] uf]k]6f/l:yt k|x/L rf}sLsf] cfqmd0fdf klg dfcf]jfbLn] k/fho ef]Ug'k¥of] . ;]gfn] uf]k]6f/sf] n8fOFkl5 kmls{/x]sf dfcf]jfbLx¿dfly df3 !$ ut] t]x|y'd lhNnfsf] ;ª\qmflGt ahf/df cfqmd0f u¥of] elgof] h;df pgLx¿dWo] sltko dfl/Psf lyP .64 6f8f]n] ;'/Iffkmf}hnfO{ lagfk'hL{ kqmg / nfdf] ;do;Dd k'k{Ifk"j{ y'gfdf /fVg] cg'dlt lbPsf] 5 . zª\sf:kb JolQmx¿nfO{ cbfntdf k|:t't gu/L cg';Gwfg k|of]hgsf nflu ^) lbg;Dd k|x/L lx/f;tdf / () lbg;Dd lgjf/s gh/aGbdf /fVg ;lsGYof] . 6f8f]df ePsf] y'gf cjlw 36fOP tfklg y'gfsf] k|fjwfg @)$& ;fnsf] g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !$-^_ ljk/Lt eof] h;df kqmfp k/]sf] @$ 306fleq y'g'jfx¿nfO{ Goflos clwsf/L;dIf pkl:yt u/fpg'kg]{ k|fjwfg /x]sf] 5 .

45

cGt/f{li6«o ;}Go ;xfotfdf j[l4 eP tfklg ;/sf/L ;'/Iffkmf}hsf nflu ljb|f]x clgolGqt r'gf}tL alg/Xof] . k|ltljb|f]x sf/afxLdf o'lgkmfO8 sdfG8sf] cg'ej gePsf] x'gfn] o;n] u/]sf u:tLx¿n] cfkm\gf] xft dfly kfg{ Psbd} ;ª\3if{ ug'{k¥of] eg] dfcf]jfbLx¿ dfcf]n]] lbPsf] kfgLdf df5fsf] pkdfh:t} ufpFn]x¿sf] aLrdf glrlgg] eP/ 3'nldn eP .

;'/Iffkmf}hn] k|foM cb[Zo /xg] zq'sf] ;fdgf ub}{ 3]/fp tyf vf]htnf; sf/afxLsf] k|of]u u¥of] / k|foM /ftsf] ;dodf pgLx¿ 7"nf] ;ª\Vofdf 3/3/df uP/ vfgtnf; ub{y] . oL sf/afxLsf] qmddf, PDg]:6L OG6/g];gnsf cg';f/, ;'/Iffkmf}hn] k|foM :yfgLo k|zf;gåf/f pknAw u/fOPsf ;"rLx¿df gfd ePsf dflg;nfO{ kqmg] ub{Yof] . oL ;"rLdf tL dflg;sf gfd x'Gy] elgGYof] h;nfO{ dfcf]jfbLx¿nfO{ vfgf / af; pknAw u/fPsf] / o'4lj/fdsf] ;dodf dfcf]jfbLsf a}7sx¿df pkl:yt ePsf] zª\sf ul/Psf] x'GYof]65 .

;ª\s6sfnsf] 3f]if0ff tyf ;]gf kl/rfngkl5 dfgjclwsf/ b'Jo{jxf/sf cf/f]kx¿sf] j[l4 gf6sLo ¿kdf eof], vf;u/L ;'/Iffkmf}håf/f ePsf u}/Goflos xTof tyf JolQm a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{sf cf/f]kx¿66 . ;g\ @))@ df hah{:tL jf cg}lR5s ¿kdf a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{;DaGwL sfo{;d"xdf l/kf]6{ ul/Psf]df67 hah{:tL jf cg}lR5s ¿kdf a]kQf kfl/Psf 36gfx¿sf] ;ª\Vof g]kfndf ;a}eGbf a9L ePsf] kfOof] . of] qmd ;g\ @))# / @))% df k'gM b]lvof] .

slyt u}/Goflos xTof tyf a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{sf cltl/Qm, d'n'sel/ 7"N7"nf cfqmd0f tyf em8kx¿ eP68 / To;af6 ePsf] xtfxtn] ;g\ 65 Amnesty International, Nepal: A Spiralling Human Rights Crisis (see footnote 34).

66 Amnesty International, Nepal: Killing with Impunity (see footnote 42); Amnesty International, Nepal: Widespread "disappearances" in the context of armed conflict (16 October 2003). Available from www.amnesty.org/en/library/info/ASA31/045/2003). lj=;+= @)%* dª\l;/ !! ut]b]lv @)%( ebf} !@ ;Dd sfod /x]sf] ;ª\s6sfndf, PDg]:6L OG6/g];gnn] !)) eGbf a9L æa]kQfÆsf 36gfx¿ /]s8{ u¥of] .67 International Crisis Group, Nepal Backgrounder: Ceasefire – Soft Landing or Strategic Pause? Asia Report no. 50 (10 Apr 2003).68 ;g\ @))@ df ePsf ;jf{lws lx+;fTds s]xL n8fOF — kfFry/sf] uf]k]6f/ k|x/L rf}sLdf dfcf]jfbL cfqmd0f -@)%* df3 !)_ / ltg} dfcf]jfbL uf]k]6f/sf] n8fOFkl5 kmls{/x]sf a]nf t]x|y'd lhNnfsf] ;ª\qmflGt ahf/df ;]gfsf] cfqmd0fdf k/]sf] elgPsf] -@)%* df3 !$_Ù sfe]|] lhNnfsf] es'G8] a]F;Ll:yt Onfsf k|x/L sfof{nodf dfcf]jfbLsf] cfqmd0f -@)%* df3 @@_Ù c5fd lhNnfsf] ;fkm]au/nufot ;b/d'sfd dª\un;]gdfly dfcf]jfbLsf] cfqmd0f -@)%* kmfug' $_Ù sflnsf]6 lhNnfsf] ;'Gy/nLdf ljdfg:yn lgdf{0fsf nflu sfd ul//x]sf sfdbf/dfly ;'/Iffkmf}hsf] cfqmd0f -@)%* kmfu'g !@_Ù /f]Nkfsf] u'drfndf dfcf]jfbL sfo{qmddfly ;]gf / k|x/Lsf] cfqmd0f -@)%* r}t $_Ù ?s'dsf] :ofnkfvfdf ;]gfn] u/]sf] cfqmd0f -@)%* r}t ^_Ù bfª\sf] ;tal/ofl:yt ;k|asf] cfwf/ lzlj/df dfcf]jfbLsf] cfqmd0f -@)%* r}t @(_ tyf ;'/Iffkmf}hsf] k|Tofqmd0f -@)%( j}zfv !_Ù 8f]6Lsf] afl5Fdf dfcf]jfbLdfly ;'/Iffkmf}hsf] cfqmd0f -@)%( j}zfv !(_Ù /f]Nksf] ln:g]df em8k -@)%( j}zfv !(_Ù /f]Nkfsf] ufdl:yt ;]gfsf] SofDkdf dfcf]jfbLsf] cfqmd0f -@)%( j}zfv @$_Ù ;ª\v'jf;efsf] r}gk'/l:yt ;k|asf] cfwf/ lzlj/df dfcf]jfbLsf] cfqmd0f -@)%( j}zfv !

46

@))@ nfO{ g]kfnsf] cfw'lgs Oltxf;d} ;a}eGbf /QmfDo jif{ agfof] .

dfcf]jfbLn] km]l/ jftf{ ;'? ug]{ OR5f JoQm u/]sf lyP / ;}lgs cf3ft a]xf]/]kl5sf] cj:yfdf pgLx¿n] @)%( h]7 ! ut] Ps dlxg] o'4lj/fdsf] k|:tfj u/] . xfn}df ;'/Iffann] kfPsf] ;kmntfn] :ki6tM lxDdt cfPsf] ;/sf/n] Tof] PskIfLo o'4lj/fdnfO{ :jLsf/ u/]g . k|wfgdGqL b]pjfn] k|ltlglw;efnfO{ h]7 * ut] lj36g u/L ;g\ @))@ gf]e]Da/df dWofjlw lgjf{rgsf] l;kmfl/; u/] . o; 38Ldf ;ª\s6sfnLg cj:yfnfO{ sfod} /fVg] jf g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_;Fusf] ;+jfbnfO{ cufl8 a9fpg] / ;ª\s6sfnsf] cGTo ug]{ eGg]af/] g]kfnL sfª\u|];sf jl/i7 g]tfx¿aLr g} ulx/f] c;xdlt lyof] . o;} sf/0fn] ubf{ g]kfnL sfª\u|];df cf}krfl/s ljefhg eof] .

zflGt ;'/Iffsf] ;du| l:yltnfO{ x]bf{ lgjf{rg ;DkGg u/fpg] s'/f emgemg c;Dej h:tf] x'Fb} uof] / ;g\ @))@ cS6f]a/df b]pjfn] cGo /fhgLlts bnx¿sf] k/fdz{df dWofjlw lgjf{rg :yug ug{ l;kmfl/; u/] . /fhfn] c;Ifdtfsf] cf/f]kdf b]pjfnfO{ tTsfn} avf{:t u/L pgsf] 7fpFdf k~rfotsfnLg /fhfjfbL tyf k"j{k|wfgdGqL nf]s]Gb|axfb'/ rGbnfO{ 3f]if0ffdfkm{t\ k|wfgdGqLsf] ¿kdf dgf]gog u/] .

lj=;+=@)%( dª\l;/ !& ut] g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_n] cfkm" jftf{sf nflu 5nkmn ug{ tof/ /x]sf] 3f]if0ff u¥of] / /fhfn] cfkm\gf] xftdf ;Qf lnPkl5 pgsf Ps b"t dfcf]jfbL;Fusf] uf]Ko jftf{df ;+nUg x'g yfn]sf] klg ;dfrf/df cfPsf 5g\69 .

;z:q k|x/Lansf dxflg/LIfs s[i0fdf]xg >]i7, lghsL >LdtL / cª\u/Ifssf] xTof ePsf] tLg lbgkl5,70 ;/sf/ / g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_ @)%( df3 !% ut] o'4lj/fdsf nflu ;xdt eP .

elgG5, dfcf]jfbLx¿ o'4lj/fd x'g'cl3 g} ;+jfbsf lglDt pT;'s lyP / pgLx¿n] jl/i7 g]tfx¿nfO{ jftf{sf nflu k7fPsf lyP . g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_n] km]a|'c/Lsf] dWolt/ ePsf] hgo'4sf] ;ftf}F jflif{sf]T;jsf a]nf cfkm\gf sfo{qmdx¿nfO{ clns nlrnf] agfof] / k|r08n] cfkm\gf sfo{stf{x¿nfO{ hah{:tL rGbf ;ª\sng gug{ eg]/ Pp6f lj1lKt hf/L u/] . ;/sf/n] dfcf]jfbL g]tfx¿sf nflu

(_Ù ?s'dsf] vf/fl:yt ;}lgs lzlj/df dfcf]jfbL cfqmd0f -@)%( h]7 !#_Ù ;Nofgsf] bfdfrf}/ -@)%( h]7 @(_ / bf]nvfsfsf] sf6fs'6L uflj; -@)%( ;fpg !%_df em8kÙ cf]vn9'ª\ufsf] ?Dhf6f/ ljdfg:yndf vl6Psf zfg];] sd{rf/Ldfly dfcf]jfbLsf] c;kmn cfqmd0f -@)%( sflQs !)_Ù h'Dnf lhNnf ;b/d'sfdl:yt ;}lgs Aof/]s tyf k|x/L sfof{no / uf]/vfsf] tfSn'sf]6l:yt Onfsf k|x/L sfof{nodf dfcf]jfbL cfqmd0f -@)%( sflQs @*_ .69 International Crisis Group, Nepal Backgrounder (see footnote 67).70 pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{nosf] uf]Ko ;|f]t Ref No. 0541.

47

tf]s]sf] 6fpsfsf] d"Nosf] /sd tyf OG6/kf]n /]8 sg{/ gf]l6; lkmtf{ lng'sf ;fy} dfcf]jfbLnfO{ æcftª\ssf/LÆ egL klxn] nufOPsf] laNnf lkmtf{ lnof]71 .

Diagram 2.2: Number of Killings, End of November 2001 to January 2003, by Region

;/sf/ / g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_n] cf}krfl/s jftf{sf] k"j{cEof;sf] ¿kdf ;g\ @))# dfr{df @@ a'Fb] o'4lj/fd cfrf/;+lxtfdf ;xdlt hgfP . ;Demf}tfcg';f/, ;]gfn] dfcf]jfbLlj?4 sf/afxL gug]{ / dfcf]jfbLn] klg xltof/ lnP/ ;fj{hlgs sfo{qmd gug]{ tyf hgcj/f]w jf x8tfn cflb gug]{ eP . ;Demf}tfdf cfrf/;+lxtfsf] kfngf eP gePsf] s'/fsf] cg'udg ug{ Pp6f t6:y cg'udg 6f]nLsf] klg Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . t/, of] 6f]nLsf] lgdf{0f x'g ;s]g / cfrf/;+lxtfsf] pNnª\3g ePsf ;dfrf/x¿ o'4lj/fd cjlwe/ lg/Gt/ cfO/x] .

;/sf/ / dfcf]jfbLaLrsf] klxnf] cf}krfl/s a}7s @)^) j}zfv !$ ut] sf7df8f}Fdf eof] . ;f] cj;/df dfcf]jfbLn] cfkm\gf] sfo{;"rL k|:t't u¥of] h;n] w]/}h;f] p;sf] klxn]sf] sfo{;"rLdfly g} hf]8 lbPsf] lyof] . of] ;"rLdf uf]nd]r ;Dd]ng, cGtl/d ;/sf/sf] u7g, cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] d:of}bf / ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgsf dfux¿ lyP . @)^) j}zfv @^ ut] sf7df8f}Fdf ePsf] bf];|f] a}7sdf y'g'jfx¿nfO{ l/xfO ug]{ tyf ;]gfsf] cfjthfjtnfO{ Aof/]ssf] kfFr lsnf]ld6/sf] If]qdf ;Lldt ug]{h:tf ljjfbf:kb d'2fx¿df ;xdlt eof] . k|ultsf oL ;ª\s]tx¿sf afah'b ;f/e"t d'2fdf s;/L cufl8 a9\g] eGg]af/] ;/f]sf/x¿ afFsL g} /x] . g]kfn /fli6«o dfgjclwsf/ cfof]un] ;g\ @))# dO{df Pp6f dfgjclwsf/ ;Demf}tf tof/ u/]sf] lyof] h;n] 71 International Crisis Group, Nepal Backgrounder (see footnote 67).

48

cfk;L cljZjf; tyf cf/f]k—k|Tof/f]knfO{ sd ug{ ;SYof], t/ g t ;/sf/n] g t g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_n] g} o;df x:tfIf/ u/] .

oL åGå/t kIfx¿n] dWoklZrdf~rn If]qdf ;g\ @))# cu:6df t];|f]k6s a}7s u/] — klxnf]rf]l6 afFs]sf] g]kfnuGhdf / kl5 bfª lhNnfsf] Pp6f b'u{d ufpFdf . dfcf]jfbLn] klxNo} k]; ul/;s]sf dfux¿sf] k|To'Q/df ;/sf/n] sfo{;"rLkq k|:t't u¥of] h;df p;n] uf]nd]r ;Dd]ngsf nflu jftf{ tyf ;j{bnLo cGtl/d ;/sf/sf] u7gsf ;DaGwdf ;xdlt hgfof] . t/, ljBdfg ;+ljwfgdf ;+zf]wg u/]/ dfq kl/jt{g ul/g'k5{ / of] qmlds ¿kdf x'g] ;'wf/ xf] eGb} ;/sf/n] dfcf]jfbLsf] ;+ljwfg;ef lgjf{rgsf] dfunfO{ c:jLsf/ u¥of] .

jftf{ eO/x]sf avt, @)^) ;fpg #@ ut], ;]gfsf] Pp6f u:tL 6f]nLn] /fd]5fk lhNnfsf] bf]/Dafdf !( hgfnfO{ y'gfdf lnO{ u}/sfg'gL 9ª\un] xTof u¥of] . dfl/Psfx¿dWo] ax';ª\Vos g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_;Fu cfa4 lyP72 . oL xTofnfO{ zflGt k|lqmofnfO{ layf]Ng]u/L hfgLhfgL km}nfOPsf] pQ]hgf egL Jofks ¿kdf JofVof ul/of] . bf]/Daf xTofsf08sf] bz lbgkl5 k|r08n] g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_sf] tkm{af6 Ps k|]; lj1lKt k|sflzt ub}{ æo'4lj/fd, cfrf/;+lxtf tyf jftf{ k|lqmof c;fGble{s tyf ;dfKt ePsf]Æ 3f]if0ff u/] .

o'4lj/fd cGTo ePsf] ef]lnkN6 dfcf]jfbLn] ;]gfsf Ps sg]{nnfO{ sf7df8f}Fdf pgs} 3/aflx/ uf]nL xfgL xTof u/] eg] csf{ sg]{nnfO{ 3fOt] t'NofP . To; 36gfsf] ef]lnkN6 pgLx¿n] ;ª\s6sfnsf] ;dodf dfcf]jfbLlj?4 rsf]{ ¿kdf af]Ng] Pshgf u[x /fHodGqLnfO{ uf]nL xfgL 3fOt] agfP . ;g\ @))# ;]K6]Da/df, dfcf]jfbLn] d'n'sel/ s}of}+ cfqmd0f u/] / To;af6 b'j} kIfdf xtfxtL x'gk'Uof] . pgLx¿n] cS6f]a/ !) / !# df afFs] tyf bfª lhNnfl:yt ;z:q k|x/Lansf] lzlj/df cfqmd0f u/] t/ oL b'j} 36gfdf pgLx¿n] 7"nf] Iflt a]xf]g'{k¥of] .

72 /fli6«o dfgjclwsf/ cfof]un] bf]/Daf xTofsf08af/] tTsfn xf]lzof/Lk"j{s cg';Gwfg ;'? u¥of] / kLl8tx¿nfO{ lgoGq0fdf lnPkl5 s'g} k|lqmofdf guO{ u}/sfg'gL ¿kdf xTof ul/Psf] / ;]gfn] eg]h:tf] pgLx¿ bf]xf]/f] uf]nL xfgfxfgdf dfl/Psf lyPgg\ eGg] lgisif{;lxtsf] k|ltj]bg lgsfNof] . ;]gfn] u}/Goflos xTof ePsf] eGg] cf/f]ksf] v08g ug'{sf ;fy} lj1tf tyf cfof]usf lgisif{dfly g} k|Zg p7fof] . To;}u/L, ;]gfn] u/]sf cg';Gwfgsf] lgisif{sf k|ltj]bgdfly g]kfnL u};; tyf cGt/f{li6« ;d'bfon] klg k|Zg p7fP . ;]gfsf] cg';Gwfgn] cGttM 36gfdf æs]xL u}/sfg'gL xTofÆ ePsf] s'/fnfO{ :jLsf/ u¥of] . Xo'dg /fO6\; jfrsf] Pp6f k|ltj]bgn] bf]/Daf 36gf;DaGwL ;]gfsf] clGtd k|ltj]bgn] s]xL u}/sfg'gL xTofsf nlfu lhDd]jf/L lnP klg Tof] xTofsf nflu hjfkmb]xLtf k|bfg ug]{ kf/bzL{ / ;';ª\ut k|of;eGbf cGt/f{li6«o bafa ;fd' ul/Psf] ;/sf/L 5'6 lyof] egL l6Kk0fL u¥of] . Nepal, National Human Rights Commission, “Doramba Incident, Ramechhap” (On-the-spot Inspection and Report of the Investigation Committee, 2003) Available from www.nhrcnepal.org///publication/doc/reports/Reprot_Doramba_R.pdf; Human Rights Watch, Between a Rock and a Hard Place (see footnote 24). See also TJRA Ref. No. 2003-08-17 - incident - Ramechhap - _i3381.

49

;g\ @))# gf]e]Da/df, g]kfn k|x/L, ;z:q k|x/Lan / /fli6«o cg';Gwfg ljefu ;a}nfO{ cf}krfl/s ¿kdf ;]gfsf] o'lgkmfO8 sdfG8cGtu{t /flvof], oBlk o'lgkmfO8 sdfG8sf] ;+/rgf ;g\ @))! Gff]e]Da/df klxnf]kN6 ;]gf kl/rfng ePkl5 g} Jojxf/tM sfof{Gjogdf cfO;s]sf] lyof] . To;afx]s, dfcf]jfbLsf] k|lt/f]w ug{73 ;/sf/n] gf]e]Da/df u}/;}lgs gful/sx¿åf/f u7g ul/Psf æu|fdL0f :jo+;]js ;'/Iff ;d"xÆ / æk|ltsf/ ;ldltÆ74nfO{ tflnd lbg ;'\? ug]{ of]hgfsf] 3f]if0ff u¥of] . Jojxf/df u}/;}lgs ldlnl;ofsf] ¿kdf sfd ug]{ oL ;d"x sltko lhNnfx¿, ljz]ifu/L klZrdf~rn tyf dWoklZrdf~rn If]q, df sf/afxLdf pq] .

PDg]:6L OG6/g];gnn] ;/sf/n] k|lt/Iff ;ldltx¿nfO{ cfly{s ¿kdf ;xof]u ul//x]sf] / ;]gfn] pgLx¿nfO{ tflnd lbO/x]sf] 5 eg]/ k|ltj]bg u/] . dfcf]jfbLn] pgLx¿nfO{ hfoh lg;fgfsf] ¿kdf lnP / ;g\ @))% sf] km]a|'c/L / clk|nsf] aLrdf oL b'j} kIfsf] aLrdf sltko 36gfx¿ ePsf lyP75 .

lj=;+= @)^) r}t & ut] dfcf]jfbLn] DofUbL lhNnfsf] ;b/d'sfd a]gLdf 7"nf] cfqmd0f u/] h;af6 b'j}tkm{af6 xtfxtL eof] . dfcf]jfbLn] k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/L tyf k|x/L gfoa pk/LIfs;lxt #& hgfnfO{ aGbL agfP . pgLx¿nfO{ kl5 5fl8of] .

emgemg lau|Fb} uO/x]sf] ;'/Iffl:yltsf afah'b, g]kfn ;/sf/n] dfgjclw/sf/k|ltsf] cfkm\gf] k|lta4tfnfO{ k'gk'{li6 ug]{ sfd ul//Xof] / ;g\ @))# l8;]Da/df k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\ sfof{nosf] dftxtdf /xg]u/L dfgjclwsf/ k|j4{g s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf u¥of] . ;g\ @))$ sf] dfr{df, ;/sf/n] ædfgjclwsf/ tyf cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg'gsf] sfof{Gjog;DaGwL >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] k|lta4tfÆ k|sfzg u/L dfgjclwsf/ l;4fGtk|ltsf] k|lta4tf hgfof] . cem} klg /fHosf] ;'/Iffanåf/f dfgjclwsf/sf] uDeL/ pNnª\3g eO/x]sf 5g\ eGg] va/x¿ cfO/x] . clk|ndf /fli6«o dfgjclwsf/ cfof]un] åGå/t b'j} kIfnfO{ ;Daf]wg u/]/ g]kfnsf nflu dfgjclwsf/ ;xfotf;DaGwL Ps jQmJo hf/L u¥of] . jQmJodf cfof]un] dfgjclwsf/ l:yltaf/] cfkm\gf] lrGtf hfx]/ ub}{ cfof]unfO{ æ/fi6«JofkL cg'udg / cg';Gwfgnufot cfkm\gf] sfof{b]z k"/f ug{dfÆ76 ;Ifd t'Nofpg dfgjclwsf/ pRrfo'Qmsf] 73 Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, Nepal Office, “Political, Economic and Social Development in Nepal in the Year 2003” (available from www.fesnepal.org/reports/2003/annual_reports/Political_report_2003.htm). A unit comprised 30

civilian volunteers and 15 armed personnel, and covered 3-4 Village Development Committees (VDC)

74 oL ;d"xx¿nfO{ cfd ¿kdf æk|ltsf/ ;ldltÆ elgGYof] .75 Amnesty International, Nepal: Fractured country, shattered lives (2 August 2005). Available from http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/info/ASA31/063/2005/en76 Nepal, National Commission on Human Rights, Chairperson’s statement, “Human Rights Assistance to Nepal” Available from http://ap.ohchr.org/documents/E/CHR/other/OHCHRSTMCHR043.doc

50

sfof{noåf/f pknAw x'g] k|fljlws ;xfotfsf nflu cfkm\gf] ;fy /x]sf] s'/f pNn]v u¥of] .

;g\ @))$ dO{df, bz cGt/f{li6«o bftfx¿n] :yfgLo dfcf]jfbLsf wDsLsf sf/0f dWo klZrdf~rn If]qsf ^ lhNnfdf cfkm\gf] sfd :yug ug'{k/]sf] 3f]if0ff ub}{ Pp6f ;+o'Qm jQmJo hf/L u/] . g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_n] ldq /fi6« jf o'/f]k]nL ;ª\3h:tf ;d"xx¿;Fu cfa4 ;ª\u7gx¿sf] lj/f]w gug{ jf ltgnfO{ Iflt gk'¥ofpg cfkm\gf sfo{stf{x¿nfO{ lgb]{zg lbPsf] elgP tfklg oL cfb]zx¿ Jojxf/df sfo{stf{åf/f kfngf ul/Psf] kfOPg .

;g\ @))$ h'nfO{df, ;/sf/n] dfgjclwsf/sf Jofks nIox¿nfO{ k|j4{g ug{] /0fgLltsf] ¿kdf /fli6«o dfgjclwsf/ sfo{of]hgfsf] ;'?jft ug'{sf ;fy} u[xdGqfnosf] dftxtdf JolQm a]kQf;DaGwL Pp6f cg';Gwfg cfof]u -dn]uf] cfof]u_ ;d]t :yfkgf u¥of] . l:ylt k|:6 gkfl/Psf xhf/f}F a]kQf;DaGwL 36gf eP tfklg dn]uf] cfof]unfO{ cg';Gwfg ug{ s]jn Ps dlxgfsf] ;do lbOPsf] lyof] / o;sf] clGtd k|ltj]bgn] vf;} k|efj kf/]g .

;g\ @))$ cS6f]a/df, ;/sf/n] cftª\ssf/L tyf ljWj+zfTds ultljlw cWofb]z -6f8f]_ y'g'jfx¿nfO{ cbfnt;fd' pkl:yt gu/fO{ lgjf/s gh/aGbdf /fVg ;lsg] cjlw 5 dlxgfaf6 Ps jif{;Dd a9fpFb} ;+zf]wg u¥of] . /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o ;ª\3;+:yfx¿n] ;'/Iffkmf}håf/f ePsf :j]R5frf/L kqmfp tyf To;;Fu ;DalGwt b'Jo{jxf/sf 36gfx¿nfO{ lg/Gt/ lnlka4 ub}{ To;af/] lrGtf JoQm ul//x] . hah{:tL tyf cg}lR5s ¿kdf a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{;DaGwL ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3Lo sfo{;d"xn] @))$ l8;]Da/df g]kfnsf] e|d0f u¥of] .

;g\ @))% hgj/Ldf, ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3Lo dfgjclwsf/ pRrfo'Qm n'O; cfa{/n] g]kfnsf] e|d0f u/L g]kfndf pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{nosf] lkmN8 ld;g :yfkgfsf nflu tT;DaGwL sfof{b]zaf/] 5nkmn ug'{eof] . o; lkmN8 ld;gnfO{ ;}lgs Aof/]snufot g]kfnsf ;a} 7fpF tyf cfjZos s'g} klg b:tfj]hdf lgjf{w kx'Fr k|fKt lyof] . o; ld;gnfO{ cfkm\gf If]qLo sfof{nox¿ :yfkgf ug{, ;fj{hlgs k|ltj]bgx¿ hf/L ug{, ;/sf/nfO{ k|fljlws ;xfotf pknAw u/fpg tyf u}//fHo kfqx¿;Fu ;+nUg /xg sfof{b]z k|fKt lyof] .

lj=;+= @)^! Dff3 !( ut], /fhfn] cfkm"n] dgf]gLt u/]sf] csf]{ ;/sf/nfO{ avf{:t u/], ;ª\s6sfn nufP, cg]sf}+ /fhgLlts g]tfx¿nfO{ gh/aGbdf /fv] jf h]n xfn] / k|ToIftM ;Qf cfkm\gf] xftdf lnP/ ;/sf/ k|d'v ag] .

51

;g\ @))% dO{df, pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{non] cfkm\gf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] lkmN8 ld;g g]kfndf :yfkgf u¥of] / dfgjclwsf/ cg'udg 6f]nLx¿ åGå/t b'j} kIfåf/f ePsf pNnª\3gsf cf/f]kx¿sf] tYofGj]if0f / cg';Gwfg ug{ wdfwd cfpg] sfd ;'? eof] .

lj=;+= @)^@ h]7 @# ut] lrtjg lhNnfsf] df8Ldf dfcf]jfbLx¿n] ;]gfsf l;kfxLx¿ klg ofqf ul//x]sf] Pp6f le8ef8o'Qm a;df ad lj:kmf]6 u/fP / tLg ;}lgs sd{rf/L;lxt #( hgfsf] Hofg uof] . rf/ ;}lgs sd{rf/Lnufot &@ hgf 3fOt] eP . g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_n] pQm 36gfsf] lhDd]jf/L lnFb} ;j{;fwf/0fdfly cfqmd0f ug]{ kf6L{sf] gLlt g/x]sf] bfaL u¥of] . pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{non] o; xTofsf08af/] Jofks cg';Gwfg u¥of]77 . o; qmddf g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_n] cfqmd0fsf nflu rf/ kfFr hgf sfo{stf{nfO{ lhDd]jf/ 7x¥ofOPsf] s'/f pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{nonfO{ atfof] t/ s'g} vf; JolQmnfO{ bl08t ul/Psf] :ki6 k|df0f o; sfof{non] kfPg .

dfcf]jfbLåf/f @)^@ ;fpg @# ut] sflnsf]6 lhNnfsf] lknLl:yt ;}lgs lzlj/df Pp6f 7"nf] cfqmd0f ul/of], h;df ^) hgf ;}lgs sd{rf/L kqmfpdf k/] . dfcf]jfbLn] y'gfdf /x]sf l;kfxLx¿;Fu h]g]ef dxf;lGwcg';f/ Jojxf/ ul/g] bfaL u/] / kfFr xKtfkl5 pgLx¿nfO{ cGt/f{li6«o /]8qm; ;ldltnfO{ x:tfGt/0f ul/of] .

g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_n] ;g\ @))% ;]K6]Da/df tLgdlxg] o'4lj/fdsf] 3f]if0ff u¥of] / ;/sf/n] o;sf] k|To'Q/ glbP klg o'4lj/fdsf] cjlw csf]{ Ps dlxgf a9fof] . bf];|f] jftf{ k|lqmof ljkmn ePkl5 dfcf]jfbLn] æ;}Go kmfl;jfbdfly cfqmd0f ug]{ kf6L{ gLltnfO{ b[9tfk"j{s cufl8 a9fpg]Æ lg0f{o u¥of]78 . t/, /fhf;Fu jf /fhgLlts bnx¿ sf];Fu ;xsfo{ u/]/ cufl8 a9\g] eGg] s'/fdf g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_leq} dtleGgtfx¿ lyP .

;g\ @))% dO{df, k|r08n] afa'/fd e§/fO{ tyf s[i0faxfb'/ dx/fnfO{ nf]stflGqs cfGbf]ngsf nflu cg's"n jftfjf/0f lgdf{0f ug{ g]kfnsf /fhgLlts bnx¿;Fu a}7s ug{ ljz]if lhDd]jf/L ;'lDPsf] egL Ps jQmJo hf/L u/] . ;g\ @))% cS6f]a/df r'gjfª\df ePsf] s]Gb|Lo ;ldltsf] a}7sn] nf]stflGqs u0ftGq :yfkgf ug]{ lgwf] u¥of] . 77 OHCHR-Nepal, Attacks against public transportation in Chitwan and Kabhrepalanchok Districts, (18 August 2005). Available from http://nepal.ohchr.org/en/index.html. See also, Ref. No. 2005-06-06 - incident - Chitwan _010678 g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_, æcGt/lj/f]wx¿sf] ;xL ;~rfngåf/f cfqmd0fnfO{ gofF prfO{df n}hfg] tof/Lsf nflu ;Dk"0f{ zlQm Pslqt ug]{Æ, æjt{dfg l:ylt / xfd|f] P]ltxfl;s sfo{ef/Æsf] k"/s k|:tfj, s]Gb|Lo sld6Lsf] kf]ln6Ao'/f] -@))# cS6f]a/_ .

52

d"nk|jfxsf /fhgLlts bnx¿ klg ToxL lbzflt/ qmdzM cufl8 al9/x]sf lyP . g]kfn sDo'lg:6 kf6L{ -PsLs[t dfS;{jfbL—n]lggjfbL_sf] s]Gb|Lo ;ldltsf] @))% cu:6df ePsf] a}7sn] ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgdfkm{t\ nf]stflGqs u0ftGq :yfkgf ug]{ lg0f{o u¥of] . g]kfnL sfª\u|];n] klg @))% cu:6df kf6L{ ljwfgaf6 ;+j}wflgs /fhtGqsf] k|fjwfg x6fpg] lg0f{o u¥of] h;nfO{ rfF8} g} dxflwj]zåf/f ;dy{g ul/of] .

lj=;+= @)^@ dª\l;/ & ut] /fhgLlts kf6L{x¿sf] ;ft bnLo u7aGwg -P;kLP_ / g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_n] ef/tsf] lbNnLdf !@ a'Fb] ;dembf/L ePsf] 3f]if0ff u/], h;n] ;z:q åGåsf] cGTo ug{ a[xt\ dfu{lrq cufl8 Nofof] .

pQm ;dembf/Lkqdf, g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_n] ;z:q åGånfO{ cGTo ug]{ / zflGtk"0f{ nf]stflGqs /fhgLltdf k|j]z ug]{ k|lta4tf JoQm u¥of] . pgLx¿ /fHosf] ;]gfsf ;fy;fy} g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_sf] ;z:q kmf}h cGt/f{li6«o ;'k/Lj]If0f ;DejtM ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3sf] dftxtdf /fVg, lj:yflktx¿nfO{ 3/ kms{g lbg, sAhf ul/Psf ;DklQ lkmtf{ ug{ / ljutdf ul/Psf ulNtx¿nfO{ km]l/ gbf]x¥ofpg] k|0f ub}{ ltgsf] cfTdd"Nofª\sg tyf cfTdfnf]rgf ug{ ;xdt eP . b'j} kIf dfgjclwsf/ tyf :jtGqtfx¿sf] ;Ddfg ug{] s'/fdf klg ;xdt eP .

dfcf]jfbLn] df3 @^ ut] to ul/Psf] gu/kflnsf lgjf{rgsf] k"j{;GWofdf cfkm\gf] rf/dlxg] o'4lj/fd @)^@ k'; !* ut] cGTo u¥of] . dfcf]jfbL / 7"nf ;ft /fhgLlts bnx¿sf] u7aGwgn] ;f] gu/kflnsf lgjf{rgsf] lj/f]w u/] / hgtfn] klg To;nfO{ /fhfn] cfkm\gf] xftdf lnPsf] ;QfnfO{ j}wflgstf k|bfg ug{ vf]h]sf] 36gfsf ¿kdf lnP .

gu/kflnsf lgjf{rg x'g'cl3 dfcf]jfbLåf/f cg]sf}F em8k tyf cfqmd0fx¿ eP79 / dfcf]jfbLx¿n] r'gfjL k|lqmof layf]Ng] k|of;:j¿k lgjf{rgsf pDd]bjf/x¿nfO{ wDsL lbPsf] tyf cfqmd0f u/]sf] elgof] . wg'iff lhNnfsf] hgsk'/df gu/k|d'vsf Ps pDd]bjf/nfO{ @))^ hgj/Ldf uf]nL xfgL xTof ul/of]80 .

79 /IffdGqfnosf] Ps lj1lKtcg';f/, ;'/Iffkmf}hn] tgx'F lhNnfsf] lrq] / cfdaf]6] Onfsfdf @)^@ k'; @* ut] / :ofª\hf lhNnfsf] dgsfdgfdf @)^@ k'; @( ut] dfcf]jfbLx¿sf] xTof u/] . dfcf]jfbL / ;'/Iffkmf}hsf] dsjfgk'/ lhNnfsf] kz'klt uflj;df @)^@ df3 * ut] em8k eof] h;af6 y'k|} dflg; xtfxt eP . km]l/, @)^@ df3 !$ ut], dfcf]jfbLn] ef]hk'/sf] 3f]8]6f/ ahf/ -/fgLjf; uflj;_l:yt ;}lgs cfwf/ lzlj/df cfqmd0f u/]kl5 Iflt a]xf]g'{k¥of] . To:t}, wflbª\sf] bf/]rf]sdf @)^@ kmfu'g * / ¿kGb]xLsf] 5f]/df/fdf @)^@ kmfu'g !$ ut] /fHosf] ;'/Iffkmf}hsf] cfqmd0fdf dfcf]jfbL dfl/P .80 Ref. No. 2006-01-22 - incident - Dhanusha _0090.

53

lj=;+= @)^@ df3 !( ut] ;ft bnLo u7aGwgn] cfufdL lgjf{rglj?4 /fi6«JofkL lj/f]w sfo{qmdx¿sf] cfof]hgf u¥of] eg] dfcf]jfbLn] kfNkf lhNnfsf] ;b/d'sfd tfg;]gdf eLif0f cfqmd0f u¥of] . pgLx¿n] ;/sf/L ejgx¿nfO{ Wj:t agfP / 7"nf] ;ª\Vofdf xtfxt eof] . pgLx¿n] cfqmd0fdf k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/Lnufot s]xL ;/sf/L clwsf/Lx¿nfO{ aGws agfP / s]xL lbgkl5 5f]l8lbP .

gu/kflnsf lgjf{rgcl3sf b'O{ lbgdf dfcf]jfbLn] sfe|] tyf wgs'6f lhNnfsf gu/kflnsfx¿df ePsf ;'/Iffkmf}hdfly cfqmd0f u/] / ;ft bnLo u7aGwgsf] ;xof]udf gu/kflnsf lgjf{rg lbgsf] 5]sf] kf/]/ PsxKt] cfd x8\tfnsf] 3f]if0ff u/]81 . ;/sf/n] lgjf{rg u/]/} 5f8\of] t/ dtbftfx¿sf] pkl:ylt eg] Psbd} Go"g lyof] .

;ft bnLo u7aGwg / dfcf]jfbL g]tfx¿sf] lbNnLdf @)^@ kmfu'g @& ut] ePsf] a}7sdf ;xsfo{sf ljlw k|lqmofaf/] ;xdlt eof] . dfcf]jfbLn] @)^@ r}t ! ut] tLgxKt] gfsfaGbL sfo{qmdsf] 3f]if0ff u¥of] h'g kl5 pgLx¿n] lkmtf{ lnP . To;kl5 pgLx¿n] lgof]lht lj/f]w sfo{qmdx¿nfO{ ;xh agfpg] k|of;:j¿k r}t @! ut]b]lv ;'? x'g]u/L sf7df8f}F pkTosfdf ;}Go cfqmd0f clglZrtsfnsf nflu PskIfLo ¿kdf aGb ul/Psf] 3f]if0ff u/] . t/, lhNnfdf eg] ;'/Iffkmf}hdflysf] cfqmd0f hf/L /Xof] .

;ft bnLo u7aGwgn] bf];|f] hgcfGbf]ng ;'? x'g] lbg kf/]/ @)^@ r}t @$—@& ;Dd cfd x8\tfnsf] cfXjfg u¥of] . To;cl3, ;/sf/n] sf7df8f}Fsf] ;x/L If]qdf ;a} k|sf/sf ;fj{hlgs e]nf tyf lj/f]w sfo{qmdx¿df k|ltaGw nufPsf] lyof] / /flt/flt skm{\o' nufpg'sf ;fy} /fhgLlts bnsf sfo{stf{x¿nfO{ w/ks8 ug]{ u/]sf] lyof] . d'n'ssf w]/} efudf lhNnf ;b/d'sfddf s]lGb|t /x]/ k|bz{gx¿sf] cfof]hgf ul/of] . Toltv]/sf l/kf]6{cg';f/, ;/sf/ kqmfp ug]{ tyf s'6lk6 ug{df pq]sf] lyof] / s]xL If]qdf lbpF;f] skm{\o';d]t nufOPsf] lyof] h;nfO{ hgtfn] tf]8]sf lyP . k|x/Låf/f ul/Psf] cTolws ansf] k|of]uaf6 dflg;x¿ dg'{sf ;fy} 3fOt] agfOP82 . ;do laTb} hfFbf sf7df8f}F / b]zsf cGo ;x/ tyf gu/sf ;8sdf k|bz{gsf/Lx¿ emgemg\ el/g yfn] .

ljleGg tx / tKsfsf g]kfnL hgtfn] b;f}F xhf/sf] ;ª\Vofdf u/]sf] nuftf/sf] d"ntM zflGtk"0f{ /x]sf] k|bz{gkl5 /fhfn] @)^# j}zfv !! ut] /fhgLltdf cfkm\gf] ;lqmo e"ldsfaf6 /fhLgfdf lbP / k|ltlglw;efsf] k'g:yf{kgfsf] 3f]if0ff u/], h'g /fhgLlts bnx¿sf] k|81 g]kfndf o;nfO{ cfd ¿kdf æaGbÆ eg]/ g} lrlgG5 . o;df ;fdfGotM Jofkf/, ljBfno tyf oftfoftsf ;fwgx¿ hah{:tL aGb u/fpg] sfd ul/G5 .82 OHCHR-Nepal, “The April Protests: Democratic Rights and the Excessive Use of Force,” (September 2006.)

54

d'v dfu lyof] . ;ft bnLo u7aGwgn] oL k|ultsf] :jfut u¥of], oBlk dfcf]jfbLn] ;'?df /fhfsf] 3f]if0ff / To;nfO{ :jLsf/ u/]sf]df u7aGwgsf] cfnf]rgf u/]sf] lyof] . To;sf] ;§f, ;+ljwfg;efsf] 3f]if0ff geP;Dd dfcf]jfbLn] zflGtk"0f{ lj/f]w sfo{qmdsf] cfXjfg u¥of] . o; dfunfO{ yk alnof] agfpg, pgLx¿n] /fhwfgL gfsfaGbLsf] 3f]if0ff u/] . t/, pgLx¿ o; c8fgdf nfdf] ;do;Dd l6ls/xg ;s]gg\ / ltgn] #)^# j}zfv !# ut] Ps kIfLo ¿kdf tLg dlxg] o'4lj/fdsf] 3f]if0ff u/] .

/fhfn] ;Qf 5f8]kl5 lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnf k|wfgdGqL ag] / k'g:yf{lkt k|ltlglw;efsf] klxnf] a}7s @)^# j}zfv !% ut] a:of] . ;/sf/n] j}zfv @) ut] clglZrtsfnLg o'4lj/fdsf] 3f]if0ff u¥of] / dfcf]jfbL g]tfx¿dfly nufOPsf] OG6/kf]n /]8 sg{/ gf]l6; x6fpg] k|lqmof ;'? u¥of] . To;sf] Ps ;ftfkl5, o;n] dfcf]jfbL g]tfx¿ dft[sf ofbj / ;'/]z cfn] du/lj?4 nufOPsf ;a} cftª\ssf/L cleof]u lkmtf{ lnof] / pgLx¿nfO{ gVv' h]naf6 l/xf u¥of] .

;/sf/ / g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_sf jftf{ 6f]nLx¿n] @)^# h]7 !@ ut] sf7df8f}Fdf a}7s u/L @% a'Fb] o'4lj/fd cfrf/;+lxtf ;fj{hlgs u/] . To;kl5 dfcf]jfbLx¿ ;fj{hlgs ¿kdf b]vf kg{ yfn] . ;g\ @))^ h'gdf ;/sf/n] cftª\ssf/L tyf ljWj+zfTds ultljlw cWofb]z lkmtf{ lnof] / dfcf]jfbLn] cfkm\gf] ;Dks{ sfof{no sf7df8f}Fdf vf]Nof] . ;/sf/ / dfcf]jfbLsf jftf{ 6f]nLx¿aLr ePsf] bf];|f] a}7saf6 #! ;b:oLo o'4lj/fd cg'udg ;ldltsf] u7g eof] eg] pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{nonfO{ dfgjclwsf/ cg'udgdf ;xfotf ug{ cg'/f]w ul/of] .

;ft bnLo u7aGwg / g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_sf] aLrdf @)^# c;f/ @ ut] cf7a'Fb] ;xdltdf x:tfIf/ ul/of] / cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] d:of}bf ug{ Ps ;ldltsf] u7g ul/of] . lj=;+= @)^# c;f/ !( ut] o'lgkmfO8 sdfG8sf] cGTo eof] . kl5 c;f]h ^ ut] ;}lgs ljw]os kfl/t u/L sfg'gsf] lgdf{0f ul/of] h;n] ljlwjt\ ¿kdf ;]gf / /fhtGqaLr /x]sf] ;DaGwnfO{ tf]8\of] / /fhfnfO{ ;]gfsf] k/dflwklt kbaf6 x6fof] .

55

Diagram 2.3: Number of Killings, End of August 2003 to 21 November 2006, by Region

t/, gofF ;/sf/n] dfcf]jfbL;Fu k/fdz{ gu/L g]kfndf ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3sf] ;+nUgtfaf/] /fi6«;ª\3sf dxf;lrjnfO{ kq k7fPkl5 ;/sf/ / dfcf]jfbLaLr dgd'6fj k}bf eof] . ;/sf/ / dfcf]jfbL pxL k]6af]nL ePsf 5'§f5'§} kqx¿ /fi6«;ª\3nfO{ k7fpg kl5 ;xdt eP .

To;kl5, ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3sf dxf;lrjn] Oofg dfl6{g, hf] kl5 pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{no—g]kfnsf] k|d'v ePsf lyP — nfO{ g]kfnsf nflu cfkm\gf] ljz]if k|ltlglwsf] ¿kdf lgo'lQm u/] . lj=;+= @)^# sflQs @@ ut] ;ft bn tyf g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_sf g]tfx¿ cGttM Pp6f ;xdltdf k'u] / @)^# dª\l;/ % ut] ;/sf/ / g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_sf aLr lj:t[t zflGt ;Demf}tfdf x:tfIf/ ;DkGg eof] . o; zflGt ;Demf}tfn] åGåsf] ljlwjt\ ¿kdf cGTo u¥of] / cGtl/d Joj:yflksf tyf cGtl/d ;/sf/sf] lgdf{0fsf nflu af6f] vf]Nof] . gofF ;+ljwfgsf] d:of}bf tof/ ug]{ lhDd]jf/L ePsf] ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg ;DkGg ug{ cGtl/d ;/sf/ lgo'lQm ul/of] .

;Demf}tfn] zflGt k|lqmofsf nflu a[xt\ dfu{lrq pknAw u/fof] / o;df åGåsf qmddf b'j} kIfåf/f ePsf ck/fwx¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{'kg]{ cfjZostf;DaGwL k|d'v k|fjwfgx¿ ;dfj]z ul/Psf lyP . o;sf kIfx¿n] ;Demf}tfdf s]xL dxTTjk"0f{ dfgjclwsf/ k|lta4tfx¿ u/] / pgLx¿ b'j} kIfåf/f ul/Psf] elgPsf pNnª\3g tyf b'Jo{jxf/af/] ;TotYo vf]tNg, åGåkLl8tx¿sf nflu Gofo k|fKt ug{ / b08xLgtfsf] cGTo ug{ ;xdt eP .

56

Diagram 2.4: Number of Killings, 1996-2006, by Perpetrators

57

cWofo # — åGå/t kIfx¿

#=! ;dLIff

o; cWofon] åGåsfnLg ;+:yfut ;+/rgfx¿ / o;} k|ltjb]gsf] cGoq lnlka4 ul/Psf slyt pNnª\3g tyf b'Jo{jxf/x¿sf] cg';Gwfg;Fu ;Da4 r]g ckm sdfG8af/] hfgsf/L pknAw u/fpF5 . o; cWofodf s'g} klg slyt pNnª\3g jf b'Jo{jxf/sf nflu JolQmut jf ;fd"lxs lhDd]jf/Laf/] bfaLsf ;fy s]xL klg elgPsf] 5}g, g t åGå;Fu ;DalGwt 36gfdf cf/f]lkt kL8s egL klxrfg ul/Psf] s'g} JolQmsf] gfd / bhf{ g} :yflkt ug{ vf]lhPsf] 5 .

#=@ zfxL g]kfnL ;]gf

zfxL g]kfnL ;]gf -zfg];]_83sf] Oltxf; ;g\ !&$) sf] bzsaf6 ;'? x'G584 . åGåcl3 ;]gfsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] kl5Nnf] k'g;{+/rgf /f0ff zf;gsf] cGTokl5 ;g\ !(%) sf] bzssf] ;'?df ePsf] kfOG5, hlta]nf ;]gf cfw'lgsLs/0f tyf k'gu{7gsf] k|lqmofaf6 u'lh|of]85 . o; k|lqmofn] cGttM ;}lgs P]g @)!^ hf/L u/fof], h'g P]gn] åGåsfnsf] clwsf+z cjlwel/ zfg];]nfO{ lgodg u¥of]86 . lj=;+= @)$& sf] ;+ljwfgdf klg zfg];];Fu ;DalGwt sltko k|fjwfgx¿ ;dfj]z ul/Psf 5g\ / o; ;+ljwfgn] klg åGåsfndf ;]gfnfO{ lgodg u¥of] .

lj=;+= @)$& sf] ;+ljwfgcGtu{t, k|wfg;]gfkltsf] lgo'lQm k|wfgdGqL87 sf] l;kmfl/;df /fhf— hf] cfkm}F ;]gfsf k/dflwklt lyP88— åf/f x'GYof] . ;+ljwfg tyf ;}lgs P]g, @)!^ cGtu{t /fhfnfO{ k|wfg;]gfkltåf/f ul/Psf lg0f{ox¿nfO{ :jLs[lt k|bfg ug]{ tyf P]g89 -*(_ åf/f lgodg ul/Psf s;}nfO{ klg ;]jfaf6 avf{:t ug{kfpg] nufotsf Jofks clwsf/x¿ lyP . k|wfg;]gfklt ;]gfsf] b}gfg'lbg sfo{;~rfngsf nflu lhDd]jf/ lyP, oBlk pgL 83 lj=;+= @)^# h]7 $ ut], k|ltlglw;efn] cfkm"nfO{ /fi6«sf] ;jf]{Rr ;+:yf eGb} Ps gf}a'Fb] k|:tfj kfl/t u¥of] / /fhfsf clwsf/x¿ s6f}tL u/]sf] 3f]if0ff ug'{sf ;fy} zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfnufotsf ;a} ;/sf/L sfof{nox¿n] cfkm\gf sfof{nosf gfdaf6 …zfxLÚ eGg] zAb x6fpg'kg]{ Joj:yf ul/of] . o; k|ltj]bgdf, åGåsfndf ;]gf eGg] zAbn] zfxL g]kfnL ;]gf -zfg];]_nfO{ hgfpFb5 eg] o; ldltkl5 k|of]u ePsf] ;]gfn] g]kfnL ;]gfnfO{ hgfpFb5 .84 Nepalese Army: A Force with History, Ready for Tomorrow. RNA Directorate of Public Relations, 2008. p. ii, 4.85 Military History of Nepal, vol. 2. RNA Directorate of Public Relations, 2009. p. 386 ;}lgs P]g, @)^# lj:t[t zflGt ;Demf}tfdf x:tfIf/ x'g'eGbf b'O{dlxgf hlt cl3 @)^# c;f]h !@ ut] kfl/t ul/Psf] lyof] .87 sfg'gcg';f/, k|wfg;]gfkltnfO{ zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfsf] k|wfg;]gfklt egL kl/efiff ul/Psf] 5 h;nfO{ /fhfåf/f lgo'lQm ul/G5 .88 wf/f !!*=!M æzfxL g]kfnL ;]gfsf] k/dflwklt >L % xf]OaS;G5,Æ wf/f !!*=@M æ>L % af6 k|wfgdGqLsf] l;kmfl/;df zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfsf] k|wfg;]gfklt lgo'Qm ul/aS;g]5 .Æ Constitution of the Kingdom of Nepal (1990), Aavailable at http://www.lawcommission.gov.np/index.php/en/old-constitutions/doc/583/raw.89 ;}lgs P]g, @)!^, bkmfx¿ !$, ^(, &@, &# .

58

k/dflwkltsf] ¿kdf /x]sf /fhfsf] dftxtdf /x]sf lyP / pgn] cfkm\gf] kbef/ u|x0f ug'{cl3 /fhf;dIf zky lng'kYof]{90 . lj=;+= @)$& sf] ;+ljwfgn] k|wfgdGqL cWoIf /xg]u/L Ps /fli6«o ;'/Iff kl/ifb\sf] Joj:yf u¥of], h;n] ;]gfsf] æk|of]uÆ;DaGwL l;kmfl/;x¿ /fhfnfO{ ug{ ;SYof]91 .

åGåsfndf zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfsf k|wfg;]gfkltx¿df wd{kfna/l;+x yfkf -@)%@ h]7 ! — @)%^ h]7 @_, k|HjNn zdz]/ /f0ff -@)%^ h]7 @ — @)%( ebf} @$_, Kof/hª yfkf -@)%( ebf} @$ — @)^# ebf} @$_ / ?Sdfª\ub s6'jfn -@)^# ebf} @$ — @)^^ ebf} @$_ lyP92 . åGåsfndf ;]gfsf k/dflwkltx¿df @)%* h]7 !( ut] dfl/g' cl3;Dd /fhf jL/]Gb| zfx / To;kl5 /fhf 1fg]Gb| zfx lyP .

;g\ !((* df ;]gfsf] ;ª\Vof klbs / jflxgL u/]/ $^ xhf/ lyof]93 . ;g\ @))! df ;]gf kl/rfng x'g'cl3 ;Dd åGåsf k|f/lDes jif{x¿df g]kfnleq zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfsf ultljlwx¿ d"ntM tflnd lbg], /fli6«o lgs'~hx¿nfO{ ;'/Iff k|bfg ug]{, /fli6«o ljkb\sf a]nf p4f/ sf/afxL ;~rfng ug]{, ljsf; lgdf{0fsf sfd ug]{ -h:t}, b'u{d If]qdf ;8s / k'n agfpg]_ / /fli6«o tyf ;fF:s[lts sfo{qmdx¿df cGo cf}krfl/s e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{df dfq ;Lldt /Xof] . zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfnfO{ ;g\ !(&) sf] bzsdf vDkf ljb|f]xLx¿nfO{ lgz:q kfg{ pkNnf] d':tfªdf 5f]6f] tyf ;+s]lGb|t cleofgsf qmddf kl/rflnt ePsf]df afx]s94 g]kfnleq ;]gfnfO{ ;}lgs sf/afxLdf kl/rfng ul/Psf] lyPg / o;n] n8]sf] ;a}eGbf kl5Nnf] n8fOF eg]sf] ;g\ !*)) sf] bzssf] k|f/Dedf lyof] . zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfsf w]/} sd{rf/LnfO{ ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3Lo zflGt :yfkgf ld;gdf /x]/ cGo d'n'sx¿sf] åGåsfnLg tyf åGåf]Q/ kl/l:yltdf sfd u/]sf] ePklg / w]/} clws[tn] ljb]zdf ;}lgs tflnd lnPsf] ePklg ;]gfnfO{ ;du|df t'ngfTds ¿kn] cljlR5Gg n8fOF / k|ltljb|f]x sf/afxLsf] cg'ej / tflnd lyPg .

;g\ !(() sf] bzssf] kl5Nnf] cjlwdf åGåsf] kf/f] a9\b} hfFbf dfcf]jfbLlj?4 ;]gf kl/rfngsf] cfd c8\snafhL a9\b} uPklg ;/sf/n] dfcf]jfbL zflGt ;'/Iffsf] ;d:of xf] egL lg/Gt/ c8\8L lnof] / To;nfO{ ;'Nemfpg g]kfn k|x/LnfO{ kl/rfng ul/of . ;fy}, @)%90 P]= bkmfx¿, #=!, #=@ .91 g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$&, wf/f !!*=@M æ>L % af6 zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfsf] ;~rfng / k|of]u /fli6«o ;'/Iff kl/ifb\sf] l;kmfl/;df ul/aS;g]5Æ .92 zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfsf] hg;Dks{ lgb]{zgfno, k|]; lj1lKt, @)^^ ebf} @% (retrieved from http://www.nepalarmy.mil.np/pressrelease.php?newsid=64&&lan=np, though no longer available online).93 “1 Royal Guard Brigade, 7 infantry brigades, 44 independent infantry companies, 1 Special Force brigade, 1 artillery brigade and 1 engineering brigade.” Nepali and Subba, “Civil-Military Relations and the Maoist Insurgency in Nepal,” Small Wars and Insurgencies, Vol. 16, No. 1, 83–110, March 2005, p. 98.94 Military History of Nepal, p. 643 (see footnote 85).

59

% r}t ! ut] dlGqkl/ifb\sf] lg0f{on] sf7df8f}F pkTosfsf s]xL lglZrt 7fpF / dGqL tyf cGo dxTTjk"0f{ ljlzi6 JolQmx¿nfO{ ;'/Iff k|bfg ug]{ sfo{ef/ ;]gfnfO{ ;'lDkof]95 . To;afx]s, ;g\ !((* / @))) sf] aLrdf s}of}+k6s ;]gfsf] ;+/rgf lj:tf/ ug]{ sfd eof] . o;df Pp6f Pp6f gofF jflxgL / u0fsf] :yfkgf, tLgj6f u0fsf] k'g:yf{kgf / b'O{j6f u0fsf] lj:tf/nufotsf sfd eP96 .

g]kfn k|x/L dfq dfcf]jfbLlj?4 lg/Gt/ kl/rflnt eO/x] klg ;/sf/n] ;g\ @))! sf] ;'?lt/ æPsLs[t cfGtl/s ;'/Iff tyf ljsf; of]hgfÆ -cfO{P;8LkL_ gfds ædg jrg;lxtsf]Æ ljsf; sfo{qmdcGtu{t ;ftj6f lhNnfdf97 ;]gf kl/rfng ug]{ of]hgf yfNof] . cy{dGqLn] @)%* c;f/ @% ut] ;+;b\df lbPsf] cfkm\gf] ah]6 efif0fdf æxfnsf] zflGt ;'/Iffsf] l:yltdf ;'wf/ Nofpg g]kfn k|x/L, zfxL g]kfnL ;]gf tyf zflGt ;'/Iff;Fu ;DalGwt cGo lgsfonfO{ ljsf; sfo{qmddf cfa4 u/L ltgnfO{ PsLs[t ¿kdf kl/rfng ul/g]5Æ / To;}cg';f/ ah]6df /sd 5'6\ofOPsf] s'/f pNn]v u/]98 . sfo{qmddf cfqmfds sf/afxLsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] geP klg of]hgfcGtu{t klxnf]k6s åGåsf] ;Gbe{df ;]gfnfO{ Aof/]saf6 kl/rfng ul/Psf] lyof] . ;g\ @))! s} ;'?df ;]gfn] Pp6f u'NdnfO{ klbs u0fdf :t/f]Gglt u¥of] eg] tLgj6f klbs sDkgLsf] k'g:yf{kgf u¥of] .

o'4lj/fd cGTo ePnuQ} @)%* dª\l;/ * ut] dfcf]jfbLn] bfª\sf] 3f]/fxLl:yt ;}lgs Aof/]sdf ul/Psf] klxnf] cfqmd0fnufot b]zel/ cfqmd0fx¿ u¥of] . dª\l;/ !! ut] ;ª\s6sfnsf] 3f]if0ff ul/of] / ;]gfnfO{ dfcf]jfbLlj?4 kl/rfngsf nflu cfb]z lbOof] . o; 36gfkl5 zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfn] ;'? eO;s]sf] ;fª\u7lgs lj:tf/nfO{ klbs, u'Nd tyf u0fx¿nfO{ :yfkgf, k'g:yf{kgf tyf :t/f]GgtL u/]/ cem tLj| kf¥of] / ;}lgs ;ª\Vof a9fpg yfNof] . åGåsfndf zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfsf] ;ª\Vofdf 7\ofSs} slt j[l4 eof] eGg]af/] km/s km/s hfgsf/L eP klg åGåsf] cGTo x'g]a]nf ;Dd

95 P]= k[= #!#—!$ .96 P]= k[= @@)—@!, @@( .97 o; sfo{qmdn] ;'?df ?s'd, /f]Nkf, ;Nofg, Ko'7fg, sflnsf]6, hfh/sf]6 / uf]/vfnfO{ nlIot u/]sf] lyof], oBlk sfo{qmd slt;Dd sfofGjog ul/of] eGg] s'/f :ki6 5}g . ;g\ @))@ df zfg];]sf] ja;fO6df /flvPsf] hfgsf/Ldf elgPsf] lyof]M æxfn cfO{P;8LkL uf]/vf lhNnfdf dfq k|efjsf/L /x]sf] 5 .Æ Available from http://web.archive.org/web/20020929054959/www.rna.mil.np/exhibition.htm. cfly{s jif{ @))#÷@))$ -O{=_ ;Dddf, c¿ ;ftj6f lhNnf — /;'jf, g'jfsf]6, wflbª\, sfe|], l;Gw'kfNrf]s, eQmk'/ / nlntk'/ — nfO{ sfo{qmddf ;dfj]z ul/Psf] lyof] . >L % sf] ;/sf/, cy{ dGqfno, k|sfzg, @))% . Available from www.mof.gov.np/publication/budget/2005/pdf/chapter13.pdf.98 cfly{s jif{ @))!÷@))@ sf] ah]6 efif0f, >L % sf] ;/sf/, cy{ dGqfno, http://www.mof.gov.np/publication/budget/2001/index.php df pknAw .

60

kfFrjif{ cl3 ;]gfsf] cfsf/ hlt lyof] To;sf] b'O{ u'0ff j[l4 ePsf] lyof]99 .

;g\ @))! Gff]e]Da/;Dddf sf7df8f}Fdf k|wfg sfof{no ePsf] pkTosf sdfG8sf cltl/Qm kfFr ljsf; If]qdWo] k|To]s ljsf; If]qdf Ps Ps k[tgf sdfG8 x'g]u/L ;}lgs ;+/rgfsf] lj:tf/ ePsf] lyof] .

#=# g]kfn k|x/L

g]kfn k|x/L -g]k|_sf] Oltxf; !(cf}F ztfAbL ;'? x'g'cl3 g} b]lv ePsf] kfOG5100 . g]kfn k|x/Lsf] lgodg g]kfn k|x/L P]g, @)!@ åf/f ul/G5101 .

g]kfn k|x/L u[xdGqfnocGtu{t kb{5 / o;sf] g]t[Tj k|x/L dxflg/LIfsn] ub{5g\ . åGåsfndf ePsf g]kfn k|x/L dxflg/LIfsx¿ x'g\M cRo'ts[i0f v/]n -!((^ km]a|'c/L—!((^ dfr{_, w|'jaxfb'/ k|wfg -!((^ dfr{—!((^ l8;]Da/_, cRo'ts[i0f v/]n -k'gM !((^ l8;]Da/—!((( ;]K6]Da/_, k|lbk zdz]/ ha/f -!((( ;]K6]Da/—@))@ l8;]Da/_, ZofdeQm yfkf -@))@ l8;]Da/—@))^ ;]K6]Da/_ / cf]dljqmd /f0ff -@))^ ;]K6]Da/—@))* ;]K6]Da/_ .

åGåsf] cjlwdf k|To]s ljsf; If]qdf Ps—Psj6f u/L kfFr ljsf; If]qdf kfFrj6f If]qLo k|x/L sfof{no lyP . If]qLo txeGbf d'lg !$ c~rndf !$ If]qLo k|x/L sfof{no lyP . lhNnf :t/df, ;a} &% lhNnfdf Pp6f Pp6f lhNnf k|x/L sfof{no 5g\ .

k|x/L P]g, @)!@ cg';f/, k|x/Lsf] /]vb]v / lgoGq0f ug]{ / k|x/LnfO{ lgb]{zg lbg] clwsf/ g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ x'g]5 / g]kfn ;/sf/sf] cfb]z / lgb]{zg kfng ug'{ k|To]s k|x/L sd{rf/Lsf] st{Jo x'g]5 .

k|x/L P]g, @)!@ sf] bkmf ^=! n] cfkm\gf] c~rnsf] k|x/L k|zf;gsf] lhDd]jf/L c~rn k|x/L sfof{nox¿nfO{ lbPsf] 5 . lhNnf:t/Lo k|x/L sd{rf/Lx¿ zflGt ;'/Iff / ;f];DaGwL k|zf;gsf ;DaGwdf k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/Lsf] lgoGq0f / lgb]{zgdf /xG5g\ . zflGt ;'/Iffsf ;DaGwdf k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/Ln] lbPsf cfb]z tyf

99 Figures between 92,000 and 96,000 are cited in Narhari Acharya, “The Nepalese Army,” in Bishnu Sapkota, ed., The Nepali Security Sector: An Almanac. DCAF, 2009. p. 125.100 Oltxf;, g]kfn k|x/L, http://www.nepalpolice.gov.np/history.html df pknAw .101 ;g\ !(&@ df kfFrf}k6s ;+zf]wg .

61

lgb]{zgx¿ kfngf ug'{sf cltl/Qm sfg'gadf]lhd k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/Ln] ug'{kg]{ cGo sfddf lghnfO{ ;xof]u ug'{ lhNnf k|x/L sd{rf/Lsf] st{Jo x'g]5 eGg] s'/f klg bkmf * n] atfPsf] 5 .

;g\ @))( ;Dd, g]kfn k|x/Lsf] ;ª\Vof sl/a %^ xhf/ lyof]102 .

#=$ ;z:q k|x/L an

;z:q k|x/L an -;k|a_ klxnf ;g\ @))! hgj/Ldf cWofb]zdfkm{t\ :yfkgf ul/Psf] Ps cw{;}lgs k|x/L an xf] . ;k|asf] :yfkgfn] Toltv]/ kfFrf} jif{df k|j]z u/]sf] / rls{+b} uPsf] åGånfO{ x]bf{ dfcf]jfbLlj?4 yk kmf}h kl/rfng ug'{kg]{ ;/sf/sf] cfjZostf / ljb|f]x;Fu n8\g tflnd k|fKt gu/]sf] hgky k|x/Ln] lg/Gt/ ;fdgf u/]sf] r'gf}tLnfO{ emNsfof] . cWofb]z hf/L ePnuQ} ;k|asf] d'Vofno sf7df8f}Fdf :yfkgf ul/of] . ;z:q k|x/L an P]g, @)%* ;f]xL jif{sf] ebf} % ut] hf/L ul/of] .

;k|a u[x dGqfnocGtu{t kb{5103 / o;sf] k|d'vdf k|x/L dxflg/LIfs /xg] Joj:yf 5 . åGåsfndf ;k|asf k|x/L dxflg/LIfs x'g]x¿df s[i0fdf]xg >]i7 -@)%( df3 !@ ut] d[To' geP;Dd_, ;xjL/ yfkf -@)%( df3 !#—@)^# j}zfv @*_ / jf;'b]j cf]nL -@)^# h]7 @(—@)^^ j}zfv @_ lyP .

;k|asf sfo{x¿ ;z:q k|x/L an P]g, @)%* df ;"rLs[t 5g\ . ;k|asf k|yd tLgj6f sfo{x¿ åGåsf] ;Gbe{df p;sf] e"ldsfaf/] k|:6 5g\M

-s_ g]kfnsf] s'g} efudf ePsf] jf x'g ;Sg] ;z:q ;ª\3if{ lgoGq0f ug{,-v_ g]kfnsf] s'g} efudf ePsf] jf x'g ;Sg] ;z:q ljb|f]x jf k[ystfjfbL ultljlw lgoGq0f ug]{,-u_ g]kfnsf] s'g} efudf ePsf] jf x'g ;Sg] cftª\ssf/L ultljlw lgoGq0f ug{104 .

;z:q k|x/L P]g, @)%* cg';f/, ;k|asf] kl/rfng x'g'cl3, g]kfn ;/sf/n] ;z:q k|x/Lsf] ;ª\Vof / ltgnfO{ kl/rfng ugf{sf sf/0faf/] 102 Govinda Thapa, “The Nepal Police and Armed Police Force”, in Bishnu Sapkota, ed., The Nepali Security Sector: An Almanac, DCAF, 2009, p.159.103 ;z:q k|x/L P]g, @)%* elgPh:t} ;k|asf] /]vb]vsf] lhDdf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] xf], bkmf $-!_M æ;z:q k|x/Lsf] /]vb]v ug]{, lgoGq0f ug]{ / lgb]{zg lbg] clwsf/ g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ x'g]5 .Æ Available at http://www.lawcommission.gov.np/index.php/en/acts-english/doc/720/raw.104 P]= bkmf ^-!_ .

62

/fli6«o ;'/Iff kl/ifb\ / s]Gb|Lo ;'/Iff ;ldltnfO{ clu|d hfgsf/L u/fpg' kg]{5105 .

;g\ @))# df k|wfgdGqLåf/f 3f]if0ff ul/Psf] o'lgkmfO8 sdfG8sf] cjwf/0ffn] sf/afxLsf] l;nl;nfdf g]kfn k|x/L / ;k|anfO{ ;]gfsf] dftxtdf /fv] tfklg, ;z:q k|x/L an P]g, @)%* — ;f]xL jif{sf] kl5Nnf] cjlwdf ;]gf kl/rfng x'g'cl3 hf/L ul/Psf] — n] ;+o'Qm sf/afxLsf l;nl;nfdf kl/rflnt x'g'k/]sf] cj:yfdf ;k|a zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfsf] sdfG8df /x]/ sfd ug]{ Joj:yf ul/;s]sf] lyof] . P]gsf] bkmf * cg';f/ M

g]kfnL ;]gfsf] lgoGq0fdf /xg]M g]kfnsf] s'g} efudf zflGt / ;'Joj:yf sfod ug]{ k|of]hgsf nflu zfxL g]kfnL ;]gf ;~rfng ePsf] cj:yfdf g]kfnL ;]gf ;~rfng ePsf] cjlwe/ ;DalGwt 7fpFsf ;z:q k|x/L g]kfnL ;]gfsf] lgoGq0fdf /xg]5g\106 .

;z:q k|x/L an ;]jf cfof]usf] :yfkgf gx'Fbf;Dd ;k|asf sd{rf/L ;'?df zfxL g]kfnL ;]gf / g]kfn k|x/Laf6 lnOPsf lyP . åGåsf] cGTo;Dd cfOk'Ubf ;k|asf] ;ª\Vof emG8} #) xhf/ k'Uof] / o;nfO{ k|To]s ljsf; If]qdf Pp6f jflxgL /xg] u/L kfFrj6f n8fs' jflxgLdf ljGof; ul/Psf] lyof] . k|To]s n8fs' jflxgLdf s}og klbs u0f / klbs u'Ndx¿ lyP . ltgLx¿sf] ;ª\Vof eg] If]qlkR5] g} km/s x'GYof]107 .

#=% g]kfn sDo'lg:6 kf6L{ -dfcf]jfbL_

g]kfn sDo'lg:6 kf6L{ -dfcf]jfbL_sf]108 u7g ;g\ !((% df ePsf] lyof]109 . kf6L{sf] g]t[Tj cWoIfåf/f ul/Psf] lyof], hf] åGåsfnLg ;doe/ k'iksnd bfxfn /x] . To;afx]s, bfxfn g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_sf] ;}lgs b:tf hgd'lQm ;]gfsf] ;jf]{Rr sdfG8/ lyP -/ 5g\_ .

105 P]= bkmf ^-@_M æg]kfn ;/sf/n] g]kfnsf] s'g} efudf ;z:q k|x/L ;~rfng u/]sf] xKtfdf sDtLdf Psk6s To; If]qdf ;~rfng ePsf ;z:q k|x/Lsf] ;ª\Vof / ;z:q k|x/Ln] ul//x]sf] sfd sf/afxLsf] ;DaGwdf /fli6«o ;'/Iff kl/ifb\ / s]Gb|Lo ;'/Iff ;ldltnfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpg'kg]{5 .Æ106 P]= bkmf *107 g]kfn ;/sf/ u[xdGqfno, ;z:q k|x/L an, ækl/roÆ, Available at http://www.apf.gov.np/introduction/introduction.php108 g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_nfO{ @))( hgj/Ldf k'ggf{ds/0f u/L PsLs[t g]kfn sDo'lg:6 kf6L{ -dfcf]jfbL_ agfOof] .109 See Annex 1 – Timeline, p. Error: Reference source not found and Chapter 2 – History of the Conflict, p. Error: Reference source not found.

63

;g\ !((% ;]K6]Da/df kf6L{sf] s]Gb|Lo ;ldltåf/f cjnDag ul/Psf] æhgo'4sf] P]ltxfl;s ;'?jftsf ;}4flGts cfwf/x¿Æ gfds b:tfj]hdf pNn]v ePcg';f/, dfcf]jfbL ;]gf g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_ kf6L{sf] g]t[TjcGtu{t cfof] / o;sf] p2]Zo kf6L{sf] /fhgLlts nIo tyf lxtcg';f/ sfd ug'{{ lyof]110 . ;f] b:tfj]hn] kf6L{s} g]t[Tjdf æqmflGtsf/L ;+o'Qm df]rf{Æsf] :yfkgfsf] klg Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . ;+o'Qm qmflGtsf/L hgkl/ifb\, g]kfn -o"kLcf/;L—g]kfn_sf] ¿kdf /x]sf] ;+o'Qm df]rf{n] kl5 uP/ dfcf]jfbLåf/f /fli6«o tyf :yfgLo :t/df 3f]if0ff ul/Psf æhg;/sf/Æ Pj+ æhgcbfntx¿Æsf] cfwf/e"ld tof/ kf¥of]111 .

hgd'lQm ;]gfsf] lgdf{0f @))! ;]K6]Da/df112 ePsf] s'/f dfcf]jfbL ;]gfsf] k|yd /fli6«o ;Dd]ngdf 3f]if0ff ul/of], oBlk dfcf]jfbLx¿ cfkm\gf] ;}Go Ifdtf æhgo'4Æ yfn]b]lv g} ljsf; ul//x]sf lyP / hgd'lQm ;]gfsf] lgdf{0f ePsf] cf}krfl/s 3f]if0ff ug'{ cl3b]lv g} r]g ckm sdfG8cGtu{t sfd ul//x]sf / ;}Go sf/afxLdf ;+nUg ;lqmo n8fs'x¿ lyP . æs]Gb|Lo ;}lgs cfof]u, g]kfn sDo'lg:6 kf6L{ -dfcf]jfbL_Æåf/f @)%$ kmfu'g !

110 “Theoretical Premises for the Historic Initiation of the People’s War”, September 1995, Available at http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/nepal/document/papers/theoretical_premises.htm: ªM æof] of]hgf ;j{xf/f ju{sf] kf6L{sf] g]t[Tjdf gf}nf] hgjfbL qmflGtsf] r/0fdf qmflGtsf/L ;+o'Qm df]rf{ / qmflGtsf/L ;]gfsf] lgdf{0fsf ;}4flGts k|:tfjgfdf cfwfl/t x'g]5 Æ / a'Fbf g+= rM æ=== kf6L{sf] g]t[Tjdf ;fdGtjfb tyf ;fd|fHojfblj/f]wL hgtfsf ;a} tx / k|ju{x¿nfO{ Psa4 u/L ;z:q ;ª\3if{ ul/g]5 .Æ ;]gfn] kf6L{nfO{ lgoGq0f ug]{ geO{ kf6L{n] ;]gfnfO{ lgoGq0f ug'{kg]{ s'/fdf klg !((% dfr{df ;DkGg kf6L{ s]Gb|Lo ;ldltåf/f kfl/t æg]kfndf ;z:q ;ª\3if{sf /0fgLlt / sfo{gLltx¿Ædf hf]8 lbOPsf] 5 . Available at http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/nepal/document/papers/strategy_and_tattics.htm: æo; af6f] -hgo'4_sf cfwf/e"t l;4fGtx¿ dfS;{jfb, n]lggjfb / dfcf]jfbsf] j}rfl/s dfu{lgb]{zgnfO{ ;jf]{k/L /fvL ;]gfdfly kf6L{sf] g]t[Tj :yflkt ug'{ / s'g} klg xfntdf aGb'sn] kf6L{dfly lgoGq0f /fVg kfpg] l:ylt x'g glbg' x'g\ .Æ o; d'2fdf afa'/fdåf/f ul/Psf l6Kk0fLx¿ klg x]g'xf];\M ækf6L{sf] ;]gf / /fhgLlts zfvfsf aLrdf ePsf tyfslyt cGt/lj/f]wx¿af/] lg/Gt/ b'Zk|rf/ cleofg yflnPsf] 5 . xfdL km]l/ klg eG5f}+ of] laNs'n lg/fwf/, cgu{n / xflgsf/s 5 . csf]{ s'/f, xfdL of] uj{;fy 3f]if0ff u5f}{+ ls ;dsfnLg qmflGtsf/L ljZjdf xfd|f] cfGbf]ng g} ;a}eGbf Psa4 / s]Gb|Ls[t xf]nf, hxfF k|To]s ;}lgs / u}/;}lgs sf/afxL ;+o'Qm lg0f{o tyf of]hgfcg';f/ x'g] u5{g\ . a? xfd|f lj/f]wLx¿ xfdL;Fu PsLs[t /fhgLlts—;}lgs ;+oGq ePsf] / aflx/ c8\snafhL ul/Ph:tf] s'g} 5'§} æ;}lgsÆ / æ/fhgLltsÆ zfvf gePsf] s'/f a'em\g ;Sb}gg\ . xfdL kf6L{sf] ;af]{Rr / PsLs[t g]t[Tjdf ;fª\u7lgs ¿kdf kf6L{, ;]gf / ;+o'Qm df]rf{sf] s]Gb|Ls[t lgdf{0fk|lt k|lta4 ePsfn] kf6L{ / ;]gfaLrsf] ;DaGw ækf6L{n] aGb'ssf] sdfG8 ub{5Æ eGg] sygdf cfwfl/t 5 . “Rejoinder on Some Current Issues: A Communication from the Revolutionaries in Nepal on the Current (September 2002) Situation in the Civil War.” Monthly Review (21 September, 2002) available at www.monthlyreview.org/0902bhattarai.htm111 lj=;+= @)%* dª\l;/ * ut] afa'/fdsf] ;dGjodf s]Gb|Lo hg;/sf/ -o"cf/kL;L_ u7g ePsf] 3f]if0ff ul/of] . x]g'{xf];\ n]vgfy Gof}kfg], lehg k|sfzg, @))^, k[= #$ . s]Gb|Lo hg;/sf/sf k|:tfljt ;/sf/L tyf Goflos e"ldsfaf/] yk hfgsf/Lsf nflu, x]g'{xf];\ æ;+o'Qm qmflGtsf/L hgkl/ifb\sf ;femf gLlt tyf sfo{qmd,Æ available from http://www.bannedthought.net/Nepal/Worker/Worker-08/CommonMinProg-URPC-W08.htm.112 Kiyoko Ogura, “Realities and Images of Nepal’s Maoists after the Attack on Beni,” European Bulletin of Himalayan Research, vol 27, 2004, p. 69.

64

ut] k|sflzt jQmJocg';f/, To;a]nf y'k|} ;lqmo æ;}Go :Sjf8Æ lyP, oBlk clxn];Dd oL Knf6'gsf] :t/df eg] k'u]sf lyPgg\113 . æljz]if sfo{bnx¿Æ ;g\ !((*—(( sf] aLrdf :yfkgf u/]sf] elgof] / klxnf] :yfoL u'Nd ;g\ @))) sf] h'nfO{—cu:6df u7g ul/of]114 . u'0f:t/Lo ;+/rgf lgdf{0fsf] 3f]if0ff dfly plNnlvt @))! ;]K6]Da/df ePsf] ;Dd]ngdf ul/Psf] lyof]115 . ;g\ @))@ sf] h'g—h'nfO{df hgd'lQm ;]gfn] klxnf] jflxgL :yfkgf u/]sf] / @))$ sf] h'g—h'nfO{df k"jL{ k[tgf / klZrd k[tgfsf] :yfkgf u/L cfkm\gf] ;}Go IfdtfnfO{ k[tgf:t/;Dd lj:tf/ u/]sf] elgof]116 . åGåsfndf ;lqmo hgd'lQm ;]gfsf sd{rf/Lsf] ;ª\Vof 7\ofSs} slt lyof] eGg] s'/f ljjfbs} ljifo eP klg w]/} ljZn]ifssf] cg'dfgdf of] ;ª\Vof åGåsf] clwsf+z cjlwe/ % b]lv !) xhf/sf] aLrdf x'g'k5{ .

åGåsf] cGTolt/ cfOk'Ubf hgd'lQm ;]gfn] b]zel/ tLgj6f sdfG8 — klZrd sdfG8, ljz]if s]Gb|Lo sdfG8 / k"jL{ s]Gb|Lo sdfG8 — cGtu{t ;ftj6f 3f]lift k[tgf /xg]u/L cfkm\gf] lj:tf/ u/]sf] lyof] . tL ;a} km]l/ ;jf]{Rr sdfG8/sf] k|flwsf/ tyf rf/hgf 8]k'6L sdfG8/sf] dftxtdf lyP .

113 Press Comminuqe of the Central Military Commission, CPN (Maoist), 13 February 2008, available from http://www.bannedthought.net/Nepal/Worker/Worker-04/Statement-CentralMilitaryCommission-980213.htm114 pbo …lbksÚ rnfpg], hgo'4 / hgd'lQm ;]gfM ;}4flGts cfwf/ / sfo{gLlt, hgd'lQm ;]gf g]kfn, 5}6f}F l8lehg, -@))(_ k[= !!—!# . lj=;+= @)%^ kmfu'g * ut] k|sflzt ldlt gePsf] Pp6f cGtjf{tf{df, k'iksdn bfxfn -k|r08_nfO{ dfcf]jfbL ;]gfnfO{ Toltv]/ Knf6'g:t/df ljGof; ul/Psf] / sDkgL u7g ug]{ OR5f ePsf] eg]/ af]n]sf] egL p4[t ul/Psf] lyof] . æ;}4flGts cy{df xfdL hg;]gf eGg] zAb k|of]u u5f}{F . t/ ;]gfsf] cf}krfl/s gfdsf] ¿kdf xfdL …of] xfd|f] hgd'lQm ;]gf xf]Ú elg/x]sf 5}gf}+ . xfdL;Fu hg;]gf 5, t/ ;ª\u7gsf] of] :j¿nfO{ xfdLn] …hgd'lQm ;]gfÚ eg]sf 5}gf}+ . ca xfd|f] u'Nd u7g ug]{ nIo 5 . xfdL ca Knf6'gsf] tx;Dd ;ª\ul7t ePsf 5f}F . / tkfO{+n] ljz]if sfo{bn b]vL xfNg'ef] — sDkgL u7g ug]{tkm{sf] of] klxnf] v'8\lsnf] xf] . xfdLn] sDkgLsf] txnfO{ y]Ug ;Sof}+ eg], b'O{, tLg jf rf/ sDkgL eP eg], / ;fy} cGo 7fpFdf klg Knf6'gx¿ eP eg] clg xfdL eGg] 5f}F of] xfd|f] ;zQm ;]gf xf] . xfd|f] nIo s] xf] eg] xfdL;Fu sDkgL ePkl5 dfq cfwf/ Onfsf lgdf{0fsf nflu xfdL;Fu Pp6f dha't ;]gf x'g]5,Æ “Red Flag Flying on the Roof of the World -Part 3, Inside the Revolution in Nepal: Interview with Comrade Prachanda,” Human Rights Server, available from http://www.humanrights.de/doc_en/archiv/n/nepal/politics/200200_prachand_interview_c1.htm115 rnfpg], hgo'4 / hgd'lQm ;]gf k[= !& (see footnote 114)116 P]= @)—@! .

65

cWofo $ — nfu' cGt/f{li6«o sfg'g

$=! ;dLIff

åGåsf] cjlwdf nfu' x'g] cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gsf] /]vfª\sg ug'{ o; cWofosf] p2]Zo xf] . o; k|ltj]bgsf] ljZn]if0f tyf ;ª\sng ug{ / g]kfnn] cfkm\gf cGt/f{li6«o bfloTjx¿ kfngf u/]sf] 5 ls 5}g eGg] ;DaGwdf g]kfnsf /fli6«o cbfntx¿nfO{ ljrf/ ug{ ljZn]if0fsf] dxTTjk"0f{ vfsf pknAw u/fpg'sf ;fy} åGåsfndf ePsf ck/fwx¿sf] cg';Gwfg, cleof]hg tyf lg0f{o ug{ log} dfGotfx¿nfO{ vfsfsf] ¿kdf k|of]u ul/Psf] 5117 .

;a} k|sf/sf ;z:q åGåx¿df /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o b'j} ¿kdf lgdf{0f ePsf sfg'gx¿sf] ;d"x sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf] x'G5 . cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gsf] ;Gbe{df, b'O{j6f k|d'v k|0ffnLx¿ åGåsf] qmddf nfu' ul/Psf x'G5g\ / tL x'g\ cGt/f{li6«o dfgjclwsf/ sfg'g / cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg'g . oL b'j} k|0ffnL Ps csf{sf kl/k"/s tyf Ps csf{nfO{ d2t k'¥ofpg] vfnsf 5g\ / logLx¿sf] ;femf p2]Zo dfgj dof{bfsf] ;+/If0f ug'{ xf] . logLx¿aLrsf] k|fylds leGgtf eg]sf] tL slta]nf nfu' x'G5g\ eGg] xf] . dfgjclwsf/ sfg'gn] zflGt / o'4 b'j} ;dodf ;'/Iff k|bfg ub{5 eg] dfgjLo sfg'g ;z:q åGåsf] a]nf dfq nfu' x'G5 . b'j} sfg'gL k|0ffnL kIf/fi6«åf/f cg'df]lbt ;lGwx¿ / k|yfhlgt cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gaf6 lgdf{0f ePsf x'G5g\ .

cGt/f{li6«o dfgjclwsf/ sfg'g / cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg'gsf s]xL uDeL/ pNnª\3gx¿, pbfx/0fsf nflu, dfgjtflj?4sf] ck/fw, o'4 ck/fw, hfltxTof, dfgj a]rlavg, ;d'b|L 8s}tL, bf;tf, oftgf tyf ank"j{s a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{nfO{ cGt/f{li6«o ck/fw dflgG5 . cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gcGtu{t, o:tf ck/fwsf slyt kL8ssf] cg';Gwfg tyf cleof]hg ug]{{ / o:tf sfo{sf nflu

117 g]kfnn] cg'df]bg u/]sf cGt/f{li6«o ;lGwsf k|fjwfgx¿ sfg'gsf] lgdf{0f u/]/ /fli6«o sfg'gdf j}w ¿kdf ;dfj]z gul/P;Dd ltgLx¿ :jtM g]kfnL sfg'gsf] cª\u x'Fb}gg\ . t;y{, s'g} klg ;lGwsf] k|fjwfgn] To; sfg'gcGtu{tsf JolQmut clwsf/ tyf bfloTjx¿sf] k|ToIf ;|f]tsf] ¿kdf sfd ug{ ;Sb}g . t/, g]kfn ;lGw P]g, @)$& cg';f/, cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gsf k|fjwfg tyf /fli6«o sfg'gsf k|fjwfg aflemPsf] xb;Dd cGt/f{li6«o ;lGwsf k|fjwfgx¿ /fli6«o sfg'gsf] ¿kdf nfu' x'g]5 . ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf km};nfx¿n] klg g]kfnL sfg'gdfly k|efj kfg{ tyf To;sf] lgdf{0f ug{ cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gsf] a9\bf] k|of]unfO{ b]vfpF5 . x]g'{xf];\, h:t}, lnnL yfkf / cGo lj= >L % sf] ;/sf/ dlGqkl/ifb\ ;lrjfno / cGo, g]sfk -@))%_, jif{ (, k[= !)%$, l/6 g+= #$÷@)^!Ù k'0ojlt kf7s / cGo lj= k//fi6« dGqfno, g]sfk -@))%_ jif{ *, k[= !)@%, l/6 g+= ##%%÷@)^) 8L8L, @)^@ dª\l;/ !# .

66

ltgnfO{ kmf}hbf/L ¿kdf lhDd]jf/ 7x¥ofpg] bfloTj kIf/fi6«sf] xf] .

$=@ cGt/f{li6«o dfgjclwsf/ sfg'g -cfO{Prcf/Pn_

$=@=! ;fdfGo l;4fGtx¿

cGt/f{li6«o dfgjclwsf/ sfg'g zflGt / ;z:q åGå b'j} ;dodf nfu' x'G5118 . o;df s'g} d'n's kIf/fi6« ePsf] cGt/f{li6«o dfgjclwsf/ ;lGwx¿sf k|fjwfg, cGt/f{li6«o dfgjclwsf/ k|yfhlgt sfg'g / cGo l;4fGt tyf dfkb08x¿ kb{5g\ . sfg'gsf] o; ;d"xdf Jofks k|sf/sf d'2fx¿ ;d]l6Psf eP klg o;n] d"ntM /fHo kfqx¿dfly bfloTj yf]k/]sf] x'G5 .

åGåaf6 k|efljt ;dodf, g]kfn gf}j6f k|d'v dfgjclwsf/ b:tfj]hdWo] 5j6fsf] kIf/fi6« lyof]M119

dfgjclwsf/ dxf;lGwx¿ x:tfIf/ cg'df]bg sfof{Gjog

;a} k|sf/sf hftLo lje]b pGd"ng;DaGwL dxf;lGw —

@)@& df3 !#s120

@)@* j}zfv !*

afnclwsf/ dxf;lGw @)$^ df3 !#

@)$& ebf} @(

@)$& c;f]h @*

;z:q åGådf afnaflnsfsf] ;+nUgtf;DaGwL afnclwsf/ dxf;lGwsf] P]lR5s ;lGwkq

@)%& ebf} @#

@)^# k'; !(s

@)^# df3 @)

afnaflnsfsf] a]rlavg, afn j]Zofj[lQ / afn clZnn lrq ;DaGwdf afnclwsf/ dxf;lGwsf] P]lR5s ;lGwkq

@)%& ebf} @#

@)^@ k'; @@s

@)^@ kmfu'g *

dlxnflj?4 ;a} k|sf/sf lje]bsf] pGd"ng;DaGwL dxf;lGw -l;8\c_

@)$& df3 @@

@)$* j}zfv (

@)$* h]7 *

118 of] s'/f ljjf/lxt 5}g . o; l;4fGtdf nuftf/ cfklQ hgfpg]x¿ ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sf / Oh/fon x'g\ . x]g'{xf];\ Concluding Observations of the Human Rights Committee: Israel (CCPR/C/79/Add.93) (1998); Concluding observations of the Human Rights Committee: Israel (CCPR/CO/78/ISR)(2003); Consideration by the Human Right s Committee of Reports Submitted by State Parties under Article 40 of the Covenant: Untied States of America (CCPR/C/USA/3)(2005), Annex I; Concluding observations of the Human Rights Committee: United States of America (CCPR/C/USA/CO/3)(2006), para3.119 of] k|ltj]bg tof/ kfg]{ a]nf;Dd, g]kfnn] ;a} cfk|jf;L sfdbf/ tyf ltgsf kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿sf] ;+/If0f;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o dxf;lGw -cfO{;Lcf/Pd8An'_ jf ank"j{s a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{af6 ;a} JolQmsf] ;+/If0f;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o dxf;lGw -;LO{8L_nfO{ cg'df]bg u/]sf] lyPg . g]kfnn] ckfª\utf ePsf JolQmx¿sf] clwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGwdf @)%( k'; !( ut] x:tfIf/ u/] klg o;nfO{ clxn];Dd cg'df]bg ul/Psf] 5}g / of] åGåsfndf of] nfu' ePg .120 g]kfnn] wf/f !$ cGtu{tsf] cfjZos 3f]if0ff u/]sf] 5}g, h;n] hftLo lje]b pGd"ng ;ldltsf] JolQmut ph'/Lx¿dfly ljrf/ljdz{ ug{] bIftfnfO{ dfGotf k|bfg ub{5 .

67

l;8\csf] P]lR5s ;lGwkq @)%* k'; #

@)^$ c;f/ !

@)^$ ebf} @(

gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/;DaGwL cg'aGw -cfO{;L;LkLcf/_

— @)$* j}zfv #!s

@)$* ;fpg @(

cfO{;L;LkLcf/sf] P]lR5s ;lGwkq

— @)$* j}zfv #!s121

@)$* ;fpg @(

d[To'b08 pGd"ng ug]{ p2]Zon] Joj:yf ul/Psf] cfO{;L;LkLcf/sf] bf];|f] P]lR5s ;lGwkq

— @)%$ kmfu'g @)

@)%% h]7 @!

cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;fF:s[lts clwsf/;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o cg'aGw

— @)$* j}zfv #!s

@)$* ;fpg @(

oftgf tyf cGo qm"/, cdfgjLo jf ckdfghgs Jojxf/ jf ;hfo;DaGwL dxf;lGw -Sof6_

— @)$* j}zfv #!s122

@)$* h]7 #)

oL ;lGwcGtu{t ljleGg df}lns clwsf/x¿ åGåsfndf nfu' eP, h'g clwsf/x¿ o; k|sf/ 5g\M

afFRg kfpg] clwsf/M wf/f ^, cfO{;L;LkLcf/ JolQmsf] :jtGqtf tyf ;'/Iffsf] clwsf/M wf/f (,

cfO{;L;LkLcf/ oftgf tyf cGo qm"/, cdfgjLo jf ckdfghgs Jojxf/

jf ;hfoaf6 :jtGqtfsf] clwsf/M wf/f (, cfO{;L;LkLcf/ tyf wf/f @ / !^, Sof6

of}g lx+;faf6 :jtGqtfsf] clwsf/M Sof6 / l;8\c zflGtk"0f{ e]nf ug{ kfpg] clwsf/M wf/f @!,

cfO{;L;LkLcf/ ;z:q kmf}hsf] egf{df k|ltaGwnufot ;z:q åGådf

afnaflnsfsf] ljz]if ;+/If0fsf] clwsf/M wf/f #*, ;Lcf/;L

$=@=@ lgnDag / ;ª\s6sfn

121 P]lR5s ;lGwkqsf] ;lDdngn] dfgjclwsf/ ;ldltnfO{ JolQmut ph'/Lx¿ k|fKt ug{ cg'dlt lbG5 .122 g]kfnn] wf/f @@ cGtu{tsf] cfjZos 3f]if0ff u/]sf] 5}g, h;n] oftgflj?4sf] ;ldltsf] JolQmut ph'/Ldfly ljrf/ljdz{ ug{] bIftfnfO{ dfGotf k|bfg ub{5 g t o;n] wf/f @* cGtu{tsf] 3f]if0ff g} u/]sf] 5 h;n] hfFra'em ug]{ Sof6sf] bIftfnfO{ dfGotf lbG5 .

68

dfgjclwsf/ dxf;lGwsf k|fjwfgx¿ cfGtl/s ;z:q åGåsf] cj:yfdf nfu' eO/xG5g\ . cfO{;L;LkLcf/sf] wf/f $ n] kIf/fi6«nfO{ o; cg'aGw-cGtu{tsf bfloTjx¿nfO{ lgnDag ug{kfpg] clwsf/ lbPsf] 5 t/ o;nfO{ To; cj:yfdf dfq nfu' ug{ ;lsG5 ha pgLx¿n] /fi6«sf] hLjgdf vt/f k'¥ofpg] ;fj{hlgs ;ª\s6sf] cf}krfl/s ¿kdf 3f]if0ff ub{5g\ . kIf/fi6«n] o:tf] 3f]if0ff ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3Lo dfgjclwsf/ ;ldltdf btf{ ug'{k5{ / ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3sf dxf;lrjdfkm{t\ ;lGwsf cGo kIf/fi6«nfO{ ætTsfn hfgsf/LÆ u/fpg'k5{ .

;ª\s6sfnsf] 3f]if0ff u/]kl5, o;n] kIf/fi6«nfO{ cToGt ;Lldt dfgjclwsf/x¿sf] ;DaGwdf cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gL bfloTx¿nfO{ lgnDag ug]{ cg'dlt lbG5 . cfO{;L;LkLcf/sf] lgnDagsf] k|fjwfgcGtu{t ljrf/ tyf cleJolQmsf] :jtGqtf, cfjthfjt ug{kfpg], uf]kgLotf tyf k|efjsf/L Goflos pkrf/sf clwsf/x¿nfO{ s]xL ;dosf nflu s6f}tL ug{ ;lsg]5 . t/ of] ;a} cg'aG-wsf] wf/f $ df Joj:yf ul/Psf s7f]/ ;t{x¿sf] cwLgdf /x]/ ePsf] x'g'k5{ . oL ;t{x¿df cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gcGtu{tsf cGo bfloTj;Fu aflemPsf] x'g gx'g] / hflt, j0f{, lnª\u, efiff, wd{ jf ;fdflhs pTklQsf cfwf/df lje]b ul/Psf] x'g gx'g] s'/fx¿ kb{5g\123 . To;afx]s, cg'aGwsf wf/f ^ -afFRgkfpg] clwsf/_, wf/f & -oftgf-dfly k|ltaGw_, wf/f * -bf;tfdfly k|ltaGw_, wf/f !! -s/f/Lo bfloTj k"/f ug{ g;s]sf] egL s;}nfO{ sf/fuf/df /fVg gkfOg]_, wf/f !% -sfg'ga]u/ b08;hfo ug{ gkfOg]_, wf/f !^ -sfg'gL x}l;otsf] cl-wsf/_ / wf/f !* -ljrf/, ljj]s / wd{sf] :jtGqtf_ nfO{ lgnDag ug{ ;lsg] 5}g124 .

g]kfnn] åGåsf] ;dodf b'O{k6s ;ª\s6sfnsf] 3f]if0ff u¥of] . @)%* dª\l;/df nufOPsf] ;ª\s6sfn gf} dlxgf;Dd sfod /Xof] eg] @)^! Dff3df nufOPsf] ;ª\s6sfn tLg dlxgf;Dd sfod /Xof] . b'j}k6s ;/sf/n] e]nf ug{ tyf cfjthfjt ug{ kfpg], k|];, uf]kgLotf, ;DklQ, s]xL Goflos pkrf/ / ;"rgfdf kx'Frsf] clwsf/ h:tf cfO{;L;LkLcf/df cfwfl/t clwsf/x¿ s6f}tL ul/Psf] hfgsf/L ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3sf dxf;lrjnfO{ u/fof]125 .

$=# cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg'g

$=#=! ;z:q åGå

123 cfO{;L;LkLcf/ wf/f $-!_ .124 cfO{;L;LkLcf/ wf/f $-@_ .125 C.N.270.2002.TREATIES-4 (Depositary Notification), 25 March 2002; C.N.170.2005.TREATIES-3 (Depositary Notification). 14 March 2005.

69

g]kfnsf] ;z:q åGådf s'gs'g kIfx¿ ;Da4 lyP eGg] s'/fsf] lgwf{/0f ug{ ;a}eGbf klxn] ;z:q åGå ePsf] cjlw tf]Sg' / To;kl5 of] /fli6«o jf u}//fli6«o s'g k|s[ltsf] lyof] eGg] lgwf{/0f ug{' cfjZos x'G5 .

o; k|ltj]bgn] g]kfnsf] ;z:q åGåsf] cjlwnfO{ 7\ofSs} oxL g} xf] eg]/ tf]Sg vf]h]sf] 5}g, h'g sDtLdf b'O{ kIfsf aLrdf æbL3{sfnLg ;z:q lx+;fÆsf] tLj|tfdf cfwfl/t eP/ d"Nofª\sg ul/g'kg]{ ljifo xf]126 . t}klg, o; k|ltj]bgdf ;dLIff ul/Psf] g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_n] ;z:q ljb|f]xsf qmddf cfqmd0fx¿ k|f/De u/]]b]lv @)^# dª\l;/ % ut] lj:t[t zflGt ;Demf}tf ;DkGg eP;Ddsf] cjlwnfO{ ;z:q åGåsf] cjlwsf] ¿kdf lnOPsf] 5 .

ha ;z:q åGå b'O{ jf b'O{eGbf a9L lj/f]wL /fHox¿sf aLrdf geO{ ;/sf/L kmf}h / u}/;/sf/L kmf}hsf aLr x'G5, To;nfO{ æu}/cGt/f{li6«oÆ rl/qsf] åGå ePsf] 7flgG5127 . g]kfnsf] ;z:q åGå u}/cGt/f{li6«o rl/qsf] lyof] eGg] s'/fdf Jofks ;xdlt ePsf] kfOG5 . To;}n], o; k|ltj]bgdf ul/Psf] ljZn]if0f u}/cGt/f{li6«o ;z:q åGådf nfu' x'g] cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg'gsf k|fjwfgx¿df cfwfl/t /x]sf 5g\ .

$=#=@ ;femf wf/f #

g]kfn kIf/fi6« ePsf] rf/j6f h]g]ef dxf;lGwx¿sf] ;femf wf/f #128 u}/cGt/f{li6«o ;z:q åGåsf] ;~rfngnfO{ zf;g ug]{ sfg'gsf] ;|f]tsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 .

;femf wf/f #M

s'g} klg kIf/fi6«sf] e"efudf u}/cGt/f{li6«o rl/qsf] ;z:q åGå b]vf k/]sf] v08df åGå/t k|To]s kIf sDtLdf klg b]xfosf k|fjw-126 The Prosecutor v. Dusko Tadic, IT-94-1-A, ICTY Appeals Chamber, 38127 ;g\ !($( cu:6 !@ sf] h]g]ef dxf;lGwsf] cltl/Qm ;lGwkq / u}/cGt/f{li6«o ;z:q åGåsf kLl8tx¿sf] ;+/If0f;Fu ;DalGwt ;lGwkq -k|f]6f]sn @_, !(&& h'g * . h]g]ef dxf;lGwsf] bf];|f] cltl/Qm ;lGwkqn] u}/cGt/f{li6«o ;z:q åGånfO{ ljlzi6 ¿kn] ;Daf]wg ub{5 t/ g]kfnn] o;nfO{ cg'df]bg gu/]sf] x'gfn] o;dfly k|ltj]bgdf lj:t[t ¿kdf 5nkmn ul/Psf] 5}g . t/, bf];|f] cltl/Qm ;lGwkqsf s]xL kIfx¿n] g]kfndf åGå ;'? ePsf] jif{ ;g\ !((^ df ePsf] k|yfhlgt cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gnfO{ k|ltljlDat ug]{ x'gfn] o'4sf] cjlwel/ oL k|fjwfgx¿ nfu' ePsf lyP eGg] s'/fnfO{ Wofgdf /flvg'k5{ . o; ;DaGwdf u}/cGt/f{li6«o ;z:q åGåsf ljz]iftfx¿, wf/f ! df pNn]v ePcg';f/, pkof]uL dfu{bz{s x'g\ . ljz]ifu/L, wf/f ! n] of] æx'nbª\uf, lx+;f jf cGo To:t} k|sf/sf sfo{x¿ 5'§} / l56km'6 36gf h:tf cfGtl/s u8a8L tyf tgfjsf] l:yltdf===Æ nfu' x'Fb}g egL pNn]v u/]sf] 5 .128 g]kfnn] rf/j6f h]g]ef dxf;lGwnfO{ @)@) df3 @$ ut] cg'df]bg u¥of] . g]kfnn] h]g]ef oL dxf;lGwsf cltl/Qm ;lGwkqx¿ ! / @ nfO{ cg'df]bg u/]sf] 5}g eGg] s'/fnfO{ Vofn /fVg'k5{ . To;}n], ltgsf k|fjwfgx¿, vf;u/L cltl/Qm ;lGwkq @, g]kfnsf] ;z:q åGådf k|ToIftM nfu' x'Fb}gg .

70

fgx¿ nfu' ug{ afWo x'g]5 M

-!_ cfkm\gf xltof/ la;fPsf ;z:qkmf}hsf ;b:o tyf ladf/, rf]6k6s, y'gf jf cGo sf/0fn] n8fOFaf6 cnu ePsfnufot o'4df ;lqmo efu glng] JolQmx¿nfO{ h'g;'s} kl/l:yltdf klg hflt, j0f{, wd{ jf cf:yf, lnª\u, hGd, ;DklQ jf cGo To:t} dfkb08sf cfwf/df ljgflje]b dfgjf]lrt Jojxf/ ul/g]5 . o;sf nflu tnsf sfo{x¿ dfly plNnlvt JolQmx¿sf ;DaGwdf s'g} klg 7fpF / s'g} klg ;dodf ug{af6 k|ltalGwt 5g\ / /xg]5g\ M

-s_ lhp Hofglj?4sf] lx+;f, vf;u/L ;a} k|sf/sf xTof, cª\ueª\u, qm"/ Jojxf/ / oftgf Ù-v_ JolQmnfO{ aGws agfpg] -u_ JolQmut dof{bfdf cf3ft k'¥ofpg], vf;u/L lt/:sf/k"0f{ jf ckdfghgs Jojxf/ Ù-3_ ;Eo hgtfn] cTofZos 7fg]sf sfg'gL k|Tofe"lt ePsf]

lgoldt cbfntsf] lg0f{olagf b08 ;'gfpg' / To;nfO{ sfof{Gjog ug'{ .

-@_ 3fO]t tyf la/fdLnfO{ hDdf u/L :ofxf/ ul/g]5 .

cGt/f{li6«o /]8qm; ;ldlt h:tf] lgikIf dfgjLo lgsfon] åGå/t kIfx¿nfO{ cfkm\gf ;]jfx¿ k|bfg ug{ ;Sg]5 .

åGå/t kIfx¿n] ljz]if ;Demf}tfx¿dfkm{t\ k|:t't dxf;lGwsf cGo ;a} jf cf+lzs k|fjwfgx¿nfO{ nfu' ug{ k|oTg ug]{5g\ . oL k"j{jtL{ k|fjwfgx¿sf] k|of]un] åGå/t kIfx¿sf] sfg'gL x}l;ot-nfO{ c;/ ug]{ 5}g .

åGå/t b'j} kIf k|yfhlgt cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gsf k|fjwfgx¿åf/f klg afFlwPsf 5g\129 . s'g} klg ;z:q åGåsf] ;~rfng;Fu ;Da4 k|yfhlgt cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gsf d'Vo l;4fGtx¿df b]xfosf s'/fx¿ kb{5g\ M

leGgtf M ;z:q åGådf ;w}Fel/ åGå/t kIfx¿n] u}/;}lgs JolQm / n8fs'x¿aLr km/s 5'6\ofO{ n8fs'x¿nfO{ dfq lg;fgf agfpg'k5{ . o; l;4fGtcg';f/ n8fs'x¿ / c;If jf czQm eO{ n8fOFaf6 cnu ePsf tyf o'4df k|ToIf¿kdf efu glnPsfx¿ -cyf{t, u}/;}lgs JolQm_aLr klg km/s 5'6\ofpg' cfjZos x'G5 . o;afx]s, u}/;}lgs j:t'x¿nfO{ ;}Go

129 Jean-Marie Henckaerts and Louise Doswald-Beck for the International Committee of the Red Cross, Customary International Humanitarian Law (3 vols.), (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2005).

71

p2]Zox¿af6 5'6\ofOg'k5{ / ;}Go p2]Zo k"lt{ ug]{ j:t'x¿dfly cfqmd0f ul/g'k5{ .

;dfg'kfltstf M cfsl:ds Iflt æck]Iff ul/Psf] 7f]; tyf k|ToIf ;}Go nfesf] t'ngfdf cTolws a9L x'g]Æ ePdf s'g} klg kIfn] To:tf] cfqmd0fnfO{ TofUg' cfjZos x'G5130 .

cfqmd0fdf k"j{;fjwfgL -/ To;sf c;/lj?4_ M s'g} klg cfqmd0f ug'{cl3 cfqmd0f ug{ nfluPsf j:t'x¿ ;fdl/s p2]Zo k"/f ug]{ j}wflgs j:t'x¿ x'g\ ls xf]Ogg\ eGg] s'/f ;'lglZrt ug{ / ;j{;fwf/0fsf] hLjgnfO{ x'g] cfsl:ds Iflt / rf]6k6s tyf u}/;fdl/s j:t'x¿df x'g] IfltnfO{ Go"g ug{ ;a} ;DefJo k"j{;fjwfgL ckgfOg'k5{ . u}/;}lgs hg;d'bfox¿ cfqmd0faf6 k|efljt x'g;Sg] dgfl;a cfzª\sf /x]sf] cj:yfdf ljBdfg kl/l:yltn] ;fy lbP;Dd æk|efjsf/L k"j{r]tfjgLÆ To:tf] u}/;}lgs hg;d'bfonfO{ lbOg'k5{ . To;afx]s, cfkm\gf] lgoGq0fdf /x]sf u}/;}lgs hg;d'bfonfO{ åGå/t kIfx¿n] cfkm\gf lj/f]wLaf6 x'g] cfqmd0fsf] c;/af6 ;+/If0f ug{ æ;a} ;DefJo k"j{;fjw-fgLÆ ckgfpg'k5{ . k|To]s kIfn] cfafbL ePsf If]qdf æj}wflgs ;fdl/s p2]ZoÆsf] ¿kdf lng ;lsg] j:t'x¿nfO{ lg;fgf agfpg] sfo{af6 aRg'k5{ . To:t}, s]xL lglZrt j:t' tyf JolQmx¿nfO{ arfpgsf nflu ul/g] dfgj 9fnsf] k|of]udfly k|ltalGw nufOPsf]] 5131 .

dfgjtf M u}/;}lgs gful/s tyf c;Ifd jf czQm eO{ n8fO-Faf6 cnu ePsf JolQmx¿;Fu dfgjf]lrt Jojxf/ ul/g'k5{ . s'g} klg xTof, oftgf, anfTsf/, cª\ueª\u, s'6lk6, lt/:sf/ / To:t} vfnsf b'Jo{jxf/dfly k|ltaGw nufOPsf] 5 . To;afx]s, n8fOFsf ljlw tyf ;fwgx¿n] æcgfjZos kL8fÆ lbg' x'Fb}g . cGt/f{li6«o Gofo cbfntn] cgfjZos kL8fnfO{ æj}wflgs ;fdl/s p2]Zo xfl;n ug{ kG5fpg} g;lsg] IflteGbf a9L IfltÆ egL kl/efiff u/]sf] 5132 .

$=$ cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gcGtu{tsf kmf}hbf/L lhDd]jf/L133 130 See International Committee of Red Cross, Customary International Humanitarian Law, rule 14 (see footnote 129).131 International Committee of Red Cross, Customary International Humanitarian Law, rule 97, which is derived in part from the IHRL obligation upon states to protect life (see footnote 129)132 Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons, Advisory Opinion, ICJ Reports 1996, para 78.133 o; v08df cGt/f{li6«o kmf}hbf/L sfg'gaf/] 5nkmn ul/Psf] geP klg oxfF pNn]v ul/Psf] ;Gbe{df /fli6«o kmf}hbf/L sfg'g klg k|of]u x'G5 egL kf7snfO{ :d/0f u/fOG5 / s'g} klg

72

$=$=! cg';Gwfg / cleof]hg ug]{ bfloTj

cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg'g / cGt/f{li6«o dfgjclwsf/ sfg'gcg';f/, /fHox¿n] oL b'O{j6f sfg'gsf uDeL/ pNnª\3gsf cf/f]kx¿sf] cg'';Gwfg ug'{k5{ / pko'Qm ePdf zª\lst kL8slj?4 cleof]hg u/L kLl8tnfO{ kl/k"/0f pknAw u/fpg'k5{ . ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3 dxf;efn] o; bfloTjnfO{ æGoflos pkrf/sf] clwsf/;DaGwL cfwf/e"t l;4fGtx¿Ædf 3f]if0ff ubf{ o;nfO{ ;a}eGbf :ki6 zAbdf o;/L cleJoQm u/]sf] lyof]M

cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gadf]lhd ck/fw dflgg] cGt/f{li6«o dfgjclwsf/ sfg'gsf] 3f]/ pNnª\3g tyf cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg'gsf] uDeL/ pNnª\3gsf 36gfx¿sf] cg';Gwfg ug'{kg]{ /fHox¿sf] bfloTj xf] / kof{Kt k|df0f 5 eg] pNnª\3gsf nflu lhDd]jf/ elgPsf] JolQmnfO{ cleof]hg ug]{ tyf bf]ifL kfOPsf] cj:yfdf lghnfO{ bl08t ug]{ bfloTj klg pgLx¿s} x'G5134.

cf+lzs ¿kdf of] bfloTj cfO{;L;LkLcf/sf] wf/f @ df cfwfl/t 5135 t/ o;nfO{ ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3Lo dfgjclwsf/ ;ldltåf/f lbOPsf] Jof-Vofdf k'li6 ul/Psf] 5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu, ;ldltn] cGt/f{li6«o dfgjclwsf/ sfg'gsf] pNnª\3gsf kL8sx¿nfO{ cg';Gwfg / ;hfo ug{ g;Sg' cfO{;L;LkLcf/sf] 5'§} pNnª\3g xf] eGg] s'/f k6sk6s atfPsf] 5 . ;g\ !((% d} afl6:6f 8] P/]nfgf lj= sf]nlDaofsf] d'2fdf, ;ldltn] ank"j{s a]kQf kfl/Psf 36gfsf cf/f]kx¿sf af/]df k"0f{ cg';Gwfg ug'{ / To:tf pNnª\3gsf nflu kmf}hbf/L ¿kdf lhDd]jf/ JolQmx¿sf] cleof]hg ug''{ sf]nlDaofsf] st{Jo xf] eg]/ km};nf u/]sf] lyof]136 . ;g\ !(*$ sf] Sof6 dxf;lGw, h;nfO{ g]kfnn] ;g !((! Df cg'df]bg u/]sf] lyof], n] æ/fHon] cfkm\gf bIf clwsf/Lx¿n] cfkm\gf] If]qflwsf/cGtu{tsf] s'g} klg s'/fn] /fli6«o kmf}hbf/L P]gnfO{ oxfF 5nkmn ul/P;/xsf] jf Tof]eGbf sd uDeL/ cfr/0fnfO{ ck/fwLs/0f ug{af6 5]Sb}g . of] k|ltj]bg tof/ kfbf{;Dd g]kfnsf] d'n'sL P]gn] o; k|ltj]bgdf ;"rLs[t æcGt/f{li6«o ck/fwx¿ÆnfO{ ck/fwLs/0f u/]sf] 5}g . pbfx/0fsf nflu, g]kfnL sfg'gcg';f/ oftgf u}/sfg'gL x'Fb}g .134 Basic Principles and Guidelines on the Right to a Remedy and Reparation for Victims of Gross Violations of International Human Rights Law and Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law, General Assembly resolution 60/147, article 4.135 cfO{;L;LkLcf/sf] wf/f @ n] kIf /fi6«nfO{ cfkm\gf] e'efu jf clwsf/If]q leq kg]{ ;a} JolQmnfO{ o; cg'aGwdf :jLs[t clwsf/x¿nfO{ ;Ddfg tyf ;'lglZrt ug{ / clwsf/sf] pNnª\3g ePsf s'g} klg JolQmnfO{ k|efjsf/L Goflos pkrf/;d]t ;'lglZrt ug{ nufpF5 .136 Human Rights Committee, Bautista de Arellana v. Colombia, communication no. 563/1993, 27 October 1995, para 8.6. See also Human Rights Committee, José Vicente and Amado Villafañe Chaparro, Luís Napoleón Torres Crespo, Angel María Torres Arroyo and Antonio Hugues Chaparro Torres v. Colombia, communication no. 612/1995, 29 July 1995, para 8.8; Human Rights Committee, Rajapakse v. Sri Lanka, communication no. 1250/2004, 14 July 2006, para 9.3.

73

e"efudf oftgfsf] s[To ePsf] 5 eGg] ljZjf; ug]{ dgfl;a cfwf/ ePsf] cj:yfdf To;nfO{ zL3| tyf lgikIf cg';Gwfgtkm{ cufl8 a9fpg] s'/fnfO{ ;'lglZrt ug]{Æ bfloTj x'G5 eg]sf] 5137 .

To:t}, cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg'gcGtu{t, kL8sx¿ cfkm"n] u/]sf uDeL/ pNnª\3gsf nflu JolQmut ¿kdf lhDd]jf/ x'G5g\ / pgLx¿nfO{ cleof]hg u/L bl08t ul/g'k5{ . pbfx/0fsf nflu, ;g\ !($( sf h]g]ef dxf;lGwx¿n] ;z:q åGådf cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg'gsf lgodx¿sf] uDeL/ pNnª\3gsf] kmf}hbf/L ;hfosf] ;DaG-wdf kIf/fi6«x¿sf] bfloTjnfO{ :ki6;Fu /fv]sf] 5138 . o; s'/fnfO{ ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3sf] ;'/Iff kl/ifb\åf/f s}of}+k6s k'gk'{i6L ul/Psf] 5, vf;u/L ckmuflg:tfg, a'?G8L, sª\uf] hgu0ftGq, sf];f]ef] / ?jfG8fdf ePsf åGåsf ;Gbe{df139 . lagf dtbfg ;g\ @))@ df kfl/t ul/Psf] b08xLgtf;DaGwL Pp6f k|:tfjdf ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3Lo dfgjclwsf/ cfof]un] o'4 ck/fwsf kL8sx¿nfO{ cleof]hg jf k|Tok{0f ul/g'k5{ eGg] s'/f :jLsf/ u¥of]140 . To;}u/L, cfof]un] l;l/of lncf]g, ?;L dxf;ª\3sf] r]rGof u0ftGq, ?jfG8f, ;'8fg, a'?G8L tyf k"j{ o'uf]:nfleofdf cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg'gsf] pNnª\3g ug]{ cf/f]lkt kL8sx¿sf] cg';Gwfg tyf cleof]hg u/fpg eg]/ clwsf+z k|:tfjx¿ dtbfglagf cjnDag u/]s]f 5 . clxn] cGt/f{li6«o jf u}/cGt/f{li6«o ;z:q åGådf dfgjLo sfg'gsf] pNnª\3gsf cf/f]lkt kL8sx¿nfO{ cg';Gwfg tyf bl08t ug]{ bfloTjnfO{ df]6fdf]6L ¿kdf k|yfhlgt cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gL bfloTjsf] ¿kdf lnOPsf] 5141 .

o; bfloTjnfO{ ;Gt'i6 kfg{ ul/g] cg';Gwfgsf] k|s[ltsf ;DaGwdf ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3n] o:tf cg';Gwfgsf nflu rf/j6f ljZjJofkL l;4fGtdf s]lGb|t /xL dfu{lgb]{zg tof/ u/]s]f 5 . tL x'g\ M :jtGqtf, k|efjsfl/tf, zL3|tf / lgikIftf142 . oL rf/j6f l;4fGtx¿ dfgjclwsf/ ;+/If0fsf] d'6'df /x]sf 5g\ / /fi6«;ª\3sf ;b:ox¿sf nflu afWosf/L 5g\ 137 oftgf / cGo qm"/, cdfgjLo jf ckdfghgs Jojxf/ jf ;hfolj?4sf] dxf;lGw -!(*&_, wf/f !@ .138 of] bfloTj rf/j6f h]g]ef dxf;lGwsf] æuDeL/ pNnª\3g;DaGwL Joj:yfÆ df Pj+ k|yfut cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gdf ;lj:tf/ ;dflxt ul/Psf] 5 . x]g'{xf];\ klxnf] h]g]ef dxf;lGwsf] wf/f $(Ù bf];|f] h]g]ef dxf;lGwsf] wf/f %)Ù t];|f] h]g]ef dxf;lGwsf] wf/f !@(Ù / rf}yf] h]g]ef dxf;lGwsf] wf/f !$^ . æuDeL/ pNnª\3g;DaGwL Joj:yfÆdf ck/fwx¿sf] Ps ljlzi6 ;"rL 5 h;sf] pNnª\3g ePdf kL8snfO{ /fHon] …d'2f rnfpg'kg]{ jf k|Tok{0fÚ ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .139 Security Council resolution 978 (1995), Security Council resolution 1193 (1998) Security Council resolution 1199 (1998).140 United Nations Commission on Human Rights, resolution 2002/79, para 11.141 International Committee for the Red Cross, Customary International Humanitarian Law, rule 158 (see footnote 129).142 Principles on the Effective Prevention and Investigation of Extra-Legal, Arbitrary and Summary Executions, Economic and Social Council resolution 1989/65, annex, Available from www1.umn.edu/humanrts/instree/i7pepi.htm; The Principles on the Effective Investigation and Documentation of Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, recommended by General Assembly resolution 55/89 Available fromwww2.ohchr.org/english/law/investigation.htm. cg';Gwfg cbfnt jf s'g} Goflos lgsfo;d]tn] ug'{k5{ eGg] h?/L 5}g, pko'Qm ePdf, k|zf;lgs cg';Gwfgx¿n] ;dfg¿kdf oL rf/j6f l;4fGtsf] kfngf ug{ ;S5g\ eGg] s'/fnfO{ Vofn /fVg'xf];\ .

74

lsgsL ltgLx¿ /fi6«;ª\3 ;dly{t cGt/f{li6«o cbfntx¿sf] ljlwzf:qdf lge{/ /x]/ tof/ kfl/Psf x'g\ / ;Da4 /fi6«;ª\3Lo lgsfodf k|ltlglwTj ePsf /fi6«n] ;xdlt klg hgfPsf 5g\ .

$=$=@ cGt/f{li6«o ck/fwx¿

cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gsf s]xL lglZrt pNnª\3gx¿ æcGt/f{li6«o ck/fwÆ dflgG5g\, ljz]ifu/L dfgjtflj?4sf] ck/fw, o'4 ck/fw, hfltx-Tof, dfgj a]rlavg, ;d'b|L 8s}tL, bf;Tj / oftgf tyf ank"j{s a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{ h:tf dfgjclwsf/sf 3f]/ pNnª\3g . cg';Gwfg tyf cleof]hg ug]{ /fi6«sf] st{Jocg';f/, oL ck/fwnfO{, vf;u/L To;;DaGwL k|fylds If]qflwsf/ ePsf] /fi6«sf JolQmx¿åf/f, ;Ifd cbfnt;dIf cleof]hg ul/g'k5{ .

s]xL 36gfdf, ljz]ifu/L ha ck/fwk|lt æljZjJofkL If]qflwsf/Æ cf-slif{t x'G5 ltgnfO{ cGo d'n'ssf /fli6«o cbfntdf klg d'2f rnfpg ;lsG5 . ljZjJofkL If]qflwsf/ s]xL cGt/f{li6«o dfGotfx¿ af-Wosf/L x'G5g\ eGg] l;4fGtdf cfwfl/t x'G5 cyf{t To:tf] bfloTjsf] :jfldTj ;du|df cGt/f{li6«o ;d'bfon] lnPsf] x'G5143 . ljZjJofkL If]qflwsf/n] ;d]6]sf ck/fwx¿sf] k"0f{ bfo/faf/] s]xL ljjfb hf/L /x] tfklg ;a} /fHosf cbfntx¿nfO{ sDtLdf klg dfgjtflj?4sf] ck/fw, o'4 ck/fw -;femf wf/f # sf] uDeL/ pNnª\3gh:tf_, hfltxTof / oftgf nflu lhDd]jf/ JolQmx¿nfO{ cleof]hg ug]{ cl-wsf/ x'G5 eGg] s'/fdf ;xdlt eO;s]sf] 5144 .

$=$=# dfgjtflj?4sf ck/fwx¿

dfgjtflj?4sf ck/fwx¿dflysf] k|ltaGw k|yfhlgt cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gdf k"0f{ ¿kdf :yflkt eO;s]sf] 5 / o;nfO{ afWofTds sfg'gsf] x}l;ot k|fKt ePsf] dflgG5 . o;sf] cy{ xf] /fi6«x¿sf] cGt/f{li6«o ;d'bfoåf/f o; k|ltaGwnfO{ o:tf] dfGotfsf ¿kdf :jLsf/ ul/Psf] 5 h;nfO{ slxNo} klg lgnDag ug{ ;lsFb}g .

143 Puf{ cf]dg];sf] cjwf/0ff afl;{nf]gf 6«ofS;g d'2f -a]lNhod lj= :k]g_ -bf];|f] r/0f_ ICJ Rep 1970 3, k|s/0f ## dfM æ;du| cGt/f{li6«o ;d'bfok|lt s'g} klg /fHosf bfloTjx¿ / s'6gLlts ;+/If0fsf] If]qdf csf]{ /fHosf] ;Gbe{df p7]sf bfloTjx¿sf] aLrdf cTofjZos ljefhg /]vf sf]l/g'k5{ . :jefj}n] klxnf bfloTjx¿ ;a} /fHosf ;/f]sf/ x'g\ . To;df ePsf clwsf/x¿sf] dxTTjnfO{ b[li6ut ubf{ ;a} /fHosf] cfkm\gf] ;+/If0fdf sfg'gL OR5f x'g;S5 . tL Ouf{ cf]dg]; bfloTjx¿ x'g\ . [## df] pbfx/0fsf nflu, o:tf bfloTj ;dsfnLg cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gdf cfqmd0f / hfltxTofsf] u}/sfg'gL 3f]if0ff tyf hftLo lje]baf6 ;+/If0fnufot dflg;sf cfwf/e"t clwsf/;DaGwL l;4fGt tyf lgodx¿af6 lgl;|t 5g\ . tbg';f/sf ;+/If0f;DaGwL clwsf/x¿ cfd cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gsf] ;d"xdf k|j]z usf 5g\ eg] === c¿nfO{ ljZjJofkL jf cw{ljZjJofkL rl/qsf cGt/f{li6«o b:tfj]hx¿af6 k|fKt ePsf 5g\ .Æ144 o:tf ck/fwx¿, pbfx/0fsf nflu oftgf, nfO{ afWofTds sfg'gn] ;dfTg] ePsf] cj:yfdf s'g} klg /fHosf cbfntx¿n] To:tf] sfo{dflysf] cfkm\gf] If]qflwsf/ k|of]u ug{ kfpg] dfq xf]Og ls To;f] ug{] pgLx¿sf] bfloTj klg x'g]5 .

75

/f]d ljwfgsf] kl/efiffcg';f/, dfgjtflj?4sf] ck/fw Toltv]/ x'G5 ha ;"rLs[t s]xL lglZrt s[Tox¿ æu}/;}lgs hg;d'bfolj?4 hfgfhfg nlIot Jofks jf of]hgfa4 cfqmd0fsf] ¿kdfÆ145 ul/G5 . g]kfn xfn cGt/f{li6«o kmf}hbf/L cbfnt -cfO{;L;L_, !((* sf] /f]d ljwfgsf] kIf /fi6« geP klg /f]d ljwfgsf s]xL lglZrt kIfx¿n] k|yfhlgt cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gsf] k|ltlglwTj ub{5g\ / To;}n] o;nfO{ o; sfg'sf] k|of]unfO{ :ki6 kfg{ dfgjtflj?4 ck/fwsf] ljZn]if0fdf k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 .

/f]d ljwfgsf] wf/f &, cg'R5]b ! df dfgjclwsf/sf] ;jf{lws uDeL/ pNnª\3gx¿nfO{ k|ltlglwTj ug]{ s[Tox¿sf] ;"rL lbOPsf] 5 . tLdWo] x'g\M

xTof, pR5]bg, bf; agfpg], hg;d'bfosf] lgisf;g jf hah{:tL :yfgfGt/0f, oftgf, s/0fL, of}gbf;tf jf cGo uDeL/ k|sf/sf of}g lx+;f, /fhgLlts, hftLo, /fli6«o, hghftLo, ;fF:s[lts, wfld{s jf n}ª\

lus cfwf/df klxrfg ug{ ;lsg] vf; ;d"x jf ;fd"lxs ¿kdf ul/g] pTkL8g,

hah{:tL JolQm a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{, hfgfhfg z/L/ jf dfgl;s jf zf/Ll/s :jf:Yodf uDeL/ kL8f jf cGo

uDeL/ rf]6 kfg]{ lgotn] ul/Psf To:t} k|s[ltsf cGo cdfgjLo sfo{x¿ .

oL ;"rLs[t sfo{x¿ dfgjtflj?4sf] ck/fwsf] ¿kdf juL{s[t x'g tL Jofks / of]hgfa4 cfqmd0fsf] lx:;fsf] ¿kdf ul/Psf] x'g'k5{ . /f]d ljwfgn] dfly ;"rLs[t lx+;fsf ljleGg sfo{ ePdf Tof] cfqmd0f x'G5 egL :ki6 kf/]sf] 5 . t/, Pp6} s[To klg 7"nf] cfqmd0fsf] lx:;fsf] ¿kdf ul/Pdf Tof] dfgjtflj?4sf] ck/fw x'g ;S5 . To;afx]s, s'g} klg cfqmd0f ;}Go cfqmd0f jf ;z:q åGåsf] lx:;f g} x'g'k5{ eGg] 5}g146. cfqmd0fsf] k|s[lt Jofks ePsf] gePsf] s'/f To;sf] dfkg, lg;fgf agfOPsf dflg;sf] ;ª\Vof jf æz[ª\vnfa4 cdfgjLo s[Tox¿sf] ;d'Rro k|efj jf Pp6} 7"nf] s[Tosf] ljlzi6 k|efjÆ147 df cfwfl/t x'G5 . cfqmd0fsf] of]hgfa4 k|s[lt æul/Psf s[Tox¿sf] ;ª\ul7t rl/q / hyfefjL x'g g;Sg] ltgsf] k|s[ltÆaf6 cg'dfg ul/G5148 .145 cGt/f{li6«o kmf}hbf/L cbfntsf] /f]d ljwfg, A/CONF.183/9* (1998), wf/f & .146 P]= wf/f &, ck/fwsf tTjx¿ .147 Prosecutor v. Kordić and Cerkezs, ICTY, Appeals Chamber, no. IT-95-14/2-A, 17 December 2004, para. 94148 P]= .

76

dfgjtflj?4sf] ck/fw x'g of] u}/;}lgs hg;d'bfolj?4 nlIot ePsf] x'g h?/L 5 . u}/;}lgs hg;d'bfo eGgfn] abL{ gnufPsf / ;/sf/L clwsf/L;Fu s'g} klg lsl;dsf] ;DaGw gePsf dflg;x¿ Pj+ tL JolQmx¿ hf] æn8fOFaf6 aflx/Æ ePsfn] åGådf efu lnO/x]sf 5}gg\ jf lng 5f8]sf 5g\ eGg] a'lemG5149 . æu}/;}lgs hg;d'bfoÆ eGg] cleJolQmnfO{ a[xt\ cy{df a'em\g' cfjZos 5 / o;n] o:tf] hg;d'bfonfO{ hgfpF5 hf] d"ntM ;j{;fwf/0f JolQmx¿ ldn]/ ag]sf] x'G5 . u}/;}lgs gful/sx¿ ax';ª\Vos ePsf] cj:yfdf, u}/;j{;fwf/0f (non-civilians) JolQmx¿ 5g\ eg] klg To:tf] hg;d'bfonfO{ æu}/;}lgsÆ eg]/ juL{s/0f ug{ ;lsG5150 .

$=$=$ o'4 ck/fw

Æo'4 ck/fwÆ eGg] kbfjnL ;fdfGotM cGt/f{li6«o jf u}/cGt/f{li6«o ;z:q åGåsf qmddf u}/;}lgs jf zq'kIfsf n8fs'x¿k|lt nlIot cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg'gsf] s'g} klg uDeL/ pNnª\gnfO{ hgfpg k|of]u ul/G5, h;sf nflu kL8sx¿nfO{ JolQmut cfwf/df kmf}hbf/L ¿kdf lhDd]jf/ 7x¥ofpg ;lsg]5 . o:tf ck/fwx¿ d"ntM rf/j6f h]g]ef dxf;lGw, ltgsf cltl/Qm ;lGwkq, ;g\ !*(( / !()& sf x]u dxf;lGwx¿ k|yfhlgt cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gaf6 lnOPsf 5g\ . g]kfn /f]d ljwfgsf] kIf/fi6« geP tfklg o;sf] wf/f * sf] cWoogn] o'4ck/fwsf ljleGg k|ju{x¿nfO{ 5'6\ofO{ pkof]uL dfu{lgb]{zg ub{5151 . u}/cGt/f{li6«o ;z:q åGå;Fu ;Da4 k|ju{x¿ lgDgfg';f/ 5g\ M

cfGtl/s ;z:q åGådf ;femf wf/f # sf] uDeL/ pNnª\3g, vf;u/L o'4df ;lqmo efu glnPsfk|lt nlIot xTof, cª\ueª\u, qm"/ Jojxf/ / oftgfÙ152

cfGtl/s ;z:q åGådf nfu' x'g] sfg'g tyf k|rngsf cGo uDeL/ pNnª\3gx¿, h:t}, u}/;}lgs hg;d'bfodfly hfgfhfg ul/g] cfqmd0f, anfTsf/ tyf of}g bf;tf, clgjfo{ ;}lgs etL{, ;}Go etL{ jf afn;}lgssf] k|of]u153 .

149 Prosecutor v. Mrkšić et al. , ICTY, Appeals Chamber, 5 May 2009, para. 32 and 33.150 Prosecutor v. Limaj, ICTY, Trial chamber, no. IT-03-66-T, 30 November 2005, para. 186.151 /f]d ljwfg, wf/f *-@_-u_ -kfbl6Kk0fL !$% x]g'{xf];\_ .152 ;femf wf/f # sf] uDeL/ pNnª\3gdf kmf}hbf/L pQ/bfloTj k5{ eGg] s'/f ca k|:6 ¿kdf :yflkt eO;s]sf] 5 . cfO{;L6LjfO{n] tflbrsf] d'2fdf æk|yfhlgt cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gn] ;femf wf/f # sf] uDeL/ pNnª\3gsf nflu kmf}hbf/L pQ/bfloTj yf]k/]sf] 5 / o;df cGt/f{li6«o ;z:q åGåsf kLl8tsf] ;+/If0f;DaGwL ;fdfGo l;4fGt tyf lgodx¿n] klg k"/ssf] e"ldsf v]n]sf 5g\ === Æ eGg] km};nf u¥of] . Prosecutor v. Tadić, ICTY, Trial Chamber, no. IT-94-1-T, Opinion and Judgment, 7 May 1997. k|yfhlgt cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gsf xfnsf lgodcGtu{t cfGtl/s ;z:q åGådf ;femf wf/f # sf] pNnª\3gn]] To:tf] pNnª\3g ug]{ JolQmx¿dfly JolQmut kmf}hbf/L pQ/bfloTj yf]k/]sf] s'/f k'li6 ub}{ k'g/fj]bgdf !((& sf] km};nf ;b/ ul/of] .153 P]=, wf/f *-@_-ª_ .

77

o'4 ck/fw x'gsf nflu Tof] ck/fw ;z:q åGåsfndf ePsf] tyf k|ltalGwt sfo{ / ;z:q åGåsf] aLrdf ;DaGw x'g' cfjZos x'G5 . To:tf] ;DaGw x'g' eg]sf] To:tf] sfo{ ug]{ kL8snfO{ To:tf] sfo{ u/]sf] ;dodf ;z:q åGåsf] cl:tTjaf/] yfxf lyof], Tof] sfo{ ;z:q åGåsf] ;Gbe{df ePsf] lyof] / of] æåGåÆ;Fu ;DalGwt lyof] eGg] xf]154 .

$=% cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gsf] k|of]u;DaGwL l;4fGtx¿

$=%=! cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gcGtu{tsf bfloTjx¿sf] lhDd]jf/L

cGt/f{li6«o dfgjclwsf/ sfg'gn] d"ntM s'g} /fi6« tyf sfg'g sfof{Gjog ug]{ ;+:yf h:tf ;Da4 ;/sf/L kfqx¿ bfloTjx¿ yf]kb{5 . t/, ;z:q ;d"xx¿n] klg of] dfgjclwsf/sf] sfg'gsf] ;Ddfg ug'{k5{ . s'g} ;z:q ;d"xn] k|x/L clwsf/, kqmfp ug]{ clwsf/ / e"efuleq cfkm\gf lgodx¿sf] sfof{Gjog u/fpg] h:tf ;/sf/n] ug]{ vfnsf sfdx¿ k|efjsf/L ¿kn] ub{5 eg] Tof] e"efudf p;sf] jf:tljs (de facto) clwsf/L ePsf] 7fGg ;lsG5155 . cGt/f{li6«o dfgjclwsf/ sfg'gn] jf:tljs clwsf/Ldfly lglZrt bfloTjx¿ yf]k/]sf] x'G5, h;n] pQm e"efuleq ePsf pNnª\3gx¿sf nflu lhDd]jf/L lnPsf] x'G5156 . pbfx/0fsf nflu, oftgf jf hLjgsf] :j]R5frf/L x/0fdfly nufOPsf] k|ltaGwsf] ;Ddfg ug{' jf:tljs Joj:yfsf] bfloTj x'G5 . cGt/f{li6«o dfgjclwsf/ sfg'gcGtu{tsf kIf/fi6«dfly yf]kl/Psf bfloTjx¿ jf:tljs clwsf/Ldly bfloTjx¿ yf]k/]sf] eP klg geP klg To;sf] ;fy;fy} lg/Gt/ sfd ul//x]sf] x'G5 eGg] s'/fdf hf]8 lbg'k5{ .

;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3Lo ljz]if sfof{b]zjfxsx¿n] æk|To]s JolQm / ;dfhsf] k|To]s cª\uÆsf] dfgjclwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL

154 Ibid, article 8, Elements of Crimes. See also Prosecutor v. Kunarac et al., ICTY, Appeals chamber, no. IT-96-23/1-A, 12 June 2002, para. 58: æ;z:q åGå / ck/fwsf aLr sf/0f / c;/sf] h:tf] ;DaGw x'g' cfjZos 5}g t/ sDtLdf ;z:q åGåsf] cl:tTjn] kL8ssf] To:tf] ck/fw ug]{ Ifdtfdf, To:tf] ck/fw ug{] lg0f{odf, h'g tl/sfn] To:tf] ck/fw ul/of] To;df jf h'g p2]Zon] pgLx¿n] Tof] ck/fw u/] To;df 7"nf] k|efj kf/]sf] eg] x'g}k5{ .Æ155 jf:tljs (de facto) zf;gJoj:yf /fHo h:t} b]lvG5g\ lsgsL pgLx¿ e"efudf sAhf hdfpg'sf ;fy} sfg'g Joj:yf tyf cbfntL Joj:yf sfod /fVg, sfg'gx¿ kfl/t u/L nfu' ug{, e"efudf /x]sf afl;Gbfx¿sf] cfk;L ;DaGw tyf ;/sf/;Fu pgLx¿sf] ;DaGwnfO{ lgodg ug{ Pp6f ;Dk|e" ;/sf/n] ug]{ ;a} sfd ub{5g\ . Lord Atkin, Arantzazu Mendi case, House of Lords, at 65 et seq, cited in The Redress Trust, “Not Only the State: Torture by Non-State Actors: Towards Enhanced Protection, Accountability and Effective Remedies” (May 2006) p. 14, Available from www.redress.org/downloads/publications/Non%20State%20Actors%209%20June%20Final.pdf/156 jf:tljs -de facto_ lgoGq0fnfO{ sfg'gL -de jure_ lgoGq0f;Fu t'ngf ug{ ;lsG5 / kl5Nnf]sf] cy{ x'G5 …sfg'gadf]lhdÚ . nfu' sfg'gadf]lhd, s'g} e"efu s'g} lgsfosf] sfg'gL lgoGq0fdf ePklg, p;n] cfkm\gf] clwsf/ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf pkof]u ug{ g;s]sf] s'/f w/ftnLo oyfy{x¿n] hgfpg ;S5g\ .

78

3f]if0ffkqsf] ;Ddfg tyf k|j4{g ug]{ / ;z:q ;d"xsf sfo{x¿sf] ;Daf]wg ug]{ rfn' bfloTjdfly hf]8 lbPsf 5g\157 .

u}/cGt/f{li6«o ;z:q åGådf, cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg'g, ljz]ifu/L rf/j6f h]g]ef dxf;lGwsf] ;femf wf/f # cGtu{tsf Go"gtd ;+/If0f h'g æk|To]s åGå/t kIfÆdf nfu' x'G5, sf] ;Ddfg ug'{ ;z:q ;d"xx¿sf] klg bfloTj xf] .

g]kfndf åGåsf] qmddf d'n'ssf] cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg'gsf lhDd]jf/Lx¿ ;/sf/n] jf:tljs lgoGq0f hdfPsf ;a} 7fpFdf nfu' eP158 . To;afx]s, ;z:q åGå eGg ;lsg] ;Dk"0f{ cjlwel/, cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg'g nfu' eof] . dfcf]jfbLx¿n] jf:tljs clwsf/ hdfPsf If]qx¿df dfgjclwsf/ ;DaGwL bfloTj ltgsf lhDd]jf/L lyP .

$=%=@ cGt/f{li6«o dfgjclwsf/ sfg'g / cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg'gsf] Ps;fy k|of]u — ljz]if sfg'g

hxfF cGt/f{li6«o dfgjclwsf/ sfg'g / cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg'g nfu' x'G5 / Psgf;n] nfu' ug{ ;lsG5 ltgnfO{ nfu' ug'{ åGå/t kIfx¿sf] bfloTj xf] . hxfF pgLx¿ nfu' ug{ ;Sb}gg\, pbfx/0fsf nflu, Pp6} l:yltdf cGt/f{li6«o dfgjclwsf/ sfg'gsf] eGbf dfgjLo sfg'gn] 5'§} lsl;dsf] cfr/0f vf]h]sf] x'G5 jf To:tf] cfr/0fnfO{ 5'6 lbG5, ta ljz]if sfg'gsf] l;4fGt nfu' x'G5 . o; l;4fGtn] ha b'O{j6f leGgleGg dfkb08x¿ Pp6} ljifoj:t'df nfu' ug{ ;Sg] cj:yf x'G5, a9L ljlzi6 dfkb08rflxF nfu' x'G5 eGg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5159 .

o:tf] l:ylt la/n} x'G5 / oL b'O{j6f sfg'gL Joj:yfsf] ldnfg / kl/k"/stfnfO{ cGt/f{li6«o Gofo cbfnt160 tyf ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3Lo dfgjclwsf/ ;ldltåf/f p;sf] ;fdfGo l6Kk0fL #! Dff pNn]v ul/Psf] 5161 . ;g\ @))% df ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3Lo dfgjclwsf/ ;ldltn] o; 157 Report of the Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions, Mr. Philip Alston, 27 March 2006, E/CN.4/2006/53/Add.5; Report of the Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions, Philip Alston; the Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health, Paul Hunt; the Representative of the Secretary-General on human rights of internally displaced persons, Walter Kalin; and the Special Rapporteur on adequate housing as a component of the right to an adequate standard of living, Miloon Kothari, UN Doc. A/HRC/2/7, 2 October 2006, para. 19.158 klxnf g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_nfO{ u'dfPsf / clxn] ;/sf/n] æk|efjsf/L lgoGq0fÆ k|fKt u/]sf nufotsf If]qdf .159 Report of the Study Group of the International law Commission, Fragmentation of International Law: Difficulties Arising from the Diversification and Expansion of International Law, 58th session of the International Law Commission, A/CN.4/L.682 (2006).160 =Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, International Court of Justice Advisory Opinion, General List No. 131, 9 July 2004, para 106.161 æof] cg'aGw cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg'gsf lgodx¿ nfu' x'g] ;z:q åGåsf] l:yltdf klg nfu' x'G5 . c'gaGwsf s]xL clwsf/sf ;DaGwdf cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg'gsf cem ljlzi6 lgodx¿ cg'aGwsf clwsf/x¿sf] JofVofsf lglDt ljz]iftM ;fGble{s x'g ;Sg] ePklg sfg'gsf b'j}

79

d'2fnfO{ yk k|:6\ofpg] p2]Zon] o;sf] ;dLIff u¥of] . ;ldltn] oL b'O{ sfg'gL Joj:yf Pscsf{sf k"/s ePsf] / Psn] csf{nfO{ aflx¥of]pg] vfnsf] gePsf] / ljz]if sfg'gsf] l;4fGt åGåsf] cj:yfdf nfu' x'g] s'/fsf] k'li6 u¥of] . o;n] yk s] 3f]if0ff u¥of] eg] ;z:q åGåsf] ;a} l:yltdf cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg'gn] cGt/f{li6«o dfgjclwsf/ sfg'geGbf :jtM k|fyldstf kfpg] x'Fb}gM

s'g} vf; ljlzi6 l:yltnfO{ lnP/ oL b'O{ sfg'gL Joj:yfsf k|fjwfgx¿ aflemPsf] cj:yfdf ljz]if sfg'gsf] klxrfg u/L nfu' ug'{k5{162 .

To;sf/0f, ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3Lo dfgjclwsf/ ;ldltsf cg';f/, s'g} klg ljlzi6 kl/l:yltdf s'g sfg'gL Joj:yf nfu' x'G5 eGg] s'/f ToxfF ;z:q åGå rn]sf] 5 ls 5}g eGg] s'/fdf dfq lge{/ ub}{g t/ s'g sfg'gL Joj:yf To:tf] ljlzi6 kl/l:yltdf nfu' x'g] vfnsf ljlzi6 lgod 5g\ eGg] s'/fdf e/ k5{ . pbfx/0fsf nflu, cGt/f{li6«o dfgjclwsf/ sfg'gdf …sd tLj|Ú åGåsf] kl/l:yltdf nfu' x'g] a9L lj:t[t sfg''g 5g\ h;df kIf/fi6«sf sf/afxLx¿ ;}lgs n8fOF h:tf] eGbf k|x/Lsf sfd tyf sfg'g sfof{Gjog;Fu t'ngLo x'G5g\ .

h]xf];\, oL b'O{ sfg'gL Joj:yf Pscsf{nfO{ ;3fpg] vfnsf x'Fb}gg\ egL JofVof ug{ ;lsg] cj:yf la/n} b]lvG5 . vf;u/L, ha k|Zg o'4df k|ToIf efu glnPsf u}/;}lgs gful/sx¿ jf c;Ifd jf czQm eO{ n8fOFaf6 cnu ePsf n8fs';Fu ;DalGwt x'G5, k|To]s sfg'gL Joj:yfcGtu{tsf ;+/If0fx¿ tflTjs ¿kdf p:t} x'G5g\ .$=%=# ;z:q åGådf afnaflnsf

cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg'g tyf cGt/f{li6«o dfgjclwsf/ sfg'gdf ;z:qdf åGådf afnaflnsf;Fu ul/g] Jojxf/sf ;DaGwdf ltgsf cf–cfkm\g} ljlzi6 k|fjwfgx¿ 5g\ h;n] k|foM jo:seGbf c¿nfO{ klg ;+/If0f k|bfg u/]sf] x'G5163 . pbfx/0fsf nflu, !* jif{ d'lgsf hf]s;}n] h:tf];'s} ck/fw u/]klg ltgnfO{ d[To'b08 x'Fb}g164 .

If]q Pscsf{sf nflu lgif]w ug]{ geO{ kl/k"/s 5g\ .Æ General Comment No. 31 of the Human Rights Committee: Nature of the General Legal Obligation Imposed on States Parties to the Covenant, CCPR/C/21/Rev.1/Add.13, sect. 11.162 Working Group on Arbitrary Detention, Mr. Abdul jabber al-Kubaisi v. Iraq and the United States of America, Opinion No. 44/2005, A/HRC/4/40/Add.1, (2006), para 13.163 ljlzi6 pNnª\3g -oftgf tyf a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{_sf sfg'gL kIfx¿sf] kl5Nnf ljifout cWofox¿df rrf{ ul/g]5 . To;}n], ltgLx¿sf] oxfF rrf{ ul/Psf] 5}g .164International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1976) article 6(5); Fourth Geneva Convention, article 68; Additional Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions, 1949, article 77(5); Additional Protocol II to the Geneva Conventions, 1949, article 6(4).

80

;z:qkmf}h jf ;z:q ;d"xdf afnaflnsfnfO{ hah{:tL egf{ u/fOg' x'Fb}g / o'4df efu lng lbg' x'Fb}g eGg] s'/f g]kfnsf] åGå;Fu ljz]iftM ;DalGwt s'/f xf] . of] s'/f ;g\ !(() df g]kfn kIf/fi6« ag]sf] afnclwsf/ dxf;lGwsf] wf/f #* Pj+ cGo s]xL cGt/f{li6«o b:tfj]hdf k|:6;Fu pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 / o;nfO{ k|yfhlgt cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gsf] lx:;fsf] ¿kdf dflgG5165 .o'4df ;xeflutf tyf etL{sf nflu Go"gtd pd]/sf ;DaGwdf, afncl-wsf/ dxf;lGw / cltl/Qm ;lGwkq ! / @ n] ;z:qkmf}h tyf ;z:q ;d"xdf etL{sf] Go"gtd pd]/ !% jif{166 tf]s]sf 5g\ eg] dxf;lGwsf] P]lR5s ;lGwkqn] o'4df ;}Go etL{, k|of]u / ;xeflut-fsf nflu o; pd]/nfO{ a9fP/ !* jif{167 kf/]sf] 5 . kGw| / !* jif{aLrsf afnaflnsfsf af/] ;lGwkqn] clgjfo{ etL{nfO{ dfq lgif]w u/]sf] 5168 . dxTTjk"0f{ s'/f s] 5 eg] cGt/f{li6«o dfgjcl-wsf/ sfg'gL Joj:yfdf cGo ;+/If0fsf nflu s'g} klg afnaflnsfsf] kl/eflift pd]/ !* jif{ xf]169 .

;z:q ;d"xdf afnaflnsfsf] etL{ g]kfndf åGåsf] ;dodf Pp6f dxTTjk"0f{ d'2f lyof] / o;nfO{ åGå/t kIfx¿ tyf ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3n] ;z:q åGådf afnaflnsf;DaGwL ;'/Iff kl/ifb\ k|:tfj !^!@ -@))%_sf] vfsfleq /x]/ ;Daf]wg u/]sf lyP170 . pNn]Vo s'/f s] 5 eg] g]kfn ;/sf/, PsLs[t g]kfn sDo'lg:6 kf6L{ -dfcf]jfbL_ / ;+o'Qm /fi6;ª\3aLr cof]Uo dfcf]jfbL ;}lgs sd{rf/Lsf] lgisf;gsf nflu ag]sf] sfo{of]hgfdf @)^^ k'; ! ut] ;xdlt ePsf] lyof] . ;f] sfo{of]hgfdf dfcf]jfbL ;}lgs sd{rf/L, hf] k|df0fLs/0fsf a]nf gfafns lyP, sf ;DaGwdf ul/Psf k|lta4tf sfof{Gjogsf] cg'udg u/L To;af/] k|ltj]bg ug{ ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3Lo cg'udg ;+oGqsf] :yfkgf ug'{kg]{ s'/f klg lyof] . o; d'2fnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ ;+oGqsf] :yfkgf eO;s]sf sf/0fn] ubf{ o; k|165 Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict (CRC OP-armed conflict) (2002); International Committee for the Red Cross, Customary International Humanitarian Law, vol.1 (see footnote 129), rules 135-137; The Rome Statute, article 8 (2) (e) (vii) (see footnote 145); Additional Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions, 1949, article 77; Additional Protocol II to the Geneva Conventions, 1949, article 4. Note also that the Convention Concerning the Prohibition and Immediate Action for the Elimination of the Worst Forms of Child Labour (1999), ILO Convention No. 182, which Nepal ratified in 2002, prohibits the “forced or compulsory recruitment of children for use in armed conflict” in its article 3(a). See also International Committee for the Red Cross, Customary International Humanitarian Law, vol.1 (see footnote 129), p. 487166 Additional Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions, 1949, article 77(2). Additional Protocol II to the Geneva Conventions, 1949, article 4(3)(c); Convention on the Rights of the Child (1990), article 38(3). o;sf] cfzo xf] sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf] cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gL ;+/rgfcg';f/ !% jif{ jf ;f]eGbf a9L pd]/sf JolQmx¿nfO{ o'4df etL{ ug'{ jf To;df ;xefuL aGg lbg' pNnª\3g xf]Og .167 Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict, article 2. g]kfnn] P]lR5s ;lGwkqdf ;g\ @))) df x:tfIf/ u/] klg To;sf] cg'df]bg eg] ;g\ @))& df dfq u¥of] .168 P]= .169 afnclwsf/ dxf;lGw wf/f ! (see footnote 166), cyf{t, æafnclwsf/;DaGwL sfg'gn] klxn] g} ;fafns x'G5 egL tf]s]sf]dfÆ afx]s .170 UN Security Council, Security Council resolution 1612 (2005) 26 July 2005, S/RES/1612 (2005).

81

ltj]bgsf] ;Gbe{{df ;z:q ;d"xdf afnaflnsfsf] etL{nfO{ lnP/ ePsf pNnª\3gx¿ ;dfj]z gug]{ lg0f{o ul/of], g t To;nfO{ ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg Gofo ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L clen]v e08f/df g} ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . t/, o;n] ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg Gofo ;+oGqx¿nfO{ jf csf]{ ;Ifd Goflos lgsfonfO{ cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gsf] pNnª\3gsf] cg';Gwfg jf cleof]hgsf] ;Gbe{df o:tf 36gfx¿dfly ljrf/ ug{af6 /f]Sg' x'Fb}g .

82

cWofo % — u}/sfg'gL xTof

%=! ;dLIff

;/sf/L cfFs8fcg';f/, @)%@ kmfu'gdf ;'? ePsf] æhgo'4Æ / @)^# dª\l;/ % ut] cf}krfl/s ¿kdf cGTo ePsf] ;z:q åGåaLr hDdf n8fs' tyf u}/;}lgs b'j} u/L hDdf !@ xhf/ ^ ;o *^ hgf åGådf dfl/Psf lyP171 . w]/} 36gfdf cGt/f{li6«o dfgjclwsf/ sfg'g / cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg'gsf] ;Ddfg ePklg pknAw tYofª\sx¿sf] ;Gbe{af6 ljleGg kl/l:yltdf u}/sfg'gL xTofsf ¿kdf cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gsf] pNnª\3g ePsf] s'/f :ki6 5 .

;ª\qmd0fsfnLg Gofo ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L clen]v e08f/df @ xhf/eGbf a9L 36gf ;"rLs[t 5g\, h;n] Ps jf Tof]]eGbf a9L xTofx¿ cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gsf] uDeL/ pNnª\3g ePsf] x'g;Sg] kl/l:yltdf eP ls eGg] zª\sf pAhfPsf] 5 . oLdWo] ax';ª\Vos 36gf dfcf]jfbLx¿åf/f ePsf] elgPsf] 5 / o;kl5 ;'/Iffkmf}h cfpF5 . sltko 36gfdf kL8sx¿ sf] lyP eGg] yfxf 5}g . o; cWofodf, oL 36gfsf] cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg'g tyf cGt/f{li6«o dfgjclwsf/ sfg'gsf dfkb08sf ;Gbe{df æu}/sfg'gL xTofÆsf] ;fd"lxs zLif{sdf ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5 .

pknAw tYofª\sn] åGåcjlwel/ ljleGg ;Gbe{df u}/sfg'gL xTof ePsf] b]vfpFb5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu, ;'/Iffkmf}hsf rf}sL tyf c8\8f, ;/sf/L ejg, /fli6«o Aofª\s tyf ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf k|lti7fgx¿df ul/Psf] dfcf]jfbL cfqmd0fdfÙ ckem{6 x'g] bf]xf]/f] le8Gt / df8L ad lj:kmf]6g h:tf w/fkdfÙ klxn] u/]sf dfcf]jfbL cfqm-d0fsf k|ltlqmof:j¿k ;'/Iffkmf}håf/f ul/Psf vfgtnf; sf/afxLsf qm-ddfÙ / h;/L :yfgLo hgd'lQm ;]gf / /fhgLlts sfo{stf{x¿n] zª\sf:kb hf;'; tyf ;'/fsLx¿sf] ckx/0f, ceb| Jojxf/÷oftgf / xTof u/] To;df . zq'kIfsf n8fs' tyf y'gfdf /x]sf jf cGo tl/sfn] lj/f]wLsf] lgoGq0fdf /x]sf u}/;}lgs JolQmx¿lj?4, pbfx/0fsf nflu sfo/tfk"j{s ul/Psf xTof, u}/sfg'gL xTof ul/Psf lyP . o:t} Pp6f hah{:t 36gf xf] 8f]/Dafsf], hxfF zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfn] !& dfcf]jfbL / @ ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ lgoGq0fdf lnO{, kxf8df lx+8fP/ nuL nfOg} nufP/ xTof u/]sf] elgG5 . g]kfn sDo'lg:6 kf6L{ -dfcf]jfbL_n] klg cfkm"n] aGbL agfPsf JolQmx¿nfO{ df/]sf] elgG5, pbfx/0fsf nflu, tLg lzIfsx¿ d'lQmgfy clwsf/L, s]bf/

171 zflGt tyf k'glg{df0f dGqfnosf] j]a;fO6, zflGt k|lqmof ;xof]u cfof]hgf .83

l3ld/] / ch'{g l3ld/] h;dWo] k|To]snfO{ ;g\ @))@ df nDh'ª lh-Nnfdf 5'§f5'§} 36gfdf ckx/0fkl5 dfl/Psf] lyof] elgG5172 .

cGoq pNn]v ul/Pem}+, åGåsfndf t'ngfTds ¿kdf 7"nf cfqm-d0fx¿ sd} eP / clelnlvt 36gfx¿n] k'li6 ub{5g\ ls a'x;ª\Vos slyt u}/sfg'gL xTof sd tLj|, sd xtfxt x'g] kl/l:yltdf ePsf lyP . bzs nfdf] åGåsf] qmddf @( lbg] cjlwdf åGå;Fu ;DalGwt elg-Psf] u}/sfg'gL xTofsf] kl/df0f:j¿k bz jf ;f]eGbf a9L dflg; d/]sf] Pp6f dfq /]s8{ 5 .

ef}uf]lns ¿kdf, åGå ;'? ePsf, / ;a}eGbf a9L k|efljt, lhNnfx¿ dWoklZrdf~rn If]qsf ?s'd / /f]Nkf x'g\ . ;jf{lws slyt u}/sfg'gL xTofx¿ klg oxLF ePsf] kfOof] . sd tLj| åGåsf] ¿kdf xTof qmdzM ;Dk"0f{ dWoklZrdf~rn If]qel/ km}lnof] / kl5 o;n] d'n'ssf] clwsf+z efunfO{ 9fSof], ljz]ifu/L @)!! Gff]e]Da/sf] o'4lj/fd ljkmn ePkl5 . ;g\ @))# cu:6df bf];|f] o'4lj/fd ljkmn ePkl5 u}/sfg'gL xTofsf] ef}uf]lns s]Gb| dWodf~rnlt/ ;¥of] .

;fdfGotM s'g} klg ;do laGb'df ePsf] slyt u}/sfg'gL xTofx¿sf] ;ª\Vof To; ;dodf ePsf] åGåsf] tLj|tf;Fu d]n vfGYof] . pbfx/0fsf nflu, ;g\ @))! / @))# sf] o'4lj/fdsf ;dodf, åGå;Fu ;DalGwt xTof tyf slyt u}/sfg'gL xTof b'j} sd lyP . jftf{ ljkmn ePkl5 lx+;fdf gf6sLo j[l4 eof] / To;}cg';f/ -!_ dfl/g]x¿sf] s'n ;ª\Vof / -@_ åGå/t b'j} kIfåf/f u}/sfg'gL xTofx¿ ePsf] eGg] cf/f]kx¿df klg a9f]Q/L eof] .

kfFr jf Tof]eGbf a9L d[To' x'g k'u]sf slyt u}/sfg'gL xTofsf 36gf ;'/Iffkmf}h tyf dfcf]jfbL b'j}af6 ePsf] elgPsf] 5 . t/, cf/f]lkt kL8s ;'/Iffkmf}h ePsf o:tf 36gfsf] cfj[lQ ;ª\s6sfnsf] a]nf XjfQ} a9]/ uof] .

åGå/t k|To]s kIfåf/f ePsf slyt u}/sfg'gL xTofx¿sf] ;ª\Vofdf ePsf] pNn]Vo j[l4sf] cWoogn] tL Ps} ;dodf gePsf] b]vfpF5 . a?, dfcf]jfbLn] u/]sf] cfqmd0fsf] k|ltlqmof:j¿k ;'/Iffkmf}hn] u/]sf] tl:a/ b]vfk5{, h;df b'j} kIfn] Ps csf{nfO{ u}/sfg'gL xTof u/]sf] cf/f]k nufP . pbfx/0fsf nflu, ;'/Iffkmf}hn] u/]sf] el-gPsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] ;ª\Vofsf] u}/sfg'gL xTof cl3Nnf tLg dlxgfdf /f]Nkf, ;Nofg, kfFry/, sfe|] / c5fddf dfcf]jfbLn] u/]sf z[ª\vnfa4 cfqmd0fkl5sf] cj:yfdf @))@ dfr{df eof] . To:t}, 172 d'lQmgfy clwsf/L (Ref. No. 5985) nfO{ @)%* df3 # ut] ckx/0fkl5 xTof ulPsf] lyof], s]bf/ l3ld/] (Ref. No. 5982) nfO{ @)%* df3 # ut] ckx/0fkl5 xTof ulPsf] lyof] / ch'{g l3ld/] (Ref. No. 5948)nfO{ @)%( c;f/ !# ut] ckx/0fkl5 xTof ulPsf] lyof] .

84

dfcf]jfbLåf/f sf7df8f}Fdf ePsf ljlzi6 JolQmx¿sf] xTof / @))# cu:6df zflGt jftf{ ljkmn x'g'cl3 klZrdf~rn, dWoklZrdf~rn / ;'b"/klZrdf~rn If]qsf lhNnfx¿df dfcf]jfbLn] u/]sf z[ª\vnfa4 cfqmd0f ePkl5 @))# cS6f]a/df ;'/Iffkmf}håf/f ul/Psf] elgPsf u}/sfg'gL xTofx¿df a9f]Q/L ePsf] s'/f hgfOPsf] 5 .

oL ;a} s'/fnfO{ Ps} 7fpFdf /fv]/ x]bf{ u}/sfg'gL xTofsf cf/f]kx¿ / ;'/Iffkmf}h tyf dfcf]jfbL b'j}af6 ePsf o:tf xTof;Fu ;DalGwt k|:6 k|j[lQn] u}/sfg'gL xTofx¿ åGåsf] ;dodf gLlts} -JoQm jf cJoQm_ Ps cª\u lyP ls eGg] k|Zg v8f ub{5 . ljz]iftM b'j} kIfåf/f ;j{;fwf/0fsf] hfgfhfgL ul/Psf] xTofsf cg]sf}+ l/kf]6{x¿ pNn]Vo 5g\, vf;u/L tL JolQmx¿sf] xTof h;n] zq'kIfnfO{ ;dy{g u/]sf] jf ;"rgf lbPsf] 7flgPsf lyP . oL kl/l:yltdf, åGå/t kIfsf To;a]nfsf g]tfx¿nfO{ oL sfo{df kmf}hbf/L ¿kdf pQ/bfoL agfpg ;lsg] x'g;S5 .

u}/sfg'gL xTofsf] cfkm\gf] 5nkmndf, o; cWofon] ;j{k|yd g]kfndf åGåsf] qmddf nfu' x'g] ;Da4 cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gL vfsfnfO{ k|:6;Fu /fVg]5 . ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg Gofo ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L clen]v e08f/df ePsf 36gfx¿df cfwfl/t /x]/ xTofsf d'Vo k|j[lQaf/] 5nkmn ul/g]5 . o; k|ltj]bgsf cGo cWofoem}F k|j[lQnfO{ :ki6 kfg{ / atfOPsf tYox¿df ;Da4 cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gsf] k|of]unfO{ b]vfpg k|tLsfTds 36gfsf] k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 .

%=@ ;Da4 sfg'gL vfsf

o; k|ltj]bgsf] cWofo $ n] ;fdfGotM ;z:q åGå;Fu ;Da4 sfg'gsf cGt/f{li6«o ;|f]tx¿sf] vfsfnfO{ k|:t't u¥of] eg] o; v08n] u}/sfg'gL xTofnfO{ lgodg ug]{ cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gsf] lj:t[t k|:t'lt pknAw u/fpF5 .

;z:q åGåsf] ;Gbe{df, xTof ug]{nufotsf s[Todfkm{t\ zq'nfO{ ;dfKt kfg]{ sfdnfO{ ;fdfGotM :jLsf/ ul/Psf] x'G5 . csf]{ cy{df eGg] xf] eg] nfu' x'g] ;a} cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg'g -cfO{PrPn_ / cGt/f{li6«o dfgjclwsf/ sfg'g -cfO{Prcf/Pn_sf ;t{x¿sf] kfngf u/];Dd ;z:q åGåsf] qmddf s;}n] klg cfkm\gf] zq'nfO{ dfg]{ sfd u}/sfg'gL x'Fb}g173 . t/, 173 x]g'{xf];\ cWofo $ — nfu' cGt/f{li6«o sfg'g, k[= ^!, cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg'gn] zq' n8fs'x¿nfO{ pgLx¿ n8\g c;dy{ jf czQm ePsf] cj:yfdf afx]s æhfoh lg;fgfÆsf] ¿kdf lnG5 . See supra section 4.3.2: Common Article 3 p. Error: Reference source not found. See also Robert K. Goldman, “Certain Legal Questions and Issues Raised by the September 11th Attacks”, Human Rights Brief: A Legal Resource for the International Human Rights

85

s] s''/fdf k|:6 x'g'k5{ eg] ;a} xTof ;z:q åGådf ;d]t :jLsfo{ x'Fb}gg\ .

pNnª\3gsf k|To]s k|ju{sf] ¿k/]vfnfO{ k|:6\ofpg] p2]Zon] ;z:q åGåsf a]nf 3fts ansf] k|of]u;DaGwL ;Da4 sfg'gL vfsfaf/] tn 5nkmn ul/Psf] 5 . tn lbOPsf] ljZn]if0fsf] p2]Zo o; cWofosf] afFsL efudf åGå;Fu ;DalGwt cf/f]lkt d[To'x¿sf] j}wflgstfsf] lgwf{/0f ug{df ;3fpg k'¥ofpg' /x]sf] 5 .

%=@=! cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg'gcGtu{t u}/sfg'gL xTofM o'4 ck/fw

s_ xTof

ljlzi6 kl/l:yltx¿df, ;z:q åGåsf a]nf csf]{ JolQmnfO{ dfg]{ sfd (killing) xTof (murder) ;/xsf] sfo{ x'g'sf ;fy} Tof] o'4 ck/fw x'ghfG5 . xTofsf] o'4 ck/fw ;lGw sfg'g / k|yfhlgt cGt/f{li6«o sfg'g b'j}cGtu{t :yflkt ePsf] 5 / /f]d ljwfgdf o;nfO{ :jLsf/ ;d]t ul/Psf] 5 . cGt/f{li6«o kmf}hbf/L sfg'gcGtu{t u}/cGt/f{li6«o ;z:q åGådf, xTofsf] o'4 ck/fwsf cjojx¿nfO{ o;k|sf/ kl/efiff ul/Psf] 5M

s= kL8sn] Ps jf Tof]eGbf a9L JolQm df¥of] .v= o:tf JolQm jf JolQmx¿ of t c;Ifd jf czQm eP/ n8fOFaf6

cnu /x]sf174 jf o'4df ;lqmo efu glnPsf u}/;}lgs JolQmx¿, lrlsT;fsdL{ jf wfld{s sd{rf/L lyP .

u= of] x}l;ot :yflkt ug]{ tYout kl/l:yltaf/] kL8snfO{ yfxf lyof] .

3= of] 36gf cGt/f{li6«o rl/q gePsf] ;z:q åGåsf] ;Gbe{df eof] / To;;Fu ;DalGwt lyof] .

ª= kL8snfO{ ;z:q åGåsf] cl:tTj :yflkt ug]{ tYout kl/l:yltx¿af/] yfxf lyof] 175.

Community, vol. 9, issue 1, available at www.wcl.american.edu/hrbrief/09/1sept.cfm: æn8fs'x¿n] zq'kIfsf n8fs'x¿ Pj+ o'4df k|ToIf ¿kdf efu lng] u}/;}lgs gful/sx¿nfO{ j}wflgs ¿kdf lg;fgf agfP/ dfg{ ;Sg]5g\ . oL JolQmx¿ cfqmd0fsf] hfoh lg;fgf ePsf] x'gfn], ltgsf] d[To'nfO{ Gofof]lrt xTofsf] ¿kdf lng] ul/G5 h;sf nflu cfqmd0fsf/Ln] /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gcg';f/ s'g} klg lsl;dsf] bfloTj lng' kb}{g . o:tf xTofn] l;4fGttM dfgjclwsf/ sfg'gdf ePsf] hLjgsf] :j]R5frf/L x/0flj?4sf] k|ltaGwsf] pNnª\3g ub}{g .Æ174 hors de combat sf] kl/efiff cWofo $ df nfu' cGt/f{li6«o sfg'g v08 $=#=@ df lbOPsf] 5 .175 Rome Statute, article 8 (2) (c) (i)-(iv), Elements of Crime (see footnote 145). /f]d ljwfgn] ;fdfGotM æ1fg / dg;foÆnfO{ ;a} ck/fwsf] cfk/flws dg;fosf] ¿kdf pNn]v u/]sfn] cfk/flws dg;fo (mens rea) oL tTjx¿df ;"rLs[t ul/Psf] 5}g eGg] s'/fnfO{ Vofn ug'{xf];\ .

86

To;}n], ;z:q åGåsf] ;Gbe{df, kLl8t h'g kl/l:yltdf /x]sf] 5 To;af/] / åGås} af/]df klg kL8snfO{ yfxf ePsf] cj:yfdf s'g} klg ;+/lIft JolQmnfO{ dg;fok"j{s dfg]{ sfd g} xTof xf] . xTof x'gnfO{ s:tf s:tf tTjx¿ x'g'k5{ eGg] ;DaGwdf cGt/f{li6«o kmf}hbf/L ljlwzf:qn] k|foM /fli6«o kmf}hbf/L sfg'gdf :jLsfo{ tTjx¿nfO{ emNsfpFb5g\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu, kL8sn] kLl8tnfO{ cfkm\g} xftn] k|ToIf ¿kdf df/]sf] geP klg kL8ssf sfo{-x¿_ sDtLdf klg kLl8tsf] æd[To'sf] ;f/e"t sf/0fÆ x'g'k5{ t/ kL8s jl/i7 jf sdfG8/ x'Fb}df To:tf] sf/0f x'g'k5{ eGg] 5}g176 . k"j{of]hgf cfjZos tTjsf] ¿kdf b]lv+b}g eGg] s'/fnfO{ Wofgdf /fVg'xf];\ .

s'g} kL8ssf] s'g} cs}{ ck/fw ug{] dg;fo 5, pbfx/0fsf nflu oftgf jf qm"/ Jojxf/, t/ Tof] ck/fwsf] kLl8t -c;fjwfgLj;_] JolQmsf] d[To'[ Tof] kL8sn] u/]sf] Jojxf/sf sf/0fn] ubf{ eof] eg] p;nfO{ xTofsf] cleof]u nfUg ;S5 . csf]{ s'/f, cb'/fzoo'Qm xTof jf c;fjwfgLn] ubf{ ePsf] xTof177 h:tf æsd uDeL/Æ xTofx¿nfO{ cGt/f{li6«o kmf}hbf/L sfg'gcGtu{t x]l/+b}g .178 o;/L, s'g} kLl8t JolQmnfO{ oftgf lbFbflbFb} -c;fjwfgLj;_ p;sf] d[To' ePsf] pbfx/0fdf, To;a]nf kLl8tnfO{ dfg]{ kL8ssf] dg;fo lyof] jf lghn] u/]sf] sfdaf6 kLl8tsf] d[To' x'G5 eGg] lghnfO{ yfxf lyof] eGg] s'/f k|dfl0ft ug{ ;lsPg eg] cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gadf]lhd lghnfO{ xTofsf] xf]Og oftgf lbPsf] cf/f]k nfUg]5 . To;sf] ljk/Lt, cfkm"n] lbPsf] oftgf -jf ceb| Jojxf/ jf cª\ueª\u_af6 kLl8tsf] d[To' x'G5 eGg] yfxf ePdf xTof g} pko'Qm cleof]u x'G5 .v_ u}/;}lgs JolQmlj?4 cfqmd0f

o; ck/fwdf, pbfx/0fsf nflu, sdfG8/sf s[Tox¿ kb{5g\, h;n] s'g} ;}Go lg;fgfdf cfqmd0fsf nflu lgb]{zg lbg'sf] ;§f sDtLdf klg s'g} ;j{;fwf/0f gful/s jf u}/;}lgs hg;d'bfolj?4 cfqmd0fsf nflu lgb]{zg lbG5 . o:tf] cfqmd0faf6 ;j{;fwf/0fx¿nfO{ Tolta]nf;Dd ;+/If0f ug{ ;lsG5 ha;Dd pgLx¿ o'4df k|ToIf efu ln+b}gg\ eGg] a'em\g' dxTTjk"0f{ 5 . csf]{ s'/f, æu}/;}lgs hg;d'bfoleq u}/;}lgs ;d'bfosf] kl/efiffdf gkg]{ JolQmx¿sf] pkl:yltn] 176 Čelebići Case: Prosecutor v. Mucic et al., ICTY, Trial Chamber, no. IT-96-21-T, 16 November 1998, para 424. See also International Criminal Court, Elements of Crimes, ICC-ASP/1/3(part II-B) (2001) footnote 31 (equating the term “killed” with “caused death”)177 oL æsd uDeL/Æ ck/fwx¿df cfk/flws dg;fo æsdÆ x'G5, pbfx/0fsf nflu, c;fjwflg jf x]nr]qm\ofOF . tL cGt/f{li6«o kmf}hbf/L sfg'gsf] lx:;f geP tfklg y'k|} /fli6«o kmf}hbf/L ;+lxtfx¿df ltgsf] pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .178 nfu' ePsf ;+lxtfdf æsd uDeL/Æ ck/fwx¿ 5g\ eGg] dfg]/ lgZro g} 36gfdfly If]qflwsf/ ePsf] /fli6«o sfg'gL k|0ffnLdf o:tf] d'2f rnfpg ;lsG5 .

87

To:tf] ;d'bfonfO{ p;sf] u}/;}lgs rl/qaf6 jl~rt ub}{gÆ179 . t;y{, zq'kIfsf n8fs'x¿ u}/;}lgs ;d'bfodf 5\of;ld; ePklg To:tf] ;d'bfodfly cfqmd0f ug'{ o'4 ck/fw x'G5 .

cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg'gcGtu{t ;j{;fwf/0flj?4 cfqmd0fx¿ k|ltalGwt 5g\ / ltgn] o'4 ck/fwsf] ¿kdf dfGotf kfpFb5g\, h:tf] ls /f]d ljwfgdf klg v'nfOPsf] 5 . o;nfO{ :yflkt ug{, b]xfosf tTjx¿ k|dfl0ft x'g'k5{M

s_ kL8sn] cfqmd0f ug{ lgb]{zg lbPsf] .v_ cfqmd0fsf] p2]Zo u}/;}lgs hg;d'bfo jf k|ToIf ¿kdf

efu glnPsf ;j{;fwf/0f JolQmx¿ lyP . u_ kL8sn] u}/;}lgs hg;d'bfo jf o'4df k|ToIf ¿kdf efu

glnPsf ;j{;fwf/0f JolQmx¿nfO{ dg;fok"j{s cfqmd0f ug]{ p2]Zo /fv]sf]180 .

cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gcGtu{t of] ck/fw k"0f{ x'g cfqmd0faf6 d[To' ePsf] x'g'k5{ eGg] h?/L 5 ls 5}g eGg] s'/f c:ki6 g} 5 . t/, k"j{o'uf]:nfleofsf nflu cGt/f{li6«o kmf}hbf/L Gofoflws/0f -cfO{;L6LjfO{_n] k|yfhlgt cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gcg';f/ cfqmd0faf6 ;j{;fwf/0fsf] d[To' ePsf] jf sDtLdf rf]6k6s nfu]sf] k|df0f x'g'k5{ eGg] km};nf u¥of]181 .

u_ hyfefjL cfqmd0f

hyfefjL cfqmd0fx¿nfO{ cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg'gcGtu{t cGt/f{li6«o tyf u}/cGt/f{li6«o b'j} åGådf k|ltalGwt ul/Psf] 5 . s'g} cfqmd0f hyfefjL Toltv]/ x'G5 ha Tof] s'g} ljlzi6 ;}lgs p2]Zodf nlIot ul/Psf] x'Fb}g182 / n8fOFsf] o:tf] ljlw tyf dfWodsf]183 k|of]u ul/Psf] x'G5 h;sf k|efjx¿ cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo 179 Additional Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions, 1949, article 50. The Appeals Chamber of the ICTY in Kordić and Cerkez confirmed that the definition of civilian population in article 50 of Additional Protocol I has reached the status of customary international law. Kordić, ICTY, Appellate Chamber (2004) (see footnote 147). See also Prosecutor v. Kupreskic et al., ICTY, Appellate Chamber, no. IT-95-16, Judgement, 14 January 2000, para 549: “[T]he population must be predominantly civilian”; Limaj, ICTY, Trial Chamber, ( 2005) para 186 (see footnote 150)180 /f]d ljwfg, wf/f *-@_-ª_-em_ æu}/;}lgs gful/sdfly cfqmd0fsf] o'4 ck/fw .Æ (see footnote 145) km]l/, clGtd b'O{j6f tTj dflysf ck/fw;Fu d]n vfg] ePsfn] ltgnfO{ hfgfhfg x6fOPsf] 5 .181 Kordić, ICTY Appellate Chamber (2004), para 67 (see footnote 147)182 æ;}Go p2]ZoÆsf] kl/efiff cGt/f{li6«o /]8qm; ;ldlt, k|yfhlgt cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg'g, lgod * df lbOPsf] 5 M æ;}Go p2]Zox¿ tL j:t';Fu ;Lldt 5g\ h;n] cfkm\gf] k|s[lt, :yfg, k|of]hg jf k|of]usf sf/0f ;}Go sf/afxLdf dxTTjk"0f{ of]ubfg k'¥ofpFb5g\ / h;sf] cf+lzs jf ;Dk"0f{ ljgf;, sAhf jf ltgnfO{ ck|efjsf/L agfpgfn] tTsfnLg kl/l:yltdf lglZrt ;}Go kmfObf x'G5 .Æ lgod ( n] eG5M æ;}lgs p2]Zodf gkg]{ ;a} j:t' u}/;}lgs j:t' x'g\ .Æ183 n8\g] …;fwgÚn] o'4 xltof/, pks/0f cf}hf/ / af?bL ;'?ª, tf]k jf /fOkmn h:tf To:t} c¿ j:t'x¿nfO{ hgfpFb5 . n8\g] …ljlwÚn] oL pks/0fx¿sf] s;/L k|of]u ul/G5 eGg] s'/fnfO{

88

sfg'gn] rfx]h:tf] ;Lldt ug{ ;lsFb}g . of] kl/l:yltdf ha cfqmd0fsf] k|s[lt g} o:tf] x'G5 ls To;n] ;}lgs p2]Zo / u}/;}lgs j:t'x¿aLrsf] km/s g} g5'6\ofO{ cfqmd0f u5{ / Tof] hyfefjL cfqmd0f x'G5184 .

s'g} klg d[To' gePklg s'g}s'g} cfqmd0fnfO{ hyfefjL ul/Psf] cfqmd0f eGg' plrt x'g;S5 . o:tf] cfqmd0fsf] kmn:j¿k ;+/lIft s'g} JolQmsf] d[To' ePdf, Tof] d[To' 5'§} o'4 ck/fw x'g;S5185 .

3_ c;dfg'kflts cfqmd0f

To;}u/L, cfqmd0fdf ;dfg'kfltstfsf] l;4fGtcg';f/, cfsl:ds Iflt æck]Iff ul/Psf] 7f]; tyf k|ToIf ;}Go nfesf] t'ngfdf cTolws a9L x'g]Æ ePdf s'g} klg ;}lgs cfqmd0fnfO{ Toflulbg'k5{186 . To;}n], u}/;}lgs JolQm jf u}/;}lgs j:t'x¿nfO{ k'Ug] ;Defljt Iflt jf d[To' ;}Go nfeeGbf a9L x'g uPdf, To:tf] cfqmd0fnfO{ lgif]w ul/Psf] 5 . cfqmd0f sfg'g;Ddt ePklg u}/;}lgs JolQmx¿nfO{ x'g] cfsl:ds rf]6k6s, h;nfO{ ækfZj{IfltÆ klg elgG5, x'g;S5 eGg] s'/fnfO{ :jLsf/ ul/Psf] ePklg of] lgod nfu' x'G5 . cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg'gcg';f/, kfZj{Iflt :jo+n] s'g} cfqmd0fnfO{ u}/sfg'gL agfpg] xf]Og, a? s'g} klg ;kmn cfqmd0fdf xfl;n ul/g] ;}Go nfesf] slt dxTTj 5 eGg] s'/fsf] cg'kftdf To:tf] IfltnfO{ tf}lng'k5{ .

ª_ cfjZos k"j{;fjwfgL glnO{ ul/Psf] cfqmd0f

;}Go cfqmd0fsf] p2]Zon] cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg'gsf] kfngf x'g]u/L æ;a} ;DefJo k"j{;fjwfgLÆ ckgfOg'kg]{ / u}/;}lgs JolQm tyf j:t'x¿dfly x'g] IfltnfO{ ;s];Dd Go"g /fVg'kg]{ s'/f dfgjLo sfg'gn] atfPsf] 5 . cfqmd0fsf] cjlwnfO{ lnP/ klg bfloTj a9]/ hfG5 / lg;fgf j}wflgs ;}lgs lg;fgf gePsf] jf To:tf] lg;fgfsf] x}l;ot kl/jt{g ePsf] h:tf] b]lvPdf s'g} klg cfqmd0fnfO{ /2 ug'{kg]{ jf tTsfnsf nflu /f]Sg'kg]{ x'G5 .

;a} ;DefJo k"j{;fjwfgL ckgfpg g;Sg'sf] cy{ cfkm}Fdf u}/sfg'gL xTof ePsf] 5 eGg] xf]Og . t/,

hgfpFb5 . ljlw / ;fwgsf] hyfefjL k|of]u x'g ;S5 / o;n] lgodsf] pNnª\3g x'g hfG5 .184 International Committee of Red Cross, Customary International Humanitarian Law, rule 12 (see footnote 129)185 uDeL/tfsf] Go'gtd dfk08sf sf/0fn], hyfefjL cfqmd0f ul/Psf 36gfx¿af6 hLjgsf] Iflt ePdf dfq To;nfO{ ;ªqmd0fsfnLg Gofo ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L clen]v e08f/d /]s8{ ul/Psf] 5 .186 x]g'{xf];\ International Committee of Red Cross, Customary International Humanitarian Law, rule 14 (see footnote 129).

89

cfqmd0fsf/Ln] ;a} ;DefJo k"j{;fjwfgL ckgfPsf] eP h'g ;+/lIft JolQmnfO{ xTof x'gaf6 arfpg ;lsGYof] To:tf] JolQmsf] xTofnfO{ cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg'gcg';f/ sfg'g;Dd dflgFb}g .

r_ plrt k|lqmof gk'¥ofO{ ul/g] ;hfo jf xTofsf] o'4ck/fw187

t/, kL8sx¿nfO{ ;hfo lbFbf s'g} kIfn] æ;fdfGotM ckl/xfo{ egL :jLsf/ ul/Psf ;a} Goflos k|Tofe"ltÆsf] ;Ddfg ul/Psf] cj:yfdf d[To'b08 lbg ;S5188 . oL ;+/If0flagf s;}nfO{ d[To'b08 lbPdf jf ljlw k|lqmof gk'¥ofO{ dfl/Pdf To:tf] cj:yfdf Tof] o'4 ck/fw x'G5 . /f]d ljwfgcg';f/ o; ck/fwsf tTjx¿ o; k|sf/ 5g\M

!= kL8sn] Ps jf ;f]eGbf a9L JolQmx¿nfO{ ;hfo ;'gfO{ df¥of] jf xTof u¥of]189.

@= o:tf JolQm jf JolQmx¿ of t c;Ifd jf czQm eP/ n8-fOFaf6 cnu /x]sf jf o'4df ;lqmo efu glnPsf u}/;}lgs JolQmx¿, lrlsT;fsdL{ jf wfld{s sd{rf/L lyP .

#= of] x}l;ot :yflkt ug]{ tYout kl/l:yltaf/] kL8snfO{ yfxf lyof] .$= cbfntn]

s= o; d'2fdf klxnf km};nf u/]sf] lyPg, jfv= km};nf ug]{ cbfnt ælgoldt ¿kdfÆ u7g

ul/Psf] lyPg cyf{t o;n] :jtGqtf tyf lgikIftfsf cTofjZos k|Tofe"ltx¿ pknAw u/fPg, jf

u= km};nf ug]{ cbfntn] cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gcGtu{t ;fdfGotM ckl/xfo{ dflgPsf cGo ;a} Goflos k|Tofe"lt pknAw u/fPg . 190

%= klxn] km};nf gePsf] jf ;Da4 k|Tofe"ltx¿ c:jLsf/ ul/Psf] / tL :jR5 k'k{Ifsf nflu cTofjZos jf ckl/xfo{ x'g\ eGg] tYoaf/] kL8snfO{ yfxf lyof]191 .

187 /f]d ljwfg, wf/f *-@_-u_-$_ æplrt k|lqmofljgf b08;hfo ;'gfpg] tyf To;nfO{ sfof{Gjog ug]{ o'4 ck/fw .Æ (see footnote 145)188 o:tf k|Tofe"ltx¿sf] ;"rLsf nflu, x]g'{xf];\ cWofo $ — nfu' cGt/f{li6«o sfg'g .189 ljleGg k|sf/sf JolQmut kmf}hbf/L pQ/bfloTj x'G5g\ . x]g'{xf];\ cWofo $, v08 $=$ cGt/f{li6«o kmf}hbf/L sfg'g / cGt/f{li6«o kmf}hbf/L lhDd]jf/L .190 iv / v tTjsf ;DaGwdf, cbfntn], ;Da4 ;a} kl/l:yltsf] cfnf]sdf, k|Tofe"ltx¿sf] ;DaGwdf tTjx¿sf] ;d'Rro c;/n] JolQm jf JolQmx¿nfO{ lgikIf ;'g'jfO{af6 jl~rt u¥of] ls u/]g eGg]af/] ljrf/ ug'{k5{ .191 dfly h:t}, clGtd b'O{ tTjx¿ /f]d ljwfgsf cfwf/df oxfF pNn]v ul/Psf k|To]s ck/fw;Fu ldNg] ePsfn] ltgnfO{ x6fOPsf] 5 .

90

5_ em'SofP/ dfg]{ jf 3fOt] t'Nofpg]

cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg'gn] wf]vfsf] k|of]unfO{ lgif]w u/]sf] 5, pbfx/0fsf nflu, s'g} lj/f]wLnfO{ ltdLn] cfTd;dk{0f u/]df ltdL;Fu dfgjf]lrt Jojxf/ ul/g]5 hgfpg lbg] / jf:tjd} cfTd;dk{0f u/]kl5 Tof] lj/f]wLnfO{ dfg]{ . of] k|ltaGwnfO{ cGt/f{li6«o tyf u}/cGt/f{li6«o ;z:q åGå b'j}df d'VotM /f]d ljwfgcGtu{t ck/fwLs/0f ul/Psf] 5 . /f]d ljwfgaf6 lnOPsf ck/fwsf tTjx¿ o; k|sf/ 5gM

i. kL8sn] Ps jf Tof]eGbf a9L JolQmx¿nfO{ ;z:q åGådf nfu' x'g] cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gsf lgodadf]lhd pgLx¿ ;+/If0fsf xsbf/ 5g\ egL ljZjf; lbnfOof] jf pgLx¿nfO{ dfGg nufOof] .

ii. kL8ssf] ljZjf;3ft ug]{ dg;fo lyof] .iii. kL8sn] o:tf JolQmx¿nfO{ df¥of] jf 3fOt] agfof] .iv. kL8sn] o:tf JolQm jf JolQmx¿nfO{ dfg{ jf 3fOt] ag-

fpg Tof] ljZjf;sf] pkof]u u¥of] .v. o:tf JolQm jf JolQmx¿ lj/f]wL kIf;Fu cfa4 lyP192 .

h_ cª\ueª\uaf6 ePsf] d[To'

cª\ueª\unfO{ 5'§} ck/fwsf] ¿kdf oftgf;DaGwL cWofo & df rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 . ha cª\ueª\uaf6 kLl8tsf] d[To' x'G5, h:tf] ls ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg Gofo ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L clen]v e08f/df /flvPsf 36gfdf cf/f]k nufOPsf] 5, /f]d ljwfgdf Joj:yf ePcg';f/ Tof] u}/sfg'gL xTof x'g;S5, h;df b]xfosf tTjx¿ kb{5g\M

i. kL8sn] Ps jf ;f]eGbf a9L JolQmx¿nfO{ cª\ueª\u u¥of], ljz]ifu/L ltgnfO{ :yfoL ¿kdf ckfª\u agfP/ la¿k agfP/, jf :yfoL ¿kdf ckfª\u agfP/ jf s'g} cª\u lgsfn]/ .

ii. o:tf] Jojxf/n] o:tf JolQm jf JolQmx¿sf] d[To' eof] jf ltgsf] zf/Ll/s jf dfgl;s :jfYonfO{ uDeL/ vt/f k'¥ofof] .

iii. pgLx¿sf] Jojxf/nfO{ g t ;DalGwt JolQm jf JolQmx¿sf] lrlsT;sLo, bGt jf c:ktfndf ul/g] pkrf/af6 Gofof]lrt 7x¥ofOof] g t To:tf] pkrf/ pgLx¿sf] lxtdf ul/Psf] lyof] .

iv. o:tf JolQm jf JolQmx¿ åGå/t csf]{ kIfsf] ;Qfdf lyP193 .

192 Rome Statute, article 8 (2) (b) (xi) “Elements of Crime” (see footnote 145). dfly h:t}, clGtd b'O{ tTjx¿nfO{ bf]xf]/f]kg x6fpg hfgfhfg x6fOPsf] 5 .193 Rome Statute, article 8 (2) (e) (xi)-1 “Elements of Crime” (see footnote 145). afFsL /x]sf b'O{j6f tTjx¿ dflysf] xTof ck/fwsf b'O{j6f tTj -$ / %_ h:t} ePsfn] ltgnfO{ hfgfhfg x6fOPsf] 5 .

91

em_ d[ts;DaGwL ljifonfO{ x]g]{ cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg'g

k|yfhlgt cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg'gsf] ;DalGwt If]qn] ;z:q åGådf d[[ts;Fu ul/g] Jojxf/nfO{ x]b{5 . dfgjLo sfg'gcg';f/ kl/l:yltn] ;fy lbP;Dd, åGå/t k|To]s kIfn] l9nfO gu/L dfl/Psf JolQmx¿sf] vf]hL, ;ª\sng tyf vfln ug{ ;DefJo ;a} pkfo ug'{k5{194 . zjnfO{ cª\ueª\u ug]{ sfo{dfly cToGt s8fOsf ;fy k|ltaGw nufOPsf] 5 / jf:tjdf tL kIfx¿n] zjnfO{ b'lift x'g glbg ;a} ;DefJo pkfo ug'{k5{ . o:tf pkfox¿df cg'/f]w ePsf]df JolQmsf] zjnfO{ lghsf] ;a}eGbf glhssf] cfkmGtnfO{ a'emfpg] sfdnfO{ ;xh agfpg] jf h'g kIf;Fu d[ts cfa4 lyP ToxL kIfnfO{ zj lkmtf{ ug]{195 nufotsf sfo{ kb{5g\ . dxTTjk"0f{ s'/f s] xf] eg] åGå/t kIfn] nf;sf] Joj:yfkg ug'{cl3 pknAw ;a} hfgsf/Lsf] clen]v /fVg'kg]{ x'G5 / ltgn] lrxfgsf] lrGx /fvL To; 7fpFsf] clen]v /fVg'k5{196 . oL pkfo ug{ ;lsPg eg] Tof] cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg'gsf] ljk/Lt x'g;S5 .

%=@=@ cGt/f{li6«o dfgjclwsf/ sfg'gcGtu{t u}/sfg'gL xTof

gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o cg'aGwsf] wf/f ^ cGtu{tsf] afFRgkfpg] clwsf/ Pp6f To:tf] clwsf/ xf] h;nfO{ ;fj{hlgs cfktsfnsf a]nf klg lgnDag ug{ ;lsFb}g197 . hLjgsf] :j]R5frf/L x/0flj?4sf] ;+/If0f, h;nfO{ wf/f ^-!_ sf] t];|f] jfSoåf/f :ki6 ¿kdf cfjZos 7flgPsf] 5, cToGt dxTTjk"0f{ 5 . gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/;DaGwL ;ldltn] ;z:q åGåsf cjlwdf o; clwsf/sf] k|of]usf ;DaGwdf lj:t[t JofVof pknAw u/fpg'sf ;fy} o'4, hfltxTof tyf hLjgsf] :j]R5frf/L x/0f ug]{ cGo cfd lx+;fTds sfo{x¿nfO{ /f]Sg] /fHosf] ;jf]{Rr bfloTj x'G5 eGg] s'/f pNn]v u/]sf] 5M

;ldltn] kIf/fi6«x¿n] cfk/flws sfo{dfkm{t\ hLjgsf] :j]R5frf/L x/0f x'g glbg / ePdf To;nfO{ ;hfo ug{dfq xf]Og cfkm\g} ;'/Iffkmf}håf/f :j]R5frf/L xTof x'g glbg klg pkfox¿ ug]{af/] ljrf/ ub{5 . /fHo-

194 International Committee of Red Cross, Customary International Humanitarian Law, rule 112 (see footnote 129).195 P]= lgod !!# .196 P]= lgod !!%—!!^ .197 cfO{;L;LkLcf/sf] wf/f $ cg';f/ lgnDag ug{ ;lsG5 . Refer to the discussion in Chapter 4 – Applicable International Law, section 4.2.2 p. Error: Reference source not found.

92

clwsf/Låf/f x'g] hLjgsf] x/0f cToGt uDeL/ ljifo xf] . To;sf/0f, sfg'gn] To:tf kl/l:yltnfO{ cToGt s8fOsf ;fy lgoGq0f tyf ;Lldt ug'{k5{ h;df To:tf /fHoclwsf/Låf/f s'g} JolQmsf] hLjgsf] x/0f x'g;S5198 .

cfkm" æcftª\ssf/LÆ vt/f;Fu nl8/x]sf] ts{ ub}{ /fHoåf/f ePsf] ænlIot xTofÆsf] a9\bf] k|of]usf] cfnf]sdf of] kl/36gf tyf cGt/f{li6«o dfgjclwsf/ sfg'gcGtu{t o;sf] j}wtfk|lt ljz]if Wofg lbOPsf] 5 . ænlIot xTofÆ Toltv]/ x'G5 ha kL8sn] klxnf g} klxrfg ul/Psf JolQm jf JolQmx¿lj?4 s]xL dfqfdf k"j{ofhgf ;lxt dg;fok"j{s / hfgfhfg 3fts ansf] k|of]u ub{5199 . ;z:q åGåaflx/, dfgjclwsf/ dfkb08x¿, vf;u/L 3fts ansf] k|of]u;Fu ;DalGwt, n] xTofsf] j}wtfsf] lgwf{/0f ub{5g\ . /fHo;dly{t hLjgsf] x/0f ha;Dd cfjZos / ;dfg'kflts b'j} x'Fb}g sfg'gL cy{df Tof] :j]R5frf/L x'g]5200 . To;sf/0f, ha /fHosf] s'g} kfqn] 3fts ansf] k|of]u ub{5 Tof] hLjgsf] ;+/If0fsf nflu x'g'k5{ -cyf{t, of] ;dfg'kflts x'g'k5{_ . /, hLjgk|ltsf] vt/fnfO{ sd ug{ kqmfp ug]{ jf czQm agfpg] h:tf c¿ s'g} pkfo klg pknAw x'Fb}gg\ . oL ;Lldt kl/l:yltdf dfq /fHoåf/f k|of]u ul/Psf] 3fts an sfg'gL x'G5201 . o; l;4fGtnfO{ o;/L lj:tf/ ul/Psf] 5M

;dfg'kfltstfsf] k|fjwfgn] zª\sf:kb JolQmåf/f c¿nfO{ ul/g] wDsLdf cfwfl/t ansf] u|fXo k|of]unfO{ ;Lldt ub{5 . cfjZostfsf] k|fjwfgn], pbfx/0fsf nflu, r]tfjgL, lgu|x0f / kqmfpdfkm{t\ k|of]u ul/Psf] ansf] dfqf ;dfg'kflts eP klg geP klg To;sf] :t/nfO{ Go"g ug]{ bfloTj yf]k/]sf] x'G5 === . o;sf] cy{ s] xf] eg] dfgjclwsf/ sfg'gcGtu{t, sfg'g sfof{Gjog ug]{ lgsfoåf/f dg;fok"j{s, k"j{lgof]lht / hfgfhfg ul/Psf] xTofsf] cy{df nlIot xTof sfg'gL x'g ;Sb}g202 .

cGt/f{li6«o dfgjclwsf/ sfg'gsf bfloTjx¿ ;z:q åGåsf a]nf nfu' /x]sf x'G5g\ / u}/cGt/f{li6«o ;z:q åGåsf a]nf /fHosf kfqsf] tkm{af6 sfd ug]{ l;kfxLnufot s'g} JolQmn] sfd ubf{ kl/l:yltnfO{ ;Lldt ug]{ sfd ub{5 . of] vf;u/L To; cj:yfdf nfu' x'G5 ha w/ftnLo kl/l:ylt n8fOFsf] eGbf zflGt ;'/Iff;Fu 198 General Comment No. 6 of the Human Rights Committee: The Right to life (CCPR General Comment No. 6), para 3.199 Report of the Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions to the Human Rights Council (A/HRC/14/24/Add g) para 9.200 P]= cg'= #@ . oL l;4fGt Goflos cg'dltk|fKt d[To'b08sf] ;Ldfleq ;d]t nfu' x'G5g\ .201 Report of the Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions to the Human Rights Council (A/HRC/14/24), para 32-33.202 P]= .

93

ldNbf]h'Nbf] x'G5 . pbfx/0fsf nlfu, n8fOFaf6 w]/} 6f9f /x]s]f lj/f]wL kmf}hsf] ;b:o;Fu d'sflanf ubf{ jf To:tf] l:ylt h;df ;lhn} / cfkm\gf] kmf}hnfO{ s'g} vt/f gk'¥ofOsg zq'nfO{ kqmfp ug{ ;lsG5 To:tf] cj:yfdf cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg'g lg0ff{os gx'g ;S5 . o:tf kl/l:yltdf, n8fs'x¿n] cfkm"n] ug]{ 3fts ansf] k|of]unfO{ cGt/f{li6«o dfgjclwsf/ sfg'gn] tf]s]sf dfkb08x¿;Fu cg's"n x'g]u/L ;'lglZrt ug'{k5{ .%=# u}/sfg'gL xTofsf cf/f]kx¿sf] k|j[lQ

ca 5nkmn of] k|ltj]bg tof/ kfg]{ qmddf klxrfg ul/Psf u}/sfg'gL xTofsf k|j[lQtkm{ kms{G5 . o; k|ltj]bgn] åGåsf qm-ddf ul/Psf] elgPsf ;a} u}/sfg'gL xTofsf] lj:t[t jf j}1flgs ;"rL pknAw u/fpg] k|oTg ug'{eGbf kL8s tyf kLl8tx¿sf] klxrfg jf cfa4tf, xTofsf] dfWod jf ljlw, h'g ;Gbe{df xTof eof] Tof] kl/l:ylt / xTofsf k5fl8 elgPsf] p2]Zo h:tf ;fdfGo tyf cjnf]sgLo tTjx¿ k|:t't u/]sf] 5 . klxrfg u/L tn lbOPsf k|j[lQx¿nfO{ cf/f]lkt kL8sx¿cg';f/ ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 .

%=#=! ;'/Iffkmf}håf/f ul/Psf nlIot xTof

u}/Goflos, u}/sfg'gL / :j}lR5s xTof;DaGwL ljz]if k|ltj]bssf cg';f/, nlIot xTof Toltv]/ x'G5 ha s'g} JolQmn] kL8såf/f klxn] g} klxrflgt c¿ JolQm jf JolQmx¿lj?4 hfgfhfg / k"j{of]hgfcg'¿k 3fts ansf] k|of]u ub{5203 . dflysf] v08df pNn]v ul/Pem}F o'4df hfgfhfg ul/Psf o:tf xTof u}/sfg'gL x'g}k5{ eGg] 5}g . c¿ ;a} sfg'gL dfkb08 k"/f ul/Psf] 5 eGg] cg'dfgsf cfwf/df, cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg'g / cGt/f{li6«o dfgjclwsf/ sfg'gcGtu{t zq'kIfsf] n8fs'nfO{ dfg]{ sfd u|fXo x'g;S5 . To;sf] ljk/Lt, s'g} u}/;}lgs JolQm jf c;Ifd jf czQm eO{ n8fOFaf6 cnu ePsf] JolQmsf] nlIot xTof :ki6tM u}/sfg'gL x'G5 . To;}u/L, ha /fHon] zq'kIfsf] s'g} n8fs'nfO{ s'g} lglZrt kl/l:yltdf, pbfx/0fsf nflu cfkm\gf] kmf}hnfO{ s'g} vt/f geO{ ;lhn} kqmfp ug]{ ;lsg] cj:yf, dfb{5 eg] cGt/f{li6«o dfgjclwsf/ sfg'gsf] pNnª\3g x'G5 .

åGåsf] k|f/Dedf, k|x/Ln] dfq} zª\sf:kb dfcf]jfbL tyf tL;Fu cfa4 JolQmx¿sf] vf]htnf; ub{Yof] . zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfsf] kl/rfng tyf @)%* ;fndf ;z:q k|x/Lansf] :yfkgfkZrft\ / kl5 o'lgkmfO8 sd-fG8sf] cf}krfl/s 3f]if0ff ePkl5, vfgtnf; ug]{ 6f]nLx¿df tLgj6} lgsfoaf6 cfPsf 5\of;ld; JolQmx¿ x'Gy] . o:tf vf]htnf; sf/afxL 203 Report of the Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions to the Human Rights Council (A/HRC/14/24).

94

To:tf :yfgx¿df x'Gy] hxfF ;'/Iffkmf}hn] /ft latfpg' kb}{gYof] / pgLx¿ /flt g} cfkm\g} c8\8fdf kms{g ;Sy] . s]xL sf/afxL ljlzi6 u'Ktr/L hfgsf/Lsf cfwf/df ul/Psf lyP eg] cGo sf/afxL dfcf]jfbL cfqmd0fsf] k|ltlqmof:j¿k ul/Psf lyP . To:t}, c¿ sf/afxL dfcf]jf-bLsf u9 jf dfcf]jfbL tTjx¿ /x]sf] egL ljZjf; ul/Psf If]qx¿df ;fd-fGo, lgoldt ¿kdf ul/g] sf/afxLsf qmddf x'Gy] .

;ª\qmd0fsfnLg Gofo ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L clen]v e08f/sf] cWoogn] ;'/Iffkmf}håf/f ePsf nlIot h:tf b]lvg] xTofsf kLl8tx¿ Tolt ;lhn} 5'6\ofpg ;lsg] ;d"xdf kb}{gg\ eGg] hg-fpFb5 . kLl8tx¿df dfcf]jfbL n8fs', kf6L{sf ;b:o, z'elrGtsx¿ tyf dfcf]jfbL egL zª\sf ul/Psf cGo JolQmx¿ k/]sf lyP . t/, dfcf]jfbL;Fu cToGt} lemgf] ;DaGw ePsf jf ;DaGw} gePsf JolQmx¿ klg o;df k/]sf lyP . To;}n], o; clen]v e08f/n] :yfgLo a'l4hLaL, lzIfs, /fhgLlt1, dfgjclwsf/ /Ifs, ls;fg, zª\sf:kb dfcf]jf-bLsf cfkmGt / dfcf]jfbL sfo{stf{x¿nfO{ rfx]/ grfx]/ ufF; af; pknAw u/fpg] ;j{;fwf/0fx¿nfO{ kLl8tsf] ¿kdf ;dfj]z u/]sf] 5 .

s_ vfgtnf; sf/afxL jf u:tLsf qmddf

vfgtnf; sf/afxL jf u:tLsf qmddf ePsf u}/sfg'gL xTofx¿ ljlzi6 lg;fgf jf klxNo} to eO;s]sf lg;fgfsf kl/0ffd:j¿k ePsf] tyf dfcf]jfbL u9 ePsf] jf lrlgPsf jf ;a}n] dfcf]jfbL z'elrGts egL yfxf kfPsf JolQmx¿ /x]sf 7fpFx¿df s]lGb|t eP/ ;fdfGo ;"rgf jf hfgsf/Lsf cfwf/df ul/Psf Jofks sf/afxLsf qmddf ePsf] h:tf] b]lvG5 .

lbdfudf vf; s'g} JolQmnfO{ lg;fgf agfpg] p2]Zo lnP/ 5flgPsf] s'g} ufpFdf ;'/Iffkmf}hsf ;b:ox¿ k|j]z u/]sf] b]lvPsf kl/l:yltdf, ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg Gofo ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L clen]v e08f/df ;dfj]z ul/Psf 36gfx¿n] ;'/Iffkmf}hsf ;b:ox¿ gfd yfxf kfPsf] JolQmsf] 3/df uP/ JolQmsf] klxrfg ug]{ / ltgnfO{ 7fpFsf] 7fpF dfg]{, k|foM uf]nL xfg]/, u/]sf] hgfpFb5g\ . o'lgkmfO8 sdfG8 ;'/Iffkmf}håf/f ljlw gk'¥ofO{ ;g\ @))% df u}/sfg'gL ¿kdf xTof ul/Psf] elgPsL /dfb]jL clwsf/Lsf] xTof Pp6f k|ltlglwd"ns 36gf xf] .

k|tLsfTds 36gf %=!204

204 Ref. No. 2005-07-03 - incident - Jhapa _1552.

95

36gf ljj/0fM lj=;+= @)^@ c;f/ !( ut] /flt ;fbf kf];fsdf cfPsf ;'/Iffkmf}hn] /dfb]jL clwsf/L / pgsf kltnfO{ emfkf lhNnfl:yt cfkm\g} 3/df Ao'FemfP/ p7fP . kLl8tnfO{ 3/leq} /fv]/ pgsf >LdfgnfO{ aflx/ lgsflnof] . ToxfFaf6, ;'/Iffkmf}hsf ;b:ox¿n] /dfb]jLnfO{ dfcf]jfbLnfO{ vfgf pknAw u/fPsf] egL cf/f]k nufO/x]sf] / kLl8t hLjgsf nflu eLv dflu/x]sf] ;'lgof] . To;kl5 aGb's k8\s]sf] cfjfh ;'lgof] . kl5 kLl8t-nfO{ uf]nL xfgL dfl/Psf] cj:yfdf kfOof] .

ljZn]if0fM kLl8tn] dfcf]jfbLx¿nfO{ ;xfotf pknAw u/fPsf] egL ljZjf; ul/Psf] x'gfn] pgnfO{ nlIot ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . 36gf ljj/0fn] s] hgfpFb5 eg] kLl8t Ps ;j{;fwf/0f JolQm lyOg / xTof x'Fbfsf avt pgL æo'4df k|ToIf efu lnO/x]sLÆ lyOgg\ . of] cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gcGtu{tsf] j}wflgs lg;fgf lyPg . To;afx]s, kLl8t /flt 3/df lyOg / pgL ;z:q ePsf], ;'/Iffkmf}hgsf] lgoGq0fnfO{ k|lt/f]w u/]sf] tyf pgn] ;'/Iffkmf}hsf sd{rf/L jf c¿ s;}nfO{ s'g} lsl;dn] tTsfn vt/f k'¥ofPsf] s'g} klg ;ª\s]t kfOPsf] 5}g .

;'/Iffkmf}hn] kLl8tnfO{ lghsf] >Ldfgaf6 cnUofP/ nu]sf], kLl8t;Fu af]n]sf] / pgsf] xTof u/]sf] eGg] s'/fn] kLl8tnfO{ dfg{ klxn]b]lv g} Ps:t/sf] of]hgf agfOPsf] / dfg]{ dg;fo ePsf] s'/fsf] ;ª\s]t ub{5 . oL tYox¿nfO{ ;Ifd cbfntdf k|dfl0ft ug{ ;lsof] eg] kL8s-x¿_nfO{ o'4 ck/fwsf] ¿kdf tyf cGt/f{li6«o dfgjclwsf/ sfg'gsf] pNnª\3gsf nflu bf]ifL kfpg ;lsG5 . dfg{df ;3fp k'¥ofpg kL8s-x¿_;Fu pkl:yt JolQmx¿nfO{ ;xof]uLsf] ¿kdf bf]ifL kfpg ;lsG5 eg] o; PsfOsf dflyNnf clws[tx¿lj?4 of] u}/sfg'gL sfo{af/] pgLx¿nfO{ æyfxf lyof] jf yfxf ePsf] x'g''kYof]{Æ eGg] / To:tf] sfo{ x'g glbg jf ePsf]df ;hfo lbg cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gcGtu{t s'g} sbd rfn] ls rfn]gg\ eGg] s'/fsf] cg';Gwfg ug'{k5{ .

Slxn]sfxLF zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfn] æ;'/fsLx¿Æ -h:t}, y'g'jf dfcf]jfbL zª\lst JolQmx¿_nfO{ ;DalGwt 7fpFdf NofP/ c¿ dfcf]jfbL tyf dfcf]jfbL ;dy{sx¿nfO{ b]vfpg afWo kf/]sf] klg b]Vg ;lsGYof]205 . kLl8tn] lbPsf aofgcg';f/ o:tf ;'/fsLx¿nfO{ klxn] g} ;'/Iffkmf}håf/f oftgf lbOg'sf ;fy} y'g'jfn] c¿ dfcf]jfbL sfo{stf{ tyf ;dy{sx¿sf] gfd lbg g;s]df pgLx¿;Fu yk ceb| Jojxf/ ul/g] wDsL lbOGYof] . Pp6f aofgsf cg';f/, oftgf lbOPsf] elgPsf] Pp6f 36gfdf zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfsf] Pp6f l;kfxLn] slyt Ps kLl8tnfO{ eGof]M æxfdLnfO{ gfd rflxof] . ltdLn] 205 pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{no—g]kfn, alb{of lhNnfdf åGå;Fu ;DalGwt a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{, @))* l8;]Da/, k[= #!—#@ .

96

lbg;Sg] h'g;'s} gfd lbP klg x'G5 . clg xfdL ltdLnfO{ lk6\b}gf}+ .Æ206

of] k|ltj]bg tof/ kfbf{ cWoog ul/Psf ;fdu|Lx¿n] ;'/Iffkmf}hn] hfgfhfg hgd'lQm ;]gfsf n8fs'x¿, dfcf]jfbL sfo{stf{ / cGo cfa4 JolQmx¿nfO{ pgLx¿ n8fOFdf ;+nUg gePsf] a]nf / kl/l:ylt-nfO{ x]bf{ sd 3fts an k|of]u u/]/} rfx]sf] p2]Zo k"/f ug{ ;lsg] cj:yfdf dfl/Psf] x'g;S5 egL zª\sf pAhfPsf 5g\ . alb{of lhNnfsf] dxfdbk'/ ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt207 g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_;Fu cfj4 lg/fhg yfkfsf] xTof Pp6f pbfx/0f xf] .

k|tLsfTds 36gf %=@208

36gf ljj/0fM ;g\ @))$ km]a|'c/Lsf] kl5Nnf] cjlwlt/ dxfdbk'/ uflj;df u:tL ug]{ qmddf Ps k6s g]kfnL ;]gfsf abL{wf/L nueu ^) l;kfxL rf/ zª\sf:kb dfcf]jfbLsf] vf]hL ub}{ Pp6f ufpFdf k;] . b'O{hgfnfO{ kqmfp ul/of] / Pshgf efu] . t];|f] zª\lst JolQm lg/fhg yfkf, hf] lgz:q lyP elgG5, nfO{ ufpFsf] Pp6f 3/ glhs} afF;sf] em\ofFªdf n'Sg vf]Hbf b]lvof] . c¿ w]/} l;kfxL ToxLF glhs} ePs} a]nf b'O{hgfn] pgnfO{ km]nf kf/] . Psb]lv kfFr ld6/sf] km/sdf pleP/, / elgG5 yfkfn] hLjgsf] eLv dflu/x]sf] a]nf, tL b'O{ l;kfxLn] kLl8tdfly tLg uf]nL k|xf/ u/] / df/] .

ljZn]if0fM olb yfkf u}/;}lgs JolQm lyP eg] pgL dfl/Psf avt o'4df k|ToIf ;xefuL gePsfn] o; 36gfdf pgsf] xTof k|:6 ¿kdf u}/sfg'gL lyof] . yfkf g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_sf] n8fs' kmf}hsf] ;b:o eP gePsf] s'/f g]kfnL ;]gfnfO{ :ki6 gePsf] eP pgLx¿n] yfkf ;j{;fwf/0f ePsf] cg'dfg u/L lghnfO{ dfgjf]lrt ¿kdf Jojxf/ ug'{kYof]{ . lgh g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_sf] n8fs' kmf}hsf] ;b:o ePsf] k|:6 ePsf] eP tYox¿n] yfkf c;Ifd jf czQm eP/ n8fOFaf6 cnu ePsf t lyPgg\ eGg] k|Zg pAhfpF5 / uf]nL xfg]sf] ;dodf pgL of t g]kfnL ;]gfsf] ælgoGq0fdfÆ ePsf] of cfTd;dk{0f u/]sf] x'g;SYof] . To;f] xf] eg], lgh;Fu h]g]ef dxf;lGwsf ;femf wf/f # cg';f/ dfgjf]lrt Jojxf/ ul/g'kYof]{ . To;afx]s, h'g If]qdf 206 OHCHR confidential source Ref. No. 0739. For more details about the reality of intelligence-gathering, see Kiran Nepal, The Nepali Security Sector: An Almanac (Hungary, Brambauer Publishers, 2009), pp. 191-206.207 k~rfotL zf;gsf a]nf uflj;nfO{ ufpF k~rfot elgGYof] . lj=;+= @)$& j}zfv !# ut], ;a} ufpF k~rfot, gu/ k~rfont tyf lhNnf k~rfotx¿nfO{ lj36g u/L ltgnfO{ qmdzM ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt -uflj;_, gu/kflnsf tyf lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltdf kl/jt{g ul/of]. Nepal Gazette, Part 40, 26 (April 1990). lgdf{0fsf/L P]g -ufpF k~rfot P]g / lhNnf k~rfot P]gnfO{ ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt P]g / lhNnf ljsf; P]gåf/f lj:yfkg ul/of] . :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g, @)%^ gfds 5ftf sfg'gn] ;a} uflj;, gu/kflnsf tyf lhlj; P]gx¿nfO{ k|lt:yfkg u/]sf 5g\ .208 Ref. No. 2004-02-00 - incident - Bardiya_5225.

97

l;kfxLsf] lgoGq0f lyof] ltg} l;kfxLåf/f yfkfnfO{ ;lhn} kqmfp ug{ ;lsGYof] eGg] s'/f tYox¿n] b]vfpFb5g\ .

v_ ;fd"lxs k|ltzf]wdf

csf]{ vfnsf] nlIot xTof :j:km"t{ tyf k|ltzf]wfTds k|s[ltsf kl/l:yltx¿df ePsf] b]lvG5 . oL xTof dfcf]jfbLn] ;'/Iffkmf}hlj?4 u/]sf sf/afxLsf] k|ltlqmof:j¿k ePsf lyP t/ k|ltzf]wfTds xTof dfly JolQmut dfcf]jfbLlj?4 ePsf lyPgg\ . a?, ;'?sf] cfqmd0fsf/L;FUu jf unt ;dodf unt 7fpFdf k/]sf] s'g} klg JolQm;Fu ;DalGwt sf]xL klg JolQm lg;fgfdf k/]sf] x'g;S5 . tn lbOPsf] 36gf o;sf] Pp6f pbfx/0f xf] .k|tLsfTds 36gf %=#209

36gf ljj/0fM lj=;+= @)%* kmfu'g * ut], klxnf] ;ª\s6sfnsf] a]nf / dfcf]jfbLn] c5fd lhNnfsf] ;b/d'sfd dª\un;]gdf cfqmd0f u/]sf] tLg lbgkl5 Ps x"n dfcf]jfbLn] sflnsf]6 lhNnfsf] b'u{d ;'Gy/nL ljdfg:yndf cjt/0f ug{ vf]lh/x]sf] ;]gfsf] x]lnsK6/df uf]nL xfg] . To;a]nf dhb'/x¿sf] Pp6f ;d"x ljdfg:yndf sfd ul//x]sf] lyof] . kmfu'g !@ ut] g]kfnL ;]gfsf sd{rf/Lx¿ dhb'/ al;/x]sf] 7fpFdf cfP . b'O{hgf k|ltlglwn] ;]gfnfO{ dhb'/x¿sf] kl/ro k|df0fkq lbg vf]h], t/ ltgnfO{ uf]nL xfgL dfl/of] elgof] . k|ltj]bgx¿sf cg';f/, To;kl5 g]kfnL ;]gfsf l;kfxLx¿n] ;a} #% hgf dhb'/nfO{ ltgsf em'k|faf6 aflx/ lgsfn] / uf]nL xfgL df/] .

ljZn]if0fM o;f] x]bf{ o; xTofsf nflu x]lnsK6/ / dª\un;]gdfly u/]sf] cfqmd0fafx]s c¿ s'g} sf/0f ePsf] h:tf] b]lvFb}g . oL kLl8tx¿ lgz:q u}/;}lgs JolQmx¿ lyP / o'4df k|ToIf efu lnO/x]sf lyPgg\ . of] 36gf x]lnsK6/df uf]nL xfg]sf] s]xL lbgkl5 ePsf] lyof] / xTofsf] ;dodf kLl8tx¿n] g]kfnL ;]gfsf sd{rf/L jf c¿ s;}nfO{ vt/f k'¥ofPsf] s'g} klg s'/fn] ;ª\s]t ub}{g . g t g]kfnL ;]gfsf] tkm{af6 u}/;}lgs dhb'/ / dfcf]jfbL n8fs'x¿sf] aLrdf km/s 5'6\ofpg s'g} k|of; g} u/]sf] b]lvG5 . s'g} ;Ifd cbfntdf tYox¿ k|dfl0ft ePsf] cj:yfdf of] 36gf xTofsf] o'4 ck/fwnufot cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg'g tyf cGt/f{li6«o dfgjclwsf/ sfg'gsf] uDeL/ pNnª\3g eP ;/x x'g ;S5 .

u_ lx/f;tdf d[To'209 Ref. No. 2002-02-24 - incident - Kalikot _5419

98

i) ;}lgs Aof/]s tyf k|x/Lsf] y'gfdf ePsf d[To'

kLl8tsf] x}l;ot h:tf];'s} ePklg s'g} klg JolQmnfO{ lgoGq0fdf lnO;s]kl5 dfg'{ u}/sfg'gL xf] . åGåsf] cjlwe/ kLl8tx¿nfO{ kqmfpkl5, y'gfdf /x]sf] a]nf / cGo k|sf/n] ;'/Iffkmf}hsf] lgoGq0fdf x'Fbf dfl/Psf] lyof] elgG5 . o:tf 36gfsf cTolws 7"nf] ;ª\Vofdf oftgf jf ceb| Jojxf/, clwsf+ztM b]zel/ /x]sf Aof/]s tyf k|x/L rf}sLx¿df s]/sf/ ubf{, ePsf] lyof] . ceb| Jojxf/sf oL ljlwaf/] oftgf;DaGwL cWofo & df lj:t[t ¿kdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . ;'/Iffkmf}hn] slyt kLl8tx¿nfO{ hfgfhfg df/]sf] geP klg s]xL y'g'jfsf] d[To' pgLx¿n] ef]u]sf] elgPsf] oftgfsf] k|ToIf kl/0ffd :j¿k ePsf] lyof] . tnsf] 36gf To;sf] Pp6f pbfx/0f xf] .k|tLsfTds 36gf %=$210

36gf ljj/0fM lj=;+= @)%( h]7 @& ut], s]xL abL{df / s]xL ;fbf kf];fsdf cfPsf k|x/L clwsf/Lx¿sf] Pp6f ;d"xn] alb{of lhNnf, sf]xnk'/ uflj;l:yt hd'\gf6f]n ufpFdf glhs} /x]sf] ag /]Gh/ rf}sLdf Ps dlxgfcl3 dfcf]jfbLåf/f cfuhgL ul/Psf] eGg] cfzª\sfdf vfgtnf; tyf kqmfp sf/afxL ;~rfng u¥of] . kqmfp k/]sf zlª\st JolQmx¿dWo] Ps !$ jifL{o ;j{;fwf/0f gb{ -jf gGb_ /fd 3tL{ lyP . ;a} y'g'jf, jo:s / gfafns b'j}, nfO{ sf]xNk'/ k|x/L rf}sL klxnf / To;kl5 lr;fkfgL Aof/]s nluof], hxfF pgLx¿nfO{ cfuhgL cfqm-d0faf/] s]/sf/ ubf{ r/d ¿kn] s'6lk6 ul/of] elgG5 . P\3f/ lbgkl5 clwsf+z y'g'jfx¿nfO{ sf]xNk'/ k|x/L rf}sLdf k'gM NofOof] t/ Toltv]/ ;Dd gbf{sf] ;Dk"0f{ z/L/ ;'lGg;s]sf] lyof] . pgnfO{ kl5 pkrf/sf nflu g]kfnuGh c~rn c:ktfndf NofOPsf] eP klg rf]6k6ss} sf/0f pgsf] d[To' @)%( c;f/ @$ ut] eof] elgG5 .

ljZn]if0fM o; 36gfdf kLl8t Ps ;j{;fwf/0f / gfafns lyP hf] kqm-fpsf] ;dodf o'4df k|ToIf ¿kdf efu lnO/x]sf] gb]lvPsf] x'gfn] cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gcGtu{t pgL j}wflgs lg;fgf lyPgg\ . gfafns x'gfn], pgnfO{ y'Gg] sfd clGtd ljsNksf] ¿kdf lnOg' kYof]{ . lghnfO{ y'Gg}kg]{ ePsf] ePklg /fHoclwsf/Lx¿n] pgnfO{ jo:s y'g'jfx¿af6 cnUu} /fVg]nufotsf gfafnssf vf;vf; cfjZostfx¿ ;s];Dd k"/f ug]{ lx;fan] ug'kYof]{ .

/fHosf k|ltlglwx¿n] s'6lk6 u/]sf] eGg] s'/fnfO{ o; 36gfn] hg-fpFb5 . lghdfly ul/Psf] b'Jo{jxf/ k|dfl0ft ePdf Tof] oftgf / ;De-210 Ref. No. 2002-02-24 - incident - Banke _5419

99

jtM u}/sfg'gL xTof x'g;S5 . sdfG8df /x]sf ;'/Iffkmf}hsf ;b:ox¿nfO{ 36gfaf/] yfxf lyof] jf yfxf x'g'kYof]{ eGg] s'/fsf ;fy} yfxf lyof] eg] To:tf] ck/fw x'g glbg jf bafpg pko'Qm pkfox¿ ckgfpg pgLx¿ ljkmn eP ls ePgg\ eGg] s'/fsf] lgwf{/0f ug{ cg';Gwfg ug'{ cfjZos 5 .

36gfsf tYofª\sn] ;'/Iffkmf}hn] Pp6} 36gfaf6 k|fKt nf;x¿nfO{ ljleGg k|sf/n] Joj:yfkg u/]sf] s'/f b]vfpF5 . s]xL 36gfdf dfl/Psf JolQmsf nf;x¿ pgLx¿s} cfkmGtsxfF k7fOPsf] 5 eg] cGo 36gfdf nf;x¿nfO{ hª\undf km\ofFlsPsf], lrxfgdf k'l/Psf], hnfOPsf] jf s]xL 36gfdf slxNo} klxrfg g} gul/Psf] b]lvG5 .

ii) y'gfcl3 t/ kqmfp kl/;s]kl5 ePsf xTofx¿

;ª\qmd0fsfnLg Gofo ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L clen]v e08f/n] o:tf 36gfx¿nfO{ ;d]6]sf] 5 h;df ;'/Iffkmf}hn] dflg;nfO{ lgoGq0fdf lnO;s]kl5 t/ ltgLx¿nfO{ cf}krfl/s ¿kdf y'gf:yn jf Aof/]sdf y'Gg'cl3 xTof u/]sf lyP elgG5 . vf;u/L of] 36gf åGåsf k|f/lDes jif{x¿df ePsf] a'lemG5 . sDtLdf klg Ps dfgjclwsf/ cjnf]sgstf{n] kqmfp ul/Psf] JolQmnfO{ x]g{ grfxg] k|j[lQ k|x/Ldf kfOg] u/]sf] atfPsf] 5211 . S]xL 36gfdf ;'/Iffkmf}hn] JolQmx¿nfO{ kqmfp u/L ltgnfO{ PsfGt:yndf nu]/ uf]nL xfgL df/]sf] cf/f]k nufOPsf] 5 . ;fIfLsf aofg / nf;af6 k|fKt k|df0fcg';f/, slyt kLl8tx¿sf] pNn]Vo ax';ª\Vofn] dfl/g'cl3 pgLx¿;Fu oftgf / ceb| Jojxf/ ul/Psf] s'/f b]vfpF5 . ;'lnlka4 bf]/Daf 36gfn] of] k|j[lQsf] ;ª\s]t xf] .

k|tLsfTds 36gf %=%212

36gf ljj/0fM lj=;+= @)^) ;fpg #@ ut] o'4lj/fdsf] ;dodf, g]kfnL ;]gfsf sd{rf/Ln] dfcf]jfbL ePsf] axfgf u/]/ s]xL ufpFn]x¿nfO{ /fd]5fk lhNnf bf]/Daf uflj;df dfcf]jfbLsf] a}7s eO/x]sf] 7fpFdf hfg] af6f] stf xf] eg]/ ;f]w] . g]kfnL ;]gf Tof] 7fpFdf cfOk'u]kl5 pgLx¿n] dfcf]jfbL e]nf ePsf] 3/nfO{ 3]/fp u/] .

211 PDg]:6L OG6/g];gnn] Ps 8LP;kLnfO{ p4[t ub]{ o; s'/fnfO{ lrq0f u¥of], h;n] cfkm\gf] dftxtsf sd{rf/Ln] Ps zª\sf:kb dfcf]jfbLnfO{ k|x/L yfgfdf NofPsf]df lghnfO{ æaf6fd} p;nfO{ lsg l;WofOg;\Æ eg]/ ufnL u/]sf] elgof] . Amnesty International, 1997, Nepal: Human rights violations, p. 13 (see footnote 29).212 Ref. No. 2003-08-17 - incident - Ramechhap - _i3381.

100

ha 3/leq ePsfx¿nfO{ cfkm" 3]l/Psf] eGg] yfxf eof] s]xL 36gf:ynaf6 efu], PshgfnfO{ g]kfnL ;]gfåf/f uf]nL xfgL dfl/of] . kfFr dlxnf;lxt !( hgf -@& dfcf]jfbL / b'O{ u}/;}lgs elg-Psf]_ nfO{ xftv'§f afFwL lgoGq0fdf lnOof] / glhs}sf] 8fF8fs6]/L kxf8df hah{:tL lxF8fP/ nluof] . ToxfF pgLx¿nfO{ nfOg} nufO{ s'g} klg sfg'gL ljlw k|lqmof gk'¥ofO{ glhs}af6 6fpsf] / 5ftLdf uf]nL xfgL xTof ul/of] . lt-gsf nf;nfO{ xTof:yn glhs}sf] le/fnf]af6 km\ofFlsof] elgG5 .

ljZn]if0fM o; 36gfdf, g]kfnL ;]gfn] :ki6tM cfkm\gf] lgoGq0fdf lnPsf / n8fOF ug{ c;dy{ kLl8tx¿nfO{ PsfGt:yndf nu]/ df¥of] . klqmPsf !( dWo] !& dfcf]jfbL ePsf] elgP klg tL dfcf]jfbL / o'4df k|ToIf efu glng] dfcf]jfbLaLr km/s 5'6\ofpg] s'g} k|oTg ePg . h]xf];\ s;}nfO{ klg lgoGq0fdf lnO;s]kl5 dg;fok"j{s xTof ug'{ cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg'gsf] pNnª\3g xf] . of] ;fd"lxs xTof ul/Psf] kl/l:ylt ;Ifd cbfntaf6 :yflkt ePdf xTofsf] o'4 ck/fw x'g;S5 / o;n] cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo / dfgjclwsf/ sfg'g b'j}sf] pNnª\3g x'G5 .

oL JolQmx¿nfO{ æefUb} ubf{ dfl/Psf]Æ213 elgPsf], u:tLdfly cfqmd0f ug]{ cGo dfcf]jfbLx¿åf/f dfl/Psf] elgPsf]214 jf dfcf]jfbL w/fkdf k/L dfl/Psf] elgPsf] egL bfaL ul/Psf] 5 . o; ;DaGwdf, dflysf] 36gfdf zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfn] ;'?df bf]/Dafdf dfcf]jfbLsf] w/fkdf k/L d[To' ePsf] egL ;fj{hlgs bfaL u¥of], oBlk ;+nUg ;}lgs sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ s'g} klg rf]6k6s nfu]sf] b]lvFb}gYof] . oL xTof k|foM u'kr'k ¿kdf u/]sf] b]lvP klg, ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg Gofo ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L clen]v e08f/df clen]vg ul/Psf s]xL 36gfdf kLl8tnfO{ lxF8fpFb} ufpFdf nluPsf] / xTof ul/Psf] tyf ltgnfO{ ufpFn]x¿s} ;fd'Gg] xTof ul/Psf] elgPsf] 5 .

k|tLsfTds 36gf %=^215

36gf ljj/0fM lj=;+= @)%# c;f/ @( ut], sn]hsf ljBfyL{ /lj vqL If]qLnfO{ ?s'd lhNnfsf] dfUdf uflj;df kqmfp u/]sf] elgof] h'gqmddf pgnfO{ v'§fdf uf]nL xflgPsf] lyof] . pgnfO{ uflj; sfof{nodf lhpFb} kS8]/ nu]kl5 pgnfO{ ca s] ug]{ eg]/ 213 ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg Gofo ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L clen]v e08f/df ;'/Iffkmf}håf/f ePsf u}/sfg'gL xTofsf sDtLdf $$ j6f 36gfsf] /]s8{ /flvPsf] 5 h;df kLl8t-x¿_ efUg vf]Hbf dfl/Psf] eGg] bfaL ul/Psf] 5 .214 x]g'{xf];\, h:t}, uf]/vf lhNnfsf] a'9fy'd uflj;df @)^@ df3 @$ ut] dfcf]jfbL sfo{stf{ [gfd gv'nfOPsf]] sf] xTof . pRrfo'sQm sfof{nosf] uf]Ko ;|f]t .215 Ref. No. 1996-07-13 - incident - Rukum _5652.

101

5nkmn u/]sf] elgof] . o; 5nkmnkl5, pgnfO{ 5ftLdf uf]nL dfl/of] elgof] .

ljZn]if0fM o; 36gfdf, /lj vqL If]qL o'4df k|ToIf efu lnO/x]sf lyP ls lyPgg\ eGg]af/] s]xL yfxf geP klg pgL 3fO]t 3fOt] cj:yfdf k|x/L sd{rf/Lsf] lgoGq0fdf lyP elgG5 tyf xTofsf a]nf pgn] k|x/L jf c¿ s;}nfO{ klg s'g} vt/f gk'¥ofPsf] h:tf] b]lvG5 . To;}n], oL tYox¿ k|dfl0ft ePsf] cj:yfdf /lj vqL If]qLsf] ul/Psf] elgPsf] xTof cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg'g / dfgjclwsf/ sfg'gcGtu{t xTosf] o'4 ck/fw x'g;S5 .

3_ cfTd;dk{0f u/]sf dfcf]jfbLx¿sf] xTof

;/sf/n] dfcf]jfbL sfo{stf{x¿nfO{ cfTd;dk{0f ug{ ;fj{hlgs cfXjfg ub}{ @))# l8;]Da/df >L % sf] ;/sf/, u[x dGqfnosf] cfXjfg gfds Pp6f gLltkq k|sflzt u¥of] . o; gLltkqn] cfTd;dk{0f ug]{ dfcf]jfbL tyf ltgsf kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿sf] hLjgsf] tyf cGo ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt lbg'sf ;fy} To:tf JolQmx¿nfO{ cfddfkmL lbg] eGof] . To;kl5 cfPsf gLltx¿n] klg xftxltof/ tyf uf]nLu6\7f a'emfpg] JolQmx¿nfO{ k'/:sf/ lbg] s'/f atfof]216 . ;dfrf/sf cg';f/, cfTd;dk{0f ug]{ s]xLnfO{ e"ldut tyf lelhnfGt] ;d"xdf ;dfj]z ul/of]217 / c¿nfO{ ;'/fsLsf] ¿kdf k|of]u ul/of] . t/, sfo{stf{x¿n] cfTd;dk{0f ug]{ cf;osf] ;ª\s]t ub}{ ;'/Iffkmf}h;dIf cfkm"nfO{ k|:t't ubf{ klg dfl/Psf] elgPsf s]xL 36gf 5g\ .

216 See, e.g., Nepal Government, "Government's Policy for Surrender", 18 December 2003.217 International Crisis Group, Nepal’s Maoists, p 3 (see footnote 28): æzfg];]sf sdfG8/x¿n] sDtLdf #( dfcf]jfbLnfO{ ltgsf k"j{ sfd/]8x¿;Fu n8\g …ufpF ;'/Iff anÚdf k|j]z u/fPsf] k'li6 ub}{ l/kf]6{x¿n] ltgnfO{ p4[t u/]sf 5g\ .Æ

102

k|tLsfTds 36gf %=&218

36gf ljj/0fM lj=;+= @)^) kmfu'g & ut] lbpF;f], dfcf]jfbL n8fs' egL ljZjf; ul/Psf %÷^ hgf JolQm afFs] lhNnf afª\sf]6'jf uflj;sf] k]8f/L ufpFsf] Pp6f 3/leq lyP . ;}lgs sd{rf/Lx¿sf] Ps ;d"xn] 3/ 3]¥of] / lg;fgfafhx¿n] glhs}sf ¿vdf r9L cfkm\gf] kf]lh;g lnP elgof] . egfOcg';f/, ;]gfn] dfcf]jfbL n8fs'x¿nfO{ cfkm"n] aflx/af6 3/ 3]l/;s]sf] / pgLx¿n] cfTd;dk{0f u/]df pgLx¿ ;'/lIft x'g] s'/fsf] cfZjf;g lbof] . s]xL ;dokl5 9f]sf v'Nof] / b'O{ lgz:q JolQm cfkm\gf xft dfly p7fP/ Pskl5 csf]{ ub]{ lg:s]sf] elgof] . klxnf lg:sg] JolQm-nfO{ lg;fgfafhåf/f tTsfn} uf]nL xfgL xTof ul/of] elgG5 / Tof] uf]nLsf08kl5 c¿ ;a} dfcf]jfbL n8fs'x¿ efUg ;'? u/] . ;a}nfO{ efUbfv]l/ uf]nL xfgL xTof ul/Psf] elgof] .

ljZn]if0fM o; 36gfdf cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gsf] sltko slyt pNnª\3gx¿ ePsf] b]lvG5 . kLl8t dfcf]jfbL n8fs'x¿ – cyf{t o''4sf] ;dodf eP pgLx¿nfO{ lg;fgf agfpg ;lsGYof] – h:tf] b]lvP klg, 3/af6 lg:sg] klxnf] sfo{stf{n] cfTd;dk{0f ug]{ k|:6 ;ª\s]t lbPsf] el-gof] . s'g} n8fs'sf] cfTd;dk{0f ug]{ ;fFrf] k|oTgn] p;nfO{ n8fOFaf6 cnu ePsf] cj:yfdf /fVg] x'gfn] p j}wflgs lg;fgf x'Fb}g . To:tf] cj:yfdf s;}nfO{ dfg'{ eg]sf] o'4 ck/fw xf] . To;afx]s, zq'nfO{ ltdLx¿n] cfTd;dk{0f u/]df s]xL klg ul/g] 5}g eGg] s'/f ;Dk|]if0f ug'{ / To;kl5 pgLx¿nfO{ hfgfhfg dfg'{ eg]sf] æem'SofP/ lj/f]wLnfO{ dfg'{Æ xf] / o:tf] sfo{dfly cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg'gcGtu{t k|ltaGw nufOPsf] 5 . ;Ifd cbfntdf oL tYox¿ k|dfl0ft ePdf of] xTof cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg'gcGtu{t o'4 ck/fw / cGt/f{li6«o dfgjclwsf/ sfg'gsf] uDeL/ pNnª\3g x'g;S5 .

ª_ ;'/Iffkmf}håf/f k|yfhlgt cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gsf] pNnª\3g ub}{ ePsf u}/sfg'gL xTof

i) lg;fgfx¿df e]b 5'6\ofpg g;Sg'

;ª\qmd0fsfnLg Gofo ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L clen]v e08f/df ;"rLs[t 36gfdf ;'/Iffkmf}hn] u}/;}lgs / n8fs'aLr km/s 5'6\ofpg g;s]sf, ;'/Iffkmf}håf/f ul/Psf elgPsf cfqmd0fx¿ c;dfg'kflts b]lvPsf /

218 pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{no uf]Ko ;|f]t 103

u}/;}lgs hg;d'bfosf] ;+/If0f ug{ cfqmd0fsf qmddf cfjZos k"j{;fjwfgL ckgfpg g;s]sf] elgPsf 36gfx¿ kb{5g\ .

dfcf]jfbLx¿sf] vf]htnf; ug]{ tyf zª\sf:kb dfcf]jfbLx¿nfO{ kS8g] ;Gbe{df ufpF3/ jf le8ef8df ul/Psf sf/afxLx¿ hyfefjL ¿kdf ePsf] b]lvG5 . clen]v e08f/df o; k|s[ltsf s]xL 36gfnfO{ ;d]l6Psf] 5, h;dWo] sDtLdf !) j6f k|x/L rf}sL jf ;}lgs Aof/]sx¿df dfcf]jfbLåf/f cfqmd0f ePkl5 eP / h;df ;'/Iffkmf}hn] s'g} vf; lg;fgfdf gtfsL jf s'g} vf; ;}lgs p2]Zosf kl5 gnfuL hyfefjL uf]nL rnfPsf] elgof] .

To:t} k|s[ltsf slyt u}/sfg'gL xTofx¿ dfcf]jfbLåf/f cfof]hgf ul/Psf /fhgLlts, z}lIfs jf ;fF:s[lts sfo{qmdx¿ eO/x]sf] a]nf jf To;kl5, jf ljBfyL{ e]nfdf, rf8kj{df jf zflGtk"0f{ lj/f]w sfo{qmdx¿df ;d]t ePsf lyP . slxn]sfxLF ;'/Iffkmf}hn] y'k|} u}/;}lgs JolQmx¿ ePsf] le8ef8df klg uf]nL rnfPsf] elgof] . of] k|j[lQnfO{ k|tLsfTds 36gf %=* df /fd|f];Fu k|:6\ofOPsf] 5 .

u]}/;}lgs JolQmx¿ xtfxt x'g]u/L ul/Psf] ansf] k|of]u ck]Iff ul/Psf] 7f]; nfe;Fu t'ngf ubf{ Tof] æcTolwsÆ lyof] ls lyPg eGg] k|Zg p7fpg] c¿ 36gf klg 5g\219 .

k|tLsfTds 36gf %=*220

36gf ljj/0f M lj=;++ @)%^ k'; #) ut], s]xL dlxnf tyf afn-aflnsf ;lxt ^) hgf ufpFn]x¿ dfcf]jfbLn] e]nf x'g lgb]{zg u/]cg';f/ c5fd lhNnf 8ª\v' uflj;sf] b'ª\ufn ufpFl:yt Pp6f ljB-fnodf ;fF:s[lts sfo{qmddf ;xefuL x'g e]nf ePsf lyP . rf}w hgfsf] Pp6f k|x/L u:tL 6f]nL ToxfF cfOk'u]kl5 Pshgf dfcf]jf-bLn] r]tfjgL:j¿k uf]nL rnfPsf] elgof] / To;kl5 b'O{hgf afx]s c¿ ;a} dfcf]jfbL sfo{stf{sf] sfo{qmd:ynaf6 efubf}8 dlRrof] . ljBfnoaf6 klg ufpFn]x¿ efUb} glhs}sf 3/ tyf lrof k;nx¿df z/0f lng k'u] . Pp6f lrof b'sfgdf n's]/ al;/x]sf sDtLdf klg b'O{hgf ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ k|x/Ln] /fOkmnaf6 uf]nL rnfO{ xTof u¥of] / c¿nfO{ n'Sg] 7fpF vf]Hg efUb} ubf{ uf]nL xflgof] . 36gfdf b'O{hgf gfafns;lxt ;ft ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ dfl/Psf] elgof] . 219 See, e.g., OHCHR-Nepal, Investigations into violations of international humanitarian law in the context of attacks and clashes between the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) and Government Security Forces, January – March 2006, pp.15-16: Case 9 relating to a clash between RNA and People’s Liberation Army on 26 and 28 February 2006; Zffg];] / hgd'lQm ;]gfsf] aLrdf @)^@ kmfu'g !$ / !^ ut] ePsf] em8k;Fu ;DalGwt 36gf (Ù Onfd lhNnf ;b/d'sfddf @)^@ r}t @# ut] hgd'lQm ;]gfn] u/]sf] cfqmd0f / ;]gfn] u/]sf] To;sf] hjfkmL sf/afxL;Fu ;DalGwt 36gf !@ .220 Ref. No. 2000-01-14 - incident - Achham _2110.

104

b'O{ dfcf]jfbLnfO{ kqmfp ul/of] . hDdf !! dfcf]jfbL 3fOt] ePsf] elgof] .

ljZn]if0fM o; 36gfn] u}/;}lgs JolQmx¿ -cj}wflgs lg;fgf_nfO{ dfcf]jfbL n8fs' -j}wflgs lg;fgf_af6 5'6\ofpgdf ePsf] ljkmntfnfO{ hgfpFb5 . ;'/Iffkmf}hn] u}/;}lgs JolQmx¿sf] hLjgk|ltsf] vt/fnfO{ sd ug{ cfjZos k"j{;fjwfgL lnP ls lnPgg\ eGg] s'/f :ki6 5}g . lg;fgfaLrsf] km/s 5'6\ofpg tyf cfjZos k"j{;fjwfgL lng g;Sg' cGt/f{li6«o dfgjclwsf/ sfg'g tyf dfgjclwsf/ sfg'gsf] pNnª\3g xf] . k|dfl0ft ePdf, of] 36gf xTofsf] o'4 ck/fw, jf u}/;}lgs JolQm jf u}/;}lgs hg;d'bfodfly ul/Psf] u}/sfg'gL cfqmd0f x'g ;S5 .

ii) xjfO{ adaf/L

g]kfnl:yt ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3Lo dfgjclwsf/ pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{noåf/f cg';Gwfg ul/Psf ;g\ @))^ sf] hgj/L / dfr{sf] aLrdf ePsf cg';Gwfg u/]sf 36gfx¿df s] kfOof] eg] u}/;}lgs Onfsfx¿df cfqmd0f ubf{ dfcf]jfbLn] :s'n, bf]sfg tyf ahf/sf ;8s h:tf cfjf; tyf k|fª\u0fx¿ k|of]u u/]sf] tyf ToxfF n's]sf lyP . o; o'lQmn] ;'/Iffkmf}hn] ;j{;fwf0fnfO{ xflg gk'¥ofO{ k|If]ks xltof/x¿ k|of]u ug{ ufx|f] eof]221 . t/, zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfn] n8fs' / u}/;}lgsaLr km/s 5'6\ofpg g;s]sf] s'/fnfO{ lnP/ eGg] xf] eg] o:tf] sfo{n] xjfO{ adaf/L sfg'g;Ddt 5}g eGg] s'/fdf km]/abn NofpFb}g . o; 36gfsf] Pp6f pbfx/0f tn lbOPsf] 5 .

k|tLsfTds 36gf %=(222

36gf ljj/0f M lj=;+= @)^@ j}zfv @% ut] /flt bfh'alxgL cf7 jifL{o ;l~hj zfx / kfFrjifL{o n'lvb]jL zfx l;/xf lhNnfsf] ;j{;fwf/0f a;f]af; ug]{ If]q g]kfnL ;]gfsf x]lnsK6/af6 v;flnPsf] *! PdP-dsf] df]6f{/af6 d[To' eof] . csf]{ ad glhs}sf] 3/df v;flnof] Ps ue{jtL dlxnf;lxt b'O{ ;j{;fwf/0fsf] d[To' eof] . c¿ b'O{j6f ad klg v;flnPsf lyP t/ To;af6 sf]xL klg xtfxt ePgg\ . ;'/Iffkmf}håf/f u}/;}lgs If]qdf ePsf] xjfO{ adaf/L / uf]nL xgfOsf sf/0f gf}hgf ;j{;fwf/0fsf] d[To' x'gfsf ;fy} !( ;j{;fwf/0f 3fOt] eP . o; 36gfdf dfcf]jfbLx¿n] cfkm" ;]gf;Fusf] o'4df ;+nUg /xFbf pgLx¿n] ufpFn]nfO{ ufpF 5f8\g lbPgg\ elgG5 .

221 See footnote 219.222 Ref. No. 2005-05-08 - incident - Siraha _1567.

105

ljZn]if0fM o'4df efu lng] dfcf]jfbL n8fs'x¿sf] ;ª\Vof slt lyof] eGg]af/] hfgsf/L 5}g, g t dfcf]jfbL ;+/rgdf pgLx¿sf] kbLo x}l;otaf/] g} hfgsf/L 5 . ;f] sf/afxLdf dfl/Psf jf kqmfp ul/Psf dfcf]jfbL n8fs'sf] ;ª\Vofaf/] klg j:t'ut hfgsf/L pknAw 5}g . o:tf] hfgsf/Llagf, ;j{;fwf/0fsf] xtfxt ;ªVof;Fu ck]Iff ul/Psf] ;}lgs nfesf] ;dfg'kfltstfnfO{ t'ngf ug{ ;Dej x'Fb}g . t/, u}/;}lgs JolQmx¿nfO{ ufpFd} a:g afWo u/fpFb} u}/;}lgs If]qdf ePsf] o'4df dfcf]jfbLsf] ;+nUgtfnfO{ ;Ifd cbfntn] ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ dfgj9fnsf] ¿kdf k|of]u ul/Psf] eGg ;Sg] cj:yf x'g;S5 . ;}Go p2]Zosf j:t'x¿nfO{ lg;fgf x'g glbg] k|of;:j¿k ;}Go p2]Zo / u}/;}lgs JolQmx¿nfO{ dg;fok"j{s Ps}rf]6L k|of]u ug'{ j}wflgs / cj}wflgs lg;fgfx¿sf] aLrdf km/s 5'6\ofpg] ;DaGwdf k|yfhlgt lgodx¿sf] pNnª\3g xf] . tYox¿ k|dfl0ft ePsf v08df of] dfcf]jfbLsf tkm{af6 cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg'gsf] uDeL/ pNnª\3g x'g hfg]5 .

csf]{tkm{, åGå/t PskIfåf/f ul/Psf] dfgj9fnsf] k|of]un] j}wflgs / cj}wflgs lg;fgfx¿sf] aLrdf km/s 5'6\ofpg], hyfefjL cfqmd0f ug{af6 aRg], u}/;}lgs gful/sx¿sf] ;+/If0f ug]{ / k"j{;fjwfgL ckgfpg] lj/f]wL åGå/tkIfsf] bfloTjnfO{ sd ub}{g . u}/;}lgs cfjf;Lo If]qdf /flt, ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ vfln gu/L, dfcf]jf-bLåf/f ul/Psf] xjfO{ adaf/L b'O{j6f sf/0fn] ubf{ æhyfefjL cfqmd0fÆ x'g;S5 . klxnf], u}/;}lgs hg;d'bfonfO{ klxNo} ;hu u/fpg] /÷jf vfln u/fpg] h:tf k"j{;fjwfgLx¿ ckgfpg ;lsGYof] . bf];|f], 5flgPsf] xltof/n] vf; ;}Go p2]Zodfly lg;fgf nufpg g;s]sfn] u}/;}lgs JolQmx¿sf] xtfxt ePsf] x'g;S5 . oL s'/fnfO{ ljrf/ u/L ;Ifd Gofoflws/0fn] o'4sf lgod / rngx¿sf] pNnª\3g eP gePsf] lgZro ug{ ;SYof] .

%=#=@ g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_åf/f

s_ nlIot xTof

;ª\qmd0fsfnLg Gofo ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L clen]v e08f/df clelnlvt 36gfn] s]xL 36gfdf g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_n] klg u}/;}lgs JolQmx¿nfO{ hfgfhfg df/]sf] hgfpFb5223 . o;/L lg;fgf agfOPsf u}/;}lgs gful/sx¿df æ;fdGtjfbLÆ jf æ/fhfjfbLÆ h:tf 223 ;'/Iffkmf}hsf ;b:ox¿nfO{ u}/;}lgs gful/sx¿af6 5'6\ofpg' t'ngfTds ¿kdf g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_sf] ;+/rgf -h:t} sfo{stf{ / n8fs'_ leqsf ljleGg e"ldsfx¿sf] aLrdf ePsf] km/s 5'6\ofpg'eGbf ;lhnf] 5, ljz]ifu/L åGåsf] ;'?;'?lt/ h'ga]nf g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_sf t'?Gt} km/s 5'6\ofOxfNg ;lsg] vfnsf kf];fs lyPgg\, eGg] s'/f dxTTjk"0f{ 5 .

106

æhgo'4Æsf] b'Zdgsf ¿kdf x]l/Psf JolQmx¿, lj/f]wL /fhgLlt1x¿, ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt h:tf ;/sf/L :yfgLo lgsfosf sd{rf/L, a'l4hLjL tyf lzIfs, g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_ kl/Tofu u/]sf jf cfTd;dk{0f u/]sf JolQmx¿, ;'/Iffkmf}hsf kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿, dfgjclwsf/ /Ifs tyf kqmsf/, / h;n] ;'/Iffkmf}hnfO{ vfgf, cfjf;, cf}ifwL / cGo k|sf/sf ;]jfx¿ pknAw u/fof] tL JolQmx¿ kb{5g\ . To;afx]s, dfcf]jfbLsf d"No / lgodx¿cg';f/ uDeL/ ck/fw ug]{ JolQmx¿ -cf/f]lkt xTof/fx¿, anfTsf/L, rf]/, låljjfxL, xf8gftf s/0fLsf] cf/f]k nfu]sf tyf tNnf] hftsf JolQmx¿;Fu ceb| Jojxf/ ug]{x¿ h:tf_ klg zflGt ;'/Iff / Gofo ;Dkfbg;Fu ;DalGwt dfcf]jfbLsf ;dfgfGt/ ultljlwsf qm-ddf nlIot xTofsf kLl8t lyP .

o; k|ju{df ;a}eGbf cufl8 lyP æhf;'';Æ / æ;'/fsLx¿Æ h;n] zq'kIfnfO{ hfgsf/L pknAw u/fO/x]sf] s'/fdf dfcf]jfbLsf] ljZjf; lyof]224 . Ps xhf/eGbf a9L u}/sfg'gL xTofsf cf/f]k nfu]sf 36gfx¿ ;ª\qmd0fsfnL Gofo ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L clen]v e08f/df /flvPsf 5g\ / tL 36gfdWo] s]xL ;o 36gfdf kLl8tn] hf;';L ug]{ u/]sf] cf/f]kx¿ nufOPsf] 5 . s]xL kLl8tx¿n] dfl/g' cufl8 oftgf v]Kg'k/]sf] s'/f 36gfx¿n] hgfpFb5g\225 .

zq'x¿, u}/;}lgs x'g\ jf n8fs' x'g\, sf] pGd"ng ug]{ dfcf]jfbLx¿sf] v'nf / :ki6 gLlt ePsfn] ubf{ o:tf nlIot xTofx¿df k|foM ;j{;fwf/0f kb{y] / o;nfO{ 9fs5f]k ug{ s'g} k|oTg ul/Psf] x'Fb}gYof] . jf:tjdf, oL nlIot xTofx¿dWo] s]xL xTof hge]nfsf ;fd'Gg] ;fj{hlgs :ynx¿df226, lbgbxf8}227 ePsf x'Gy] jf o:tf kl/l:yltdf x'Gy] h;df kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿nfO{ Tof] b[Zo x]g{ afWo kfl/Psf] x'GYof] .

k|tLsfTds 36gf %=!)228

224 ls/0f g]kfnn] dfcf]jfbLåf/f ;'/fsL u/]sf] cf/f]kdf dfl/Psfx¿dWo] kfFr k|ltzteGbf sd jf:tjls ;'/fsL ePsf] bfaL u/]sf] 5 . æ/fli6«o cg';GWfg ljefusf] tYofª\scg';f/, dfcf]jfbLåf/f !%) hlt u'Ktr/ dfl/Psf lyP . dfl/PsfdWo] @! hgfnfO{ dfq ;/sf/åf/f zxLb 3f]if0ff ul/Psf] lyof] . c¿rflxF u'Ktr/ ePsf] x'gfn] pgLx¿sf] gfd uf]Ko /flvPsf] lyof] .Æ Nepal, The Nepali Security Sector, p. 203 (see footnote 206)225 x]g'{xf];\, h:t}, d'u' lhNnfl:yt /f/f uflj;df @)^! h]7 @ ut] ePsf] wg/fh /f]sfofsf] xTof . pgnfO{ uf]nL xfg]/ dfg'{eGbf cl3 pgsf xftv'§f sfl6Psf lyP . Ref. no. 2004-05-15 - incident - Mugu _5202.226 x]g'{xf];\, h:t}, x'Dnf lhNnf ;b/d'sfdaf6 @)%( df3 # ut] ckx/0f ul/Psf s0f{axfb// /fjtsf] 36gf . pgnfO{ hge]nfdf af]Ng nufOof] / g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_ kf6L{ kl/Tofu u/L k|zf;g;dIf cfTd;dk{0f u/]sf] cf/f]kdf uf]nL xfgL xTof ul/of] . Ref. no. 2003-01-17 - incident - Humla _5303.227 x]g'{xf];\, h:t}, wg'iff lhNnfsf] hgsk'/df d]o/ kbsf pDd]bjf/ tyf g]kfn ;befjgf kf6L{sf ;b:o ljhonfn bf;sf] 36gf . pgnfO{ cfkm\gf] kf6L{ sfof{noaflx/ al;/x]sf] a]nf @)^@ df3 ( ut] lbpF;f] b'Ohgfn] uf]nL xfgL xTof u/]sf] elgof] . pgnfO{ /fHosf] ;'/fsL ePsf] cf/f]k nufpFb} uf]nL xfgL xTof ul/sf] s'/f g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_n] :jLsf/ u¥of] . Ref. no. 2006-01-22 - incident - Dhanusha _0090.228 Ref. No. 2004-08-15 - incident - Baglung _5830.

107

36gf ljj/0fM lj:yflkt ePkl5 afUn'ª\u lhNnfsf] afUn'ª\u ahf/df a:b} cfPsf nfnaxfb'/ /f]sfnfO{ lghsf 5f]/f;lxt dfcf]jfbLåf/f @)^! ;fpg #! ut] ckx/0f ul/of] . pgLx¿nfO{ lxn uflj;df nluof], hxfF nfnaxfb'/nfO{ sf7sf] ;fwgn] s'6\b} dfl/of] . of] ;a} b[Zo pgsf 5f]/fnfO{ 6'n'6'n' x]g{ afWo kfl/of] . hgo'4nfO{ ;xof]u gu/] p;nfO{ dfl/g]5 egL 5f]/fnfO{ r]tfjgL lbOof] .

ljZn]if0fM o; 36gfdf xTofsf] o'4 ck/fw ePsf] x'g;S5 . hfgfhfg s'g} u}/;}lgs jf n8fOFaf6 cnu eO;s]sf] JolQmnfO{ dfg'{ o'4 ck/fw xf] . kLl8tnfO{ s'6lk6 ug'{ cfkm}Fdf oftgf xf] . To;afx]s, cfkm\gf] afa'sf] xTofnfO{ 6'n'6'n' x]g{ afWo kfl/g] 36gf ;Ifd cbfntdf k|dfl0ft ePdf 5f]/fnfO{ dgf]j}1flgs oftgf ceb| Jojxf/ x'g;Sg] k|jn ;Defjgf x'G5 . kL8seGbf dflysf jl/i7x¿nfO{ of] ck/fw ePsf] s'/f æyfxf lyof] ls lyPg jf yfxf x'g'kYyf]{ ls kb}{gYof]Æ / ltgn] pko'Qm pkfox¿ u/] ls u/]gg\ eGg]af/] cg';Gwfg x'g'k5{ .

o:tf xTofdf k|o'Qm xltof/x¿ / 3fts rf]6k6sdf ljljwtf lyof] . kLl8tx¿nfO{ s'6]/, a~r/f] jf v's'/Ln] xfg]/ dfl/Psf] x'GYof] / xftv'§f cf/f jf rSs'n] sf6]/ 5'6fOPsf] x'GYof] . s]xLsf] w]/} 7fpFdf xf8 efFlrPsfn] d[To' ePsf] lyof] eg] c¿nfO{ 6fpsf] sf6L jf hnfP/ dfl/Psf] lyof] . c¿ sltnfO{ lj:kmf]6s kbfy{;Fu} dfl/Psf] lyof] .

k|tLsfTds 36gf %=!!229

36gf ljj/0fM ;g\ @))# h'gdf afFs] lhNnfsf] eF8fl/of ufpFdf ePsf] Pp6f 36gfdf, cfkm"nfO{ dfcf]jfbL eGg] dflg;x¿sf] Pp6f ;d"xn] sl/a !$ ufpFn]nfO{ e]nf u/] . pgLx¿nfO{ Pp6f ;fj{hlgs :yndf nu]/ afFlwof] . cfkm\gf kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿ tyf afnaflnsf ;lxt ;j{;fwf/0fsf cufl8, kL8sx¿n] Tof] ;d"xnfO{ g]kfnL ;]gfnfO{ hfgsf/L pknAw u/fPsf] cf/f]k nufof] h;sf sf/0f g]skf _dfcf]jfbL_ tLg sfo{stf{ dfl/Psf lyP . kLl8tdWo] tLghgfnfO{ d[tcj:yfdf kfOof] . pgLx¿sf xftv'§f efFlrPsf lyP / z/L/df uf]nLsf rf]6x¿ lyP . kL8sdWo] csf]{ Pshgfsf] v'§f rf]6 nfu]sf] lyof], h;n] ubf{ pgL ckfª\u eP .

229 Ref. No. 2003-06-19 - incident - Banke _5288. See section 5.2.1 (f) for a discussion of judicial protections.

108

ljZn]if0fM o; 36gfdf ePsf tYox¿ k|dfl0ft ePdf To;n] æplrt k|lqmoflagfsf] ;hfo jf d[To'b08Æsf] cleof]udf o'4 ck/fwsf] km};nfdf ;3fp k'¥ofpg]5 . pgLx¿lj?4sf] cleof]usf] uDeL/tf h] h:tf];'s} eP klg oL !$ hgf, / vf;u/L dfl/Psf jf 3fOt] agfOPsf rf/hgf, nfO{ Goflos k|lqmofdf nlug'kYof]{ h;n] ;a} d'Vo Go-flos ;+/If0f pknAw u/fpFYof] . To;afx]s, oL !$ hgfdWo] s;}nfO{ klg lgoGq0fdf ln;s]kl5 dfg'{ jf 3fOt] agfpg' h]g]ef dxf;lGwx¿sf] ;femf wf/f # sf] pNnª\3g lyof] / of] :ki6 ¿kdf u}/sfg'gL lyof] .

v_ kqmfpkl5 xTof

vf;u/L åGåsf] ;'?lt/ ha dfcf]jfbLx¿ cfkm";Fu cTofw'lgs xftxltof/x¿ sd lyP230 pgLx¿n] ;'/Iffkmf}hnfO{ ;+nUg /fVg k|of]u ug]{ dfWod eg]sf] ltgsf zq'nfO{ ltgsf] k"0f{ lgoGq0fdf geP klg glhs} Nofpg' lyof] . log} kl/l:ylt g} kqmfpkl5 dfcf]jf-bLåf/f dfl/Psf elgPsf ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg Gofo ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L clen]v e08f/df /flvPsf 7"nf] ;ª\Vofsf JolQmx¿sf] sf/0f x'g;S5 . t/, gat-fOPsf] jf a]jf:tf ul/Psf] s'/frflxF 7"nf] ;ª\Vofsf u}/;}lgs JolQmx¿ x'g\ hf] o:tf] xTofsf kLl8t lyP . g t d[To' x'g'cl3 ltgn] ;x]sf] ceb| Jojxf/ /÷jf oftgfaf/] g} atfOPsf] 5 . cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg'gn] åGå/t s'g} klg kIfsf] lgoGq0fdf /x]sf] JolQmsf] p;sf] x}l;ot h] h:tf];'s} ePklg hfgfhfg Hofg lng] sfo{nfO{ lgif]w u/]sf] 5231 .

;ª\slnt 36gfn] s] hgfpFb5g\ eg] o; k|ju{sf kLl8tx¿n] s'6fO vfP, pgLx¿sf xftv'§f tyf z/L/sf cª\ux¿ 5'6\ofOP, pgLx¿nfO{ cª\ueª\u ul/of] / ltgsf x8\8L efFlrP .

k|tLsfTds 36gf %=!@232

36gf ljj/0fM g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_sf s]xL sfo{stf{n] @)%( c;f/ !( uu] ;'v]{t lhNnf s'gf7/L uflj;l:yt ;j{;fwf/0f rGb|axfb'/ vqLsf] 3/ 3]/fp u/] / pgnfO{ lnP/ uP . pgsL >LdtL / 5f]/f5f]/Ln] pgnfO{ ef]lnkN6 laxfg glhs}sf] vfln lalN8ª\df km]nf kf/] . 230 International Crisis Group, Nepal’s Maoists: Their aims, structure and strategy, Asia Report no.1104, 27 October 2995 [hereinafter International Crisis Group, Nepal’s Maoists] p.1 (see footnote 28). ;'?lt/ dfcf]jfbLx¿ a~r/f], bfFt], u}FtL tyf cf}hf/ Pj+ v's'/L, nf7L / cGo To:t} xltof/x¿ af]Sg] ub{y] .231 ;Dk"0f{ cfwf/e"t Goflos k|Tofe"ltx¿ pknAw u/fOPsf] k'k{IfkZrft\ lgoldt cbfntåf/f ;'gfOPsf] d[To'b08sf] Psdfq ckjfbafx]s . See Chapter 4 - Applicable International Law p. Error: Reference source not found.232 Ref. No. 2002-00-00 - incident - Surkhet _5441.

109

pgnfO{ r/d 3fOt] agfOPsf] lyof] / pgL kfgL dflu/x]sf lyP . pgn] cfkm"nfO{ %) hgfeGbf a9L dfcf]jfbLn] nf7L tyf a~r/fsf laF8n] lk6]sf] s'/f kl/jf/nfO{ atfP . pgsf v'§f cª\ueª\u ul/Psf lyP . kfFr 306fkl5 pgsf] d[To' eof] . pgsf] xTofsf] sf/0f c1ft 5 .

ljZn]if0fM o; 36gfdf kLl8t JolQm u}/;}lgs JolQm ePsf] at-fOG5 / pgL o'4df ;xefuL ag]sf] klg b]lv+b}g . s'g} ;j{;fwf/0f JolQmsf] hfgfhfg xTof ug'{ eg]sf] o'4 ck/fw xf] . pgL n8fs' g} ePsf] eP klg pgL dfcf]jfbLsf] lgoGq0fdf lyP, h;n] pgnfO{ n8fOFaf6 cnu ePsf] JolQmsf] x}l;ot k|bfg ub{Yof] . To;}n], s'g} klg cj:yfdf pgnfO{ dfg'{ eg]sf] o'4 ck/fw lyof] . pgsf] z/L/sf] cª\ueª\u r/d lk6fO / v'§fx¿ sfl6Psf sf/0f ePsf] b]lvG5 . To;}n], k|yfhlgt tyf ;lGwhGo cGt/f{li6«o sfg'g, cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg'g / dfgjclwsf/ sfg'g b'j}, sf] pNnª\3g ePsf] b]lvG5 / ;Ifd Gofoflws/0faf6 o;sf] cg';Gwfg x'g'k5{ .

o;} k|j[lQnfO{ a'emfpg] csf]{ pbfx/0fM

k|tLsfTds 36gf %=!#233

36gf ljj/0fM ;g\ @))$ hgj/Ldf dfcf]jfbL sfo{stf{sf] Pp6f 7"nf] ;d"xn] ;'v]{t lhNnf u9L uflj; $ sf ælkogÆ sdn kf}8]nsf] 3/ 3]/fp u/] . dfcf]jfbLx¿n] sdnsf kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿nfO{ 3/df tfnf nufP/ y'g] / pgnfO{ pgLx¿;Fu} hfg cfb]z lbP . To;} lbg, kl5 ltg} sfo{stf{ cfP/ sdn hf;'; ePsfn] pgnfO{ dfl/Psf] va/ kl/jf/nfO{ ;'gfP . kl/jf/n] lghsf] zj 3/ glhs} ePsf] kfP .

ljZn]if0f M o; 36gfdf kLl8t ;'/Iffkmf}hsf ;b:o lyPgg\ g t xTof ePsf avt pgL k|ToIf ¿kdf o'4df efu g} lnO/x]sf lyP . To;cg';f/, ;z:q åGåsf lgodcGtu{t pgL j}wflgs lg;fgf lyPgg\ . kL8sn] kLl8tsf kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿nfO{ lbPsf] hfgsf/Lsf] d"Nofª\sg ubf{ tYox¿n] xTof hfgfhfg ul/Psf] s'/f b]vfpFb5g\ . ;Ifd cb-fntdf tYox¿ k|dfl0ft ePdf o; 36gfdf xTofsf] o'4 ck/fw x'g;S5 .

u_ cw{Goflos sfo{ljlwsf kl/0ffd:j¿k ePsf u}/sfg'gL xTof — h:t}, hgcbfntåf/f lbOPsf] d[To'b08

233 Ref. No. 2004-06-00 - incident - Surkhet _5198.

110

åGåsf qmddf s]xL lglZrt If]qx¿df, g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_n] zflGt ;'/Iff sfod /fVg] l;nl;nfdf /fHon] ug]{ h:t} ;dfgfGt/ sfo{x¿ u¥of] . cfkm\gf] kmf}hbf/L ;+lxtf tyf dfcf]jfbL lgod / d"Nox¿ sfof{Gjog u/fpg / æhgo'4Æsf] af6f]df /x]sf afwfx¿ x6fpg dfcf]jfbLx¿n] cfkm\gf] clwsf/ hah{:tL nfu' u/] .

æhgcbfntÆn] s;nfO{ s]/sf/ ug]{ / ;hfo lbg] eGg] lg0f{o ul/;s]kl5, pgLx¿nfO{ ljleGg dfWodåf/f af]nfOGYof], h:t}M g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_sf sfo{stf{x¿ kLl8tsf 3/3/df k'u]/234Ù cbfntaf6 ;Lw} lnlvt kmf/d k7fP/ jf ltgsf 3/sf kvf{n jf 9f]sfdf ;"rgf 6fF; u/]/Ù cbfntsf] k|ltlglwTj ug]{ s;}åf/f df}lvs ¿kdf eGg nufP/ jf l5d]sL jf kl/jf/sf] ;b:o jf kmf]gaf6 eg]/ . o:tf af]nfj6x¿nfO{ vf;u/L ufpF3/df ;"rgf k|fKt ug]{x¿åf/f Wofgk"j{s ;'lgGYof] lsgsL To:tf] ;"rgfnfO{ a]jf:tf ug'{ eg]sf] hah{:tL ckx/0fdf kg'{ jf 5'§} ;hfo kfpg] s'/f k|ltj]bgx¿n] at-fpFb5g\ . ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg Gofo ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L clen]v e08f/df lgb]{zg ul/Pcg';f/ pkl:yt x'g g;s]sf]df dfl/Psf] elgPsf 36gfx¿ 5g\235. o:tf æck/fwÆsf 36gfdf æhf;';L u/]sf]Æ jf /fHonfO{ ;3fPsf236, em'6f] ¿kdf dfcf]jfbL ag]s]f, dfcf]jfbLsf gf-ddf rGbf ;ª\sng u/]sf]237, anfTsf/,238 rf]/L,239 8s}t,L240 e|i6frf/,241 xf8gftf s/0fL,242 cfb]zx¿sf] kfngf gu/]sf243 k/]sf lyP . 234 x]g'{xf];\, h:t}, Ref No. 2006-10-18 - incident - Kathmandu _0011. @)^# c;f]h #! ut] ;fbf kf];fsdf cfPsf @)—@% hgfn] kLl8tnfO{ ;fª\unf uflj; -hgd'lQm ;]gfsf] cfwf/ lzlj/ /x]sf] elgPsf]_df ;ft lbgleqdf l/kf]6{ ug{ eg] .235 x]g'{xf];\, h:t}, 8f]6L lhNnf nIdLgu/ uflj;sf !* jifL{o ledaxfb'/ vqLnfO{ af]nfpFbfv]/L guPsf] cf/f]kdf dfcf]jfbLåf/f @)^) r}t !& ut] dfl/Psf] 36gf . Ref. No. Ref. No. 2004-03-30 - incident - Doti _2001.236 x]g'{xf];\, h:t}, sflnsf]6 lhNnf hgcbfntsf] km};nfkl5 @))! sf] dWoh'nfO{df eb| ;GofnnfO{ xTof ul/Psf] 36gf . Ref. No. Ref. No. 2001-07-00 - incident - Kalikot _5484.237 x]g'{xf];\, h:t}, wgs'6f d]b]af; uflj;sf zGtf]if ljZjsdf{nfO{ dfcf]jfbL ag]/ rGbf ;ª\sng u/]sf] tyf xf8gftf s/0fL u/]sf] cf/f]kdf ;hfoafkt @))$ cu:6df xTof ul/Psf] 36gf . Ref. No. 2004-08-00 - incident - Dhankuta _1643.238 x]g'{xf];\, h:t}, ;'v]{t lhNnf tf/ª\uf uflj;sf co'; 6df6fnfO{ @)^# h]7 @& ut] anfTsf/sf] cf/f]kdf ckx/0f ul/Psf] 36gf . Ref. No. 2006-06-10 - incident - Surkhet _4892.239 x]g'{xf];\, h:t}, ndh'ª lhNnf O;fg]Zj/ uflj;af6 @)^# ebf} @! ut] rf]/Lsf] cf/f]kdf ckx/0f ul/Psf ;Gtaxfb'/ ljZjsdf{sf] 36gf . pknAw hfgsf/Ln] hgcbfntsf] :ki6 ;+nUgtf ePsf] pNn]v u/]sf] geP klg pgnfO{ s]/sf/ tyf s'6lk6 ul/of] / pgsf] d[To' eof] elgG5 . Ref No. 2006-09-07- incident - Lamjung _5720.240 x]g'{xf];\, h:t}, ¿kGb]xL lhNnfsf b'O{j6f leGbfleGb} 7fpFaf6 @)^@ kmfu'g @( ut] rf]/Lsf] 36gfnfO{ lnP/ ljqmd /fgf tyf km';]{ ;"o{ yfkfnfO{ ckx/0f ul/Psf] 36gf . o;df hgcbfntsf] ;+nUgtfsf] :ki6 ;ª\s]t gb]lvP klg k|fKt hfgsf/Ln] g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_sf sfo{stf{sf] Pp6f ;d"xn] tT;DaGwL ph'/L kfPkl5 ;f] 36gfsf] cg';Gwfg u/]sf] hgfpFb5 . Ref. No. 2006-03-13 - incident - Rupandehi _5738.241 x]g'{xf];\, h:t}, s~rgk'/ lhNnfsf] dx]Gb|gu/af6 ckx/0f ul/Pkl5 @)^@ j}zfv # ut] dfcf]jfbLåf/f dfl/Psf /3'jL/ hf]zLsf] 36gf . dfcf]jfbLn] pgnfO{ e|i6frf/ tyf hah{:tL rGbf c;'nL u/]sf] cf/f]k nufPsf] lyof] . o;df hgcbfntsf] k|ToIf ;+nUgtfsf] :ki6 ;ª\s]t b]lvPsf] 5}g t/ pgnfO{ e|i6frf/df nfu]sf] egL dfcf]jfbLåf/f lg;fgf agfOPsf] lyof] . Ref No. 2005-04-16 - incident - Kanchanpur _1954.242 zGtf]if ljZjsdf{nfO{sf] 36gf, Ref. No. 2004-08-00 - incident - Dhankuta _1643.243 x]g'{xf];\, h:t}, alb{of lhNnf df]ltk'/ uflj;sf ;'zLn 1fjnL / lghsL kTgL /]vf 1fjnLnfO{ cfb]z gdfg]sf] cleof]udf dfcf]jfbL sfo{stf{åf/f @)^@ kmfu'g ! ut] 5'/f

111

æhgcbfntÆn] ækm};nfÆ ubf{ cleo'QmnfO{ lk6fO244, hah{:tL >d245 jf d[To'b08246 nufot ljleGg k|sf/sf r/d ;hfo ;'gfOPsf] x'GYof] . d[To'b08sf] ;hfo lbOPsf s]xL lglZrt 36gfdf kLl8tn] u/]sf] ck/fwsf sf/0f lghnfO{ d[To'b08 lbOPsf] xf] eg]/ Pp6f ;fgf] sfuhsf] 6'qmfdf n]v]/ zjdf 5fl8Psf] x'GYof]247 cyjf ;fj{hlgs :yndf ;"rgf 6fF; ul/Psf] x'GYof]248 jf /]l8of]dfkm{t\ ;fj{hlgs 3f]if0ff ul/Psf] x'GYof] .

æhgcbfntÆsf] u7g k|lqmof tyf sfo{x¿ 7fpFcg';f/ km/skm/s x'Gy] . s]xL Onfsfdf o:tf] cbfntdf g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_sf] :yfgLo g]t[Tj x'GYof], h:tf] ls, lhNnf OGrfh{ h;n] km};nf / ;hfosf af/]df lg0f{o ub{y] . cGo 36gfdf, s]xL æGofofwLzÆ — slxn]sfxLF Pshgfdfq — x¿ x'Gy] / pgLx¿ sfg'gL tflnd k|fKt x'Gy] / d'2faf/] a;]/ 5nkmn u/]/ cleo'QmnfO{ km};nf ;'gfpFy] . l;4fGttM cbfntn] æ;fj{hlgs sfg'gL ;+lxtfÆ gfds cfkm\g} sfg'gL ;+lxtf nfu' u/]sf] lyof] . dfcf]jfbLn] of] ;+lxtf ;g\ @))# hf/L u/]sf] lyof]249 .

k|tLsfTds 36gf %=!$250

36gf ljj/0fM ;g\ @))! Dff sflnsf]6sL Ps ;j{;fwf/0f dlxnf eb|f l;+v8fnfO{ g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_sf sfo{stf{åf/f ckx/0f ul/of] . pgnfO{ dfcf]jfbLaf/] k|x/LnfO{ hfgsf/L pknAw u/fPsf] cfzª\sfdf ælhNnf cbfntÆ;dIf nluPsf] lyof] elgof] . pgnfO{ d[To'b08sf] km};nf ;'gfOof] / To;kl5 pgnfO{ d[To'b08 lbOof] . cbfntsf] km};nfkl5 ufpFdf Pp6f ;"rgf 6fF; ul/Psf] lyof] .

wl;Psf] 36gf . Ref. No. 2006-02-13 - incident - Bardiya _4935. of] klg x]g'{xf];\ l;Gw'kfNrf]s lhNnf Ov'{ uflj;sf g]qaxfb'/ bªufnnfO{ g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_sf] lj/f]w u/]sf] cleof]udf @)%* k'; !! ut] uf]nL xfgL xTof ul/Psf] elgG5 . Ref No. 2001-12-26 - incident - Sindhupalchok _1166.244 x]g'{xf];\, h:t}, lrtjg lhNnf hugk'/ uflj;af6 @)^# j}zfv @( ut] ckx/0f ul/Psf s'6lk6 / oftgf lbO{ dfl/Psf elgPsf k|]daxfb'/ 7f]s/sf] 36gf . g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_sf lhNnf ;lrjn] lgh kLl8tnfO{ oftgf lbg] lg0f{o ul/Psf] t/ dfg]{ lg0f{o gul/Psf] atfPdf lyP . Ref. No. 2006-05-12 - incident - Chitwan _0064.245 ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg Gofo ;Gbe{ ;fdu|Ldf hah{:tL >ddf nufOPsf $@ j6f 36gf 5g\ .246 x]g'{xf];\, efb| ;Gofn, dfly kfbl6Kk0fL @#^ .247 pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{no uf]Ko ;|f]t Ref. No. 5742.248 pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{no uf]Ko ;|f]t Ref. No.5484.249 æhgcbfntÆ tyf æ;fj{hlgs sfg'gL ;+lxtfÆaf/] lj:t[t hfgsf/Lsf nflu, x]g'{xf];\ cWofo ( — hjfkmb]xLtf / k|efjsf/L Goflos pkrf/sf] clwsf/ .250 OG;]ssf] åGåkLl8t kfZj{lrqdf kLl8tsf] y/ l;+v8f 5 eg] clen]v e08f/df ;Gofn 5 . 2001-07-00 - incident - Kalikot _5484.

112

ljZn]if0f M æ;fdfGotM ckl/xfo{ egL :jLsf/ ul/Psf ;a} Goflos k|Tofe"lt pknAw u/fpFb} lgoldt ¿kdf u7g ul/Psf] cbfntåf/f ;'gfOPsf] cl3Nnf] km};nflagfÆ d[To'b08sf] km};nf ;'gfpg' / To;nfO{ sfof{Gjog ug'{ o'4 ck/fw xf] . dfgjclwsf/ pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{nonfO{ æhgcbfntÆåf/f cleof]u nufOPsf] s'g} klg k|ToyL{nfO{ ;Dk"0f{ ¿kdf Goflos ;+/If0fx¿ pknAw u/fOPsf] Pp6f klg pbfx/0faf/] yfxf 5}g . jf:tjdf o:tf cfwf/e"t Goflos k|Tofe"ltx¿ pknAw u/fOPsf lyP ls lyPgg\ eGg] s'/fsf] lgwf{/0f ug{ ;Ifd Gofoflws/0fn] of] / o:t} 36gfx¿sf] cg';Gwfg ug'{k5{ . To:tf] gul/Psf] cj:yfdf o'4 ck/fw ul/Psf] x'g;S5 .

3_ n8fOFsf qmddf ePsf u}/sfg'gL d[To'

Dfflysf pNnª\3gx¿ ljlzi6 JolQmx¿nfO{ lg;fgf agfOsf s'/fdf cfwfl/t lyP . t/, u}/sfg'gL d[To'sf] cf/f]k nfu]sf 36gf, h'g k/Dk/fut n8fOFsf sf/afxLsf qmddf ePsf lyP, x¿ ;ªqmd0fsfnLg Gofo ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L clen]v e08f/df clen]vg ul/Psf 5g\ . k|dfl0ft ePsf] v08df, oL 36gf jf:tljs o'4sf] cfr/0fnfO{ zf;g ug]{ cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg'gsf pNnª\3g x'g ;S5g\ . ;'/Iffkmf}håf/f klg p:t} vfnsf pNnª\3g ePsf] x'g ;S5 eGg] ;Gbe{df o; v08df ul/g] 5nkmn s;nfO{ / s'g lrhdfly lg;fgf nufpg ;lsG5, Pj+ o'4sf lgodx¿sf] ;Ldfleq /x]/ s;/L o'4nfO{ ;~rfng ug]{ eGg] ;DaG-wdf s]lGb|t /xsf] 5 . o;af/] lbOPsf pNnª\3gsf pbfx/0fx¿df dfcf]jfbLx¿n] u}/;}lgs / n8fs'x¿sf aLrdf km/s 5'6\ofpg g;s]sf], ck]Iff ul/Psf] 7f]; ;}Go nfesf] t'ngfdf c;dg'kflts cfqm-d0f u/]sf], u}/;}lgs hg;d'bfosf] ;+/If0f ug{ cfqmd0fsf a]nf k"j{;fjwfgL lng g;s]sf] Pj+ zq'kIfsf] ;}lgsnfO{ cgfjZos kL8f x'g]u/L dfl/Psf s'/f kb{5g\ .

clen]v e08f/df /flvPsf 36gfx¿df cfwfl/t eP/ x]bf{ b]lvPsf] k|j[lQn] JolQmx¿nfO{ xTofsf] lg;fgf agfpg] sfd pgLx¿sf] ;ª\u7g;Fusf] jf:tljs jf cg'e"t ;b:otf, cfa4tf jf ;fy ;dy{gsf sf/0fn] geO{ cftª\s l;h{gf ug{ /÷jf hg;d'bfodflysf] dfcf]jfbLsf] lgo-Gq0fnfO{ dha't agfpg u/]sf] b]lvG5 . o; k|j[lQdf b]lvPsf] ;femf s'/f lj:kmf]6s kbfy{sf] k|of]u lyof] . lj:kmf]6s kbfy{sf] k|of]u of t lglZrt lg;fgfdf tfs]/ ul/Psf] x'GYof] of ;j{;fwf/0fx¿ k|foM cfjthfjt ul//xg] s'g} 7fpFdf km\ofFs]/ jf 5f8]/ x'GYof] .

o; ;DaGwdf ;a}n] yfxf kfPsf] 36gf df8L ad lj:kmf]6gsf] 36gf xf] .

113

114

k|tLsfTds 36gf %=!%251

36gf ljj/0fM lj=;+= @)^@ h]7 @# ut] laxfg ^ ah]lt/ sl/a !%) ofq' af]s]/ vrfvr el/Psf] Pp6f ;fj{hlgs ofq' a; lrtjgsf] a; la;f}gLaf6 lxF8\of] . To;df 7"nf] ;ª\Vofdf afnaflnsfx¿ klg lyP . ;fbf kf];fsdf zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfsf !@ hgf sd{rf/L, s]xLn] xltof/ af]s]sf, klg pQm a;df lyP . ha a; df8L If]qsf] glbt6df cfP/ /f]lsof], Pp6f 7"nf] lj:kmf]6g eof] h;n] a;nfO{ g} x'TofP/ xfjfdf dfly p7fof] . a;sf] dWoefu k"0f{ ¿kdf Ifltu|:t eof] . pQm lj:kmf]6gdf k/L #( hgf ofq' dfl/P — tLghgf zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfsf l;kfxL / #^ hgf ;j{;fwf/0f . ;]gfsf rf/hgf ;lxt yk &@ hgf 3fOt] eP . g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_n] 36gfsf] lhDd]jf/L :jLsf/ u¥of] / pQm lj:kmf]6s æas]6 adÆ ePsf] s'/f atfof], h;nfO{ sl/a @)) ld6/ 6f9f /x]sf] Pp6f 7fpF, hxfFaf6 ljB'tLo df-Wodaf6 lj:kmf]6g u/fOPsf] lyof], df tf/ nu]/ hf]l8Psf] lyof] . 36gf ljxfgsf] slnnf] 3fd ;'? ePsf] a]nf ePsf] lyof] / h'g 7fpFaf6 Tof] lj:kmf]6g u/fOof] ToxfFaf6 a;df 7"nf] ;ª\Vofdf ;j{;fwf/0f JolQmx¿ ePsf] s'/f b]Vg ;Sg]u/L kL8sx¿n] ;jf/Lsf] b[Zo b]Vg ;Sy] . g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_n] g]kfnL ;]gfsf sd{rf/LnfO{ ;fj{hlgs oftfoftsf ;fwg k|of]u gug{ k6sk6s r]tfjgL lbPsf] — h;nfO{ kl5 cGo ;|f]tx¿af6 klg k'li6 ul/of] — / ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ ;]gfsf sd{rf/L;Fu ;fj{hlgs oftfoftsf ;fwgdf ofqf gug{ ;d]t ;fjwfg u/fOPsf] s'/f kl5 g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_n] bfaL u¥of] .

ljZn]if0fM o; 36gfsf tYox¿af6 b]lvP h:t} Gofoflws/0fn] o; a;df ofqf ug]{ ;j{;fwf/0f k|ToIf ¿kdf tyf hfgfhfg lg;fgf ag-fOPsf] kfPdf, xTofsf ljleGg o'4 ck/fw ul/Psf] x'g]5 . æ;j{;fwf/0flj?4sf] cfqmd0fÆsf] o'4 ck/fwdf ad lj:kmf]6g u/fpg cfb]z lbg] sdfG8/nfO{ cleof]hg x'g;S5 . To;afx]s, ;j{;fwf/0fx¿ lg;fgf lyPgg\ t/ zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfsf sd{rf/LnfO{ nlIot ul/Psf] cfqmd0fdf ækfZj{ IfltÆ lyP eGg] xf] eg] æck]Iff ul/Psf] 7f]; tyf k|ToIf ;}Go nfesf] t'ngfdf cTolws a9LÆ u}/;}lgs xtfxtL lyof] ls lyPg eGg] s'/fsf] d"Nofª\sg ul/g'k5{ . k|:t't tYox¿n] lg;fgfdf k/]sf ;]gfsf sd{rf/Lsf] bhf{ jf cGo s'g} hfgsf/L hgfpFb}g . ;]gfsf sd{rf/L pRr kb:y jf pRr ;}lgs dxTTjsf lyP eGg] s'/fnfO{ dfGg] xf] eg] ;j{;fwf/0fsf] xtfxtL ;ª\Vof -#^ d[ts / &@ 3fOt]_nfO{ ;Ifd cbfntn] a;df /x]sf !@ hgf l;kfxLnfO{ df/]/ ul/Psf] ck]lIft IflteGbf cTolws a9L ePsf] kfpg ;S5 . leGgtfsf] l;4fGtsf] klg pNnª\3g ePsf] b]lvG5 . 251 2005-06-06 - incident - Chitwan _0106.

115

ª_ lj:kmf]6s kbfy{sf] hyfefjL k|of]u

cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg'gcg';f/ u}/;}lgs JolQmx¿ kof{Kt ¿kdf ;'/lIft x'g g;Sg] csf]{ kl/l:ylt dfcf]jfbLåf/f ul/Psf] lj:kmf]6s kbfy{sf] k|of]udf lyof]252 . ;'/Iffkmf}hsf sd{rf/L tyf ;}lgs k|lti7fgx¿dfly cfqmd0f ug{ 3/]n' lj:kmf]6s kbfy{ k|of]u ug]{afx]s, dfcf]jfbLx¿n] To:tf lj:kmf]6s kbfy{x¿ ;j{;fwf/0f cfjthfjt ul//xg] 7fpFxx¿, h:t}, kfgLsf] d'xfg253, :s'n,254 ;j{;fwf/0fsf 3/,255 cfjf;If]q256 / df8Ldf h:t} a;df, 5f]8]sf lyP . ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg Gofo ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L clen]v e08f/df lghfdtL ;/sf/L sfof{nox¿df dfcf]jfbLn] ad /fv]sf bh{gf}+ 36gfsf] klg clen]v /flvPsf] 5 . o;af/] cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg'gsf] pNnª\3g ePsf] eGg] ;DaGwdf k|Zg p7fpg] !)) j6feGbf a9L 36gf ;dfj]z ul/Psf 5g\ .

s]xL 36gfdf, dfcf]jfbLåf/f 5fl8Psf lj:kmf]6s kbfy{n] afn-aflnsfsf] Wofg cfsif{0f u/] . pgLx¿ To:tf lrhx¿;Fu v]Nbf jf lt-gnfO{ 5'Fbf dfl/Psf jf 3fOt] ePsf lyP .

k|tLsfTds 36gf %=!^257

36gf ljj/0fM c5fd lhNnfsf] dª\un;]g uflj;sf] Pp6f ;fj{hlgs wf/f]df @)%& kmfu'g ! ut] dfcf]jfbLåf/f /flvPsf] ad k8s]/ b'O{ gfafns k|sfz 9'ª\ufgf / v]d/fh 9'ª\ufgfsf] d[To' eof] . c¿ b'O{ gfafns / kfFrhgf jo:s 3fOt] eP . ;'/Iffkmf}hsf s;}sf] klg ;f] 36gfdf d[To' ePg jf pgLx¿ 3fOt] ePgg\ .

ljZn]if0fM lu|g]8, ;s]6 ad tyf k|];/ s's/ adh:tf lj:kmf]6s kbfy{x¿sf] k|of]u cfkm}Fdf u}/sfg'gL geP klg ltgsf] k|of]u cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg'gsf dfkb08x¿, vf;u/L leGgtfsf] l;4fGt, ;Fu cg's"n x'g}k5{ . o:tf lj:kmf]6s kbfy{x¿ u}/;}lgs j:t' jf ;j{;fwf0f JolQmx¿ cfjthfjt ul//xg] 7fpFdf /fVgfn] of] k|fjwfg k"/f u/]sf] b]lv+b}g, ha;Dd -!_ To;af6 ;fdl/s kmfObf 252 h'g lsl;dn] dfcf]jfbLx¿n] lj:kmf]6s kbfy{x¿sf] k|of]u u/] To;n] ck]Iff ul/Psf] ;}Go kmfObfsf] t'ngfdf u}/;}lgs xtfxt cTolws ePsf] xf] ls eGg] k|Zg v8f ub{5 . t/, pknAw ;Lldt hfgsf/Ln] ubf{ o; k|ltj]bgdf k|To]s dfcf]jfbL cfqmd0fdf ;dfg'kfltstfsf] d"Nofª\sg ul/Psf] 5}g .253 x]g'{xf];\, h:t}, 2001-02-12 - incident - Achham _2102.254 x]g'{xf];\, h:t}, 2006-02-25 - incident - Achham _1902.255 x]g'{xf];\, h:t}, 2003-09-01 - incident - Siraha _1743. There are 32 allegations of incidents whereby a civilian house was bombed by the CPN (Maoist), causing serious injury or death of (a) civilian(s).256 x]g'{xf];\, h:t}, 2005-01-29 - incident - Khotang _1591.257 2001-02-12 - incident - Achham _2102.

116

xG5, / -@_ u}/;}lgs xtfxtL t'ngfTds ¿kdf æcTolwsÆ x'Fb}g . pNnª\3g ePsf] 5 ls 5}g eg]/ lgwf{/0f ug{ o:tf 36gfsf] yk cg';Gwfg ug'{ h?/L 5 .

r_ cgfjZos kL8f lbg]

;ª\qmd0fsfnLg Gofo ;Gbe{ ;fdu|Ldf ePsf 36gfaf6 k|yfhlgt cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg'gsf] pNnª\3g x'g]u/L kLl8tn] kL8f ef]Ug]u/L xltof/x¿sf] k|of]u u/]sf] ;ª\s]t ldNb5 . pgLx¿n] v's'/L, c¿ vfnsf rSs', kmnfdsf 808L, nf7L, a~r/f / cGo k|sf/sf wfl/nf xltof/x¿sf] k|of]u u/] / tL xltof/ k|of]u u/L kLl8tnfO{ tT-sfn dfg{ ;Sg] cj:yf ePklg To;f] u/]gg\ . a?, pgLx¿n] kLl8tnfO{ s'Fhf] agfpg] jf lghnfO{ cgfjZos kL8f lb+b} cGo k|sf/n] dfg]{ af6f] /f]h] . dfcf]jfbL sfo{stf{åf/f kLl8tnfO{ æs'6Ls'6L dfl/Psf]Æ hgfpg] tYofª\sn] kLl8t j}w lg;fgf ePsf 36gfdf ;d]t cgfjZos kL8f lbPsf] eGg] k|Zg p7fpFb5g\258 .

k|tLsfTds 36gf %=!&259

36gf ljj/0fM ?s'd lhNnf c7la;f]6 uflj;sf lzIfs jL/]Gb|s'df/ zfxnfO{ @)%( ebf} @* ut] dfcf]jfbL sfo{stf{x¿åf/f cf/fn] cfqmd0f ul/of] . kL8f ;xg g;s]/ kLl8tn] pgLx¿nfO{ cfkm"nfO{ uf]nL xfg]/ dfg{ cg'/f]w u/] . dfcf]jfbLn] kl5 pgnfO{ uf]nL xfg]/ df/]sf] elgof] . To;kl5 lghsL >LdtL;Fu pgsf kltnfO{ dfg{ vr{ ul/Psf] tLg uf]nLsf] d"Noafkt\ ? %@% dfu]sf] cf/f]k nufOPsf] 5 .

ljZn]if0fM o; 36gfdf, kLl8t o'4df k|ToIf efu glnPsf] u}/;}lgs JolQm ePsfn] dfq xTof u}/sfg'gL ePsf] xf]Og, kLl8tnfO{ h'g tl/sf ckgfP/ dfl/of] Tof] klg u}/sfg'gL xf] . kL8sx¿n] k|yfhlgt cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gsf] pNnª\3g x'g]u/L kLl8tnfO{ cgfjZos b'Mv lbP . oL tYox¿ ;Ifd cbfntdf k|dfl0ft ePsf] cj:yfdf dfcf]jfbL sfo{stf{x¿sf] s[To xTofsf] o'4 ck/fw ;/x x'g]5 . oftgf tyf cª\ueª\usf] d'2f klg xfNg ;lsg]5 .

%=#=# lelhnfGt] ;d"xåf/f ePsf u}/sfg'gL xTof

258 x]g{'xf];\ cWofo $ — nfu' cGt/f{li6«o sfg'g259 Ref. No. 2002 – 09 – 13 – incident – Rukum.

117

;z:q gful/s k|lt/Iff ;d"xx¿ u7g ePsf k|ltj]bgx¿ ;g\ @))# sf] dWolt/ b]vf k/] . lj=;+= @)^) h]7 !! ut] ;'?df lgSn]sf] k|ltj]bgn] ;nf{xL lhNnfdf dfcf]jfbLlj?4 k|ltzf]w lng] æufpFn]x¿Ætkm{ ;ª\s]t u/]sf] 5 . dfcf]jfbL åGåsf] k|To'Q/df lg:s]sf o:tf ;d"xx¿sf] pTklQ, u7g, cfly{s ;xof]u / tflndaf/] k"0f{ tyf ljZj;gLo hfgsf/L of] k|ltj]bg tof/ kfg]{x¿nfO{ pknAw geP klg /fHosf] o;df ;dy{g /x]sf] s'/fsf] k|df0f 5 . o:tf] ;xof]u t/fO{el/ alb{ofb]lv Onfd lhNnf;Dd km}lnPsf] x'g;S5260 . lgZro g} oL ;d"xx¿sf] u7g / ;~rfngdf /fHosf] ;xdlt / k|f]T;fxg /x]sf] lyof]261 .

lelhnfGt] ;d"xx¿ -slxn]sfxLF k|ltsf/ ;ldlt elgg]_sf] zlQm / ;ª\u7g 7fpFcg';f/ km/s km/s x'GYof], o4lk pgLx¿ ljz]ifu/L b}n]v, slknj:t', gjnk/f;L / /f}tx6 lhNnfdf ;';ª\ul7t ePsf] b]lvG5 . o:tf ;d"xn] ug]{ xTof zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfsf] lgb]{zgdf ePsf] ;ª\s]t ug]{ s]xL k|df0f 5g\262 . k|ltsf/ ;ldltsf af/]df ljZj;gLo / lj:t[t hfgsf/L geP tfklg o; k|sf/sf ;d"xx¿ — h;nfO{ s]xL xb;Dd /fHoåf/f xltof/ pknAw u/fOPsf] / h;n] lx+;fnfO{ rsf{pgdf d2t u/]sf] b]lvG5 — k|:6 r]g ckm sdfG8cGtu{t lyPgg\ eGg] s'/f :ki6 5 . ltgsf] ;+nUgtfn] uDeL/ pNnª\3gdf cf}krfl/s hjfkmb]xLtfsf] cy{nfO{ yk sdhf]/ agfof] .

;g\ @))% km]a'|c/Ldf slknj:t' lhNnf dfcf]jfbL / æufpF k|lt/Iff bnÆaLr ePsf] tLj| / lx+;fTds åGåsf] v]nd}bfg aGof] . ufpFsf b'O{ clwsf/Ldfly dfcf]jfbLn] klxn] u/]sf] cfqmd0fsf] abnf lng k|lt/Iff bnn] zª\sf:kb dfcf]jfbL z'elrGtsx¿dfly cfqmd0f u/] . lx+;f t'?Gt} lgoGq0faflx/ uof] / n8fOF tLg bg;Dd hf/L /Xof] . k|ltj]bgx¿sf cg';f/, #!—%! dflg;x¿ dfl/Psf lyP h;dWo] clwsf+z ;j{;fwf/0f lyP . tLg dlxnf, h;dWo] b'O{hgf gfafns lyP, anfTs[t eP . cfuhgL;DaGwL k|ltj]bgn] #)% b]lv *)) ;Dd 3/ hnfOPsf lyP263 .260 ;g\ @))$ km]a|'c/Ldf, zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfsf k|jQmfn] dfcf]jfbL lx+;f;Fu cem k|efjsf/L 9ª\un] h'em\g ufpFn]x¿nfO{ ;z:q agfpg' kg]{ cfjZostfsf] ts{ u/] . ;g\ @))$ gf]e]Da/df, k|wfgdGqL ;"o{axfb'/ yfkfn] sf7df8f}Fdf ul/Psf] Pp6f kqsf/ ;Dd]ngdf ædfcf]jfbLlj?4 k|lt/Iffsf nflu d2t ug{Æ ufpFn]x¿nfO{ ;z:q agfpg] ;/sf/sf] of]hgfsf] 3f]if0ff u/] . To;afx]s, Xo'dg /fO6\; jfr k|ltj]bgsf cg';f/, æu|fdL0f zflGt tyf ljsf; :jo+;]js kl/rfng ;d"xÆsf ;b:osf ¿kdf pgLxn] xftxltof/ tyf uf]nfaf?4, tflnd tyf nfO;]G;x¿ k|fKt u/]sf lyP .261 u[xdGqL bfgaxfb'/ zfxL, >ddGqL /fdgof/fd l;+x tyf lzIffdGqL /fwfs[i0f d}gfnLn] @)^! Df3 * ut] u0f]zk'/sf] e|d0f u/], hxfF tLghgf u}/;}lgs JolQmnfO{ dfcf]jfbLlj?4 cfdlj/f]w sfo{qmd u/]sf]df @)^! kmffu'g ^ ut] lhpFb} hnfOPsf] lyof] . pgLx¿n] cfkm\gf] /Iff cfkm}Fn] ug{ ;kmn ePsf]df ufpFn]x¿nfO{ awfO{ klg lbP . pgLx¿n] ufpFn]nfO{ ;ª\ul7t eO{ cfkm\gf] k|lt/Iff cfkm}F ug{ k|f]T;fxg u/] . of] ;dfrf/ ljleGg ;~rf/ dfWoddf 5fPsf] lyof] .262 Ref. No. 2006-04-07-Kapilvastu_5734.263 slt dflg; dfl/P / slt 3/x¿ hnfOP eGg]af/]sf] ljj/0f aflemPsf] 5 . pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{no—g]kfn, æslknj:t', gjnk/f;L tyf b}n]v lhNnfdf k|ltsf/ ;ldltÆ, k|f/lDes k|ltj]bg, @))%

118

To;sf] k|To'Q/df, dfcf]jfbLx¿n] lelhnfGt] ;d"xsf zª\sf:kb ;b:ox¿nfO{ nlIot u/L df/] / -t/fO{df_ slknj:t', ¿kGb]xL, gjnk/f;L -klZrdf~rn If]q_, /f}tx6, ;nf{xL, k;f{, af/f -dWofdf~rn If]q_, alb{of, afFs] -dWoklZrdf~rn If]q_ / kxf8L lhNnfdf afh'/f -;'b"/klZrdf~rn If]q_, b}n]v -dWoklZrdf~rn If]q_, afUn'ª -klZrdf~rn If]q_, wflbª, l;Gw'kfNrf]s, /fd]5fk -dWodf~rn If]q_ / t]x|y'd tyf Onfd -k"jf{~n If]q_264 nufotsf s]xL lhNnfdf lx+;f km}lnof] .

k|ltlglwd"ns 36gfx¿df @))% dfr{df gjnk/f;L lhNnfsf] ;f]dfgL uflj;df k|ltsf/ ;d"xåf/f ul/Psf nlIot cfqmd0fx¿ tyf dfcf]jfbLåf/f ul/Psf k|ltzf]wfTds xTof kb{5g\ . 5fkfsf ljj/0f tyf g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_sf jQmJocg';f/, @)^! r}t !# ut] k|ltsf/ ;ldltsf ;b:ox¿n] ;f]dfgL uflj;sf /fdlszf]/ rdf/nfO{ o;/L oftgf lbOPsf] lyof] ls pgnfO{ dfg'{cl3 cª\ueª\u ul/Psf] tyf hnfOPsf] xft vfg afWo kfl/Psf] lyof] . o; cfqmd0fkl5, sl/a #)) dfcf]jf-bLn] !! hgfnfO{ df/]/ To;sf] abnf lnP265 . o;df @)^@ j}zfv @ ut] dfl/Psf Ps !$ jifL{o afns klg kb{5g\ . To;} 36gfdf, !! 3/ hnfOP eg] sDtLdf Ps xhf/ dflg; ef/ttkm{ efu] .

gful/s k|lt/Iff ;d"xx¿ o'4df k|ToIf ;xefuL ;d]t x'g]u/L ;/sf/L ;'/Iffkmf}hsf] k|ToIf ;xof]udf ag]sf x'g\ / ;'/Iffkmf}h;Fu ;xsfo{ u/]/ tyf ltgsf nflu 5b\d o'4 nl8/x]sf x'g\ eg] ltgsf ;b:on] ;fdfGotM u}/;}lgsn] kfpg] ;+/If0f u'dfpg]5g\ . To;afx]s, ltgn] u/]sf cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gsf] s'g} klg pNnª\3gsf nflu /fHo lhDd]jf/ x'g]5 . csf]{tkm{, oL ;d"x /fHosf] tkm{af6 sfd ul//x]sf lyPgg\ eg] logn] JolQmut ¿kdf g]kfnsf] kmf}hbf/L sfg'gcg';f/ cleof]hgsf] ;fdgf ug'{kg]{ x'G5, h;sf] sfof{Gjog ug'{ /fHosf] lhDd]jf/L x'g]5 .

%=#=$ dlxnfdflysf] k|efj

Dlxnfx¿ o'4df k|ToIf ¿kdf ;+nUg ePsf lyP / tLdWo] w]/}h;f] hgd'lQm ;]gfsf] ;b:osf] ¿kdf266 . ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg Gofo ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L clen]v e08f/df /flvPsf 36gfdf yf]/} dlxnf slyt ¿kdf u}/sfg'gL xTofsf kLl8t lyP eg], ltgn] of}g lx+;f, d'VotM anfTsf/, h:tf yk vt/fx¿sf] ;fdgf ug'{k¥of] .cS6f]a/, k[= *—!)Ù PDg]:6L OG6/g];gnn] #! hgfsf] d[To' ePsf] tyf &)* 3/ hnfOPsf] k|ltj]bg u¥of] . Amnesty International, Nepal: Fractured country, shattered lives, p. 3-4 (see footnote 75).264 OHCHR-Nepal, Pratikar Samiti (see footnote 263265 P]= k[= & .266 OG6/g];gn qmfOl;; u|'kn] cg'dfg u/]cg';f/ ;g\ @))$ sf] k|f/Delt/ hgd'lQm ;]gfdf dlxnfx¿sf] ;ª\Vof Ps ltxfO{ lyof] . International Crisis Group, Nepal’s Maoists, p.16 (see footnote 28)

119

dlxnfsf] xTof ul/Psf ;DaGwL k|ltj]bgaf6 b]lvPsf] Pp6f k|j[lQ s] xf] eg] ;'/Iffkmf}h, ljz]iftM zfxL g]kfnL ;]gf, åf/f dfl/g'cl3 dlxnfx¿sf] anfTsf/ x'g' xf] . clen]v e08f/df /flvPsf sDtLdf !@ 36gfdf kLl8tnfO{ u}/sfg'gL ¿kdf xTof ug'{cl3 anfTsf/ ul/Psf] lyof] / To;df clwsf+ztM zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfsf sd{rf/L ;+nUg lyP . kLl8tx¿df jf:tljs jf zª\sf:kb dfcf]jfbL,267 ltgsf kl/jf/hg,268 z'elrGts tyf ;dy{sx¿269 k/]sf lyP . Affx| kLl8tdWo] b'O{hgf !* jif{d'lgsf lyP270 .

o:tf 36gfdWo] clwsf+z 36gf kLl8tsf] cfjf;If]qsf] 5]p5fpdf ePsf lyP . ;'/Iff sd{rf/Lsf] s'g} ;d"x /flt kLl8tsf] 3/df uO{ kLl8tnfO{ 3/af6 uf]7 h:tf] PsfGt 7fpFdf nu]/ anfTsf/ jf ;fd"lxs anfTsf/ ub{Yof] . cGttM pgLx¿nfO{ uf]nL xfg]/ dfl/GYof] .

;fdfGotM of}g lx+;faf/] o:t} 36gf ePsf 5g\ . ;"rLs[t 36gfx¿sf] ;fgf] ;ª\Vof o:tf ck/fwx¿sf] ;fgf] cfj[lQeGbf c1ft jf ph'/L gul/Psf 36gfx¿sf] 7"nf] ;ªVofsf] ;ª\s]t x'g ;S5 . ph'/L ul/Psf 36gfsf] t'ngfTds ¿kdf ;fgf] ;ª\Vofsf] cfnf]sdf o; k|ltj]bgn] o; k|j[lQsf] ef}uf]lns kIf jf ljutdf ePsf kl/jt{gx¿sf] klxrfg ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g . t/, æanfTsf/ ug]{ / dfg]{Æ k|j[lQ b'u{d 7fpF / ;]gfsf] c8\8f ePsf If]qdf a9L ePsf] b]lvG5 .

k|tLsfTds 36gf %=!*271

36gf ljj/0fM lj=;+= @)^# j}zfv !@ ut] /flt ( ah]lt/, Ps @@ jifL{o u}/;}lgs dlxnf -gfd /f]lsPsf]_ df]/ª lhNnf a]naf/Ll:yt cfkm\g} 3/df l;nfOa'gfO u/]/ al;/x]sL lyOg . pgsL 5f]/L klg ToxL sf]7fdf lyOg . vfgtnf;sf] qmddf !% ;b:oLo o'lgkmfO8 sdfG8sf] u:tL 6f]nLsf tLg l;kfxL pgsf] sf]7fdf k|j]z u/] / pgnfO{ b"/;~rf/sf] l/lk6/ 6fj/ glhs} lnP/ uP . pgnfO{ anfTsf/kl5 (M#) ah] /flt 5ftLdf Ps uf]nL xfg]/ dfl/of] .

ljZn]if0fM s'g} klg kl/l:yltdf anfTsf/nfO{ Gofof]lrt 7x¥ofpg ;ls+b}g . ;z:q åGå;Fu ;DalGwt ePdf anfTsf/ To:tf] ;Gbe{df o'4 ck/fw x'g;S5 . o; 36gfdf kLl8tnfO{ kqmfp ul/Psf] lyof] / pgL ;'/Iffkmf}hsf] lgoGq0fdf lyOg . kqmfpdf

267 For example, Ref. No. 2002-09-22 - incident - Chitwan _0189.268 For example, Ref. No. 2004-02-13 - incident - Kavre _0262.269 See, e.g., Ref. No 2005-04-25 - incident - Udaypur _1570.270 Ref. No. 2004-07-15 - incident - Dhading _2801 and 2004-02-13 - incident - Kavre _0260.271 Ref. No. 2006-04-25 - incident - Morang _1482.

120

kl/;s]sf] JolQm jf s'g} åGå/tkIfsf] cGo k|sf/n] lgoGq0fdf cfO;s]sf] JolQmsf] Hofg lng' eg]sf] xTofsf] o'4 ck/fw xf] . oL tYox¿ ;Ifd cbfntdf k|dfl0ft ePdf o; 36gfdf k|yfhlgt tyf ;lGwhGo sfg'g, cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg'g tyf cGt/f{li6«o dfgjclwsf/ sfg'g b'j}, sf] ljleGg pNnª\3g ePsf] 7x5{ / To;df klg dxTTjk"0f{ s'/f o'4 ck/fw ePsf] 7x5{ .

%=#=% afnaflnsfdflysf] k|efj

s_ leGgtf 5'6\ofOPg

afnaflnsfx¿272 klg åGåsf qmddf u}/sfg'gL xTofaf6 kLl8t lyP . o; k|ltj]bgn] afnaflnsfnfO{ dfg{ leGg} dfWod / ljlwx¿ k|of]u ul/Psf] jf ltgsf] hLjg /Iffsf nflu yk k"j{;fjwfgL ckgfOPsf] ;ª\s]t ug]{ k|df0f kfPsf] 5}g .

lj=;+= @)^! ebf} !* ut] tLghgf :s'n] aflnsf !% jifL{of lx/f/fd /fO{, !^ jifL{of lhgf /fO{ / !^ jifL{of OGb|snf /fO{nfO{ ;'/Iffkmf}håf/f u}/sfg'gL ¿kdf xTof ul/of] elgof] . pgLx¿n] tLghgfnfO{ ef]hk'/ lhNnf al;vf]/f ufpFl:yt ltgsf] :s'nb]lv k5\ofPsf lyP . ;'/Iffkmf}hn] lt-gnfO{ Pp6f hª\un glhs} uf]nL xfg]/ df/]/ k'/] elgof] . tL lgz:q kLl8tx¿ :yfgLo g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_sf] ;fF:s[lts ;d"xsf ;b:o lyP . kl5 ;/sf/L /]l8of]n] 5'§} lhNnfdf ePsf] d'7e]8df ltgnfO{ dfl/Psf] 3f]if0ff u¥of]273.

g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_n] klg afnaflnsfnfO{ klg nlIot u/L xTof u/]sf] lyof] . pbfx/0fsf nfluM

k|tLsfTds 36gf %=!(274

36gf ljj/0fM ;g\ @))$ cu:6df dfcf]jfbLx¿n] wgs'6f lhNnf d]b]af; uflj;sf !% jifL{o zGtf]if ljZjsdf{nfO{ uf]nL xfgL xTof u/] . kl5 g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_sf] Pp6f ;|f]tn] xf8gftf s/0fL u/]sf] tyf dfcf]jfbL sfo{stf{ ag]/ rGbf ;ª\sng ub}{ lx+8]sfn] ;hfosf] ¿kdf lghsf] xTof ul/Psf] s'/fnfO{ :jLsf/ u¥of] .272 c7f/ jif{eGbf d'lgsfnfO{ afns egL kl/efiff ul/Psf] 5 .273 Ref. No. 2004-09-03 - incident - Bhojpur _1635.274 Ref. No. 2004-08-00 - incident - Dhankuta _1643.

121

ljZn]if0fM dflysf k|To]s 36gfdf xTofsf] o'4 ck/fw ePsf] b]lvG5 . kLl8tx¿ dfcf]jfbL ;dy{s -klxnf] 36gf_ jf slyt ck/fwsf] bf]ifL -bf];|f] 36gf_ lyP ls lePgg\ eGg] s'/f c;fGble{s 5 lsgsL cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gn] afnaflnsfnfO{ lbOg] d[To'b08dfly k|ltaGw nufPsf] 5 . oL b'O{6} 36gfdf kL8sdfly xTofsf] o'4 ck/fwdf d'2f rnfOg'k5{ .

;/sf/n] k|:t't u/]sf] egfO ;xL 5 / tL aflnsfx¿ dfl/Psf avt g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_sf] ;z:qkmf}hdf efu lnO/x]sf lyP eg] g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_ k|yfhlgt cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gsf] pNnª\3g ub}{ afn-aflnsfnfO{ egf{ u/L o'4df efu lng nufPsf]df o'4 ck/fwsf] bf]ifL x'GYof] . n8fs'sf] ¿kd} klg pgLx¿ cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg'gsf] ;+/If0fsf] xsbf/ x'Gy] .

slxn]sfxLF afnaflnsf ltgsf cfdfafa' ;+nUg n8fOFdf Tolts} kmF:y]M

k|tLsfTds 36gf %=@)275

36gf ljj/0fM dfcf]jfbLx¿ @)^@ h]7 !$ ut] s}nfnL lhNnf wgu9Lsf] rf}/fxfl:yt k|x/L xjNbf/ sf}zNof dfemL -rf}w/L_sf] sf]7fdf k|j]z u/L lghnfO{ / lghsf] rf/ jifL{o 5f]/f ls/0fnfO{ uf]nL xfgL xTof u/] .

ljZn]if0fM oxfF k|x/L rf}sLdfly dfcf]jfbLsf] cfqmd0f, vf;u/L g]kfn k|x/L åGådf ;xefuL ePsf] eP, j}w ;}Go lg;fgf x'g;SYof] . To:tf] a]nf k|x/L xjNbf/nfO{ lj/f]wL kmf}hsf] æ;b:oÆsf] ¿kdf lng ;lsGYof] . cfqmd0fsf] a]nf dfcf]jfbLx¿nfO{ ToxfF aRrf klg 5 eGg] s'/f yfxf lyPg / cGt} uf]nL rnfpFbf e'na;\ aRrfnfO{ nfu]/ d[To' ePsf] xf] eg] Tof] aRrfsf] d[To' o'4 ck/fw gx'g ;S5 . t/, jf:tjdf kL8sx¿n] aR-rfnfO{ hfgfhfg uf]nL xfgL df/]sf] xb;DdnfO{ ljrf/ ubf{ Go-foflws/0fn] xTofsf] o'4 ck/fw ePsf] lg0f{o ug{ ;Sg]5 . To:tf]

275 Ref. No. 2005-05-28 - incident - Kailali _1946. cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gcGtu{t, æhgkyÆ k|x/LnfO{ ltgn] o'4df ;xefuL geP;Dd ;fdfGotM j}wflgs æ;}lgsÆ lg;fgfsf ¿kdf ln+Ob}g . o; cfqmd0fsf] ;dodf g]kfn k|x/L æo'lgkmfO8 sdfG8Æsf] dftxtdf lyof] / o;n] of] o'4df efu lnO/x]sf] 5 eGg] d'gfl;a cfwf/ lbof] . log} xjNbf/ jf:tjdf efu lnO/x]sL lyOg ls lyOgg\ eGg] s'/f ljj/0fdf v'nfOPsf] 5}g . h] xf];\ pQm aRrfsf] ;DaGwdf ul/Psf] ljZn]if0f klg ToxL g} xf] . of] o'4 ck/fw xf]Og eg] cGt/f{li6«o sfg'ggsf cGo tTjx¿, pbfx/0fsf nflu, gful/ssf] hLjgsf] ;+/If0f ug{ ;Dej eP;Ddsf ;a} k"j{;fjwfgL ckgfP/, k"/f ul/Psf lyP eGg] cg'dfg nufpg ;lsG5 .

122

Gofoflws/0fn] pko'Qm ;hfo lgwf{/0f ug{ kLl8tsf] pd]/nfO{ ;3gsf/L tTjsf] ¿kdf lng ;Sg]5 .

v_ c;dfg'kflts ¿kdf afnaflnsfsf] xTof

o'4sf s]xL dfWod tyf ljlwx¿ lyP h;nfO{ afnaflnsfk|lt nlIot gul/g'kYof]{ . t/, To:tf] ePklg c;dfg'kflts ;ª\Vofdf afnaflnsfx¿ dfl/P . ;fj{hlgs :yfgdf 5fl8Psf ;;fgf lj:kmf]6s kbfy{ Pp6f pbfx/0f xf] .

o; k|ltj]bgsf] tof/Lsf nflu o; ljifo;DaGwL cWoog ul/Psf k|ltj]bgx¿df j}w lg;fgf / d[To' lgDTofpg] j}w lg;fgf / u}/;}lgs JolQmx¿aLr km/s 5'6\ofpg] ;DaGwdf kof{Kt hfgsf/L ePsf] kfOPg . t}klg, d[To'sf] dfqfsf ;fy} uDeL/ pNnª\3g ePsf] ;ª\s]t ug]{ ;fgf] ;ª\Vofsf 36gfn] s] lgisif{df k'¥ofpFb5g\ eg] 3/]n' lj:kmf]6s kbfy{sf sf/0f ePsf] afnaflnsfsf] d[To' ;To lg¿k0f tyf d]nldnfk cfof]usf nflu ;/f]sf/sf] ljifo x'g'k5{ .

k|tLsfTds 36gf %=@!276

36gf ljj/0fM lj=;+= @)^! dª\l;/ % ut] d'uf w/fnfnf / lw/h w/f, b'j} kfFr jif{sf, h'Dnf lhNnfsf] e}/a k|fylds ljBfnosf] em\ofndf dfcf]jfbLn] 5f8]sf] ;s]6 ad;Fu v]ln/x]sf lyP . h'g dfcf]jfbL sfo{stf{n] Tof] ad NofPsf lyP pgLrflxF aflx/ km'6an v]ln/x]sf lyP . ad lj:kmf]6 eO{ 7fpFsf] 7fpF tL b'O{ afnssf] d[To' eof] .

ljZn]if0fM oL bMvb 36gfk|lt xTofsf] o'4 ck/fw cfslif{t x'g] ;Defjgf b]lvFb}g . h'g dfcf]jfbL sfo{stf{n] of] ad NofP pgsf] afnaflnsf dfg]{ dg;fo b]lv+b}g . pgsf] dg;fo tTj æc;fjwfgLÆ jf æa]jf:tfÆsf] lyof] xf]nf . lgZro g} afnaflnsfx¿ v]Ng] 7fpFdf ad 5f]8\gfn] o:tf] 36gf x'g;S5 eGg] s'/f k"jf{g'dfg ug{ ;lsGYof] . w]/} /fli6«o kmf}hbf/L ;+lxtf h:tf] geP/ cGt/f{li6«o kmf}hbf/L sfg'gn] c;fjwfgLn] ePsf]

276 Ref. No. 2004-11-20 - incident - Jumla _5151 d'n'sL P]g, @)@) sf] æHofg ;DaGwLÆ dxnsf] bkmf % cg';f/ g]kfndf st{Jo HofgnfO{ cleof]hg ug{ ;lsG5, h;df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5M æHofg lnO{ Olanfu jf dg;fo ge} s;}n] cfkm"n] u/]sf] st{Jon] dflg; dnf{ eGg] h:tf] gb]lvPsf] s'g} sfd s'/f ubf{ To;}åf/f s]xL eO{ s'g} dflg; dg{ uPsf] eljtJo 7x5{ .Æ

123

xTof -jf cb'/fzoo'Qm xTof_nfO{ cleof]hg ug{ ;lsg] ck/fw dfg]sf] 5}g . ;aeGbf /fd|f] o:tf 36gfnfO{ cleof]h ug'{ x'G5 .

%=$ cGt/f{li6«o ck/fw

g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgn] ;/sf/n] ædfgjclwsf/sf] uDeL/ pNnª\3g ug]{ tyf dfgjtflj?4sf] ck/fwdf ;+nUg JolQmx¿sf af/]df ;To cGj]if0f ug{ ;dfhdf d]nldnfksf] jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug{Æ277 ;To lg¿k0f tyf d]nldnfk cfof]usf] Joj:yf ug'{kg]{ s'/f atfPsf] 5 . o; cWofodf p4[t ul/Psf clwsf+z k|tLsfTds 36gf dfgjclwsf/sf] uDeL/ pNnª\3gx¿ x'g ;Sg] ePklg, g]kfnL Goflos clwsf/Lx¿n] dfgjtflj?4sf] ck/fw x'g] 36gfsf] klg lgwf{/0f ug'{kg]{5 .

ædfgjtflj?4sf] ck/fwÆ x'gsf nflu s]xL tTjx¿ 5g\278 . oL k|To]s tTjnfO{ cbfntdf k|dfl0ft ug'{ o; k|of;sf] Ps dxTTjk"0f{ kf6f] xf] . o;df cfqmd0fsf] j:t' agfOPsf] æu}/;}lgs hg;d'bfoÆsf] klxrfg ug]{ nufotsf s'/f kb{5g\ . b]xfosf] pbfx/0fn] o;;DaGwL Pp6f 36gf pknAw u/fPsf] 5 .

k|tLsfTds 36gf %=@@279

36gf ljj/0fM g]kfnsf] alb{of lhNnfdf u}/sfg'gL xTof tyf a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{ d'n'ssf] c¿ 7fpFsf] eGbf a9L ePsf lyP . dfly / o; k|ltj]bgsf] cGoq atfOPem}+ dfgjclwsf/ ;ª\u7gx¿n] o:tf s]xL ;o 36gfnfO{ lnlka4 u/]sf 5g\ . k|j[lQx¿n] s] hgfpFb5g\ eg] ;'/Iffkmf}hn] cfkm\gf] lj/f]w ug]{ 7flgPsf JolQm ljz]if jf ;d"xsf ;b:ox¿nfO{ lg;fgf agfPsf lyP . pbfx/0fsf nflu, dfl/Psf tyf a]kQf kfl/PsfdWo] yf¿ hftLo ;d'bfosf ;b:ox¿, zª\sf:kb ;xof]uLx¿, hf;';, u}/;/sf/L ;ª\u7gsf ;b:ox¿, bfz{lgs ¿kdf dfcf]jfbL glhssf JolQmx¿ / e"n eP/ kqmfpdf k/]sf JolQmx¿ 5g\ . slxn]sfxLF kLl8tnfO{ kqmg] lalQs} dfl/GYof] eg] c¿nfO{ Aof/]sf nuL s]/sf/ u/]kl5 oftgf lbO{ dfl/GYof] . t/, s]xL y'g'jfx¿nfO{ eg] 5fl8Psf] lyof] .

ljZn]if0fM pNn]v ul/Pem}+, xTof tyf a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{sf 5'§f5'§} 36gfn] oL tnsf tTjx¿ k"/f u/]df dfgjtflj?4sf] ck/fwdf cleof]hg ug{ ;lsG5M

277 g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg -@)^#_ wf/f ##-b_278 x]g'{xf];\ cWofo $ — nfu' cGt/f{li6«o sfg'g, bkmf $=$=#, dfgjtflj?4sf] ck/fw279 See, e.g, OHCHR-Nepal, Conflict Related Disappearances in Bardiya District, December 2008, p. 2. See also Ref. No.s 2002-04-11 - incident - Bardiya _5399, 2002-04-11 - incident - Bardiya _5400, 2002-04-23 - incident - Bardiya _5393, 2002-06-18 - incident - Bardiya _5377.

124

-s_ cfqmd0f ePsf] x'g'k5{ .-v_ cfqmd0f s'g} klg u}/;}lgs ;d'bfok|lt nlIot ul/Psf] x'g'k5{ .-u_ cfqmd0f Jofks tyf of]hgfa4 x'g'k5{ .-3_ kL8ssf sfo{x¿ cfqmd0fsf] lx:;f x'g'k5{ .-ª_ u}/;}lgs hg;d'bfodfly cfqmd0f ePsf] s'/f kL8snfO{ yfxf ePsf] x'g'k5{ tyf lghsf sfo{x¿ o; cfqmd0fsf c+zx¿ x'g\ eGg] yfxf ePsf] jf vt/f df]n]sf] x'g'kb{5 .

cfO{;L6LjfO{n] g]kfndf ePsf h:t} 36gfx¿nfO{ lnP/ d'2f rn-fPsf] 5 . o:t} Pp6f d'2f xf] cleof]hs lj lndfh ;d]t, h;df sf];f]ef]sf] cNaflgog u'l/Nnf kmf];{ cyf{t sf];f]ef] d'lQm ;]gfn] s]xL æzª\sf:kb ;xof]uLx¿ÆnfO{ dfly j0f{g ul/Psf h:t} kl/l:yltdf ckx/0f ug]{ / slxn]sfxLF dfg]{ u/]sf] lyof]280 . cbfntn] dfgjtflj?4sf] ck/fwsf nflu tL nlIot JolQmx¿, h;dWo] 5dlxg] åGåsf] qmddf !))—@)) lyP, æu}/;}lgs hg;d'bfoÆsf lx:;f lyP ls lyPgg\ eGg] s'/fsf] cWoog u¥of] . æzª\sf:kb ;xof]uLÆnfO{ lj/f]wL kmf}hsf] nflu sfd u/]sf] eGg] s'/f jf:tjd} k|dfl0ft geP;Dd u}/;}lgs JolQmx¿281 ePsf] s'/f lgwf{/0f u/]kl5 cbfntn] s'g} u}/;}lgs JolQm÷;xof]uLnfO{ lg;fgf ag-fpg' / æu}/;}lgs ;d'bfoÆnfO{ nlIot ug'{ Pp6} xf]Og eGg] km};nf u¥of] .

o;sf lgwf{/0fdf Pp6f k|d'v tYo s] lyof] eg] sf];f]ef] d'lQm ;]gfn] s]xL y'g'jfnfO{ 5f]8]sf] lyof] eg] c¿nfO{ dfl/Psf] lyof] . o;n] cbfntnfO{ ljZjf; lbnfof] ls sf];f]ef] d'lQm ;]gfn] JolQmut cfwf/df lg0f{ox¿ u/]sf lyP / æu}/;}lgs ;d'bfodfly cfqmd0fÆ282 u/]sf lyPgg\ . To;afx]s, cbfntn] pNn]v u¥of]M

sDtLdf klg k|df0f ePsf clwsf+z 36gfdf ckx/0fkZrft\ y'lg-Psf JolQmx¿nfO{ ;lj{og clwsf/Lx¿;Fu ;DaGw ePsf] jf ;xsfo{ u/]sf] s'/f yfxf ePsf] jf zª\sf ul/Psf] cfwf/df 5'6\ofOPsf] lyof] / sf];f]ef] d'lQm ;]gfåf/f pgLx¿dfly cfd

280 Limaj, ICTY Trial Chamber (2005) (see footnote 150)281 cyjf zª\sf ePsf] cj:yfdf pgLx¿nfO{ u}/;}lgs gful/s ePsf] dflgg'k5{ . Or they should be assumed to be civilians in cases of doubt. Limaj, ICTY Trial Chamber (2005) (see footnote 150), para 223-224: ældn]dtf] u/]sf] cfzª\sf jf cf/f]kdf kqmfp k/L y'gfdf /flvPsf JolQmx¿sf af/]df oL ljrf/x¿nfO{ Wofgdf /fv]/ tyf RofDa/nfO{ k|fKt k|df0fsf] cfnf]sdf RofDa/n] sDtLdf ;fdfGo lgodsf] ¿kdf sf];f]ef] d'lQm ;]gfåf/f zq';xof]uL 7fg]/ ckx/0f ul/Psf JolQmx¿ u}/;}lgs gful/ssf] x}l;otsf] xsbf/ lyP eGg] lgisif{ lgsfn]sf] 5 .Æ282 Limaj, ICTY Trial Chamber (2005) para 227 (see footnote 150)

125

hg;d'bfosf ;b:ox¿ ePsf] sf/0fn] cfqmd0f nlIot ul/Psf] lyPg283 .

lg;fgf agfOPsf] elgPsf] æu}/;}lgs hg;d'bfoÆsf] kl/efiff ug]{ ;DaGwdf o; km};nfsf] Pp6f dxTTjk"0f{ tTj s] lyof] eg] cb-fntn] æsf];f]ef] cNaflgofnL ;xof]uLx¿ / cg'e"t jf cfzª\sf ul/Psf ;xof]uLx¿ tyf ckxl/tx¿ ;fGble{s cy{df cfkm}F Pp6f l;ª\u} …hg;d'bfoÚg} aGg]u/L Tolt w]/} / Jofks ju{ jf k|ju{Æ gePsf] kfof]284 . To;}n], lndfh km};nf s]xL ;xof]uLx¿sf] ;ª\Vof -t'ngfTds ¿kdf ;fgf]_ æu}/;}lgs hg;d'bfolj?4 nlIot cfqmd0fÆ eGg] t];|f] tTjsf] k|of]hgsf nflu kof{Kt 5}g eGg] sygsf] kIfdf plePsf] 5 .

of] km};nf :ki6 eP klg o;nfO{ k]¿sf] cNa6f]{ km'lhdf]/Lsf] d'2f;Fu t'ngf ul/g'k5{285 . oL k"j{ /fi6«kltnfO{, cGo s'/fsf cltl/Qm, dfgjtflj?4sf] ck/fwsf ¿kdf xTof tyf uDeL/ zf/Ll/s rf]6 k'¥ofPsf] cleof]u nufOPsf] lyof] / cGttM bf]ifL kfOof] . ck/fw ePsf] ;dodf k]¿sf] b08ljwfgdf o:tf] ck/fwsf] Joj:yf geP klg, b]zsf] ;jf]{Rr cbfnt ;DalGwt tTjx¿sf] lgwf{/0f ug{ k|yfhlgt cGt/f{li6«o sfg'g Pj+ /f]d ljwfgdf e/ k¥of]286 . lg;fgf agfOPsf u}/;}lgs JolQmx¿sf] ljlzi6 ;Gbe{nfO{ lnP/ ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] eGof]M

Aofl/of]; cfN6f]; / nf sf]G6'6fsf] d'2fdf ePsf xTof / uDeL/ zf/Ll/s rf]6 klg d"n ¿kdf dfgjtflj?4sf ck/fw x'g\ lsgsL tL ljb|f]xL ;d"xsf cf/f]lkt ;b:ox¿nfO{ 5fgL5fgL t/ of]hgfa4 ¿kdf pGd"ng ug]{ /fHogLltsf] vfsfleq /x]/ ul/Psf lyP . csf]{tkm{, of] gLltsf] l8hfOg, of]hgf tyf lgoGq0f /fHo;Qfsf] pRrtd\ txdf agfOPsf] lyof] / o;sf] sfof{Gjog /fHosf k|ltlglwx¿ — ;}lgs u'Ktr/sf ;b:ox¿ — åf/f ul/Psf] lyof], h;n] ;}Go ;+oGqsf] k|of]u u/]sf lyP . To;afx]s, ltgsf cfkm\gf p2]Zoadf]lhd, o;n] 7"nf] u}/;}lgs hg;d'bfosf k|lt/Iff ug{ g;Sg] ;d'bfox¿nfO{ c;/ u¥of] .287

%=% d[tsnfO{ x]g]{ ;DaGwdf

283 P]= .284 P]= cg'= @@^ .285 Barrios Altos, La Cantuta and Army Intelligence Service Basement Cases, Sala Penal Especial de la Corte Suprema [Special Criminal Chamber of the Supreme Court], case no. AV 19-2001, 7 April 2009 (Peru), translated in American University International Law Review, vol. 25 (2010).286 P]= cg'= &!$.287 P]= cg'= &!& .

126

kLl8tsf zjx¿nfO{ h'g k|sf/n] Joj:yfkg ul/of] To;n] / xTof ul/;s]kl5 cf/f]lkt kL8sf sfo{x¿n] w]/} s'/fsf] pb\3f6g ug{ ;S5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu, o;n] kL8ssf] dg;fo, k"j{of]hgf jf 9fs5f]k ug]{ of]hgf, ;ª\u7g, sdfG8 lhDd]jf/L / åGå/t kIfsf ljleGg zfvfx¿aLr ;"rgf ;Dks{ tyf ;xof]unfO{ bzf{pg ;S5 .

dfly rrf{ ul/Pem}F, åGå/t b'j} kIfåf/f k6sk6s b]vfOPsf] k|j[lQ nlIot kLl8tnfO{ dfg'{cl3 hª\un h:t} PsfGt 7fpFdf lnP/ uOGYof] . o:tf] 36gfdf nf;x¿nfO{ ToxLF 5fl8Psf] jf ufl8Psf] x'GYof] elgof] . s]xL 36gfdf kLl8tnfO{ dfg'{cl3, kLl8t, kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿ jf ufpFn]x¿nfO{ vfN8f] vGg afWo kfl/Psf] x'GYof] .

vf;u/L åGåsf] ;'?lt/ ;'/Iffkmf}håf/f nf;x¿ hnfOPsf] jf ufl8Psf] x'GYof] elgof]288 . of] Pp6f o:tf] sfo{ lyof] h;n] zjhfFrnfO{ 5Ng'sf ;fy} ck/fwsf/L k|df0fnfO{ lkmtf{ lng g;lsg]u/L Wj:t u¥of] . k|ltj]bgx¿n] ;'/Iffkmf}hn] zjhfFr k/LI-f0fsf nflu nf;x¿ k7fpg klg c:jLsf/ u/]sf]289 cyjf bafa jf 8/sf sf/0f zjhfFr k/LIf0fn] ck/fwsf/L tYox¿ d]6fPsf] s'/f hgfpFb5g\290 . c¿ a]nf, ;'/Iffkmf}hn] cGTof]li7 u/]sf] cfkm"n] lg/LIf0f ug{ kfpg] ;t{df dfq kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿nfO{ ;t\ulb ug{ lbPsf] el-gof]291 .

åGåsf] kl5Nnf] cjlwdf, ;'/Iffkmf}hsf] tkm{af6 cem hl6n / pGgt k|j[lQ b]lvPsf] elgof] . nf;x¿ lkmtf{ ug{ ;lsg] cj:yfdf klg kl/jf/sf ;b:o, ;fIfL tyf ufpFn]x¿nfO{ d[ts dfcf]jfbL ePsf] /÷jf bf]xf]/f] le8Gtdf dfl/Psf] :jLsf/ ub}{ sfuhdf x:tfIf/ ug{ nufOof] elgof] . ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L clen]v e08f/ 6f]nLn] ;'/Iffkmf}håf/f ePsf slyt u}/sfg'gL xTofsf sl/a @) j6f 36gf ;"rLs[t u¥of], h;df xTofkl5 To; Onfsfsf dflg;nfO{ o:tf] sfuhdf x:tfIf/ ug{ nufOGYof] . oLdWo] s]xL 36gfdf n]vk9 ug{ g;Sg] JolQmx¿åf/f ul/Psf292 tyf kmf/ddf ePsf] s'/f k9g gl-bOsg dflg;x¿nfO{293 x:tfIf/ ug{ nufOPsf ;Tsygkq klg kb{y] . cyjf sltnfO{ t vfln sfuhdf hah{:tL x:tfIf/ ug{ nufOPsf] x'GYof]294 . 288 k|x/Ln] rkL{sf] vf8ndf nf;x¿ uf8]sf sltko l/kf]6{x¿ klg cfPsf 5g\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu, ;Nofg lhNnf, bdf{sf]6 uflj;sf ;"o{b]j b]jsf]6fnfO{ k|x/Låf/f @)%^ kmfu'g !! ut] kqmfp u/L kmf?nf rf}sLleq} uf]nL xfgL xTof u/]/ rkL{df ufl8of] elgof] . Ref. No. 2000-02-24 - incident - Salyan _5537.289 pbfx/0fsf nflu, /f]Nkf lhNnf, yjfª\ uflj;sf nfnL /f]Ssf / lbndfg /f]SsfnfO{ k|x/Ln] kqmfp u/L @)%# df3 % ut] xTof u¥of] . k|x/Ln] nf; hfFra]u/ g} pgLx¿sf] bfx;+:sf/ u¥of] . Ref. No. 1997-01-17 - incident - Rolpa _5632.290 For example, Ref. No. 2006-09-27 - incident - Parsa _0021.291 For example, Ref. No. 2004-29-10 - incident - Banke _5134.292 Ref. No. 2006-03-09 - incident - Nawalparasi _5739.293 Ref. No. 2004-29-10 - incident - Banke _5134.294 Ref. No. 2006-05-18 - incident - Rautahat _0062.

127

;"rLs[t 36gfdf ;'/Iffkmf}hn] k|df0fnfO{ tf]8d/f]8 u/]sf cf/f]kx¿ klg ;dfj]z ul/Psf 5g\ h;n] ubf{, pbfx/0fsf nflu, 36gf:yndf uf]nLaf?b /fVbf jf To:tf uf]nLaf?b d[tsaf6 a/fdb ubf{sf] cj:yfdf kLl8t JolQm bf]xf]/f] le8Gtdf dfl/Psf] h:tf] b]lvof]295 .

%=^ cflwsfl/s clen]v / k|To'Q/

u}/sfg'gL xTofsf cf/f]kx¿nfO{ lnP/ ;/sf/sf k|ltlqmof / dfcf]jf-bLsf k|ltlqmofaLr s]xL leGgtf kfpg ;lsG5 .

%=^=! ;/sf/

;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3Lo lgsfox¿ tyf cGo dfgjclwsf/ /Ifsx¿åf/f nufOPsf u}/sfg'gL xTofsf cf/f]kx¿sf] k|To'Q/df ;/sf/n] s}ogk6s kLl8t ædfcf]jfbLÆ jf æcftª\ssf/LÆ ePsf] / lgh ;'/Iffkmf}h;Fusf] æbf]xf]/f] le8GtÆdf dfl/Psf] eg]/ atfpg] u/]sf] 5296 . t/, k6sk6s s] b]lvG5 eg] o:tf em8kdf xtfxtL dfcf]jfbLsf] tkm{dfq ePsf] b]lvG5 . o:tf bfaLx¿sf] cfj[lQ / Ps¿ktfnfO{ Ps kIfn] dfq xtfxtL ;xg'k/]sf] c;Dej s'/fnfO{ hf]8]/ x]bf{ hf];'s}n] dgfl;a 9ª\un] cfzª\sf ug{ ;S5 ls ;/sf/n] pknAw u/fPsf ljj/0fcg';f/ 36gf ePsf] lyPg . dfgjclwsf/ pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{non] ;To lg¿k0f tyf d]nldnfk cfof]u, jf csf]{ s'g} ;Ifd Go-flos lgsfo, åf/f o:tf 36gfx¿sf] yk hfFra'em ul/g' cfjZos eGg] 7fGb5 . kLl8t efUg vf]Hbf uf]nL rnfpg' k/]s]f eGg] zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfn] bfaL ug]{ u/]sf 36gfx¿df klg o:t} vfn] hfFra'em x'g' cfjZos 5297 .

%=^=@ g]kfn sDo'lg:6 kf6L{ -dfcf]jfbL_

To;ljk/Lt, g]skf dfcf]jfbL_n] xTofsf] lhDd]jf/L k|foM :jLsf/ u¥of] . dfcf]jfbLsf] g]t[Tjn] æhgo'4Æsf zq'x¿nfO{ ;dfKt kfg]{ :ki6 gLlt lnPsf] s'/f pNn]v u¥of]298 . dfcf]jfbL sfo{stf{n] o; 295 See, e.g., Ref. No. 2002-09-10 - incident - Banke _5352.296 See, e.g,, the Report of the Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions to the Human Rights Council (A/HRC/4/20/Add.1), p.231-237. ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg Gofo ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L clen]v e08f/df ;'/Iffkmf}håf/f ul/Psf] elgPsf !$ j6f u}/sfg'gL xTof ;d]l6Psf 5g\, h;df dfcf]jfbLx¿ bf]xf]/f] le8Gt jf em8kdf dfl/Psf egL /]l8of] jf kqklqsfdf cfPsf 36gf ;d]t kb{5g\ .297 pbfx/0fsf nflu, d}gf ;'g'jf/sf] 36gfdf -k|tLsfTds 36gf &=@_ zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfn] ;'?df pgL efUg vf]Hbf dfl/PsL lyOg eg]/ k]; u¥of] .298 juL{o b'Zdg tyf hf;';x¿sf] ef}lts ;kmfof ug]{ ;DaGwdf, xfd|f] kf6L{sf] gLlt o;k|sf/ /x]sf] 5 M cfdhgtfnfO{ hfgsf/L u/fP/ tyf ;s];Dd pgLx¿sf] :jLs[lt lnP/ / s'g} aLeT; ljlwx¿ gckgfOsg s]xL 5flgPsf ;Lldt JolQmx¿df / Go'gtd dfqfdf o;sf] cEof; ug]{ . cfGbf]ngsf] ljsf; ug'{kg]{ clxn]sf] cfjZostfn], vf;u/L u|fdL0f If]qdf, o; ljlwdf ;d]t kl/:sf/ Nofpg'kg]{ ePsf] 5 . lgZro g} xfdL zq' / cj;/jfbLx¿sf] b'i6 k|rf/afhLaf6 ef}lts ;kmfof

128

gLltnfO{ g]kfnel/ nfu' u/], t/ ljz]ifu/L ltgsf u9x¿df299 . dfg'{eGbf cl3 /÷jf kl5 ljleGg tl/sfn] 3f]if0ffx¿ ul/Psf x'Gy] / ltgdf k|foM nlIot ul/Psf] kLl8t JolQm hf;'; jf ck/fwL ePsf] bfaL ul/Psf] x'GYof]300 .

%=^=# lx/f;tdf æcfTdxTofÆ

s]xL d[To' cfTdxTof ePsf] bfaL ul/Psf lyP t/ ;fIfLåf/f lbOPsf cGo tYo jf ljj/0fn] o; bfaLdfly ljjfb v8f u/]sf 5g\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu, Ps y'g'jfn] @))% cS6f]a/df df]/ª\ lhNnfsf] lj/f6gu/ h]naf6 efUg vf]Hbf ;dfltP . pgnfO{ Pp6f sf]7fdf nluPsf] lyof] elgof] hxfF pgnfO{ gd?Gh]n uf8{åf/f s'l6of] . To;kl5 uf8{x¿n] slyt ¿kdf pgsf] 3fF6Ldf Pp6f kf;f] nufOlbP / kLl8tn] cfTdxTof u/]sf] bfaL u/]301 .

To:t}vfnsf] bfaL dfcf]jfbLlj?4 klg ug{ ;lsg]5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu, @)^# h]7 @& ut], ;'v]{t lhNnf n]vufpF uflj;l:yt cfkm\g} 3/af6 dfgaxfb'/ sfsL{nfO{ b'O{ dfcf]jfbLåf/f ckx/0f ul/of] . To;sf] ef]lnkN6 ToxL ufpFsf] l5d]sLsf] 3/aflx/ lghsf] zj em'G8]sf] cj:yfdf kfOof] . g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_sf] Ps :yfgLo sfo{stf{n] lghn] cfTdxTof u/]sf] s'/f d[tssf] kl/jf/nfO{ atfP . lj/f]wfef;k"0f{ ljj/0fx¿n] s] ;ª\s]t ub{5g\ eg] g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_;Fu cfa4 rf/ ufpFn]åf/f lghnfO{ s'6\bfs'6\b} df/]/ em'G8\ofOPsf] lyof]302 . csf]{ s'/f, @)^@ r}t !% ut], x'Dnf lhNnfsf] t]x] uflj;sf dfgaxfb'/ af]x/fnfO{ lghn] cfkm\gL >LdtL df/]sf] cfzª\sfdf dfcf]jfbLn] ckx/0f u/]sf] elgof] . pgnfO{ s'6lk6 ul/of] / r}t !* ut] ltg} 3fprf]6sf sf/0f dfcf]jf-bLsf] s}bd} lghsf] d[To' eof] elgof] . dfcf]jfbLx¿n] dfgaxfb'/n] s0ff{nL gbLdf xfd kmfn]/ cfTdxTof u/]sf] bfaL ug]{ ;DaGwdf cg'lrt ¿kdf axlsg' x'Fb}g . t/, s;}nfO{ ef}lts ¿kdf ;dfKt ubf{, xfdLn] ju{ ljZn]if0f, lghsf] ck/fwsf] k|s[lt, ck/fw :yflkt ug{ nf]stflGqs sfg'gL k|lqmof tyf ;kmfofsf] ljlwsf] cfwf/df 7f]; gLlt tof/ ug{ / To;sf] kfngf eP gePsf] s'/f ljrf/ ug{ ;s]gf}+ eg] o;sf gsf/fTds kl/0ffdx¿ klg x'g ;S5g\ . o;nfO{ zq' / cj;/jfbLx¿n] nufPsf] cfwf/xLg cleof]u dfq xf] eg]/ xfdL pDsg ;Sb}gf}+ lsgsL ljutdf eg] hlt rGbf glbPsf], ufF; af; pknAw gu/fPsf], xfd|f] cfGbf]ngnfO{ /fhgLlts ¿kdf lj/f]w u/]sf], hf;';L u/]sf] zª\sf ul/Psf] cyjf xfd|f :yfgLo 6f]nL ;b:ox¿;Fu zq'tf ePsf] ;txL cfwf/df s]xL ;kmfof ug]{ sfd ePsf] 5 . To;}n], cab]lv s;}n] klg ufpFdf ;kmfof ug{'k¥of] eg] s'g} 6fnL ljz]ifn] jf lglZrt ;b:ox¿n] ;Lw} ug{ gkfpg] / s]xL Go'gtd sfg'gL ljlwsf] kfngf x'g'kg]{ s'/f ;'lglZt ug{ clt cfjZos ePsf] 5 . nfn cftª\s eg]sf] c/fhstf xf]Og eGg] s'/f s8f ¿kdf xfd|f gLlt / cEof; b'j} ¿kdf cleJoQm ePsf] x'g'k5{ .Æ g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_, æjuL{o zq' tyf hf;';x¿sf] ;kmfofsf ;DaGwdf,Æ k"/s k|:tfj -@))# cS6f]a/_ . www.ucpnm.org/english/doc10.php. df pknAw .299 See the diagram 1.3, Section 1.3.2, p. Error: Reference source not found.300 dfly v08 %=#=@-u_, cw{Goflos sfo{ljlwsf] kmn:j¿k u}/sfg'gL xTof — h:t}, hgcbfntdf d[To'b08, yk hfgsf/Lsf nflu k[= () .301 Ref. No. 2005-02-26 – Morang_1582. of] 36gf oftgf lbOPsf] elgPsf Ps kLl8tåf/f atfOPsf] lx/f;tdf ePsf] cl3Nnf] d[To'sf] xf] .302 Ref. No. 006-06-10 - incident - Surkhet _4893

129

u/] . oL k|To]s 36gfdf tYox¿ k|dfl0ft ePdf, ;Ifd Gofoflws/0fn] xTofsf] o'4 ck/fw ePsf] kfpg ;S5303 .

u}/sfg'gL xTofaf/] ljvl08t tYofª\s

Diagram 5.1: Incidents of Unlawful Killings by Region, 1996-2006

Diagram 5.2: Incidents of Unlawful Killings, 1996-2006

303 #)#= Ref. No. 2006-03-31 - incident - Humla _4912

130

Diagram 5.3: Incidents of Unlawful Killings by Region, 1996-2006

Incidents of Unlawful Killings by each year, 1996 – 2006

Diagram 5.4: Unlawful Killings 1996

131

Diagram 5.5: Unlawful Killings 1997

Diagram 5.6: Unlawful Killings 1998

Diagram 5.7: Unlawful Killings 1999

132

Diagram 5.8: Unlawful Killings 2000

Diagram 5.9: Unlawful Killings 2001

Diagram 5.10: Unlawful Killings 2002

133

Diagram 5.11: Unlawful Killings 2003

Diagram 5.12: Unlawful Killings 2004

Diagram 5.13: Unlawful Killings 2005

134

Diagram 5.14: Unlawful Killings 2006

Diagram 5.15: Incidents of Unlawful Killings by Perpetrator, 1996-2006

135

cWofo ^ — ank"j{s a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{^=! ;dLIff

ank"j{s a]kQf kfg]{ s'g} klg sfo{ dfgj dof{bflj?4sf] s;'/ xf] . o;nfO{ ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3sf] a8fkqsf p2]Zox¿sf] c:jLs[lt / dfgjclwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ffkqdf 3f]if0ff ul/Psf tyf o; If]qsf cGt/f{li6«o b:tfj]hx¿df k'gk'{li6 tyf ljsf; ul/Psf dfgjclwsf/ tyf df}lns clwsf/sf] uDeL/ / v'ndv'Nnf pNnª\3gsf] ¿kdf lgGbf ul/Psf] 5 .

ank"j{s a]kQf kfg]{ s'g} klg sfo{n] JolQmx¿nfO{ sfg'gsf] ;+/If0feGbf aflx/ /fVg'sf ;fy} pgLx¿nfO{ / ltgsf kl/jf/nfO{ kL8f lbG5 . of], cGo s'/fsf cltl/Qm, sfg'gsf gh/df JolQmsf] ¿kdf klxrfg kfpg] clwsf/, JolQmsf] :jtGtf / ;'/Iffsf] clwsf/ / oftgf tyf cGo qm"/, cdfgjLo jf ckdfghgs Jojxf/ jf ;hfolj?4sf] clwsf/nfO{ k|Tofe"lt ug]{ cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gsf lgodx¿sf] cl-wsf/sf] pNnª\3g xf] . of] afFRg kfpg] clwsf/sf] klg pNnª\3g xf] jf o;n] afFRg kfpg] clwsf/k|lt uDeL/ vt/f xf]304.

Diagram 6.1: Unresolved Disappearances, 1996-2006

304 ank"j{s a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{af6 ;a} JolQmsf] ;+/If0f;DaGwL 3f]if0ff, dxf;ef k|:tfj $&÷!## -!((@_, wf/f ! .

136

ank"j{s a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{x¿305 g]kfnsf] ;z:q åGåsf qmddf ul/Psf ;a}eGbf Jofks dfgjclwsf/ pNnª\3gx¿ x'g\306 . /]8qm;sf] cGt/f{li6«o ;ldlt -cfO{;Lcf/;L_n] ;z:q åGåsf] ;Gbe{df x/fPsf #$ ;o eGbf a9L ph'/L k|fKt u/]sf] k|ltj]bgdf lbPsf] 5307 / xfn;Dd !# ;o eGbf a9L dflg;sf] n]vfhf]vf ePsf] 5}g308 .

åGå;Fu ;DalGwt a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{ ;g\ !((&309 lt/} ePsf] atfOG5 / of] sfo{ @))! gf]e]Da/df ;ª\s6sfnsf] 3f]if0ff tyf zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfsf] kl/rfngkl5 lgs} rs]{/ uof]310 . hah{:tL jf cg}lR5s ¿kdf a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{;DaGwL ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3Lo sfo{;d"xn] dxf;efdf k]; u/]sf] cfkm\gf] ;g\ @))( sf] k|ltj]bgdf g]kfnsf] bzjif]{ åGådf ;a}eGbf a9L a]kQfsf 36gfx¿ ;g\ @))@ df ePsf lyP h'g jif{ o:tf 36gf @&& j6f ePsf] o;nfO{ hfgsf/L u/fOPsf] lyof]311 . sfo{;d"xn] ^&@ j6f 36gf g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ k7fPsf] 5 / @)^* kmfu'g !( ut];Dd oLdWo] $%* 36gfaf/] s'g} klg yk hfgsf/L kfOPsf] 5}g312 .

åGå/t kIf ;'/Iffkmf}h / g]kfn sDo'lg:6 kf6L{ b'j}åf/f ul/Psf a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{ åGåsf] qmddf /fi6«JofkL ¿kdf ePsf Jofks / uDeL/ dfgjclwsf/ tyf cGt/f{li6«o dfgjclwsf/ sfg'gsf pNnª\

305 hah{:tL jf cg}lR5s ¿kdf a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{;DaGwL ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3Lo sfo{;d"xsf] ;fdfGo l6Kk0fLdf k|ltljlDat leGgtfkl5, pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{no—g]kfnn] æank"j{s a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{Æ eGg] kbfjnL /fHoåf/f ePsf a]kQfnfO{ hgfpg k|of]u ug]{ u/]sf] 5 -pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{no—g]kfnåf/f o;sf] cfkm\gf @))* l8;]Da/sf] ] k|ltj]bg alb{of lhNnfdf åGå;Fu ;DalGwt a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{df k|of]u ug]{ u/]sf] 5 . To:t}, æank"j{s a]kQf kfg]{ ;/xsf sfo{x¿Æ eGg] kbfjnLn] g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_;Fu ;DalGwt a]kQfnfO{ hgfpFb5 eg] æa]kQf kfg]{ sfo{Æ eGg] zAb ;fdfGo cy{df / b'j} k|ju{nfO{ ;d]6g k|of]u ul/G5 . ank"j{s a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{sf] ck/fwsf tTjsf nflu tn lbOPsf] æ;Da4 sfg'gL vfsfÆ x]g'{xf];\ .306 g]kfnsf] åGåsf] cjlwdf ank"j{s a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{nfO{ ljleGg dfgjclsf/ ;ª\u7gn] Jofks ¿kdf lnlka4 u/]sf 5g\ . pbfx/0fsf nlu x]g{'xf];\, Nepal, National Human Rights Commission, Human Rights in Nepal: A Status Report 2003, (September 2003); Amnesty International, Nepal: A Spiralling Human Rights Crisis (see footnote 34);

Amnesty International: Nepal: A Deepening Crisis: Time for international action (19 December 2002) Available from www.amnesty.org/en/library/info/ASA31/072/2002; Human Rights Watch, Clear Culpability: “Disappearances” by Security Forces in Nepal (28 February2005) Available at ; cgf}krfl/s If]q ;]jf s]Gb|, dfgjclwsf/ jif{ k':ts @))@ -@))#_Ù dfgjclwsf/ jif{ k':ts @))# -@))$_ .307 cfkm\gf gft]bf/åf/f vf]hL ul/Psf dflg;x¿sf] ;"rL, ICRC – FamilyLinks, “Nepal- Missing, the Right to Know,” http://www.icrc.org/Web/doc/siterfl0.nsf/htmlall/familylinks-nepal-2007-eng df pknAw 5 .308 ICRC – FamilyLinks, “List of Names,” available at http://www.icrc.org/Web/doc/siterfl0.nsf/htmlall/familylinks-nepal-2007-eng309 cgf}krfl/s If]q ;]jf s]Gb|, dfgjclwsf/ jif{ k':ts !((& -!((&_310 #!)= Amnesty International, Nepal: Escalating ‘disappearances’ amid a culture of impunity. Available from www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/ASA31/155/2004/en/202bdd2f-d59d-11dd-bb24-1fb85fe8fa05/asa311552004en.html, accessed on 2010-06-17).311 Report of the Working Group on Enforced or Involuntary Disappearances to the Human Rights Council (A/HRC/13/31). g]kfnsf] åGådf a]kQf ePsf JolQmx¿;DaGwL cfO{;Lcf/;Lsf] tYofª\sn] klg a]kQf ePsfx¿sf] ;aeGbf 7"nf] ;ª\Vof -$*@_ ;g\ @))@ df g} lyof] eGg] hgfpFb5 . ICRC – FamilyLinks, “Nepal – Missing, the Right to Know” (see footnote 307)312 Report of the Working Group on Enforced or Involuntary Disappearances to the Human Rights Council (A/HRC/19/58/Rev.1).

137

3gsf] a[xQ/ k|j[lQsf] lx:;fsf] ¿kdf ul/Psf lyP313 . ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg Gofo ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L clen]v e08f/sf nflu ;ª\slnt tYofª\sn] ax';ª\Vos a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{df ;'/Iffkmf}h d'l5Psf] 5 eGg] hgfpFb5 . g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_ klg JolQmx¿nfO{ ckx/0fkl5 a]kQf kfl/Psf lgs} 7"nf] ;ª\Vofsf 36gfdf d'l5Psf] 5 .

/fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o dfgjclwsf/jfbL ;ª\u7gx¿n] ljleGg cg';Gwfg tyf lgs} b:tfj]hx¿ tof/ u/]sf ePklg xfn;Dd g]kfndf a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{sf ;DaGwdf s;}nfO{ klg gful/s cbfntdf cleof]hg ul/Psf] 5}g . s'g} ljZj;gLo, ;Ifd, lgikIf / k"0f{ ¿kdf :jtGq s'g} lgsfosf] :yfkgf, h:tf] ls a]kQf JolQm;DaGwL cfof]u, a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{sf] hjfkmb]xLtf ;'lglZrt ug]{ tyf a]kQf kfl/Psf JolQmx¿sf] l:ylt / pgLx¿ sxfF 5g\ eGg] s'/f ;dfwfg ug]{ lbzfdf Pp6f cfjZos sbd xf] . g;'lNemPsf d'2fx¿nfO{ :ki6 kfg]{afx]s, To:tf 36gfx¿sf] hjfkmb]xLtfsf] vf]hL ug{' cToGt dxTTjk"0f{ 5 h;df kLl8tx¿nfO{ cGttM l/xf ul/Psf] lyof] jf pgLx¿sf] lx/f;tdf d[To' ePsf] lyof] . ank"j{s a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{ kLl8tsf] l:ylt :ki6 c:ki6 h] eP klg / a]kQf kfl/Psf] JolQmn] Gofo kfP klg gkfP klg Pp6f pNnª\3g xf], To;}n] ;'NemfOPsf / g;'lNemPsf b'j}vfn] a]kQfsf 36gfx¿df ;Tosf] vf]hL / hjfkmjb]xLtf ltgsf kl/jf/nfO{ lbg'kg]{ x'G5 .

^=!=! cWoogljlw

dfgjclwsf/ pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{non] g]kfndf ;g\ @))% dO{df cfkm\gf] sfof{no :yfkgf ePnuQ} åGå;Fu ;DalGwt a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{;DaGwL cg';Gwfg ;'? u¥of] / d'n'ssf ;a} If]qdf a]kQfsf cf/f]kx¿af/] cg';Gwfgx¿ u/]sf] 5 . of] cWofo a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{;DaGwL s]; kmfon / sf7df8f}F / alb{ofdf ePsf slyt a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{;DaGwL Jofks ;fj{hlgs k|ltj]bgnufot pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{noåf/f tof/ kfl/Psf] u'0ffTds hfgsf/Ldf cfwfl/t 5 . sf7df8f}F / alb{of;DaGwL k|ltj]bgx¿ ;g\ @))^ / @))* df qmdzM ;fj{hlgs ul/Psf lyP314 . PDg]:6L OG6/g];gn, Xo'dg /fO6\; jfr, P8ef]s];L kmf]/d tyf OG;]snufot /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o dfgjclwsf/ ;ª\u7gåf/f hf/L ;fj{hlgs ¿kdf pknAw hfgsf/Lsf] ;Gbe{ lnOPsf] 5 . o; kl/of]hgfn] pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{no—g]kfnsf] tYofª\snfO{ klg ;'b[9 u¥of] . ;ª\qmd0fs-313 pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{no—g]kfn, alb{of lhNnfdf åGå;Fu ;DalGwt a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{, @))* l8;]Da/ .314 P]= pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{no—g]kfn, sf7df8f}F dxf/fhuGhl:yt zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfsf] Aof/]sdf ;g\ @))#—@))$ df ePsf] :j]R5frf/L y'gf, oftgf / a]kQf;DaGwL k|ltj]bg, -@))^ dO{_

138

fnLg Gofo ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L clen]v e08f/df ;'b[9 u/L /flvPsf] lj:t[t u'0ffTds hfgsf/Lsf ;fy;fy} a[xt\, oBlk sd lj:t[t, kl/df0ffTds hfgsf/Ln] s'g} Pp6fdfq ;ª\u7gaf6 lnOPsf] u'0ffTds jf kl/df0ffTds tYofª\sdf lge{/ /xg'eGbf a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{sf k|j[lQx¿sf] cem Jofks k/LIf0f ug{ ;Ifd t'NofpF5 .

a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{df s'g} klg a]kQf JolQm sxfF 5 eGg]af/] hfgfhfg hfgsf/L n'sfpg] jf To;nfO{ ;dfKt kfg{ vf]lhPsf] x'G5 eGg] s'/fnfO{ x]bf{, a]kQf;DaGwL cg';Gwfg 36gf eO;s]kl5 cflwsfl/s clen]v h'g em'6f] / ck"0f{ klg x'g ;S5 tyf k"j{y'g'jfx¿ h;n] kLl8tnfO{ cs}{ gfd jf pkgfdn] lrg]sf x'g ;S5g\ tL;Fusf] cGtjf{tf{nufotsf ;|f]tx¿af6 k|fKt 6'6km'6 hfgsf/Ldf lge{/ x'G5 . To;}n], ldl>t hfgsf/L — gfdfjnL / k|ltj]bg tyf ljleGg efiffdf ljleGg ;|f]taf6 ;ª\slnt cGtjf{tf{ / s]xL pbfx/0fdf Ps jf ;f]eGbf a9L kLl8tsf ;DaGwdf t 36gfx¿sf] leGg} kfqf] k|0ffnLcg';f/ /flvPsf] clen]v — sf] d2tn] s'zntfk"j{s sfd ug]{ Ifdtf cg';Gwfgstf{sf nflu cToGt dxTTjk"0f{ x'G5 . To:t}, tYofª\s Joj:yfkg ;fwgx¿sf] pko'Qm ;d'Rro cToGt dxTTjk"0f{ x'G5 . ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg Gofo ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L clen]v e08f/n] ;+/lrt t/ nlrnf] cfsf/ lnPsf] 5 h;n] ubf{ k|of]ustf{nfO{ ;fdfGo tTjcg';f/ a]kQf;DaGwL ljleGg 36gfsf ;fgf tyf 7"nf b'j}vfn] ljj/0fx¿ vf]Hg / 5fGg d2t ug'{sf ;fy} lghnfO{ s'g} klg 36gfsf] k"0f{ ljj/0f lng ;Ifd t'NofpFb5 . of] clen]v e08f/ a]kQf kfl/Psf JolQm;DaGwL efjL cfof]unfO{ :yfkgf ePkl5 jf a]kQf kfl/Psf JolQmx¿;DaGwL 36gfsf] ;dLIff ug]{ lhDd]jf/L;lxtsf] Goflos lgsfosf nflu dxTTjk"0f{ ;fwg x'g]5 .

^=@ ;Da4 sfg'gL vfsf

^=@=! kl/efiff

æank"j{s a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{ÆnfO{ cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg'g tyf dfgjclwsf/ sfg'gcGtu{t Ps} lsl;dn] kl/efiff ul/Psf] 5 . /f]d ljwfgdf kl/efiff ul/Pcg';f/ dfgjLo sfg'gcGtu{t ank"j{s a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{sf tTjx¿ / dfgjclwsf/sf] sfg'gL If]qsf d'Vo kf7af6 lnOPsf] o;sf] kl/efiffsf] t'ngf o; k|sf/ ul/Psf] 5 .

oL b'O{j6f sfg'gL Joj:yfsf] ;fb[Zotf o; ck/fwsf] r'/f]sf] ¿kdf /x]sf b'O{j6f tTjsf ;DaGwdf vf;u/L k|:6 b]lvG5 . tL tTj x'g\M klxnf kS8g] / To;kl5 To;nfO{ c:jLsf/ ug]{ .

139

oL Joj:yfx¿sf] aLrdf km/s s] 5 eg] cGt/f{li6«o dfgjclwsf/ sfg'gn] cfkm\gf bfloTjx¿ /fHo jf /fHosf kfqx¿dfly dfq yf]k/]sf] x'G5 . /f]d ljwfgsf] kl/efiff …åGå/t kIfx¿dfÚ315 nfu' x'g] x'gfn] ank"j{s a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{sf nflu lhDd]jf/ agfpg ;lsg] JolQmsf k|ju{x¿sf] bfo/f km/flsnf] agfpF5 . /f]d ljwfgsf] kl/efiffn] kLl8tnfO{ a]kQf kf/]/ ænfdf] ;od;DdÆ /fVg] dg;fosf] k|df0f klg vf]h]sf] 5 — Pp6f o:tf] k|fjwfg h'g cGt/f{li6« dfgjclwsf/ sfg'gsf] kl/efiffdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5}g .

/f]d ljwfg316 cGt/f{li6«o dfgjclwsf/ sfg'g317

Ps jf PseGbf a9L JolQmx¿sf] kqmfp, y'gf jf ckx/0f

s'g} JolQmnfO{ kqmfp ul/G5, y'lgG5, ckx/0f ul/G5 jf cGo lsl;dn] lghnfO{ :jtGqtfaf6 jl~rt ul/G5Ù

[;dfg:t/sf] Joj:yf 5}g] :jtGqtfsf] o:tf] jl~rlt /fHosf k|ltlglw÷clwsf/L jf /fHon] clwsf/ lbP/ jf p;sf] ;dy{g jf ;xdltdf ul/Psf] x'G5Ù /

To;kl5 :jtGqtfsf] jl~rltnfO{ :jLsf/ ug{ jf tL JolQmx¿sf] l:ylt jf pgLx¿ sxfF 5g\ eGg] s'/fsf] hfgsf/L lbg c:jLsf/ ul/Psf]

:jtGqtfsf] jl~rlt jf a]kQf kfl/Psf] JolQmsf] l:ylt jf pgL sxfF 5g\ eGg] n'sfOPsf] s'/fnfO{ :jLsf/ ug{ gdfGg] h;n] ubf{ o:tf] JolQmnfO{ sfg'gsf] ;+/If0faflx/ /fVb5 318.

pgLx¿nfO{ nfdf] ;do;Dd sfg'gsf] ;+/If0faf6 aflx/ x6fpg] dg;fon]

[;dfg:t/sf] Joj:yf 5}g]

^=@=@ cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg'g

315 x]g'{xf];\ cWofo $, nfu' cGt/f{li6«o sfg'g, bkmf $=#, cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg'g, k[= ^# .316 /f]d ljwfgn] wf/f &-!_-em_n] ank"j{s a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{nfO{ dfgjtflj?4sf] ck/fwsf] ¿kdf ul/Pdf dfq ck/fwLs/0f u/]sf] s'/fnfO{ Vofn ug'{xf];\ . (see footnote 145). of] kl/efiff k|yfhlgt sfg'gcGtu{tsf] h:t} 5 . See Lisa Ott, Enforced Disappearance in International Law (Intersentia, 2011).317 ank"j{s a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{;DaGwL 3f]if0ffkq / ank"j{s a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{af6 ;a} JolQmsf] ;+/If0f;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o dxf;lGw -;g\ @))^_ -o;kl5 ank"j{s a]kQf;DaGwL dxf;lGw_ df k|ltljlDat ePcg';f/ .318 oL d'Vo tTjx¿ ank"j{s a]kQf;DaGwL dxf;lGwsf] k|:tfjgf / To;sf] wf/f @ af6 lnOPsf x'g\ (see footnote 317)

140

h]g]ef dxf;lGwx¿sf] ;femf wf/f # h'g, o;} k|ltj]bgsf] cWofo $ df rrf{ ul/Pem}F, ;z:q åGåsf ;a} kIfdf nfu' xG5, o'4df ;lqmo efu glnPsf JolQmx¿ -y'gf jf cGo s'g} sf/0faf6 n8fOFaf6 cnu ePsf ;z:qkmf}hsf ;b:onufot_nfO{ dfgjf]lrt Jojxf/sf xsbf/ x'g]5g\ . ank"j{s a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{ dfgjf]lrt Jojxf/ xf]Og / o;lj?4sf] k|ltaGwsf] Joj:yf ;femf wf/f # df 5 eg]/ JofVof ug{ ;lsG5 jf ul/Psf] 5319 .

k|yfhlgt cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gn]320 klg åGåsf qmddf x'g] ank"j{s a]kQf kfg]{ l:yltnfO{ ;Daf]wg u/]sf] 5 / of] /fHo tyf u}//fHo kfq b'j}df nfu' x'G5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu, k|yfhlgt cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gn] :jtGqtfsf] :j]R5frf/L x/0fdfly k|ltaGw nufPsf] 5 / cfkm\gf :jtGqtfaf6 jl~rt ul/Psf JolQmx¿sf] btf{ vftf /fVg'kg]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] 5321 . To:t}, åGå/t s'g} kIfn] JolQmx¿nfO{ y'gfdf /fv]df, Tof] kIfn] y'g'jfx¿sf] kfl/jfl/s hLjgnfO{ ;Ddfg ug'{k5{, ltgsf glhssf cfkmGtåf/f ltgnfO{ e]6\g cg'dlt lbg'k5{ / y'g'jfnfO{ ltgsf kl/jf/;Fu kqfrf/ ug{ lbg'k5{322 . k|yfhlgt cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gn] åGåsf sf/0f x/fPsf egL ph'/L k/]sf JolQmx¿sf] ljj/0f /fVg ;DefJo ;a} pkfo ckgfpg'sf ;fy} ltgsf]] l:yltsf ;DaGwdf s'g} klg hfgsf/L eP lghsf kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿nfO{ pknAw u/fpg'kg]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] 5323 . oL bfloTjx¿sf] ;l~rlt k|efj k|yfhlgt cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gcGtu{t ank"j{s a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{ -åGå/t s'g} klg kIfåf/f ul/Psf]_dfly k|ltaGw xf]324 .

g]kfndf åGåsf] qmddf olb u}/;}lgs hg;d'bfonfO{ cfqmd0fsf] j:t' agfOPsf] lyof] / Tof] cfqmd0fsf cfofdx¿ Jofks / of]hgfa4 lyP eg] Tof] cfqmd0fleq /x]/ ul/Psf ank"j{s a]kQf kfg]{ 5'§f5'§} sfo{x¿ dfgjtflj?4sf] ck/fw x'g ;S5g\325 .

^=@=# cGt/f{li6«o dfgjclwsf/ sfg'g

;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3 dxf;efsf cg';f/, æank"j{s a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{ dfgjclwsf/sf] uDeL/ / v'ndv'Nnf pNnª\g xf]326 .Æ o:tf 319 International Committee for the Red Cross, Customary International Humanitarian Law, vol.1 (see footnote 129). dfgjclwsf/ cfof]u Pj+ o'/f]k]nL dfgjclwsf/ cbfntn] kl/jf/sf] glhssf] ;b:osf] ank"j{s a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{ …cdfgjLo Jojxf/Ú xf] .320 See chapter 4 Applicable International Law, p. Error: Reference source not found321 International Committee of Red Cross, Customary International Humanitarian Law, rule123 (see footnote 129).322 P]=, lgodx¿ !!*—!@* .323 P]=, lgod !!& .324 P]=, k[= #$)—#$! .325 /f]d ljwfg, wf/f & -kfbl6Kk0fL !$% x]g'{xf];\_ . cWofo $, v08 $=$=@ df ul/Psf] 5nkmn x]g'Fxf];\ .326 CED (see footnote 317)

141

a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{x¿n] gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o cg'aGw, h;sf] g]kfn ;g\ !((! b]lv kIf /fi6« ag]sf] 5, cGtu{tsf dfgjclwsf/;DaGwL k|d'v k|Tofe"ltx¿sf] xgg\ ub{5g\ . logdf cdfgjLo tyf ckdfghgs Jojxf/lj?4sf] clwsf/ -wf/f &_Ù :jtGqtf tyf ;'/Iffsf] clwsf/ -wf/f (_Ù / sfg'gsf gh/df JolQmsf] ¿kdf klxrfgsf] clwsf/ -wf/f !^_ kb{5g\327 . To;afx]s, ank"j{s a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{ cGo clwsf/ pNnª\3gsf] k"j{nIf0f xf . lgodaflx/ Psk6s y'lgPkl5, a]kQf kfl/Psf] JolQm u}/Goflos xTof, oftgf, / cdfgjLo tyf ckdfghgs Jojxf/h:tf sfo{x¿k|lt a9L hf]lvdk"0f{ x'G5 .

Jf:tjdf, ank"j{s a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{ ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3 dxf;efsf] ;g\ !((@ sf] ank"j{s a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{af6 ;a} JolQmsf] ;+/If0f;DaGwL 3f]if0ffkq cjnDag / ;g\ @))^ df a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{;DaGwL dfgjclwsf/ ;lGw cyf{t ank"j{s a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{af6 ;a} JolQmsf] ;+/If0f;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o dxf;lGw -ank"j{s kfg]{ sfo{;DaGwL dxf;lGw, ;LO{8L_sf] cjnDagsf nflu kof{Kt dfqdf uDeL/ sfo{ ePsf] dflgPsf] 5 .

clxn];Dd g]kfnn] pQm dxf;lGwnfO{ cg'df]bg gu/]sf] eP klg gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGw -cfO{;L;LkLcf/_nfO{ cg'df]bg u/]sf] x'gfn] ank"j{s a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{af6 hf]ulg'kg]{ bfloTj 5 . cGoq pNn]v ul/Pem}F, cGt/f{li6«o dfgjclwsf/ sfg'g zflGt / o'4sf] ;dodf nfu' x'G5 / cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg'g g} ljlzi6 ¿kdf nfu' x'g] cj:yfdf afx]s dfgjclwsf/ sfg'g åGåsfnel/ nfu' eof]328 . ha ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3Lo dfgjclwsf/ ;ldltn] åGåsf] ;dodf a]kQf kfl/Psf] eGg] ;DaGwdf g]kfnsf Ps lgj]bsn] u/]sf] kqfrf/sf ;DaGwdf km};nf u¥of] To;kl5 o; s'/fsf] k'li6 eof] . dfgjclwsf/ ;ldlt sf/0f k|df0fl;4 gePsf] / g]kfnn] cfO{;L;LkLcf/sf] wf/f @-#_, &, ( / !) sf] pNnª\3g ePsf] lgisif{df k'Uof]329 .

cfO{;L;LkL/ tyf ank"j{s a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{;DaGwL b:tfj]hcGtu{t, ck/fwsf nflu lhDd]jf/ agfOPsf] kIf eg]sf] /fHo x'G5 . o;n] ubf{ /fHosf] ;xdlt jf df}g :jLs[ltlagf sfd ug]{ JolQm÷;d"xåf/f ul/Psf lhDd]jf/ JolQmx¿sf] cg';Gwfg ug'{ tyf ltgnfO{ Gofosf] s73/fdf pEofpg' /fHosf] st{Jo xf]330 . 327 See, e.g., Berzig v. Algeria, Human Rights Committee, Communication 1781/2008, CCPR/C/103/D/1781/2008, 31 October 2011, para. 8.5-8.7, 8.9; Ouaghlissi v. Algeria, Human Rights Committee, Communication 1905/2009, CCPR/C/104/D/1905/2009, 26 March 2012, paras 7.5-7.7, 7.9328 #@*= See discussion of lex specialis, Chapter 4 section 4.5.2, p. Error: Reference source not found329 #@(= Sharma v. Nepal, Human Rights Committee, Communication no. 1469/2006, CCPR/C/94/D/1469/2006, 6 November 2008.330 CED, article 3 (see footnote 317). Gfful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGwdf ePsf clwsf/x¿sf] pkef]udf Iflt k'¥ofpg] lghL ;ª\3;+:yfx¿sf] sfo{af6 dflg;nfO{ ;+/If0f

142

To;afx]s, ha;Dd a]kQf kfl/Psf JolQmx¿ sxfF 5g\ eGg] s'/f c1ft /xG5 a]kQfsf] cj:yf lg/Gt/ pNnª\3gsf] cj:yf x'G5 . To;}n], g]kfnnufot cfO{;L;LkLcf/sf kIf/fi6«x¿n] of] pNnª\3g hf];'s}n] / hlxn];'s} u/]sf] eP klg o;df Goflos pkrf/ lbnfpg' ltgsf] bfloTj x'G5331 . ;/sf/åf/f cf}krfl/s ¿kdf 3f]if0ff ul/Psf] ;ª\s6sfnn] klg ank"j{s a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{nfO{ lnP/ ltgsf] bfloTjdf sdL NofpFb}g332 .

ank"j{s a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{dfly k|ltaGw nufpg] tyf To:tf] sfo{ ug]{x¿nfO{ ;hfo lbg] /fHosf] st{Jo olt alnof];Fu :yflkt eO;s]sf] 5 ls cGt/cd]l/sL dfgjclwsf/ cbfntn] æank"j{s a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{dflysf] k|ltaGw=== / To;}cg';f/ lhDd]jf/ JolQmx¿sf] cg';Gwfg ug]{ / ltgnfO{ ;hfo lbg] bfloTjn] afWosf/L sfg'gsf] x}l;ot k|fKt u/]sf] 5Æ333 eGg] km};nf u¥of] . dfgjclwsf/ ;ldltn] klg ank"j{s a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{sf] kLl8tdfly kg]{ c;/x¿ oftgf tyf ceb| Jojxf/;/x x'G5g\ eGg] lgisif{df k'u]sf] 5 . o; t'ngfn] ank"j{s a]kQf kfg{' eg]sf] cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gdf ;jf{lws uDeL/ ck/fwdWo]sf] ck/fw ug'{ xf] eGg] ljrf/sf] ;dy{g ub{5334 .

cfO{;L;LkLcf/sf k|fjwfgx¿ ;z:q åGåsf a]nf g]kfndf a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{;Fu ;Da4 afWosf/L bfloTjsf k|fylds ;|f]t x'g\ eg] /fHo c¿ dxf;lGw tyf ;lGwx¿sf] klg kIf xf], h;n] ;DalGwt pNnª\3gsf nflu vfsf pknAw u/fpF5 . o;df cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;fF:s[lts clwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGw kb{5, h;cg';f/ /fHon] kof{Kt vfgf, kof{Kt hLjg:t/, :jf:Yo / lzIffsf clwsf/x¿sf] ;Ddfg, ;+/If0f tyf kl/k"lt{ ug'{kg]{ x'G5335 . To;afx]s, afnclwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGw -;Lcf/;L_n], cGo s'/fdWo], ank"j{s a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{sf ug{ sbd rfNg'kg]{ /fHosf] bfloTj;DaGwL dfgjclwsf/ ;ldltsf km};nf klg x]g'{xf];\ . General Comment No. 31 of the Human Rights Committee: Nature of the General Legal Obligation Imposed on States Parties to the Covenant (CCPR/C/21/Rev.1/Add.13), para 8.331 General Comment No. 31 of the Human Rights Committee: Nature of the General Legal Obligation Imposed on States Parties to the Covenant (CCPR/C/21/Rev.1/Add.13), para 15: “Cessation of an ongoing violation is an essential element of the right to an effective remedy.”332 General Comment No. 29 of the Human Rights Committee: State of Emergency (Article 4) (CCPR/C/21/Rev.1/Add.11): æ;ª\s6sfndf ;d]t oL k|ltaGwsf] lg/k]If k|s[ltnfO{ ;dfGo cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gsf] dfGotfsf] ¿kdf ePsf] ltgsf] x}l;otåf/f Gofof]lrt 7x¥ofOPsf] 5 .Æ333 Goiburu et al. v. Paraguay, Inter-American Court of Human Rights, 2006, para 84 (cited in Ott, Enforced Disappearance in International Law (see footnote 316). As described in Chapter 4 – Applicable International Law (p. Error: Reference source not found), afWofTds sfg'gsf] pNnª\3g cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gsf] uDeL/ pNnª\3g xf] / ;+;f/sf] s'g} klg cbfntn] æljZjJofkL If]qflwsf/Æsf] k|of]u u/L kL8sx¿nfO{ cleof]hg ug{ ;S5 .334 Ott, Enforced Disappearance in International Law (see footnote 316).335 a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{af6 kfl/jfl/s ;b:ox¿s]f cfly{s tyf ;fdflh l:yltdfly k/]sf] c;/ tyf kl/jf/nfO{ ltgsf cfwf/e"t cfjZostf k"/f ug{ /fHosf] ;xof]usf] cefjaf/] w]/} s'/f n]lv;lsPsf] 5 . x]g'{xf];\ pbfx/0fsf nflu, pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{no, alb{of lhNnfdf åGå;Fu ;DalGwt a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{, @))* l8;]Da/Ù International Committee of the Red Cross “Families of missing persons in Nepal: a study of their needs,” (30 June 2009) Available from www.icrc.org/eng/resources/documents/report/nepal-missing-persons-report-300609.htm

143

lj?4 afnaflnsfsf] ;+/If0fsf nflu l;4fGtx¿sf] vfsf pknAw u/fpF5 . o; cWofosf] efu @ n] åGåsf] ;dodf ank"j{s a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{;DaGwL cf/f]kdf d'n'sel/ b]lvPsf] k|j[lQsf] ;dLIff pknAw u/fpF5 . To;df lnª\u, pd]/, cfa4tf, If]q / cGo tTjx¿sf cfwf/df klg kLl8taf/] ;ª\lIfKt hfgsf/L pknAw u/fOPsf] 5 .

^=@=$ /fHo tyf g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_åf/f JoQm ul/Psf] k|lta4tf

o; k|ltj]bgdf cGoq pNn]v ul/Pem}F,336 åGå/t b'j} kIfn] ;'/Iffkmf}h / g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_åf/f ul/Psf] elgPsf a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{nfO{ ;Daf]wg tyf :ki6 kfg]{ / kLl8t tyf ltgsf kl/jf/nfO{ Gofo ;'lglZrt ug{] k|lta4tf k6sk6s JoQm u/]sf 5g\ .

g]kfn ;/sf/ / g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_åf/f @)^# dª\l;/ % ut] x:tfIf/ ul/Psf] lj:t[t zflGt ;Demf}tf -zflGt ;Demf}tf_sf] bkmf %=@=# df, b'j} kIfn] o:tf] k|lta4tf JoQm u/]sf 5g\M æb'j} kIfåf/f a]kQf kfl/Psf JolQmx¿sf] tyf o'4sf] ;dodf dfl/Psfx¿sf] gfd, y/ / 3/sf] 7]ufgf ;Demf}tf ePsf] ldltn] ^) lbgleq ;"rgfx¿ ;fj{hlgs u/L kl/jf/hgnfO{ ;d]t hfgsf/L pknAw u/fpg dGh'/ ub{5g\.Æ To:t}, zflGt ;Demf}tfsf] bkmf &=!=# df o;/L k|lta4tf JoQm ul/Psf] 5\ M æb'j} kIf ;Demf}tfkqdf pNn]v ePsf clwsf/sf] pkef]udf afwf k'¥ofpg] lhDd]jf/ JolQmx¿dfly sfg'gcg';f/ lgikIf 5fglag tyf sf/afxL x'g]5 egL k|lta4tf hfx]/ ub{5g\ / b08xLgtfnfO{ k|>o glbg] ;'lgZrtf k|bfg ub{5g\ . o;sf ;fy} åGå / oftgf kLl8t tyf a]kQf kfl/Psf kl/jf/sf] /fxt k|fKt ug]{ clwsf/nfO{ ;d]t ;'lglZrt ub{5g\ .Æ

;ft /fhgLlts bnx¿ / g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_n] @)^# sflQs @@ ut] a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{;DaGwL pRr:t/Lo cfof]u —a]kQf;DaGwL cfof]u — u7g ug]{ ;Demf}tf u/] . lj=;+= @)^# ;fnsf] g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgn] a]kQf kfl/Psf JolQmx¿sf kl/jf/nfO{ /fxtsf] k|fjwfg337 tyf åGå;Fu ;DalGwt uDeL/ pNnª\3gx¿sf] cg';Gwfg ug{ ;To lg¿k0f tyf d]nldnfk cfof]usf] u7gnufot338 åGåsfnLg pNnª\3gx¿sf ;DaGwdf lhDd]jf/Lx¿ yk]sf] 5 . cGtl/d ;+ljwfgn] /fHo kIf ePsf] cGt/f{li6«o ;lGw ;Demf}tfsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ug'{kg]{ s'/f klg atfPsf] 5339 . o;n] ubf{ g]kfn kIf /fi6« ePsf] cfO{;L;LkLcf/ / oftgflj?4sf] dxf;lGw

336 x]g{'xf];\ cWofo ( — hjfkmb]xLtf / k|efjsf/L Goflos pkrf/sf] clwsf/337 g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg -@)^#_, wf/f ##-t_ .338 P]= wf/f ##-b_ .339 P]= wf/f ##-8_ .

144

-Sof6_åf/f k|Tofe"t k|efjsf/L Goflos pkrf/ kLl8tnfO{ ;'lglZrt ug]{ sbd rfNg;+j}wflgs ¿kdf g]kfn afWo 5 .

a]kQf kfl/Psf kLl8tsf kl/jf/hgx¿ tyf a]kQf kfl/Psf t/ kl5 5fl8Psf kLl8tx¿åf/f k]z ul/Psf cg]sf}+ lgj]bgx¿sf] k|To'Q/df ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] @)^$ h]7 !* ut] Pp6f ce"tk"j{ km};nf hf/L u¥of] . km};nfdf elgPsf] 5M æ/fHon] dfly pNn]v ul/Psf [cfO{;L;LkLcf/nufot] sfg'gL b:tfj]hx¿, If]qLo cbfntx¿åf/f ul/Psf j}b]lzs tyf dfgjclwsf/;Fu ;DalGwt km};nfx¿ / xfd|f ;+j}wflgs k|fjwfgx¿sf] cfnf]sdf a]kQf kfl/Psf JolQmx¿sf] klxrfg ug]{ tyf ltgsf] l:ylt ;fj{hlgs ug]{ ;fy} kL8sx¿ h:tf] b]lvg] JolQmx¿lj?4 sf/afxL ;'? ug]{ / kLl8tnfO{ pko'Qm pkrf/ k|bfg ug]{ cfkm\gf bfloTjaf6 efUg ldNb}g340.Æ ;fy}, km};nfn] /fHo oL lhDd]jf/Lx¿ k"/f ug{ ljkmn ePsf] kfpg'sf ;fy} /fHonfO{, cGo s'/fdWo], åGå;Fu ;DalGwt a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{sf] cg';Gwfg ug{ kof{Kt clwsf/;lxtsf] cfof]u u7g ug{ cfb]z lbPsf] lyof] .

oL / cGo bfloTjx¿sf afah'b, åGå/t s'g} klg kIfn] a]kQf kfl/Psf] eGg] 36gfsf ;DaGwdf cfkm\gf k|lta4tf tyf lhDd]jf/Lx¿ k"/f u/]sf 5}gg\ . cfof]usf] u7g gx'OGh]n;Dd ;fIfLsf aofgx¿sf] ;+/If0f ug]{ / /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o ;ª\u7gx¿åf/f ;ª\sng ul/Psf a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{;Fu ;DalGwt ;Da4 ;a} hfgsf/Lsf] ;+/If0f, ;dLIff tyf ;+Zn]if0f ug]{ cfjZostf ljz]if ¿kn] dxTTjk"0f{ sfo{ef/ xf] .^=# åGåsf a]nf ank"j{s a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{sf k|j[lQ

cjlw jf a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{df ;+nUg cf/f]lkt kL8sx¿sf cfwf/df tof/ ul/Psf] tYofª\ssf] k/LIf0fn] o:tf sfo{sf] :ki6 k|j[lQ b]vfpF5 .

g]kfndf ;'/Iffkmf}håf/f ePsf a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{;DaGwL ph'/L hah{:tL jf cg}lR5s ¿kdf a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{;DaGwL sfo{;d"xdf ;g\ !(*%341 b]lv ug{ yflnPsf] xf] . lj=;+= @)%@ ;fndf åGå ;'? ePkl5 a]kQf kfl/Psf 36gfx¿sf] pNn]Vo ;ª\Vof klxnf]rf]l6 ;g\ !((* df ;/sf/n] rfn]sf] ælsnf] ;]/f 6'Ægfds ;'/Iff sf/afxLsf qmddf b]vf k¥of], h'g dfcf]jfbL u9 dflgPsf sltko lhNnfx¿df ;'? ul/Psf] lyof] . tL lhNnf x'g\ M dWoklZrdf~rn If]qdf ?s'd, /f]Nkf, hfh/sf]6 / ;Nofg, klZrdf~rn

340 /jLGb|k|;fb 9sfnsf] tkm{af6 clwjQmf /fh]Gb|k|;fb 9sfn lj= g]kfn ;/sf/, dlGqkl/ifb\ ;d]t, g]kfn sfg'g klqsf, g]kfnsf] ;jf]{Rr cbfnt, d'2f @))$÷@))&, g]kfn n l/kf]6{/, jif{ $(, cª\s @, k[= !^( .341 See Report of the Working Group on Enforced and Involuntary Disappearances to the Human Rights Commission: Mission to Nepal (E/CN.4/2005/65/Add.1).

145

If]qdf uf]/vf / dWodf~rn If]qdf l;Gw'nL342 . /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o dfgjclwsf/ ;d"xx¿n] of}g lx+;f343 / o; sf/afxLsf qmddf ePsf u}/sfg'gL xTof tyf a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{,344 h:tf dfgjclwsf/ pNnª\3gx¿df æ8/nfUbf] j[l4Æ ePsf] atfP / dfgjclwsf/ pNnª\3gsf cf/f]kx¿af/] :jtGq cg';Gwfg x'g'k5{ eGg] cfjfhx¿n] ;/sf/L clwsf/LnfO{ hjfkm lbg bafa lbof] . u[xdGqLn] ph'/L x]g]{ / dfgjclwsf/ pNnª\3gsf l/kf]6{sf] cg';Gwfg ug]{ lhDd]jf/L @% ;b:oLo ;+;bLo k//fi6« dfldnf tyf dfgjclwsf/ ;ldltnfO{ ;'lDkP . t/, ;/sf/n] ;+;b\sf JolQmut ;b:ox¿n] k|ltlglw;efdf dfgjclwsf/ pNnª\3gaf/] s'/f p7fPdf dfq cfkm"n] To;sf] cg';Gwfg ug{ ;Sg] s'/f pNn]v u¥of], h;n] ;DefJo cg';Gwfgx¿sf] bfo/fnfO{ ;Lldt ug]{ sfd u¥of]345 .

Diagram 6.2: Unresolved Disappearances, 1996-2006

åGåsf] ;'?sf jif{lt/ /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿åf/f k|sflzt a]kQf kfl/Psf kLl8tx¿sf] ;ª\Vof tyf gfd k"0f{ ¿kdf Ps gf;sf 5}gg\ t/ To;sf a9\bf] qmd eg] k|:6 5 . ;g\ !((& df OG;]sn] ;ftj6f a]kQfsf 36gf ePsf] atfPsf] lyof]Ù ;g\ !((* ;Dddf of] ;ª\Vof, k|x/L / dfcf]jfbL b'j}åf/f ePsf ;lxt, a9]/ $&

342 Amnesty International, Nepal - Human Rights at a Turning Point? p 4 (see footnote 33)343 cgf}krfl/s If]q ;]jf s]Gb|, dfgjclwsf/ jif{k':ts !((* -!((*_ tyf dfgjclwsf/ jif{k':ts !((( -!(((_344 Amnesty International, Nepal - Human Rights at a Turning Point? p 4 (see footnote 33)345 P]= .

146

k'Uof]346 . PDg]:6L OG6/g];gnn] ;g\ !((* df #& / ;g\ !((( df ^! j6f a]kQfsf 36gfsf] clen]v /fVof]347 . åGåsf ;'?sf jif{lt/ ePsf o:tf 36gfaf/] cToGt yf]/}dfq hfgsf/L ePklg xfn pknAw tYofª\sn] cfkm\gf] k|ltljb|f]x sf/afxLsf] qmddf g]kfn k|x/Lx¿ g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_sf zª\sf:kb ;b:o tyf ;dy{sx¿nfO{ kqmfp ug]{ / To;kl5 a]kQf kfg]{, ljz]ifu/L ;g\ !((* kl5,348 ;+nUg lyP .

k|x/Låf/f ul/Psf] elgPsf a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{;DaGwL w]/} 36gf ljj/0f o;/L ePsf lyPM g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_sf zª\sf:kb ;b:o jf ;dy{sx¿nfO{ ufpFdf ;d"xdf cfpg] u/]sf k|x/Låf/f k|foM /flt ltgsf 3/af6 kqmfp ul/GYof] . To:tf JolQmx¿sf] 7fpF kQf nfu]kl5 pgLx¿nfO{ dfcf]jfbL ePsf] jf ;'/Iffkmf}hdfly ul/Psf] cfqmd0fdf ;+nUg ePsf] cf/f]k nufOGYof] . slxn]sfxLF kLl8tnfO{ nfg'cl3 kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿s} cufl8 s'6lk6 ul/GYof] eg] c¿ a]nf s]xL klg gegL r'krfk ToxfFaf6 cGt} nluGYof] . kLl8tx¿nfO{ cfFvfdf k§L nufP/ k|x/L yfgfdf nluGYof] elgGYof], slxn]sfxLF gDa/ Kn]6 gePsf] jf 5f]k]sf] ;jf/Ldf . pgLx¿nfO{ PsfGtjf;df /fVg'sf ;fy} ceb| Jojxf/ ul/Psf] jf oftgf lbOPsf] x'GYof] . kl/jf/x¿n] ltgsf af/] k|x/L sfof{no jf lhNnf k|x/L sfof{nodf ;f]wk'5 ubf{ clwsf/Lx¿ s'g} klg kqmfp ul/Psf] s'/fnfO{ c:jLsf/ ub{y] elgGYof] .

;/sf/n] s;}nfO{ klg :j]R5frf/L tl/sfn] y'gfdf /fVg gkfpg] xs tyf ;+j}wflgs pkrf/sf] xs349nufot sltko df}lns xsx¿sf] lgnDag, cftª\ssf/L tyf ljWj+zfTds ultljlw -lgoGq0f / ;hfo_ cWofb]z -6f8f]_350 346 cgf}krfl/s If]q ;]jf s]Gb|, dfgjclwsf/ jif{k':ts @))) -@)))_347 Amnesty International, Nepal: Fear for safety/possible disappearance/fear of torture/possible extrajudicial execution: Surya Prasad Sharma, 12 February 2002. Available from www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/ASA31/015/2002/en/139fa983-d88a-11dd-ad8c-f3d4445c118e/asa310152002en.html.348 /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o dfgjclwsf/ ;ª\u7gx¿n] ;f] cjlwdf ePsf :j]R5frfl/ kqmfp tyf a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{x¿sf] k|j[lQnfO{ lnlka4 u/]sf 5g\ . x]g'{xf];, h:t}, See, e.g., Amnesty International,

Nepal: Widespread “disappearances” in the context of armed conflict (see footnote 66); Amnesty International, Nepal: A Deepening Crisis (see footnote 306).349 aGbLk|ToIfLs/0fdf Goflos pkrf/sf] clwsf/ lgnDag gul/Psf] / u}/sfg'gL y'gf tyf a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{sf 36gfnfO{ r'gf}tL lbg o;nfO{ Jofks ¿kdf k|of]u ul/Psf] s'/fnfO{ Wofg lbg'xf];\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu, PDg]:6L OG6/g];gnsf cg';f/, ;g\ @))!—@))@ sf] ;ª\s6sfnsf a]nf, ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf &@ j6f aGbLk|ToIfLs/0fsf lgj]bg xflnPsf lyP / ;ª\s6sfn @))@ cu:6df ;dfKt x'Fbf g]kfnuGh / lj/f6gu/ k'g/fj]bg cbfntdf qmdzM !@) / !)% j6f aGbLk|ToIfLs/0fsf l/6 lgj]bgx¿ xflnPsf lyP . t/, JolQm a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{sf ;DaGwdf eg] oL sf/afxLaf6 cf+lzs pknlAw dfq xft nfUof] . ax';ª\Vos d'2fdf GofofwLzx¿n] y'gfsf] j}wflgstfsf] dfq cWoog u/] / aGbLx¿ sxfF 5g\ eGg] tYo :yfkgf ug{ vf]h]gg\ . yk, ;'/Iffkmf}h aGbLk|ToIfLs/0fsf lglDt xflnPsf lgj]bgx¿sf ;DaGwdf hfgsf/L pknAw u/fpg lg/Gt/ ljkmn /x], h;n] ltgsf] k|efjsfl/tfnfO{ emg ;Lldt u¥of] .350 ;g\ @))! gf]e]Da/df, ;/sf/n] ;ª\s6sfn 3f]if0ff u/L æcftª\ssf/L tyf ljWj+zfTds -lgoGq0f / ;hfo_ cWofb]zÆ -6f8f]_ Pp6f cfktsfnLg pkfosf ¿kdf hf/L u¥of] . 6f8f]nfO{ kl5 ;+;b\n] æcftª\ssf/L tyf ljWj+zfTds -lgoGq0f / ;hfo_ P]g, @))@ -6f8f_Æsf] ¿kdf k'gM hf/L u¥of] / of] b'O{ jif{sf nflu eg]/ @)%* r}t @* -@))@ clk|n !)_ ut] sfof{Gjogdf cfof] . o; P]gsf] cjlw ;g\ @))$ df ;dfKt eof] . o;nfO{ cWofb]zdfkm{t\ kfFrk6s;Dd, k|To]s k6s 5 dlxgfsf nflu, hf/L ul/Psf] lyof] . clGtdkN6 o;nfO{ @)^@ r}t !$ -@))^ dfr{ @&_ ut]

147

sf] hf/L / @)%* dª\l;/df dfcf]jfbLlj?4 zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfsf] kl/rfngkl5, a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{df 8/nfUbf] j[l4 ePsf] lyof] . alb{of lhNnfdf, hxfF pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{no—g]kfnn] a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{sf ;DaGwdf ph'/L k/]sf @)) 36gfdWo] !%^ j6fsf] cg';Gwfg u/]sf] lyof], clwsf+z kqmfp ;ª\s6sfn nfu' ePkl5 @))! l8;]Da/ / @))# hgj/Lsf aLrdf ePsf lyP351 . a]kQf;DaGwL sfo{;d"xsf cg';f/, g]kfnn] ank"j{s a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{;DaGwL …gofF 36gfx¿sf] ;aeGbf 7"nf] ;ª\Vofsf] /]s8{Ú ;g\ @))# / @))$ df /fVof]352 . sfo{;d"xn] ;g\ @))$ df g]kfnsf] e|d0f u¥of] / ;'/Iffkmf}h, ljz]ifu/L zfxL g]kfnL ;]gf, åf/f a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{ x'g] u/]sf] :ki6 k|j[lQsf] klxrfg u¥of] . o;n] ;'/Iff sd{rf/Lsf] ;d"x ;fbf kf];fsdf dWo/ftlt/ zª\sf:kb dfcf]jfbL jf dfcf]jfbL;Fu cfa4 ePsf] cfzª\sf ul/Psf] JolQmsf] 3/df cfP/ kqmg] u/]sf] kfof] . clg To:tf] JolQmnfO{ cfFvfdf k§L nufP/ k5fl8 b'O{ xft afFwL ;}lgs uf8Ldf xfn]/ cGt} nluGYof]353 .

pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{no—g]kfnåf/f lnlka4 ul/Psf u}/sfg'gL y'gf / a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{sf ax';ª\Vos 36gfdf, slyt kLl8tx¿nfO{ ;}lgs Aof/]sleq PsfGt sf/faf;df kl/jf/ jf jlsnx¿ klg e]6\g glbO{ /flvPsf] lyof] . ljleGg ;dodf ljleGg ;}lgs Aof/]sdf /fVbf pgLx¿nfO{ y'gfsf qmddf oftgf lbOPsf] tyf ceb| Jojxf/ ul/Psf] elgPsf] lyof] . kl/jf/x¿n] :yfgLo Aof/]sdf uP/ ;f]wk'5 ubf{ ;]gfn] ;fdfGotM To:tf] JolQm jf ltgsf] y'gfaf/] yfxf ePsf] s'/fnfO{ c:jLsf/ ub{y] . b]zel/af6 cfPsf Ps}gf;sf aofgx¿df cfwfl/t eP/, pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{non] ;}lgs Aof/]sdf ul/Psf] s]/sf/sf a]nf y'g'jfx¿;Fu ul/Psf] oftgf tyf ceb| Jojxf/, vf;u/L pgLx¿sf] y'gfsf ;'?sf s]xL lbgdf, of]hgfa4 x'g ;S5 . aofgn] s] b]vfpF5 eg] ceb| Jojxf/sf ax';ª\Vos 36gf sdflG8ª clws[tx¿sf] ;+nUgtf, 1fg /÷jf df}g ;Ddltdf ePsf lyP354 .

;ª\qmd0fsfnLg Gofo ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L clen]v e08f/df ePsf] hfgsf/Ln] ckx/0f, ;'/Iffkmf}h;Fu ldn]dtf] u/]sf] jf ltgsf nflu hf;';L u/]sf cfzª\sf ul/Psf ;j{;fwf/0fnufot, kl5 a]kQf kfl/Psf hf/L ul/of], h;sf] Dofb @)^# c;f]h !) ut] ;lsof] .351 pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{no—g]kfn, alb{of lhNnfdf åGå;Fu ;DalGwt a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{, @))* l8;]Da/, k[i7 $ .352 Report of the Working Group on Enforced and Involuntary Disappearances to the Human Rights Commission (E/CN.4/2004/58).353 Report of the Working Group on Enforced and Involuntary Disappearances to the Human Rights Commission: Mission to Nepal (E/CN.4/2005/65/Add.1), p 12354 x]g'{xf]; cWofo & — oftgf, k[= !%$Ù pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{no—g]kfn, alb{of lhNnfdf åGå;Fu ;DalGwt a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{, @))* l8;]Da/ / pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{no—g]kfn, sf7df8f}F dxf/fhuGhl:yt zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfsf] Aof/]sdf ;g\ @))#—@))$ df ePsf] :j]R5frf/L y'gf, oftgf / a]kQf;DaGwL k|ltj]bg, -@))^ dO{_, h;n] ;]gfsf] Aof/]sdf y'gfdf /xFbf pgLx¿nfO{ s:tf] k|sf/sf] oftgf lbOPsf] tyf ceb| Jojxf/ ul/Psf] lyof] eGg]af/] atfpFb5g\ .

148

36gfdf g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_ klg lhDd]jf/ /x]sf] b]vfpFb5 . g]kfnsf] /fli6«o dfgjclwsf/ cfof]u -PgPrcf/;L_n] ;g\ @))* sf] cfkm\gf] g]kfnsf] ;z:q åGåsf qmddf a]kQf kfl/Psf JolQmx¿sf] l:ylt k|ltj]bgdf a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{af/] g;'lNemPsf (&) j6f 36gfsf] ;"rL lbPsf] 5 . oLdWo] @(( j6f 36gf g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_åf/f ePsf] elgPsf] 5355 .

dfcf]jfbLåf/f ul/Psf a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{;/x dflgg] 36gfx¿ k|foM p:t} vfnsf kl/l:yltdf ePsf x'Gy] . JolQmx¿nfO{ g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_sf] ;fbf kf];fsdf cfPsf ;d"xåf/f lbpF;f] jf /flt ltgsf 3/, sfo{:yn jf :yfgLo ahf/af6 nluGYof] . pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{non] lnlka4 u/]sf ax';ª\Vos 36gfdf, ckx/0fsf ;fIfLx¿ lyP . s'g} ;d"xn] kLl8tnfO{ e]6\Yof] / ;f] ;d"xsf] Ps b'O{hgf lrlgPsf] dfcf]jfbL sfo{stf{ x'GYof]356 . w]/} 36gfdf, slyt kLl8tx¿nfO{ cfFvfdf k§L nufOP/ a]:;/L s'6\b} lk6\b} s]xL klg gatfOsg lnP/ uOGYof] .

ckx/0f / To;kl5 a]kQf kfl/Psf 36gfx¿df pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{non] u/]sf] cg';Gwfgn], 36gfsf] k|s[ltsf] cfwf/df, ckx/0f ug]{ sfd g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_sf] /fhgLlts, lhNnf jf Pl/of sld6Lsf ;b:ox¿, hg;/sf/, hgd'lQm ;]gf jf :yfgLo ldlnl;ofåf/f ul/Psf] x'g;Sg] hgfpFb5g\357 . g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_åf/f ul/Psf] elgPsf a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{af/] pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{non] klxn] u/]sf cg';Gwfgn] ckx/0f u/L a]kQf kfl/Psf s]xLnfO{ zª\sf:kb kl/l:yltdf dfl/of] jf pgLx¿ To:tf] kl/l:yltdf d/] eGg] s'/f hgfpFb5358 .

^=$ 36gfsf pbfx/0fx¿

;g\ @))% dO{b]lv, pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{no—g]kfnn] h;sf kl/jf/hgx¿ ;'/Iffkmf}h jf g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_åf/f a]kQf kfl/Psf] elgPsf] lyof] tL JolQmx¿af6 7"nf] ;ª\Vofdf aofgx¿ k|fKt u¥of] . oL s'g} klg 36gfx¿sf] kof{Kt dfqfdf cg';Gwfg ul/Psf] 5}g / ;'/Iffkmf}h jf g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_ s;}sf klg Pshgf ;b:onfO{ klg oL pNnª\3gsf nflu gful/s cbfntsf] s73/fdf pEofOPsf] 5}g . pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{no—g]kfnn] åGåsf qmddf uDeL/ dfgjclwsf/sf] pNnª\3gx¿sf] ;d'lrt ¿kdf cg';Gwfg 355 Available from http://www.nhrcnepal.org///publication/doc/reports/Disapp-Status-Rep-2008-Nep.pdf, accessed on 2010-06-20356 pbfx/0fsf nflu, g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_åf/f ePsf ckx/0f tyf a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{sf] k|j[lQaf/] x]g{'xf];\, pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{no—g]kfn, alb{of lhNnfdf åGå;Fu ;DalGwt a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{, @))* l8;]Da/ .357 pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{no—g]kfn, g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_åf/f ePsf dfgjclwsf/ b'Jo{jxf/M ;/f]sf/x¿sf] ;f/;ª\If]k, ;]K6]Da/ @))^, k[= % .358 P]=, pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{no—g]kfn, alb{of lhNnfdf åGå;Fu ;DalGwt a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{, @))* l8;]Da/ .

149

ug{ g;s]sf] af/] g]kfn ;/sf/ tyf g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_sf] g]t[Tj;Fu k6sk6s uDeL/ lrGtf hfx]/ u¥of] / pgLx¿nfO{ hjfkmb]xL agfpg eGof] .

lj=;+= @)^# h]7 !@ ut], pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{no—g]kfnn] zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfsf] dxf/fhuGhl:yt !)cf}F la|u]8df ;g\ @))# sf] ;'?lt/ a]kQf kfl/Psf / oftgf lbOPsf elgPsf $( 36gfaf/] cfkm\gf lgisif{x¿ ;fj{hlgs u¥of]359 . xfn;Dd g]kfnL ;]gfn] pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{non] k|ltj]bg u/]sf tL $( hgfnfO{ lbOPsf] oftgf jf a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{df cfkm\gf] s'g} klg e"ldsfnfO{ :jLsf/ u/]sf] 5}g g t k|ToIf ¿kdf jf r]g ckm lhDd]jf/L dfkm{t\ d'l5Psf sd{rf/Llj?4 s'g} sf/afxL g} u/]sf] 5 . To;sf] ljk/Lt, ;]gfn] ;fj{hlgs ¿kd} To:tf] lhDd]jf/LnfO{ c:jLsf/ u/]sf] 5 a? oL pNnª\3g ePsf] elgPsf] ;dodf lhDd]jf/L kbdf /x]sfx¿sf] a9'jf u/]sf] 5360 .

lj=;+= @)^% dª\l;/ @$ ut], pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{non] alb{of lhNnfdf a]kQf tyf oftgfsf slyt 36gfsf ;DaGwdf cfkm\gf lgisif{x¿sf] k|ltj]bg lgsfNof] . alb{of åGå;Fu ;DalGwt ;a}eGbf a9L a]kQf kfl/Psf] elgPsf] lhNnf xf] . o; k|ltj]bgsf] tof/Lsf qmddf, pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{no—g]kfnn] ;'/Iffkmf}h / g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_;Fu ;DalGwt åGåsf qmddf ePsf ank"j{s a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{sf @)) eGbf a9L 36gfsf] hfgsf/L lnof] / !%^ j6f af/] lj:t[t cg';Gwfg u¥of] . clwsf+z 36gfdf ;'/Iffkmf}h lhDd]jf/ ePsf ultnf k|df0f 5g\ t/ dxf/fhuGhaf6 a]kQf kfl/Psf 36gfdf h:t} pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{no / cGo ;+:yfn] u/]sf cg';Gwfgdf ;'/Iffkmf}hsf] ;xof]u /fd|f] 5}g . To;afx]s, pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{non] ;g\ @)!) dfgjclwsf/ kl/ifb\df k]; u/]sf] cfkm\gf] k|ltj]bgdf g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_sf] g]t[Tjn] kf6L{ sfo{stf{åf/f ul/Psf ank"j{s a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{;/xsf ckx/0fsf 36gfnufot dfgjclwsf/ b'Jo{jxf/x¿sf]

359 pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{no—g]kfn, sf7df8f}F dxf/fhuGhl:yt zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfsf] Aof/]sdf ;g\ @))#—@))$ df ePsf] :j]R5frf/L y'gf, oftgf / a]kQf;DaGwL k|ltj]bg, -@))^ dO{_360 ljz]ifu/L, @))( l8;]Da/df, ;/sf/n] g]kfnL ;]gfsf pk/yL tf]/0faxfb'/ l;+xnfO{ /yLdf a9'jf u¥of] . Kosh Raj Koirala, “Toran Promoted at Last,” Republica (24 December 2009). Available from http://www.myrepublica.com/portal/index.php?action=news_details&news_id=13198. km]l/, @)!! h'nfO{df, g]kfnL ;]gfn] ;xfos /yL leS6/ /f0ffnfO{ pk/yLdf a9'jf u¥of] . x]g{xf];\ ædfgjclwsf/ pNnª\3gsf cf/f]lkt kL8sx¿nfO{ lgo'lQm, Ifdfbfg / a9'jf ug]{ xfn}sf lg0f{ox¿k|lt /fi6«;ª\3 lrlGttÆ -@)^* sflQs @$_ . http://nepal.ohchr.org/en/resources/Documents/English /pressreleases/Year%202011/November/2011_11_10_ PR_Dhungel _pardpn_E.pdf df pknAw 5 .

150

kmf}hbf/L cg';Gwfgdf ;xof]u u/]sf] 5}g361 .

Diagram 6.3: Unresolved Disappearances, 1996-2006, by Alleged Perpetrator

tn ;"rLs[t pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{non] dxf/fhuGh Aof/]s / alb{of lhNnfdf u/]sf cg';Gwfgsf 36gfsf pbfx/0fx¿n] d'n'sel/ ph'/L ul/Psf tyf clen]v e08f/df lnlka4 ul/Psf k|j[lQ / cEof;nfO{ k|:6 kfb{5g\ .

k|tLsfTds 36gf ^=!362

36gf ljj/0fM pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{nosf cg';Gwfgx¿n] l;Gw'nL lhNnfsf hfnGw/ afF:tf]nf -d"nynf] ;fn'v'Da'_nfO{ @))# ;]K6]Da/÷cS6f]a/df jf To;cl3 sf7df8f}Faf6 kqmfp u/L dxf/fhuGhl:yt e}/agfy u0fsf] Aof/]sdf y'gL ;}lgs sd{rf/Låf/f r/d oftgf lbOPsf] b]vfpF5g\ . pgL clxn] sxfF 5g\ eGg] s'/f k|i6 ePsf] 5}g .

g]kfnL ;]gfsf] sfo{bnn] ;g\ @))^ sf] cfkm\gf] k|ltj]bgdf k|x/Lsf] /]s8{cg';f/ g'jfsf]6 lhNnfsf] ljb'/ gu/kflnsfsf] y'Dsfdf cfkm"n] af]s]sf] k|];/ s's'/ ad crfgs k8\sFbf hfnGw/sf] @)^! ;fpg #! Ut] d[To' ePsf] s'/f n]v]sf] 5 .

361 g]kfndf dfgjclwsf/sf] l:ylt tyf k|fljlws ;xof]unufot cfkm\gf] sfof{nosf ultljlw;DaGwL ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3Lo dfgjclwsf/ pRrfo'Qmsf] k|ltj]bg, (A/HRC/13/73), k[= * .362 Ref. No. 2003-00-00 - incident – Kathmandu; Dhakal Nepal Supreme Court (2007) (see footnote 340).

151

pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{nosf] cg';Gwfgn] g]kfnL ;]gfsf] sfo{bnsf] k|ltj]bgdf ePsf] hfnGw/ afF:tf]nfsf] d[To';DaGwL hfgsf/L ;xL gePsf] s'/f hgfPsf] 5 . ljleGg ;|f]tn] g'jfsf]6df @)^! ;fpg #! ut] ePsf] lj:kmf]6gdf dfl/g] b'O{hgfdWo] Ps hfnGw/ gePsf] s'/fsf] k'li6 u/]sf 5g\ . To;}n], ;]gfsf] sfo{bnn] tof/ kf/]sf] k|ltj]bgdf ePsf] :ki6Ls/0fnfO{ pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{non] kof{Kt 7fg]sf] 5}g / hfnGw/ sxfF 5g\ eGg] s'/f c1ft 5 .

hfnGw/ afF:tf]nfnfO{ a]kQf kfl/Psf ;DaGwdf pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{non] u/]sf cg';GwfgnfO{ k'li6 ug]{ ;g\ @))^ h'gotf k|sflzt hfgsf/L ljleGg ;ª\u7gåf/f hf/L k|ltj]bg / jQmJox¿df pknAw 5 .

ljZn]if0fM dfly plNnlvt d'2fx¿sf cltl/Qm, k|x/Lnufot ;'/Iffkmf}hsf ;a} zfvfåf/f åGåsf qmddf sfod /flvPsf b:tfj]hsf oyfy{tf tyf lgi7tfsf] ;'Id d"Nofª\sg s'g} klg cg';Gwfgsf nflu pRr k|fyldstf x'g'k5{ . ;]gfsf Aof/]s h:tf xr'jf y'gf s]Gb|x¿df u}/sfg'gL ¿kdf y'g'jfx¿nfO{ /fVg] cEof;sf ;fy;fy} ;'/Iffkmf}håf/f lx/f;tdf /flvPsf y'g'jfx¿sf] ljj/0f /fd|f];Fu g/fVgfn] ank"j{s a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{nfO{ of]ubfg k'¥ofO/x]sf] s'/f ;jf]{Rr cbfntåf/f @)^$ h]7df ul/Psf] km};nfdf pNn]v 5M

y'g'jfsf] ck/fwsf] uDeL/tf h:tf];'s} ePklg y'g'jfx¿;Fusf] Jojxf/ dfgjf]lrt tyf dfgjclwsf/sf :yflkt dfkb08x¿nfO{ k"/f u/]sf] x'g'k5{ . y'g'jfx¿nfO{ /flvPsf 7fpFx¿sf] ef}lts cj:yf / pgLx¿;Fu ul/Psf] lgs[i6 Jojxf/n] ;DalGwt sfof{nox¿sf] y'g'jfk|ltsf] t'R5 b[li6sf]0fsf] k|df0f lbG5 . y'g'jfx¿nfO{ ckof{Kt y'gf s]Gb|x¿df ckdfghgs Jojxf/ ul/Psf] x'gfn] ToxfF pgLx¿n] hLjg g} u'dfpg'kg]{ vt/f / zf/Ll/s tyf dfgl;s :jf:Yo lu/]/ hfg] vt/f lgs} pRr /Xof] . kmn:j¿k, ;'/Iffkmf}hn] y'g'jfsf dfgjclwsf/ pNnª\3g ug]{ sfo{n] oL lgsfox¿nfO{ y'g'jfx¿ a]kQf kfg{ k|f]T;fxg ldNof] . To;afx]s, clen]v /fVg] gul/Psf] jf hfgsf/L ljt/0f ug]{ cGo tl/sf gePsf] s'/fnfO{ x]bf{, JolQm a]kQf kfg]{ gLltnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{ ;lhnf] x'G5 .

;ª\qmd0fsfnLg Gofo ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L clen]v e08f/df ;dfj]z ul/Psf slyt a]kQfsf 36gfx¿n] Psftkm{ y'g'jfx¿nfO{ u}/sfg'gL y'gfdf /fVg] / csf]{tkm{ oftgf tyf ank"j{s a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{aLr lgs} 7"nf] ;DaGw ePsf] s'/fsf] ;ª\s]t ub{5g\ . 36gf k|:6 kfl/Psf] gkfl/Psf] h] eP klg, ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg Gofo ;+oGq,

152

jf csf]{ s'g} bIf Goflos lgsfo, sf lglDt a]kQf;DaGwL g;'lNemPsf 36gfsf kLl8tx¿sf] l:ylt tyf pgLx¿ sxfF 5g\ eGg] s'/f :ki6 kfg]{ / a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{df ;+nUg kL8sx¿nfO{ hjfkmb]xL agfpg] sfd pRr k|fyldstfsf] ljifo x''g'k5{ . g]kfndf ank"j{s a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{nfO{ ;3fp k'¥ofpg] jf cGo k|sf/n] To:tf] cEof; ug{ ;Ifd t'Nofpg], dfly ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] km};nfdf atfOPsf nufot, tTjx¿sf] cg';Gwfg ug'{ cem dxTTjk"0f{ 5 .

k|tLsfTds 36gf ^=@363

36gf ljj/0fM pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{nosf] cg';Gwfgn] g'jfsf]6 lhNnfsf lx/faxfb'/ /f]SsfnfO{ b'O{j6f k[ys cj:yfdf a]kQf kfl/Psf] s'/f b]vfpFb5 . bf];|f] 36gfdf ;DaGwdf, pgnfO{ sf7df8f}FFaf6 @)^) dª\l;/ @) ut] kqmfp u/L dxf/fhuGhl:yt e}/agfy u0fsf] Aof/]sdf ;}lgs sd{rf/Låf/f u}/sfg'gL ¿kdf y'gL r/d oftgf lbOPsf] s'/f k|fKt hfgsf/Ln] b]vfpFb5 . xfn lx/faxfb'/ /f]Ssf sxfF 5g\ eGg] s'/f :ki6 kfl/Psf] 5}g .

g]kfnL ;]gfsf] sfo{bnn] ;g\ @))^ sf] cfkm\gf] k|ltj]bgdf g'jfsf]6sf ælx/faxfb'/ /f]sfofÆ [sic] nfO{ g'jfsf]6 lhNnf k|x/L sfof{noaf6 @)^) c;f/ @! ut] 5f]l8Psf] / g]kfn k|x/L lghnfO{ l/xf ug]{ ;DaGwdf hah{:tL jf cg}lR5s ¿kdf a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{;DaGwL sfo{;d"xsf] ;Dks{df lyof] eGg] hfgsf/L cfkm"n] kfPsf] n]v]sf] 5 .

pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{nosf] cg';Gwfgn] g]kfnL ;]gfsf] sfo{bnsf] k|ltj]bgdf ;d]l6Psf] hfgsf/L g'jfsf]6 lhNnfsf lx/faxfb'/ /f]SsfnfO{ @)^) dª\l;/ @) ut] a]kQf kfl/Psf] 36gf;Fu ;DalGwt 5}g eGg] hgfpFb5 / of] clxn];Dd ;dfwfg ePsf] 5}g . zfxL ;]gfsf] sfo{bnsf] k|ltj]bgdf ePsf] :ki6Ls/0f pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{nonfO{ kof{Kt 5 eGg] nfu]sf] 5}g . lx/faxfb'/ /f]Ssf sxfF 5g\ eGg] s'/f clxn];Dd c1ft 5 .

363 pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{no—g]kfnn] g]kfnsf k|wfgdGqLnfO{ k7fPsf] kq, @)^^ ;fpg !! . Ref no; 458/2009, Available from http://nepal.ohchr.org/en/resources/Documents/English/pressreleases/Year%202009/September2009/Letter_To The_PM_E.pdf. Dhakal, Nepal Supreme Court (2007) (see footnote 340); pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{nonnfO{ g]kfnL ;]gf sfo{bnsf] k|ltj]bgsf] cflwsfl/s k|lt pknAw u/fOPsf] lyPg .

153

;g\ @))^ otf k|sflzt hfgsf/L, h'g /f]Ssf a]kQf g} 5g\ eGg] pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{nosf] cg';Gwfg;Fu d]n vfG5, ljleGg ;ª\u7gåf/f hf/L ;fj{hlgs k|ltj]bg tyf jQmJox¿df pknAw 5 .

ljZn]if0fM o; 36gfn] Pshgf JolQmnfO{ ljleGg k6s ank"j{s a]kQf kfl/Psf] s'/fnfO{ k|ltljlDat ub{5 . klxnf]rf]l6 a]kQf kfl/Psf] eGg] ;DaGwdf a]kQf;DaGwL sfo{;d"xsf] ;+nUgtfsf afah'b, lghnfO{ kl5 bf];|f]rf]l6 a]kQf ul/of] / pgL sxfF 5g\ eGg] s'/f c1ft /x]sf] 5 . pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{non] lj=;+= @)^# h]7df dxf/fhuGh Aof/]sdf a]kQf / oftgf;DaGwL k|ltj]bg ;fj{hlgs u/]kl5 g]kfnL ;]gfsf] sfo{bnsf] k|ltj]bgdf ;dflji6 hfgsf/L ank"j{s a]kQf kfl/Psf] bf];|f] 36gf;Fu ;Da4 lyPg . a]kQf kfl/Psf] bf];|f] 36gfnfO{ ljleGg :jtGq ;|f]tn] lnlka4 ug'{sf ;fy} k'li6 u/]sf] s'/f dxTTjk"0f{ 5 . g]kfnL ;]gfn] ;g\ @))^ l8;]Da/sf] 5]slt/ e}/agfy u0fsf] Aof/]sdf y'lgPsf] lyof] eGg] pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{no / cGo ;ª\u7gnfO{ c:jLsf/ u¥of] . ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] @)^$ h]7 !* ut]sf] km};nfn] dxf/fhuGh tyf cGo Aof/]sx¿df JolQmx¿nfO{ oftgf lbOPsf] / a]kQf kfl/Psf] eGg] cf/f]knfO{ lnP/ g]kfnL ;]gfn] lbPsf] hjfkmsf] :ki6 d"Nofª\sg u/]sf] 5M

e}/agfy u0fdf y'lgPsf JolQmx¿sf egfOx¿ / k|ltj]bgsf === cfwf/df, 7"nf] ;ª\Vofdf y'g'jfnfO{ ToxfF aGbL agfP/ /flvPsf] lyof] eGg] s'/f ljjfb /x]g === . s'g} ;+:yf h'g k|of]hgsf nflu :yfkgf ul/Psf] xf] Tof]eGbf a]Un} k|of]hgsf nflu To;sf] k|of]u ug]{ xf] eg] To;af6 cfPsf] gsf/fTds kl/0ffdsf nflu ;Da4 clwsf/L / ;+:yfx¿nfO{ hjfkmb]xL agfOg'k5{ . o; ;Gbe{df ;a} cf/f]ksf] hjfkm lbg] lhDd]jf/L g]kfnL ;]gfsf xf] . t/, To;sf] ;§f, g]kfnL ;]gfn] lgj]bsåf/f k]; ul/Psf ;Dk"0f{ tYox¿nfO{ c:jLsf/ ub}{ cfkm}F+nfO{ k|lt/Iff ug]{ sfd u¥of] . lgj]bgdf bfaL ul/Psf tYox¿nfO{ ljrf/ ubf{, h;sf] k'li6 y'g'jf tyf cGo ;fIfLsf aofgåf/f ePsf] 5, oL dfgjclwsf/sf] pNnª\3gsf] lhDd]jf/L :ki6 ¿kdf ;]gf / cGttM ;/sf/sf] xf] .

åGåsf qmddf ;}lgs Aof/]sdf /flvPsf y'g'jfx¿sf ;DaGwdf k"0f{ tyf oyfy{ hfgsf/L pknAw u/fpg g]kfnL ;]gfn] c:jLsf/ u/]sf] s'/f pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{no—g]kfnsf k|ltlglwn] k|wfgdGqLnfO{ @)^^ ;fpg !! ut] k7fPsf] kqdf klg emlNsG5 . dxf/fhuGh Aof/]saf6 y'g'jfx¿ a]kQf kfl/Psf] eGg] ;DaGwdf

154

pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{nosf cg';Gwfgx¿df g]kfnL ;]gfsf] ;xof]u /fd|f] g/x]sf] s'/f pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 / ;]gfn]

dxf/fhuGh Aof/]saf6 a]kQfsf ;DaGwdf ;g\ @))% / @))^ df pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{non] u/]sf cg';Gwfgsf qmddf p;nfO{ ck"0f{ tyf e|fds hfgsf/L pknAw u/fof] . pbfx/0fsf nflu, e}/agfy u0fsf d]h/ ljj]s lai6n] @)^@ r}t !& ut] pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{nonfO{ lbPsf] k"j{y'g'jfx¿sf] cflwsfl/s ;"rLdf lgd{nf e08f/L, /]0f'sf cfn] du/ / ¿kgf/fo0f >]i7, hf] ;a}nfO{ g]kfnL ;]gf sfo{bnn] e}/agfy u0fdf y'lgPsf] egL :jLsf/ ul/;s]sf] lyof], sf] gfd lyPg .

zfxL g]kfnL ;]gf sfo{bnsf] k|ltj]bgn] dxf/fhuGh Aof/]sdf y'lgPsf åGåsfnLg y'g'jfx¿sf ;DaGwdf ;]gf;Fu yk sfuhkqx¿ ePsf] :ki6 k|df0f lbPsf] 5 . g]kfnL ;]gf tyf cGo ;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿;Fu ePsf ;Da4 ;a} sfuhkqsf] hfFra'em s'g} klg cg';Gwfgsf nflu pRr k|fyldstfsf] ljifo x'g'k5{ .

k|tLsfTds 36gf ^=#364

36gf ljj/0fM nlntk'/ lhNnf s';'lGtsf v8\uaxfb'/ 3tL{ du/nfO{ @)^) ebf} % ut] /flt pgs} 3/af6 kqmfp u/L ;}lgs sd{rf/Låf/f dxf/fhuGhl:yt e}/agfy u0fdf nluof] . ToxfF pgnfO{ ^ dlxgfeGbf a9L ;do;Dd r/d oftgf lbg'sf b'Jo{jxf/ ul/of] elgof] . lgh 3tL{ du/sf] jL/]Gb| ;}lgs c:ktfn 5fpgLsf] ;}Go lx/f;tdf pgsf] oftgf / b'Jo{jxf/;Fu c;DalGwt /f]usf] pkrf/sf] qmddf @)^) kmfu'g !* ut] d[To' eof] .

v8\uaxfb'/ 3tL{ du/sf ;DaGwdf, g]kfnL ;]gf sfo{bnn] ;g\ @))^ sf] cfkm\gf] k|ltj]bgdf nlntk'/ lhNnf s';'lGtl:yt pgsf] 3/af6 @)^) ebf} ^ ut] lghnfO{ kqmfp ul/Psf], dxf/fhuGhl:yt e}/agfy u0fsf] lx/f;tdf la/fdL ePsf] / jL/]Gb| ;}lgs c:ktfn 5fpgLdf @)^) kmfu'g !* ut] d[To' ePsf] s'/f n]v]sf] 5 . ljlwlj1fg ljefu, sf7df8f}F c6f]K;L ;]G6/sf cg';f/, d[To'sf] sf/0f d'6'sf] /f]u ePsf] s'/f pQm sfo{bnn] atfPsf] 5 .

ljZn]if0fM dfly atfOPsf d'2fsf cltl/Qm, s'g} y'g'jfsf] ;'/Iffkmf}h jf g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_sf] lx/f;tdf ePsf] slyt d[To' 364 Ref. No. 2003-12-03 - incident – Lalitpur; CED article 7.2 (b) (see footnote 317).

155

clen]v e08f/sf] ljleGg 36gfdf lnlka4 ul/Psf] 5 . g]kfnn] ank"j{s a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{;DaGwL dxf;lGwnfO{ cg'df]bg u/]sf] gePklg a]kQf ePsf] JolQmsf] d[To'nfO{ ank"j{s a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{df d'l5Psf JolQmx¿nfO{ pko'Qm ;hfosf] lgwf{/0f ug{ ;3gsf/L kl/l:yltsf] ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 eGg] s'/f ;Demg' ;fGble{s x'G5 .

k|tLsfTds 36gf ^=$365

36gf ljj/0fM alb{of lhNnf b]p8fsnf ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt -uflj;_sf @^ jifL{o s[i0fk|;fb clwsf/L zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfsf l;kfxL lyP . pgnfO{ 3/df ljbfdf a;]sf] a]nf @)^! ;fpg # ut] g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_åf/f ckx/0f ul/of] elgof] . pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{nosf] hfgsf/Lsf cg';f/, !) hgfhlt dfcf]jfbLsf] Ps ;d"xn] pgsf] 3/ ePsf] uflj;l:yt rf]sdf cfP/ pgL Sof/]d af]8{ v]ln/x]sf a]nf cfFvfdf k§L nufO{ k5fl8 xft afFw]/ rf]ssf] pQ/kl§ hª\un ePlt/ lnP/ uP . lghsf] kl/jf/n] pgnfO{ To;otf b]v]sf] 5}g . ;g\ @))* h'nfO{df, g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_sf] lhNnf g]t[Tjn] pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{nonfO{ cfkm"åf/f clwsf/LnfO{ dfl/Psf] s'/f :jLsf/ u/] tfklg, pgsf] nfz sxfF 5 eGg] s'/fsf] hfgsf/L kl/jf/nfO{ clxn];Dd pknAw u/fOPsf] 5}g .

ljZn]if0fM g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_åf/f ul/Psf] elgPsf] 8\o'l6df g/x]sf ;'/Iffkmf}hsf ;b:osf] ckx/0f clen]v e08f/df /flvPsf ljleGg 36gfdf b]lvPsf] cEof;sf] ;"rs xf] — ank"j{s a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{;/xsf] u}/;}lgs JolQm / ;'/Iffkmf}hsf ;b:o b'j}nfO{ ul/g] ckx/0f . dfly pNn]v ul/Pem}F, alb{of lhNnfdf ePsf a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{sf] cg';Gwfgdf g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_sf] k"0f{ ;xof]u gePsf] tyf åGåsf] qmddf ul/Psf cGo 36gf;DaGwL cg';Gwfgdf k"0f{ ;xof]u x'g g;s]sf] s'/f s'g} klg cg';Gwfgsf nflu pRr k|fyldstfsf] ljifo x'g'k5{ .

k|tLsfTds 36gf ^=%366

36gf ljj/0fM Ps [gfd /f]Ssf ul/Psf]] !$ jifL{of aflnsfnfO{ g]kfnL ;]gfåf/f lagfk'hL{ sf7df8f{Fl:yt pgsf] 365 Ref. No. 2004-07-18 – incident - Bardiya – 1215b.366 pRrfo'Qm sfof{nosf] uf]Ko ;|f]t Ref. No 1215c; CED, article 7.2 (b) (see footnote 317). æc¿ kmf}hbf/L sf/afxLnfO{ k|lts"n c;/ gu/L, ;3gsf/L kl/l:yltx¿, ljz]ifu/L a]kQf kfl/Psf] JolQmsf] d[To' ePdf jf ue{jtL dlxnf, gfafns, ckfª\utf ePsf JolQmx¿ jf cGo ljz]iftM hf]lvddf /x]sf JolQmx¿sf] hah{:tL ckx/0f ePsf] cj:yfdfÆ.

156

cfkmGtsf] 3/af6 @)^) sflQs @( ut] /flt kqmfp ul/Psf] elgof] . pgnfO{ dxf/fhuGhl:yt e}/agfy u0fdf nluof] hxfF pgnfO{ g]kfnL ;]gfsf sd{rf/Låf/f s]/sf/ ug'{sf ;fy} oftgf lbOof] . pgnfO{ dxf/fhuGh Aof/]sdf @)^) sflQs @( ut]b]lv @)^! h]7 @! ut] l/xf geP;Dd u}/sfg'gL ¿kdf /fv]sf] elgof] .

kLl8t;Fu ldNbf]h'Nbf] y/ ePsL Ps !^ jif{d'lgsL dlxnfsf ;DaGwdf, zfxL g]kfnL ;]gf sfo{bnn] ;g\ @))^ sf] cfkm\gf] k|ltj]bgdf cg';Gwfgsf qmddf cfkm"n] ;f]wk'5 ubf{ nlntk'/ lhNnfsL Ps rf}w jifL{of aflnsfnfO{ [gfd /f]Ssf ul/Psf]] kqmfp ul/Psf] / @)^) sflQs @( ut] e}/agfy u0fsf] æO{Æ sDkgLåf/f y'lgPsf] yfxf kfPsf] s'/f pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . ;]gfsf] sfo{bnn] dgf]j}1flgs o'4sfo{ dxfzfvfn] g]kfn 6]lnlehgdf @)^! c;f/ !$ ut] [gfd /f]Ssf ul/Psf]] ;Fusf] cGtjf{tf{ k|;f/0f u/]sf] tyf cfO{;Lcf/;Lsf k|ltlglwx¿sf] pkl:yltdf pgnfO{ pgsf] kl/jf/nfO{ a'emfPsf] s'/f klg n]v]sf] 5 .

pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{no zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfsf] sfo{bnn] [gfd /f]Ssf ul/Psf]] nfO{ @)^) sflQs @( ut] e}/agfy u0fsf] æO{Æ sDkgLåf/f kqmfp ul/Psf] s'/f :jLsf/ u/]klg e}/agfy u0fsf Ps clws[tåf/f @)^@ r}t !& ut] pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{nonfO{ lbPsf] k"j{ y'g'jfx¿sf] cflwsfl/s ;"rLdf pgsf] gfd st} klg pNn]v 5}g .

zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfn] cGttM [gfd /f]Ssf ul/Psf]] ;fj{hlgs u/] tfklg, pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{non] dxf/fhuGh Aof/]sdf pgnfO{ a]kQf kfl/Psf] elgPsf] ;ft dlxgf;Dd ul/Psf] u}/sfg'gL y'gf, oftgf tyf ceb| Jojxf/sf nflu ;]gfn] cfkm"nfO{ lhDd]jf/Laf6 s'g} klg xfntdf rf]Vofpg ;Sb}g eGg] s'/fdf hf]8 lbPsf] 5 .

ljZn]if0fM o; 36gfn] a]kQf Ps dlxnfnfO{ cGttM pgsf] kl/jf/nfO{ a'emfOPsf] x'gfn] Tof] 36gf k|l:6Psf] s'/f emNsfpFb5 . a]kQf kfl/PsL elgPsf] ;dodf kLl8t gfafns lyOg / g]kfnn] xfn ank"j{s a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{af6 ;a} JolQmsf] ;+/If0f;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o dxf;lGwnfO{ cg'df]bg u/]sf] geP tfklg, dxf;lGwcg';f/, ;Ifd Gofoflws/0fn] a]kQf kfl/Psf] JolQm gfafs ePsf] tYonfO{ ;3gsf/L kl/l:yltsf] ¿kdf ljrf/ ug'{ cfjZos x'G5 .

157

cWofo & — oftgfcª\ueª\u tyf cGo k|sf/sf ceb| Jojxf/

æs'g} klg JolQmnfO{ zf/Ll/s oftgf lbOg] jf qm"/, cdfgjLo jf ckdfghgs Jojxf/ jf ;hfo ul/g] 5}g .Æ367

&=! ;dLIff

oftgfdflysf] k|ltaGw cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gsf] ;a}eGbf ;':ki6 / ;zQm dfGotfx¿dWo]sf] xf]368 . o;n] sfWosf/L sfg'gsf] x}l;ot k|fKt u/]sf] 5 . cyf{t of] cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gsf] Pp6f df}lns l;4fGt ePsf] 5 h;nfO{ /fHox¿sf] cGt/f{li6«o ;d'bfoåf/f Pp6f o:tf] dfGotfsf] ¿kdf :jLsf/ ul/Psf] 5 h;sf] lgnDag ;Dej 5}g369 . jf:tjdf oftgfnfO{ cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gdf olt k"0f{ / ljZjJofkL ¿kdf lgGbf ul/Psf] 5 ls, hflt xTof tyf dfgjtflj?4sf] ck/fwdf h:t}, ljZjsf] s'g} klg cbfntn] oftgflj?4 s;}nfO{ klg cleof]hg ug{ ;S5 / hxfF;'s} oftgf lbOPsf] eP klg To:tf] sfo{ ug]{ kL8snfO{, bf]ifL kfOPdf, ;hfo lbg ;S5370 .

g]kfnn] dfgjclwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ffkq afx]s sDtLdf rf/j6f ;lGwx¿sf] cg'df]bg u/L kIf/fi6« ePsf] 5 h;n] :ki6 ¿kdf oftgfnfO{ lgif]w u/]sf 5g\ . tL x'g\ M h]g]ef dxf;lGwx¿, oftgf tyf cGo qm"/, cdfgjLo jf ckdfghgs Jojxf/ jf ;hfolj?4 dxf;lGw -Sof6_, gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/;DaGwL cg'aGw -cfO{;L;LkLcf/_ / afnclwsf/ dxf;lGw -;Lcf/;L_ . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg 367 dfgjclwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ff, wf/f % .368 Anthony Cullen, “Defining Torture in International Law: A Critique of the Concept Employed by the European Court of Human Rights”, California Western International Law Journal, vol. 34, (2008). See also Report of the Special Rapporteur on torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment (A/HRC/13/39/Add.5): oftgfdfly k|ltaGwsf] lg/k]If k|s[ltsf] cy{ JolQmut cv08tf / dof{bfsf] clwsf/ — oftgfaf6 d'lQm — nfO{ c¿ s'g} clwsf/ jf ;/f]sf/;Fu gfKg ;lsb}g eGg] xf] . o;/L, oftgfdflysf] k|ltaGw afFRg kfpg] xssf] ;+/If0feGbf k/;Dd km}lnPsf] 5 . afFRg kfpg] xssf] ;+/If0fnfO{ aGws JolQmx¿nfO{ d'Qm ug{ aGwsstf{sf] ul/g] sfg'gL xTof h:tf 36gf;Fu gfKg ;lsg]5 . oftgfnfO{ /fli6«o ;'/Iffsf lxt jf cGo dfgjclwsf/sf] ;+/If0f;Fu ;d]t gfKg x'Fb}g . oftgfdflysf] k|ltaGwdf s'g} klg ;Ldfx¿ x'g'x'Fb}g .369 o; x}l;otnfO{ æafWosf/L sfg'gÆsf] ¿kdf lrlgG5 . cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gsf] afWosf/L dfGotfsf] ¿kdf oftgfnfO{ lgif]w ug]{ s'/fnfO{ cfO{;L6LjfO{sf] km};nfåf/f klg k'li6 ul/Psf] 5 M ædfgjclwsf/ ;lGwx¿df ul/Psf] oftgfdflysf] k|ltjGwn] lg/k]If clwsf/nfO{ ;d]6]sf] 5, h;nfO{ slxNo} klg lgnDag ug{, ;ª\s6sfnsf] ;dodf klg, ;ls+b}g .Æ Prosecutor v. Furundžija, ICTY, Trial Chamber, no. IT-95-17/1, 10 December 1998, para 144. It is also recognized by the Committee Against Torture (CAT) itself in its General Comment No. 2 of the Committee Against Torture: Implementation of article 2 by States parties (CAT/C/GC/2): oftgflj?4sf] dxf;lGwnfO{ kfl/t u/]otf, o; k|ltaGwsf] lg/k]If tyf lgnDag ug{ g;lsg] rl/q k|yfhlgt cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gsf] ¿kdf :jLsfo{ ePsf] 5 . wf/f @ sf k|fjwfgx¿n] oftgflj?4sf] o; afWosf/L dfGotfnfO{ cem an k|bfg u/L /f]syfdsf k|efjsf/L pkfox¿ sfof{Gjog ug{ ;ldltsf] hu lgdf{0f u/]sf] 5 === .370 ljZjJofkL clwsf/If]qaf/]sf] 5nkmn cWofo $ — nfu' cGt/f{li6«o sfg'g bkmf $=!=!, k[= ^% df x]g'{xf];\ .

158

@)$& n] klg clxn]sf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgn] h:t} oftgfnfO{ lgif]w u/]sf] lyof] .

t/, g]kfnL sfg'gcg';f/, oftgfnfO{ kmf}hbf/L ck/fw dflgPsf] 5}g371 . g]kfnsf] d'n'sL P]g, @)@) -/ o;sf] k"j{jtL{ d'n'sL P]g_n] …cª\ueª\uÚdfly k|ltaGw nufPsf] 5 / a9Ldf cf7 jif{sf] h]n ;hfo tf]s]sf] 5 . cGo ck/fwdf zf/Ll/s cfqmd0f -a9Ldf b'O{ jif{sf] h]n ;hfo_ / s'6lk6, h;sf nflu kL8sn] Ps jif{;Ddsf] h]n ;hfo kfpg ;S5, x'g\372 . o; vf8nn], pknAw tYofª\scg';f/, lsg ljZjJofkL lgGbfsf afah'b åGåsf] ;dodf oftgf, cª\ueª\u / cGo k|sf/sf cdfgjLo tyf ckdfghgs Jojxf/ ul/Psf lyP eGg] s'/fsf] s]xL xb;Dd JofVof ub{5. oftgf, dfgl;s cf3ft k/]sf]df k/fdz{ tyf k'g:yf{kgfsf If]qdf sfo{/t g]kfnsf] Pp6f k|d'v u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf oftgfkLl8t ;/f]sf/ -l;leS6_sf Ps clwsf/Lsf cg';f/, åGåsf qmddf #) xhf/eGbf a9L dflg;n] s'g} g s'g} lsl;dsf] oftgf, ceb| Jojxf/ jf dfgl;s cf3ft ef]Ug''k/]sf] lyof]373 . åGå/t b'j} kIf o:tf ck/fw ug]{ sfo{df d'l5Psf 5g\ egL cf/f]k nufOPsf] 5 .

o; cWofodf ;d]l6Psf cGt/f{li6«o dfgclwsf/ sfg'g / cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg'gsf pNnª\3gx¿nfO{ df]6fdf]6L rf/j6f k|ju{df ljefhg ul/Psf] 5M oftgf, cª\ueª\u, cGo k|sf/sf ceb| Jojxf/ / :j]R5frf/L y'gf . æcGo k|sf/sf ceb| Jojxf/Ædf h]g]ef dxf;lGwx¿sf] ;femf wf/f # sf] æJolQmut dofFbfdf cf3ft k'¥ofpg]Æ Pj+ dfgjclwsf/ sfg'gcGtu{t æqm"/, cdfgjLo jf ckdfghgs Jojxf/Æ kb{5g\ . ;a}

371 oftgf Ifltk"lt{ P]g, !((^ n] k|ToIf ¿kdf oftgfnfO{ ck/fwLs/0f gu/] klg, bkmf & n] kL8slj?4 ljefuLo sf/afxLsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . o; P]gsf] d"n ;|f]t g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f !$-$_ xf] h;df elgPsf] 5M æcg';Gwfg, txlssft jf k'k{Ifsf] l;nl;nfdf jf c¿ s'g} lsl;dn] y'gfdf /x]sf] s'g} klg JolQmnfO{ zf/Ll/s jf dfgl;s oftgf lbOg] jf lgh;Fu lgd{d, cdfgjLo jf ckdfghgs Jojxf/ ul/g] 5}g . To:tf] Jojxf/ ul/Psf] JolQmnfO{ sfg'gn] lgwf{l/t u/]adf]lhd Ifltk"lt{ lbOg]5 .Æ oL k|fjwfgsf] k|of]u u/]/, g]kfnsf cbfntx¿n] Jojxf/df oftgfnfO{ cfk/flws sfo{sf] ¿kdf dfg]sf] kfOG5 . of] d'2f ;'? x'g] lhNnf cbfntx¿df pNn]vgLo b]lvG5, h;n] oftgf Ifltk"lt{ P]gsf k|fjwfgx¿nfO{ cl3Nnf] ;+ljwfg tyf Sof6sf] wf/f $ sf] cfnf]sdf JofVof u/]sf] kfOG5 .372 Amnesty International, Nepal: Make Torture a Crime, 1 March 2001, p. 4, Available from http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/info/ASA31/002/2001/en: æd'n'sL P]gcg';f/, k|x/L jf cGo s;}åf/f ePsf] cfqmd0f h:tf ck/fwsf kLl8tx¿n] cleof]ux¿nfO{ dfly pNn]v ul/Psf k|fjwfgcGtu{t Nofpg cf/f]lkt kL8slj?4 ;Lw} b]jfL d'2f bfo/ ug{ ;S5g\ .Æ ck/fw x'gnfO{ kL8s ;fj{hlgs clwsf/L jf ;fj{hlgs st{Jo gjf{x ul//x]sf] JolQm x'g' gkg]{ x'gfn] Sof6sf] wf/f ! cg';f/ s'6lk6nfO{ oftgfsf] ¿kdf kl/efiff ug{ ;ls+b}g . dxf;lGwcg'';f/, oftgfsf] kL8s ;fj{hlgs clwsf/L jf ;fj{hlgs st{Jo lgjf{x ul//x]sf] JolQm x'g'k5{ .373 oftgf kLl8t s]Gb|sL sfo{qmd lgb]{zs hd'gf kf}8]n;Fu lnPsf] cGtjf{tf{, @)^& ;fpg !* -gf]6\; pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{no;Fu_ . g]kfnsf] /fli6«o dfgjclwsf/ cfof]un] ;g\ !((* b]lv @))@ ;Ddsf] cjlwnfO{ ;d]6]/ g]kfnsf] dfgjclwsf/af/] ;g\ @))# sf] cfkm\gf] k|ltj]bgdf !@ xhf/eGbf a9L oftgf -/ kqmfp_sf 36gfaf/] k|ltj]bg u¥of] . See Nepal, National Human Rights Commission, Human Rights in Nepal: a Status Report, 2003 (NHRC, Kathmandu, 2003), pp. 35-36. t/, cfof]u d"ntM cfkm\g} 36gfx¿df eGbf l;leS6af6 k|fKt tYofª\sdf e/ k/]sf] b]lvG5 .

159

u/]/, clen]v e08f/df bzs nfdf] ljb|f]xsf] qmddf ePsf @% ;oeGbf a9L o:tf ceb| Jojxf/sf 36gfsf] clen]v /flvPsf] 5374 .

df]6fdf]6L ¿kdf eGg] xf] eg] ;'/Iffkmf}hn] oftgf lbg' tyf ceb| Jojxf/ ug'{k5fl8sf] p2]Zo d"ntM dfcf]jfbLaf/] s'g} g s'g} hfgsf/L pknAw u/fpg ;Sg] s'g} klg JolQmaf6 To:tf] hfgsf/L lng] /x]sf] b]lvG5 . d'n'sel/ / åGåsf] cjlwe/ oL ljlwx¿ Psgf;sf lyP . ;fdfGotof o:tf] hfgsf/L y'Tg ckgfOPsf ljlwx¿df kLl8tx¿;Fu h] hfgsf/L jf ;"rgf 5 eGg] 7flgPsf] 5 Tof] hfgsf/L jf ;"rgf gv'nfP;Dd nfdf] ;do;Dd kLl8tnfO{ lbOg] oftgf a9fpFb} nfg] u/]sf] s'/f k|ltj]bgx¿n] hgfpFb5g\ . kLl8tx¿nfO{ s]jn dfgdfb{g ug{ ul/Psf ceb| Jojxf/sf 36gfx¿sf] klg clen]v /flvPsf] 5 .

dfcf]jfbLn] k|of]u ug]{ elgPsf] oftgf tyf b'Jo{jxf/ ;fdfGotof b'O{vfnsf k|j[lQx¿df b]lvG5 / slxn]sfxLF ltgLx¿ Pscfk;df vlK6Psf] klg kfOG5 . klxnf] s'/f, dfcf]jfbLn] ax'wf :yfgLo:t/df s/sfksf] dfWodsf] ¿kdf lx+;fsf] k|of]u u/]sf] elgof] . pbfx/0fsf nflu, aGbsf] kfngf ug{ gdfGg], dfcf]jfbLx¿nfO{ cfly{s ;xof]u -:j}lR5s ¿kdf lbPsf] eP klg geP klg k|foM ærGbfÆ elgg]_ gug]{, jf dfcf]jfbLlj?4 af]Ng] egL ljZjf; ul/Psf g]kfnLlj?4 lx+;fsf] k|of]u x'GYof] . o:tf sfo{n] kLl8tdfly hf]/h'n'd ug'{sf cltl/Qm, dfcf]jfbLsf] lj/f]w ug'{ jf pgLx¿;Fu pbf;Lg /xg' eg]sf] zf/Ll/s ;hfosf] vt/f df]Ng' xf] eGg] hgtfdf qf; km}nfP/ cfd¿kdf s/sfko'Qm jftfj/0fsf] dx;'; u/fpFYof] .bf];|f] s'/f, Dffcf]jfbLn] oftgf tyf ceb| Jojxf/nfO{ ;hfosf] ¿kdf klg k|of]u u/]sf] elgG5 . æhgcbfntÆdfkm{t\ xf];\ jf :yfgLo sdfG8/x¿sf] lg0f{oaf6 xf];\ dfcf]jfbLn] lgoldt ¿kdf, / k|foM lx+;fTds 9ª\un], dfcf]jfbL cfrf/;+lxtfcg';f/ æceb| Jojxf/Æ ug]{ JolQmx¿ jf dfcf]jfbL cfGbf]ngk|ltsf] cfkm\gf] ;lqmo jf ;fª\s]lts lj/f]wsf sf/0f lg;fgf agfOPsf JolQmx¿nfO{ lgoldt ¿kdf b08;hfo ub{Yof] . kLl8tx¿sf] ;jf{lws pNn]vgLo ;d"x eg]sf] dfcf]jfbLn] hf;'; jf …;'/fsLÚ egL cfzª\sf ul/Psf JolQmx¿ lyP . ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg Gofo ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L clen]v e08f/df dfcf]jfbLsf tkm{af6 ul/Psf] elgPsf cª\ueª\u ePsf, qm"/ Jojxf/ tyf cdfjgLo jf ckdfghgs Jojxf/sf 36gfx¿ klg /flvPsf 5g\ .aflx/sf ;ª\u7gx¿åf/f nufOPsf cf/f]kx¿sf] k|To'Q/df s]xL dfcf]jfbL sfo{stf{x¿nfO{ kf6L{af6 lg:sf;g ul/Psf] jf >d lzlj/df 374 l;leS6af6 k|fKt cfFs8f / ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg Gofo ;Gbe{;fdu|L clen]v e08f/df ePsf tYofª\saLr lgs} leGgtf ePsf] s'/fnfO{ Wofgdf /flvPsf] 5 . of] 36gfaf/] cNkph'/Ln] ubf{ klg x'g;S5 . ljleGg sf/0fn] ubf{ oftgfsf w]/} cf/f]k clen]v e08f/sf] k|fylds ;|f]tsf] ¿kdf /x]sf dfgjclwsf/ ;ª\u7gdf gk'u]sf] x'g;S5 .

160

k7fOPsf] s'/f pknAw tYofª\sx¿n] b]vfpF5g\375 . To:t}, ;'/Iffkmf}hsf s]xL sd{rf/LnfO{ klg ;}lgs cbfntL sf/afxLnufot cfGtl/s cg'zf;g sf/afxL ul/Psf pbfx/0fx¿ klg 5g\376. t/, of] k|ltj]bg tof/ kfbf{sf] ;do;Dd åGå/t s'g} klg kIfsf] s;}nfO{ klg oftgf lbPsf], cª\ueª\u u/]sf] jf ceb| Jojxf/ u/]afkt h]n ;hfo ul/Psf] 5}g377 .oftgf tyf cGo qm"/, cdfgjLo jf ckdfghgs Jojxf/ jf ;hfo;DaGwL ljz]if k|ltj]bsn] cfkm\gf] sfof{b]zleqsf d'2fx¿nfO{ lnP/ g]kfnnfO{ sltko l;kmfl/;x¿ u/]sf 5g\ . ;g\ @)!@ dfr{df, ljz]if k|ltj]bsn] ;g\ @))% df cfkm"n] u/]sf sltko l;kmfl/;x¿sf] sfof{Gjog gePsf] s'/fdf hf]8 lbPsf lyP . ljz]ifu/L, pgn] b08;+lxtfdf oftgfsf] kl/efiff ;dfj]z ug'{kg]{ tyf oftgfdf s;'/bf/ 7x¥ofOPsf] s'g} klg JolQmnfO{ dfkmL jf b08xLgtfaf6 d'lQm lbg gx'g] s'/f ;'lglZrt ug'{kg]{ s'/fdf hf]8 lbPsf lyP . pgn] /fli6«o dfgjclwsf/ cfof]u -cfof]u_n] oftgfsf] cg';Gwfg ug{ g;s]sf] klg pNn]v ub}{ o;df cfof]usf] Ifdtf clej[l4 ug{ k|f]T;fxg u/]378 .

åGåsf] qmddf pNnª\3gsf] of] k|ju{nfO{ lrq0f ug]{ k|j[lQ tyf 9fFrfsf] 5nkmntkm{ kms{g'cl3 k|To]s kIfnfO{ nfu' x'g] sfg'gL tTjnfO{ pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . oftgf, cª\ueª\u, :j]R5frf/L y'gf / cGo b'Jo{jxf/nfO{ zf;g ug]{ cGt/f{li6«o dfgjclwsf/ sfg'g / cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg'gdf w]/}h;f] ;dfgtf 5, oBlk leGgtfx¿n] Wofgfsif{0f u5{g\ / ltgsf] kl5 cfpg] v08df 5nkmn ul/Psf] 5 .

&=@ ;Da4 sfg'gL vfsf

&=@=! oftgf

;z:q åGåsf qmddf ul/Psf] oftgf dfgjclwsf/ pNnª\3g, dfgjLo sfg'gsf] pNnª\3g / cGt/f{li6«o ck/fw ;a} xf] .

s_ cGt/f{li6«o dfgjclwsf/ sfg'g

375 For example, see discussion of accountability of those involved in the Madi bus bombing (Ref. No. 2005-06-06 - incident - Chitwan _0106, emblematic case 5.15) in section 10.4.12 p. Error: Reference source not found.376 k|tLsfTds 36gf &=@ df tn d}gf ;'g'jf/sf] 36gf x]g{'xf]; .377 g]kfnsf] d'n'sL P]gdf lgif]w ul/Psf cfqmd0f, s'6lk6 jf cª\ueª\u h:tf s'g} klg lgif]lwt sfo{ u/]sf]df g t s;}nfO{ kqmfp ul/Psf] 5 .378 Human Rights Council, Report of the Special Rapporteur on torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, Juan E. Méndez, Follow-up to the recommendations made by the Special Rapporteur visits to China, Denmark, Equatorial Guinea, Georgia, Greece, Indonesia, Jamaica, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Nepal, Nigeria, Paraguay, Papua New Guinea, the Republic of Moldova, Spain, Sri Lanka, Togo, Uruguay and Uzbekistan. A/HRC/19/61/Add.3 (1 March 2012).

161

Sof6n] oftgfnfO{379 o;/L kl/efiff u/]sf] 5 -hf]8 lbOPsf]_M

s'g} ;fj{hlgs clwsf/L jf ;fj{hlgs x}l;otdf sfd ug]{ cGo s'g} JolQmaf6 jf lghsf] axsfp jf ;xdlt jf df}g ;Ddltdf s'g} JolQm jf t];|f] JolQmaf6 hfgsf/L jf ;flatL lng] jf lgh jf t];|f] JolQmn] u/]sf] jf u/]sf] egL cfzª\sf ul/Psf] sfo{sf nflu b08 lbg] jf lgh jf t];|f] JolQmnfO{ 8/qf; b]vfpg] jf hf]/h'n'd ug]{ h:tf p2]Zox¿ jf s'g} klg k|sf/sf] e]befjdf s'g} sf/0fsf nflu ;f] JolQmnfO{ hfgLhfgL zf/Ll/s jf dfgl;s r/d kL8f jf si6 lbg] sfo{380.

sd uDeL/ k|s[ltsf ceb| Jojxf/sf] ljk/Lt oftgf x'gsf nflu cfjZos r/d kL8faf/] aiff}Fb]lv ax; rn]sf] 5 . ceb| Jojxf/n] slt kL8f, zf/Ll/s xf];\ jf dfgl;s, k'¥ofPkl5 Tof] …r/dÚ eO{ oftgf sxlng kof{Kt x'G5 eGg] s'/f d"n k|Zg xf] . pbfx/0fsf nflu, Sof6 ljlwzf:qn] r/d s'6lk6 oftgf x'g;S5 eGg] s'/fnfO{ dfg]sf] 5 . Ps kLl8t dlxnfn] lk6fO vfP/ 6fpsfdf ultnf] d'Ssf k|xf/ x'Fbf Sof6n] To;nfO{ oftgf lbOPsf] eGg] dfg]sf] 5, h;af6 pgnfO{ tª\lu|g, To;af6 k/]sf dfgl;s lrGtf, 5f]6f] ;dosf nflu :d/0fzlQmsf] x|f; tyf dgf]lrlsT;sLo ;d:ofx¿ afx]s, b'O{xKtf nfUof]381 . oftgfsf csf{ kLl8tnfO{ k6sk6s lkl6Psf] lyof], l;F9Ldfly l3;f/]/ nluPsf] lyof], c>'UofF; xflgPsf] lyof] / lrlsT;sx¿n] zNolqmof ug'{kg]{ u/L 9f8df rf]6 k'¥ofOPsf] lyof]382 . ceb| Jojxf/df 7\ofSs} s] s] s'/f kb{5 eGg]af/] k|:6tf geP klg o;df kl/0ffd kof{Kt dfqfdf r/d ePdf of] oftgf sxlng ;S5 . xfgfkmL lj= cNh]l/ofsf] d'2fdf lx/f;tdf kfPsf] rf]6k6saf6 kLl8tsf] Hofg uof] . pgn] cfkm" lkl6Psf] s'/f atfpgdfq EofP

379 dfgjclwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ffkq g t gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o cg'aGwn] oftgfsf] kl/efiff u/]sf] 5. See General Comment No. 20 of the Human Rights Committee: Replaces general comment 7concerning prohibition of torture and cruel treatment or punishment (Art. 7) (International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights General Comment No. 20), para 4: æcg'aGwdf wf/f & n] ;d]6]sf s'g} klg cjwf/0ffsf] kl/efiff 5}g, g t ;ldltn] lgif]lwt sfo{x¿sf] ;"rL tof/ ug{ cfjZos g} 7fg]sf] 5 === .Æ380 Sof6 wf/f ! . cfO{;L;LkLcf/n] o:tf] s'g} ;Gbe{sf] pNn]v gu/]klg, Sof6df lbOPsf] kl/efiffdf æ;fj{hlgs clwsf/LÆ eGg] kbfjnLsf] ykfO k/Dk/fut dfgjclwsf/ l;4fGtcg';f/ ePsf] kfOG5, h;n] bfloTjsf] ef/ /fHodfly yf]k5{ g ls s'g} lghL JolQm jf ;+:yfdfly . ;/sf/dfly yf]kl/Psf] of] ef/n] dfgjclwsf/sf] kl/efiffnfO{ o;sf] ;dsIfL cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg'gaf6 cnUofpF5 . kl5Nnf] sfg'g ;z:q åGå/t b'j} kIfsf nflu afWosf/L 5, rfx] ToxfF s'g} æ;/sf/LÆ jf æ;fj{hlgs clwsf/LÆsf] ;+nUgtf xf];\ jf gxf];\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu, cfO{;L6LjfO{n] cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg'gn] oftgf ;fj{hlgs clwsf/Laf6} ePsf] x'g'k5{ egL eg]sf] 5}g egL :ki6 kf/]sf] 5 . Kunarac et al., ICTY, Appeals Chamber, (2002) para 148 (see footnote 154); affirmed in Limaj, ICTY Trial chamber (2005), para 240 (see footnote 150). oftgfsf] kl/efiffn] æj}w b08;hfoaf6 lgl>t, ToxfF cGtlg{xLt cyjf To;af6 cfslZds ¿kdf ePsf] b'Mv jf kL8fnfO{ ;d]6\b}gÆ eGg] s'/f klg Vofn /fVg'xf];\ .381 Saadia Ali v. Tunisia, CAT Communication no. 291/2006, 21 November 2008, para 2.6 and 15.4.382 Ali Ben Salem v. Tunisia, CAT Communication no. 269/2005, 7 November 2007, paras 2.3, 2.4 and 16.4.

162

klg ;ldltn] o;df wf/f ! sf] pNnª\3g ePsf] 7x/ u¥of]383 . s] s'/f Vofn ug'{ dxTTjk"0f{ 5 eg] oL ;a} 36gfdf Sof6sf] kl/efiffdf rrf{ ul/Psf sf/0fx¿dWo]sf s'g} sf/0fn] ubf{ kLl8tx¿nfO{ oftgf lbOPsf] lyof] .

t/, s'6lk6 kof{Kt dfqfdf r/d 5}g eg] of] ;b}a oftgfsf] ¿kdf juL{s[t x'Fb}g . nfQn] xflgPsf], lkl6Psf], 3fF6L c7\ofPsf] tyf uf]nL xfg]/ dfg]{ wDsL lbPsf]nfO{ …r/d si6 / kL8fÚsf] cg'ej gePsf] km};nf u/]sf] lyof]384 . To;}n], x/]s 36gfdfly 5'§f5'§} ¿kdf ljrf/ ul/Psf] x'g'k5{ .

cfO{;L;LkLcf/sf] wf/f & n] oftgfsf ;fy} qm"/, cdfgjLo jf ckd-fghgs Jojxf/ jf ;hfodfly lgif]w u/]sf] 5385 . oL ;a} k|fjwfg pxL wf/fcGtu{t /flvPsf] eP klg / To;}n] cg'aGwgsf] pNnª\3g x'g sfo{x¿sf] oftgfsf] ¿kdf lgtfGt juL{s/0f x'g cfjZos x'g h?/L geP klg dfgjclwsf/ ;ldltn] æolb tYox¿n] To:tf] b]vfPdf Jojxf/nfO{ oftgfsf] ¿kdf klxrfg ug{ pko'Qm ePsf] ljrf/ ub{5Æ386 . o;sf] lgwf{/0fdf ;ldlt Sof6sf] wf/f ! sf] kl/efiffåf/f lgb]{lzt ePsf] 5387 . ;ldltn] s] kfPsf] 5 eg] kLl8tnfO{ dlxgf}+;Dd xts8L nufP/, k6sk6s p;nfO{ lk6]/, a/kmsf] 6'qmf z/L/df bn]/, ;+j]bgzLn efux¿df ;'O/f]n] 3f]r]/ / p;nfO{ dfg]{ wDsL lbP/ jf eg]/ kLl8tnfO{ PsfGt sf/faf;df /fVg' eg]sf] oftgf lbg' xf]388. dfgjclwsf/ ;ldltn] lgZro u/]cg';f/, oftgfaf6 kLl8t csf]{ JolQm-nfO{ lah'nLsf] s/]G6 nufOPsf], s'l6Psf], lg;fl;Psf] jf 8'a]/ dg{ nfu]sf] h:tf] cg'e"lt u/fOPsf], xft afFw]/ l;lnªaf6 em'G8\ofOPsf], s's'/af6 cfqmd0f ug]{ wDsL lbOPsf], ;'O{ nufOPsf], lgb|faf6 jl~rt ul/Psf] / u'bf d}y'g u/L anfTsf/ ul/Psf] lyof]389 .

v_ cGt/f{li6«o kmf}hbf/L sfg'g

cGt/f{li6«o kmf}hbf/L sfg'gsf] /f]d ljwfgn] l;wfg zAbdf oftg-fleq kg]{ tTjx¿sf] kl/efiff lbPsf] 5 -hf]8 ylkPsf]_M

kL8sn] Ps jf ;f]eGbf a9L JolQmdfly r/d zf/Ll/s jf dfgl;s si6 jf kL8f lbPsf] .

kL8sn] o:tf k|of]hgsf nflu si6 jf kL8f lbPsf]Ms_ hfgsf/L jf ;flatL aofg lng,

383 Hanafi v. Algeri, CAT Communication no. 341/2008, 3 June 2011, para 9.3.384 Keremedchiev v. Bulgaria, CAT Communication 257/2004, 11 November 2008, paras 2.2 and 9.3.385 ICCPR, article 7 (see footnote 164)386 Giri v. Nepal, Human Rights Committee 1761/2008, 24 March 2011, para 7.5387 P]= .388 Ibid, paras 2.4, 2.5 and 7.9.389 Hagog v. Libya, Human Rights Committee 1755/2008, 17 March 2012, paras 2.3 and 8.6.

163

v_ ;hfo,u_ 8/qf; jf s/sfk, jf 3_ s'g} klg k|sf/sf] lje]bdf cfwfl/t s'g} sf/0fsf nflu 390.

cGt/f{li6«o dfgjclwsf/df h:t}, oftgf x'gsf nflu rflxg] si6sf] r/dkgfsf] lgwf{/0f cbfntaf6 x''g'k5{ . t/, lglZrt sfo{x¿ cfkm}Fdf oftgf ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 . k"j{ o'uf]:nfleofsf nflu cGt/f{li6«o kmf}hbf/L Gofoflws/0fdf, cbfntn] ef]Rsfdf eg]sf] 5,

oftgf;DaGwL ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3Lo ljz]if k|ltj]bs, dfgjcl-wsf/ lgsfo tyf sfg'gL lj4fgx¿n] oftgf x'g kof{Kt ¿kdf r/d dflgg] sltko sfo{x¿nfO{ ;"rLa4 u/]sf] 5g\ === . s'6lk6, of}g lx+;f, nfdf] ;do;Dd lgb|f, vfgf, :jf:Yo tyf lrlsT;sLo ;xfotfaf6 jl~rt ul/Psf] Pj+ oftgf lbg], anfTsf/ ug]{ jf cfkmGtx¿nfO{ dfg] wDsLx¿ oftgfsf ¿kdf pNn]v ul/Psf ;jf{lws ;fdfGo sfo{x¿ x'g\391 .

cfO{;L6LjfO{n] nfdf] ;do;Dd s;}nfO] PsfGtdf /fVg] sfo{, h:tf] ls nfdf] ;do;Dd PsfGt sf/fjf;, klg cfkm}F+df Pp6f oftgf xf] egL juL{s/0f u/]sf] 5392 . kLl8tn] cfkm"n] si6 ef]Uof gef]Uof h] eP klg oL ;a} sfo{ cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg'gcg';f/ oftgf x'g\ .

cGo kl/l:yltdf, r/dtfsf] Go"gtd dfkb08 k"/f ul/Psf] 5 ls 5}g eGg] s'/fsf] lgwf{/0f ug{ s'g} g s'g} k|sf/sf] dfkgsf] cfjZostf kb{5 h'g JolQm cGttM cfkm}F+n] cg'e"t ug]{ kl/36gf xf] . kLl8tdfly ul/Psf] ceb| Jojxf/sf] k|efjsf] cWoogn] dfq Tof] si6 oftgf sxlngsf r/d of s7f]/ lyof] ls lyPg eGg] s'/fsf] pb\3f6g ug]{5393 . o:tf] cfTdut d"Nofª\sgsf] sl7gfOnfO{ cbfntn] :jLsf/ u/]sf] 5 / cGt/f{li6«o Gofoflws/0fx¿n] kl/l:yltsf] ;du|tfnfO{ ljrf/ ub}{ o:tf] d"Nofª\sg ul/g'k5{ egL pNn]v ug]{afx]s xfn;Dd o;sf nflu Go"gtd dfkb08sf] a9L ;6Ls kl/efiff at-fPsf] 5}g394 . ef]Rsfdf,390 Rome Statute, article 8 (2) (c) (i)-4 “Elements of Crime” (see footnote 145).391 Prosecutor v. Kvočka, et al., ICTY, Trial Chamber, no. IT-98-30/1, 2 November 2001, para 144, (citing UN Doc A/56/156, 3 July 2001, para 8).392 OHCHR, “International Legal Standards for the Protection of Persons Deprived of Their Liberty” in Human Rights in the Administration of Justice: A Manual on Human Rights for Judges, Prosecutors and Lawyers, Professional Training Series no.9 (United Nations, 2003), chap. 8, sect. 4.6, p. 355 Available from www2.ohchr.org/english/about/publications/docs/CHAPTER_8.pdf.393 Chris Ingelse, The U.N. Committee Against Torture: An Assessment (The Hague, Kluwer Law International, 2001).394;g\ !(&* sf] o'/f]k]nL dfgjclwsf/ cbfntn] u/]sf] km};nfsf] pNn]Vo ckjfbnfO{ 5f8]/ . cfo/NofG8 u0ftGq lj= ;+o'Qm clw/fHosf] d'2fdf, cbfntn] kL8fsf] æcToGt uDeL/ tyf qm"/Æ ;LdfnfO{ kfl/t u¥of] . y'g'jfx¿nfO{ d'v'08f] nufP/ /fVg], pgLx¿nfO{ nuftf/ / tLj|

164

oftgfsf] kl/efiffnfO{ k"/f ug{ slt dfqfsf] kL8f x'g cfjZos x'G5 eGg] Go"gtd dfkb08 /]vfªl\st ul/Psf] 5}g . s'g} klg ceb| Jojxf/sf] d"Nofª\sg ubf{, 6«fOn RofDa/n] k'¥ofOPsf] xflgsf] j:t'ut r/dtfdfly ;a}eGbf klxn] ljrf/ ug'{k5{ . cfTdut dfkb08, h:t} s'g} kLl8t ljz]ifdfly ul/Psf] zf/Ll/s jf dfgl;s c;/ / slxn]sfxLF kLl8tsf] pd]/, lnª\u jf :jf:ysf] cj:yf h:tf tTjx¿ klg ;fGble{s x'g]5g\ === 395.

o;/L, oftgf ePsf] 5 ls 5}g eg]/ cWoog ubf{ cfTdut tyf j:t'ut b'j} tTjdfly ljrf/ k'¥ofpg'k5{ / Pp6f 36gfdf s'g} kLl8tdfly ul/Psf] Jojxf/ oftgf x'g ;Snf t/ ToxL Jojxf/ csf]{ kLl8tsf lglDt clns tNnf] k|sf/sf] ceb| Jojxf/ x'g ;Snf jf ;Dk"0f{ ¿kdf k|ltaGwaflx/} kg{ ;Snf eGg] s'/f :ki6 ePsf] 5 .

xfn;Dd, cGt/f{li6«o Gofoflws/0f tyf dfgjclwsf/ lgsfox¿n] oL b]xfosf sfo{x¿ oftgf ePsf] kfPsf 5g\M nfQn] xfGg], s'6\g] lk6\g], lxsf{pg], ækmnª\ufÆ -v'§fsf] kfOtfnfdf lxsf{pg] sfd_, sf]/f{ xfGg], hf]8n] xNnfpg], lah'nLsf] s/]G6 nufpg], hnfpg], xft jf v'§faf6 gª /÷jf bfFt y't]/ lgsfNg] jf kLl8tnfO{ Pl;8 vGofpg] . kLl8tnfO{ ækfgLdf 8'afpg]Æ396 sfd, nfdf] ;do;Dd xft jf v'§fdf l;qmLn] afFw]/ em'G8\ofpg], ;'kf/L sf6\g] ;/f}+tf] h:tf] ;fwgn] a'9L cf}F7f lsRofpg] -yd k|];_,397 vfgf÷kfgL÷lgb|faf6 jl~rt u/fpg], ;f; lg;fl;Psf] h:tf] cg'e"lt u/fpg], cf}ifwf]krf/ ug{ c:jLsf/ ug]{, nfdf] ;do;Dd kof{Kt ;/;kmfO ug{ glbg], w]/} ;do;Dd pEofpg nufpg], nfdf] cjlw;Dd PsfGt sf/fjf; u/fpg]398 / anfTsf/nfO{399 klg oftgf dflgPsf] 5 . dfgl;s oftgf Toltv]/ x'G5 ha kL8sn] kLl8tnfO{ dfg]{ wDsL lbG5 …Zj]tÚ cfjfh ;'gfpg], lgb|faf6 jl~rt ug]{, ckof{Kt vfgf tyf k]o kbfy{ lbg] / z/L/df kL8f x'g]u/L nfdf] ;do;Dd pEofpg nufpg] s'/f cdfgjLo Jojxf/ t xf] t/ of] oftgfsf] tx;Dd k'Ub}g eg]/ eGof] . cbfntn] oL ljlwx¿n] æcToGt uDeL/ tyf qm"/Æ ;LdfcGtu{t x'g'kg]{ kL8fsf] tLj|tf lbg g;s]sf] kfof] .395 Kvočka, ICTY Trial Chamber (2001), para 143 (see footnote 391) (citing Čelebići Case, ICTY, Trial Chamber, (1998) para 469).396 kLl8tsf] cg'xf/ sk8fn] 5f]k]/ dflyaf6 kfgL vGofpg], jf kLl8tsf] 6fpsf] p;nfO{ kfgLdf 8'a]/ dg{ nfu]sf] h:tf] cg'e"lt u/fpg] .397 yDa :qm'Ú klg elgg] of] yDa k|]; ;/f}tf] h:t} Pp6f cf}hf/ xf] h;n] kLl8tsf] a"9L cf}Fnf jf c¿ cf}Fnfx¿ To;df /fv]/ k]N5 . cf}Fnf k"0f{ ¿kdf gk]lnP;Dd kL8ssf] ;gsdf To;dflysf] bafa a9fpFb} nfg ;lsG5 .398 Hagog v. Libya, Human Rights Committee 1755/2008, 17 March 2012, paras 2.3 and 8.6. See also Communications of the Human Rights Committee; Muteba v. Zaire (124/1982), Miango Muiyo v. Zaire (194/1985) Kanana v. Zaire (366/1989), Grille Motta (11/1977), Lopez Burgos (52/1979), Sendić (63/1979), Angel Estrella (74/1980), Arzuaga Gilboa (147/1983), Cariboni (159/1983); Berberretche Acosta (162/1983) and Herrera Rubio v. Colombia (161/1983). See also Prosecutor v. Dragan Nikolic, ICTY, Trial Chamber, no. IT-94-2-S, Sentencing Judgement, 19 December 2003; Furundžija, ICTY Trial Chamber (1998) (see footnote 369); Prosecutor v. Akayesu, ICTR, Trial Chamber, no. ICTR-96-4-T, Judgment, 2 September 1998; Aydin v. Turkey, European Court of Human Rights, App. no. 57/1996/676/866, 25 September 1997; Selouni v. France, European Court of Human Rights, App. no. 25803/94, 28 July 1999.399 Kunarac et al., ICTY, Trial Chamber, ( 2001) para 656 (see footnote 154)

165

jf ;fwgx¿ NofP/ df/]sf] h:tf] u5{400 . oL k|To]s sfo{ ljutdf oftgf ePsf] x'g ;Sg] eP klg oL k|To]s sfo{ oftgf x'g}k5{ eGg] h?/L 5}g eGg] s'/f a'em\g' dxTTjk"0f{ 5 . tL sfo{sf] r/dtf tyf cGo kl/l:yltdfly ljrf/ k'¥ofpg}k5{ .

&=@=@ cª\ueª\u

cª\ueª\unfO{ h]g]ef dxf;lGwx¿sf] ;femf wf/f #-!_-s_ df Pj+ ljlzi6 ck/fw ePsfn] /f]d ljwfgdf401 lgif]w ul/Psf] 5 . o;s tTjx¿ o; k|sf/ 5g\M

kL8sn] s'g} JolQmnfO{ cª\ueª\u u¥of],402 vf;u/Lo :yfoL ¿kdf cª\ueª\u u/]/,o :yfoL ¿kdf ckfª\u agfP/,o s'g} cª\u lgsfn]/

JolQmnfO{ h]g]ef dxf;lGwx¿cGtu{t ;+/If0f ul/Psf] lyof] -cyf{t, u}/;}lgs gful/s lyof] jf c;Ifdtf jf czQmtfsf sf/0f n8fOFaf6 cnu ePsf]_ .

o; sfo{nfO{ g t ;DalGwt JolQm jf JolQmx¿sf] cf}ifwLo, bGtLo jf c:ktfnsf] pkrf/åf/f g} plrt 7x¥ofpg ;lsof] g t o:tf JolQm jf JolQmx¿sf] lxtdf g} of] sfd ul/Psf] lyof] .

cª\ueª\un] zf/Ll/s kIfnfO{ a'emfpF5 cyf{t dfgl;s jf dgf]j}1flgs xflg jf IfltnfO{ cleof]hg ug{ ;ls+b}g eGg] xf] . cª\ueª\usf] kl/efiffnfO{ k"/f ug{ :yfoL Iflt x'g'k5{ eGg] cfjZos 5}g, oBlk k|foM o:tf] x'g] u/]sf] 5 . o:t}vfn] ck/fwdf h:t}, kLl8tnfO{ cª\ueª\u ug{ ul/Psf c;kmn …k|of;x¿ÚnfO{ cleof]hg ug{ ;lsG5 .

l;l/of lnof]gsf nflu ljz]if cbfntn] xftv'§f sf6\g] / kLl8tsf] 5fnfdf lghsf] gfdsf cfB cIf/x¿ vf]b\g] sfdnfO{ cª\ueª\usf pbfx/0fx¿ x'g\ eg]sf] 5403 . ?jfG8fsf nflu cGt/f{li6«o Gofoflws/0fn] 400 Human Rights Committee, General Comment 20, para 5; Maritza Urrutia Case, Inter-American Court of Human Rights, (Ser. C) No. 103, 27 November 2003, para 78(c). See also Torture Abolition and Survivors Support Coalition International, TASSC’s Definition (2006) Available from www.tassc.org/index.php?sn=78 (defining mental torture to include death threats). cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg'gn] ædfgl;s oftgfÆnfO{ klg hgfpFb5 / o;df oftgf tyf cGo qm"/ Jojxfl/s wDsLlj?4sf k|ltaGw klg ;dfj]z ul/Psf 5g\ .401 /f]d ljwfg, wf/f *-@_-u_- i_, æhLjg tyf JolQmpk/ lx+;f, vf;u/L ;a} k|sf/sf xTof, cª\ueª\u, qm"/ Jojxf/ tyf oftgf .Æ (see footnote 145) 402 æJolQmsf] dof{bfdf cf3ft k'¥ofpg'Æ h:tf] geP/ æJolQmÆ eGg] zAbn] oxfF lhpFbf] JolQmnfO{ hgfpFb5 cyf{t sDtLdf klg To:tf] JolQm hf] cª\ueª\u ePsf] avt hLljt lyof] . d[tssf] cª\ueª\usf ;DaGwdf o;nfO{ æcf3ft k'¥ofpg] sfo{Ædfly nufOPsf] k|ltaGw Pj+ k|yfhlgt cGt/f{li6«o sfg'g b'j}åf/f k|ltaGw nufOPsf] 5 . See International Committee of Red Cross, Customary International Humanitarian Law, rule 113 (see footnote 129)403 Prosecutor v Sesay, et. al. (RUF Case), Special Court for Sierra Leone, no. SCSL-04-15-T, Judgement, 2 March 2009.

166

dlxnfsf :tg sf6\g] sfo{df ck/fwsf tTj ePsf] kfpg'sf ;fy} To;f] ubf{ kL8snfO{ cfhLjg sf/fjf;sf] ;hfo lbPsf] 5404 . cGo 36gfdf k'?ifx¿sf] k|hgg IfdtfnfO{ :yfoL ¿kdf gi6 ug]{ -hg]Gb|Lo If]bg_405 / sfg sf6\g] s'/f kb{5g\406 .

dfgjclwsf/sf b:tfj]hx¿df, cª\ueª\usf] 5'§} kl/efiff ul/Psf] 5}g . ;fdfGotM dfly pNn]v ul/Psf] cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg'gsf] cª\ueª\usf] kl/efiff;Fu d]n vfg] sfo{n] /fHosf kfqåf/f ul/Pdf cGt/f{li6«o dfgjclwsf/ sfg'gcGtu{tsf] oftgfsf] cyjf qm"/, cd-fgjLo jf ckdfghgs Jojxf/sf] kl/efiffnfO{ klg k"/f ug]{5407 .

g]kfnsf] o'4sf] ;Gbe{df ePsf cª\ueª\usf pbfx/0fx¿ o;} cWo-fodf kl5 rrf{ ul/g]5 .

&=@=# cGo k|sf/sf ceb| Jojxf/

o; cWofodf rrf{ ul/Psf cGo k|sf/sf ceb| Jojxf/df qm"/ Jojxf/ tyf cdfgjLo / ckdfghgs Jojxf/ kb{5g\ . oLdWo] k|To]ssf ;DaGwdf lbOPsf] kl/efiff / ljlwzf:q dfgjclwsf/ tyf Goflos ;+:yfx¿;Fu aflemg ;S5, To;}n] tn lbOPsf] s'/f k|To]ssf nflu k|fylds k4ltx¿af6 5fg]/ lgsflnPsf] xf] . pbfx/0fsf nflu …qm"/ Jojxf/ÚnfO{ ;fdfGotM oftgfh:t} pNnª\3gsf] ¿kdf lnOG5 t/ o;df oft-gfsf] txdf gk'Ug] sfo{x¿ x'G5g\ lsgeg] o;df æp2]Zod"nsÆ tTj408 x/fPsf] x'G5 cyjf oftgf x'g kL8fsf] tLj|tf hlt x'g'kg]{ Tof]eGbf sd x'G5409 . 404 Prosecutor v. Musema, ICTR, Trial Chamber, no. ICTR-96-13-T, Judgment and Sentence, 27 January 2000, para 828.To;df ul/Psf] cª\ueª\u dfgjtflj?4sf] ck/fwsf] lx:;fsf] ¿kdf ul/Psf] lyof] .405 Prosecutor v. Nahimana, Barayagwiza and Ngeze, ICTR, Trial Chamber, no. ICTR-99-52-T, Judgment and Sentence, 3 December 2003, para 812.406 Prosecutor v. Haradijaj et al., ICTY, Trial Chamber, no. IT-04-84-T, Judgement, 3 April 2008, para 72.407 See, e.g., Concluding Observations of the Committee on the Rights of the Child: Sierra Leone (CRC/C/15/Add.116), para 44, h;df afnaflnsflj?4 ul/Psf æcª\u5]bg tyf cª\ueª\uÆnfO{ cfO{;L;LkLcf/sf] wf/f !@ sf] pNnª\3gsf] ¿kdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 (see footnote 164) . cGt/f{li6«o dfgjclwsf/ sfg'gsf ;Gbe{df af/af/ lbg] ul/Psf] Pp6f pbfx/0f xf] dlxnfsf] hg]Gb|Lo 5]bg . o;nfO{ dfgjclwsf/ cfof]un] oftgf tyf cGo b'J{ojxf/dfly nufOPsf] k|ltaGwsf] pNnª\3g klg eg]sf] 5 . See Concluding comments of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women: Cameroon (CEDAW/C/CMR/CO/3), para 29.408 Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, article 8 (2) (c) (i)-3 “Elements of Crimes” (see footnote 145). See also Čelebići Case: Prosecutor v. Mucic et al., ICTY, Trial Chamber, no. IT-96-21-T, 16 November 1998, para 424: æ6«fon RofDa/n] dg;fok"j{s ul/Psf] jf gul/Psf] sfo{=== h;n] uDeL/ dfgl;s jf zf/Ll/s kL8f jf rf]6k6s k'¥ofpFb5 jf dfgj dof{bfdfly uDeL/ cfqmd0f ub{5 To;nfO{ qm"/ Jojxf/sf] ¿kdf kfPsf] 5 === . ;femf wf/f # df oftgfsf] s;'/sf nflu rflxg] cj:yf gk'Ug' qm"/ Jojxf/ xf] .Æ (emphasis added). See also Prosecutor v. Krnojelac, ICTY, Trial Chamber, no. IT-97-25-T, Judgement, 15 March 2001, para 209.409 See Prosecutor v. Krstić, ICTY, Trial Chamber, no. IT-98-33-T, Judgement, 2 August 2001, para 516 (citing Čelebići Case, ICTY, Trial Chamber, (1998) para 552 (see footnote 408)) æqm"/ Jojxf/nfO{ Gofoflws/0fsf] km};nfdf …dg;fok"j{s ul/Psf] jf gul/Psf] sfo{ h;n], j:t'ut lx;fan] d"Nofª\sg ubf{, uDeL/ dfgl;s jf zf/Ll/s kL8f jf rf]6k6s k'¥ofpFb5 ===ÚÆ -hf]8 lbOPsf]_ . kL8fsf] cfjZos ;LdfnfO{ lnP/ cfO{;L6LjfO{ / cGt/f{li6«o kmf}hbf/L cbfntsf] km/skm/s dt /Xof] . cfO{;L6LjfO{n] qm"/ Jojxf/df kL8såf/f ul/Psf] æuDeL/ kL8fÆ

167

jf:tjdf o; cWofodf ;Daf]wg ul/Psf pNnª\3gx¿ — vf;u/L oftgf tyf cGo k|sf/sf ceb| Jojxf/;Fu ;DalGwt — s]xL xb;Dd txut >]0fLdf kfpg ;lsG5 lsgeg] oftgf / lx+;fsf sd uDeL/ k|ju{x¿aLrdf /x]sf] sfg'gL leGgtf cf+lzs ¿kdf si6 jf kL8fsf] r/dtfsf] :t/df e/ kb{5410 . ;fdfGotM eGg] xf] eg] oftgfsf] txdf gk'Ug] cGo k|sf/sf ceb| Jojxf/sf] si6 jf kL8fsf] Go"g dfkb08 x'G5 . t/, of] ;/n lrq0fafx]s, cbfnt, ;lGw lgsfo / lj4fgx¿ ljleGg k|ju{sf aLr leGgtfsf] /]vf sf]g{ df}g a;]sf 5g\ . s] s'/f rflxF :ki6 5 eg] oftgf x'g s'g} p2]Zosf nflu r/d si6 jf kL8f lbPsf] x'g'k5{ eg] cGo sd uDeL/ k|sf/sf ceb| Jojxf/sf nflu Tof]eGbf sd uDeL/ lsl;dsf si6 jf kL8f x'g' cfjZos x'G5411 .

y'g'jfx¿ ljz]iftM qm"/ Jojxf/sf] hf]lvddf x'G5g\ / kLl8tsf ¿kdf s]; ndf k6sk6s b]vfk5{g\ . qm"/ Jojxf/ vrfvr le8, ;/;kmfOsf] cefj, rkL{sf] ckof{kt ;'ljwf, ckof{Kt vfgf, kfgL / :jf:Yo :ofxf/, cflbn] JolQmsf] dof{bfsf] ckdfg ub{5g\412 . c¿ y'gf;Fu ;DalGwt Jojxf/, h:t} k6sk6s gfª\u} kf/]/ vfgtnf; ug]{,413 dgf]j}1flgs ¿kdf ljrlnt y'g'jfx¿sf] sdhf]/ cg'udg,414 nfO{ klg qm"/ Jojxf/sf] ¿kdf kfOPsf] 5 . Sof6n] z/L/ vfgtnf; ug'{ dxf;lGwsf] wf/f !^ ljk/Lt /x]sf] lgZro u/]sf] 5415 . g/fd|f] tyf ckof{Kt y'gf cj:yf tyf ;'ljwfx¿ åGåsfnLg l:yltdf k|foM

x'g'kg]{ kl/efiff lbof] eg] /f]d ljwfgn] oftgfdf h:t} Go'gtd ;Ldfsf] kl/efiff lbPsf] 5, h:t} ær/d kL8fÆ . uDeL/ / r/d kL8fsf] aLrdf dfkg ug{ ;lsg] vfnsf] leGgtf 5 ls 5}g / 5 g} eg] klg s'g rflxF s'g ju{df k5{ eGg] s'/f s;/L lgwf{/0f ug]{ eGg] ljifo of] 5nkmnsf] If]qeGbf aflx/sf] s'/f xf] .410 Sof6sf] wf/f !^ -oftgf / oftgf ;/x gx'g] cGo k|sf/sf ceb| Jojxf/sf] aLrdf km/s 5'6\ofpg]_ . o; ljrf/nfO{ General Comment No. 2 of the Committee Against Torture: Implementation of article 2 by States parties (CAT/C/GC/2) ;dy{g ul/Psf] 5 h;n] oftgf / afFsL c¿ vfnsf Jojxf/sf] aLrdf txut km/skgnfO{ æoftgfsf] t'ngfdf, ceb| Jojxf/ b'Mv / kL8fsf] s7f]/tfdf === km/s x'g ;S5Æ eGg] dfg]/ :jLsf/ ub{5 . / csf]{ s'/f, oftgf s'g} ljlzi6 p2]Zo — pbfx/0fsf nflu kLl8taf6 ;flalt lng jf p;nfO{ b08;hfo lbg — sf nflu ul/Psf] x'g'k5{ eg] c¿ k|sf/sf ceb| Jojxf/nfO{ o:tf] cj:yf x'g' h?/L 5}g .411 cfO{;L6LjfO{sf km};nfn] Kvočka sf] d'2fdf o; cjwf/0fnfO{ ;dy{g ub}{ km};nf u¥of] ls ær/d kL8fÆ g} oftgfsf] km/s ljz]iftf xf] h;n] o:t} vfnsf s;'/x¿af6 5'6\ofpF5 . Kvočka, ICTY Trial Chamber (2001) para 142 (see footnote 391). dfgjclwsf/;DaGwL o'/f]k]nL dxf;lGw cfo/NofG8 lj= ;+o'Qm clw/fHosf] d'2fdf cbfntn] oftgf / ckdfghgs Jojxf/sf] km/s æd"ntM lbOPsf] kL8fsf] tLj|tfdf ePsf] km/saf6 cfpF5 .Æ Republic of Ireland v. The United Kingdom, European Court of Human Rights (1978), para 167 (see footnote 394)412 Report of the Special Rapporteur on torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment: Mission to Togo (A/HRC/7/3/Add.5), para 85; Commission on Human Rights, Economic and Social Council, Report of the Chairperson-Rapporteur of the Working Group on Arbitrary Detention, Leila Zerrougui; the Special Rapporteur on the independence of judges and lawyers, Leandro Despouy; the Special Rapporteur on torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, Manfred Nowak; the Special Rapporteur on freedom of religion or belief, Asma Jahangir; and the Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health, Paul Hunt: Situation of Detainees at Guantánamo Bay (E/CN.4/2006/120), para 87.413 Van der Ven v. The Netherlands, European Court of Human Rights, App. no. 50901/99, Judgement, 4 February 2003.414 Keenan v. The United Kingdom, European Court of Human Rights, App. no. 27229/95, Judgment, 3 April 2001415 Concluding Observations of the Committee Against Torture: France (CAT/C/FRA/CO/4-6), para 28

168

b]lvg] ljz]iftf x'g\ / pknAw /]s8{ tyf aofgx¿n] g]kfndf o:t} ePsf] s'/f b]vfpF5g\ .

PsfGtjf; y'gf hxfF y'g'jfnfO{ kl/jf/ tyf ;fyLefOnufot aflx/L ;+;f/;Fu s'g} kx'Fr x'Fb}g w]/} nfdf] ;do;Dd ePdf Tof] klg qm"/ Jojxf/ x'g ;S5 . PsfGtjf; y'gfn] cfO{;L;LkLcf/sf] wf/f & sf] klg pNnª\3g ub{5416 . ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3Lo dfgjclwsf/ ;ldltn] ænfdf] ;do;Dd PsfGtjf; y'gfdf /fVg' cfkm}Fdf Ps k|sf/sf] qm"/, cdfgjLo jf ckdfghgs Jojxf/ xf]Æ / s'g} s'g} kl/l:yltdf Tof] oftgf klg x'g;S5417 . hah{:tL >d — h'g cfkm}Fdf Pp6f dfgjclwsf/ pNnª\3g xf] — nfO{ klg y'g'jfx¿sf] qm"/ Jojxf/df Pp6f tTjsf] ¿kdf kfOPsf] 5, sDtLdf klg s]xL lglZrt cj:yfx¿df418 .

…JolQmut dof{bfdfly cf3ftÚ / …cdfgjLo tyf ckdfghgs Jojxf/Údf ;fdfGotM zf/Ll/s ¿kdf ul/g] lx+;fTds sfo{x¿ kb}{gg\ a? o;df To:tf sfo{x¿ kb{5g\ h'g kLl8tsf] a]OHht u/]sf] / p;sf] dof{bfdf cfFr k'¥ofpg] dg;fon] ul/Psf x'G5g\ . /f]d ljwfgcg';f/, kL8sn] tnsf s'/f u/]df …JolQmut dof{bfdfly cf3ftÚ x'G5M

Ps jf ;f]eGbf a9L JolQmsf] a]OHht u/]sf], ckdfg u/]sf] jf cGo k|sf/n] dof{bfsf] pNnª\3g u/]sf]419 .

a]OHhtL, ckdfg tyf cGo pNnª\3gsf] r/dtf o:tf] lyof] ls To;nfO{ ;fdfGotof JolQmut dof{bfdfly cf3ftsf] ¿kdf :jLsf/ ul/Psf] x'G5 .

dfly pNn]v ul/Psf cGo pNnª\3gdf h:t}, o;sf j:t'ut tyf ljifout kIfx¿ a]OHhtLsf] r/dtfsf] lgwf{/0f ug{df ;DalGwt 5g\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu, s'g} ;+j]bgzLn kLl8t JolQm c¿ kLl8tx¿sf] t'ngfdf s]xL lglZrt ckdfghgs Jojxf/ jf a]OHhtLaf6 a9L g/fd|f];Fu k|efljt ePsf] x'g;S5 . æ;fdfGo :jLsf/f]lQmÆ;Fu ;DalGwt tTjn] o; k|ltaGwcGtu{t kg]{ Jojxf/n] j:t'ut ¿kdf a]OHhtL jf ck-dfg u/]sf] s'/fnfO{ ;'lglZrt ub{5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu, afa' / 5f]/fnfO{ Ps csf{nfO{ lk6\g afWo kfg]{ tyf s}bLx¿nfO{ c¿ aGbLsf ;fd'Gg] of}g ;Dks{ ug{ afWo kfg]{ sfo{nfO{ cbfntx¿n] cdfgjLo Jojxf/ eg]sf 5g\420 . To:t}, dlxn-416 General Comment 20 (HRI/GEN/1/Rev.9) para 11. See also Sharma v. Nepal, Human Rights Committee Communication 1469/2006, 28 October 2008, para. 7.2417 El-Megreisi v. Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Human Rights Committee, communication no. 440/1990, 23 Mar 1994.418 Prosecutor v. Blaškić, ICTY, Trial Chamber, no IT-95-14-T, Judgment, 3 March 2000, paras 186, 713 and 716 y'g'jfx¿nfO{ o'4e"ld glhs} hah{:tL ;'?ª\ vGg nufpg] sfo{ qm"/ Jojxf/ ;/x x'G5 .419 o; ck/fwsf nflu …JolQmx¿Údf d[ts klg kg{ ;Sb5g\ . kLl8t JolQm dfgxflg jf ckdfg jf cGo pNnª\3gsf] cl:tTjsf nflu JolQmut ¿kdf ;r]t x'g'k5{ eGg] h?/L 5}g eGg] a'lemG5 . o; tTjn] kLl8tsf] ;fF:s[lts k[i7e"ldsf ;Da4 kIfx¿dfly ljrf/ ub{5 .420 Čelebići Case, ICTY Trial Chamber (1998) para 1067, 1066 (see footnote 408)

169

fnfO{ 6]andf gfRg afWo kfg]{ jf y'g'jfx¿nfO{ ;'?ª jf lrxfg vGg nufpg] sfo{nfO{ ckdfghgs jf a]OHhtLk"0f{ Jojxf/ ePsf] kfOPsf] 5421 . ufO{a:t' r/fpg] n6\7Ln] s}bLx¿nfO{ 3f]Rg' tyf 8/sf sf/0f pgLx¿nfO{ bofsf] eLvsf nflu lu8lu8fpg nufpg' dfgj dof{bflj?4sf] ckdfgsf] ¿kdf lnPsf] lyof]422 .

&=# oftgfsf cf/f]kx¿

/fli6«o dfgjclwsf/ cfof]unufot g]kfnsf k|d'v dfgjclwsf/ ;ª\u7gx¿n] åGåsf qmddf ePsf oftgfsf ljZj;gLo cf/f]kx¿sf] clen]v /fv]sf 5g\ . pknAw tYofª\scg';f/, b'j} kIfn] s]/sf/sf qm-ddf tyf unt 7flgPsf] sfo{df ;hfosf] ¿kdf otgfnfO{ lgoldt ¿kdf k|of]u u/]sf lyP elgG5 . oftgfsf ljlw tyf ;fwgx¿ ljleGg vfnsf x'Gy] / lg;Gb]x kL8f lbgdf tL k|efjsf/L lyP . oL ljlw / ;fwgx¿sf] ;ª\lIfKt ljj/0fkl5, 5nkmn oftgfsf] k|of]usf] ;DaGwdf b]lvPsf] k|j[lQsf] j0f{gtkm{ kms{g]5 . k|To]s k|j[lQnfO{ Ps jf ;f]eGbf a9L k|tLsfTds 36gfx¿åf/f k|:6 kfl/Psf] 5 .&=#=! ljlw / ;fwgx¿

si6 lbg] clxn];Ddsf] ;a}eGbf ;fdfGo ljlw eg]sf] pks/0f tyf ;fwgsf] k|of]u gu/L xftv'§fsf] k|of]u lyof] — kLl8tnfO{ nfQ xfGg], lxsf{pg], yKk8 dfg]{ jf d'Ssf xfGg] . k|ltj]bgx¿sf cg';f/, kLl8tx¿dfly clgolGqt ¿kdf af/af/ lx+;f ul/GYof] cyf{t pgLx¿nfO{ s}b ug]{n] z/L/sf] s'g} klg efudf hxfF lxsf{pg ;SYof] ToxfF lxsf{pFYof] . o:tf d'Ssf xfGg ljleGg cf}hf/sf] k|of]u ul/GYof] . y'g'jfx¿n] cfkm"nfO{ kfOk, kf]n, nf7L, kf]lnlyg, wft'sf /8, /a/ -pbfx/0fsf nflu, uf8Lsf] l;;fsf] jfOk/_ / /fOkmnsf] s'Gbfn] lk6]sf] atfP423 .

oftgf lbg] ;fwgsf ¿kdf wfl/nf xltof/x¿sf] k|of]u ul/Psf] lyof], vf;u/L g]kfnLx¿sf] k/Dk/fut xltof/ v's'/L÷5'/L h'g kLl8tsf] hLpdf w:g, sf6\g / cª\ueª\u ug{ k|of]u ul/Psf] lyof] . cfj[lQdf s]xL sd eP klg a~r/f / u}FtL424 klg To;}u/L k|of]u ul/Psf lyP . cem aa{/ ¿kdf, 3/]n' ¿kdf agfOPsf ad tyf lj:kmf]6s kbfy{x¿ kLl8tsf] d'vdf /flvlbg], afFw]/ /fv]sf] kLl8tsf] tnkl§ /flvlbg] cyjf kLl8tdfly g} km\ofFSg] sfd ul/Psf] lyof] elgG5 . oftgf lbg jf cª\ueª\u ug{df k|of]u ul/Psf cGo cf}hf/df xft]cf/f, 421 Kunarac et al., ICTY, Trial Chamber, (2001) para 772 (see footnote 154); Prosecutor v. Aleksovski, ICTY, Trial Chamber, case no. IT-95-14/1-T, 25 June 1999, para 229.422 Čelebići Case, ICTY Trial Chamber (1998) para 1058 (see footnote 408)423 kLl8tx¿nfO{ kf]Ng] l;:gf]n] sf]/f{ xflgPsf jf l;:gf]sf kftx¿ z/L/sf ;+j]bgzLn cª\udf kL8fhgs tlsfn] ;'lGgg] u/L blnPsf ;dfrf/x¿ af/af/ cfPsf lyP .424 Dof6f]s a~r/f] jf u}+tL h:t} x'G5 / To;sf] Psfk§Laf6 hldg vGg jf uf]8\g ;lsG5 .

170

sfF6L / dftf]{n, l;of] -cf}Fnfsf] 6'Kkfdf 3f]Rg_, sf]bfnf]÷;fe]n, r'/f]6, nfO6/ / d}gaQL -kLl8tnfO{ kf]Ng_ lyP .

nueu ;a} kLl8tnfO{ cfFvfdf k§L / xftdf xts8L nufOPsf] x'GYof] / y'k|}nfO{ dlxgf}+;Dd . o; tl/sfn] s;}nfO{ lgo-Gq0fdf /fv]kl5 p lbUe|ldt tyf hf]lvdk"0f{ cj:yfdf ePsf] s'/fnfO{ /fd|/L lnlka4 ul/Psf] 5425 . PskN6 lgoGq0fdf NofPkl5, lj-leGg k|sf/sf k|ljlwx¿ k|of]u ul/Psf x'Gy] — h;df ;a}nfO{ yfxf ePsf] v'§fsf] kfOtfnfdf lk6\g] -kmnª\uf_b]lv lnP/ x8\8L jf df+zk];Ldf Iflt k'Ug]u/L z/L/, v'§f jf 9f8df ux|'ª\uf] kfOk÷/8÷nf7Ln] k]Ng];Ddsf 5g\ . xft, v'§f jf xftsf cf}Fnfx¿ efFlrPsf tyf sfF6L jf l;of] cf}Fnfdf hah{:tL 3';fOPsf] jf lsrlkr kfl/Psf eGg] cf/f]kx¿ klg 5g\ . nfdf] ;do;Dd kLl8tx¿nfO{ kfgLdf pleg nufOPsf] / slxn]sfxLF kfgLdf g} lah'nLsf] s/]G6 nufOPsf] eGg] cGo k|ltj]bgn] cf/f]k nufPsf 5g\ .

…8'afP/ df/]h:tf] ug]{ cEof;Ú klg k6sk6s k|of]u ul/Psf] elgGYof] h;df kLl8tnfO{ lghsf] 6fpsf] z/L/eGbf tn x'g]u/L em'G8\ofOPsf] x'GYof] / pgLx¿sf] d'v of t 6]k nufP/ 6flnPsf] of ;Dk"0f{ cg'xf/ sk8fn] 9flsPsf] x'GYof] . clg ltgsf gfsdf jf lt-gsf cg'xf/df /flvPsf] leh]sf] tf}lnofdf kfgL vGofOGYof]426 . of] / o:t} vfnsf kfgLdf 8'afP/ df/]h:tf] ug]{ / ;f; y'lgPh:tf] u/fpg] tl/sfnfO{ ljleGg lgsfoåf/f oftgf egL kl/efiff ul/Psf] 5427 . s]xL kLl8tnfO{ nfdf] af6f];Dd ux|'ª\uf] ef/L af]Sg, 3fddf pleg, sfFwdf 6fo/ af]s]/ pleg afWo kfl/Psf] x'GYof] jf 3fF6L;Dd cfpg]u/L vf8ndf k'l/Psf] x'GYof] elgGYof] .

clen]v e08f/df ePsf 36gfx¿n] åGåsfndf k|rngdf /x]sf] ceb| Jojxf/sf] csf]{ ljlwsf] klg klxrfg u/]sf 5g\ — ljleGg d'b|fdf kLl8tnfO{ em'G8\ofpg] t/ k|foM 6fpsf] tn / hLp dfly u/]/ . of] s]/sf/ ug]{ sIfsf rf/ kvf{nleq jf aflx/ ¿v jf kf]ndf ul/GYof] . cl-wsf+z cj:yfdf of] kLl8tnfO{ lk6\g] jf lah'nLsf] s/]G6 nufpg]h:tf s'g} g s'g} k|sf/sf] oftgf jf ceb| Jojxf/sf] k"j{;ª\s]t lyof] . klxrfg ul/Psf c¿ b'O{j6f 36gf klg lyP h;df kLl8tsf cfFvfdf Pl;8 vGofOPsf] elgPsf] lyof] / sDtLdf Pp6f 36gfdf

425 See, e.g, Physicians for Human Rights, Interrogations, Torture and Ill Treatment: Legal Requirements and Health Consequences, 14 May 2004, p. 6-7, Available from physiciansforhumanrights.org/library/documents/reports/iraq-medical-consequences-of.pdf. See also Concluding Observations of the Committee Against Torture: Israel (A/52/44), para 257, describing “hooding” as cruel treatment.426 ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg Gofo ;Gbe{;fdu|L clen]v e08f/df o:tf @) j6f eGbf a9L 36gf /]s8{ ul/Psf 5g\ .427 Human Rights Watch, Open Letter to Attorney General Alberto Gonzales, 5 April 2006. Available from www.hrw.org/en/news/2006/04/05/open-letter-attorney-general-alberto-gonzales). See also Concluding Observations of the Committee Against Torture: Israel (A/52/44), para 257.

171

cfFvfx¿ lgsflnPsf lyP428 . sDtLdf tLgj6f 36gfdf kLl8tnfO{ 8f]/Ln] afFw]/ l3;fl/Psf] lyof] elgof]429 .

&=#=@ cg';Gwfg ug]{ jf dfcf]jfbLsf] lk5f ug]{ qmddf ;'/Iffkmf}håf/f ul/Psf] elgPsf oftgf

pknAw hfgsf/Ln] ;'/Iffkmf}hsf tLgj6} cª\ux¿nfO{ oftgfsf 36gfdf d'5]sf] 5 elgPsf] 5 . ;ª\slnt k|ltj]bgx¿n] s] ;ª\s]t ub{5g\ eg] ;'/Iffkmf}hn] ;fdfGotM kLl8tx¿af6 hfgsf/L y'Tg] / s]xL xb;Dd ;hfo lbg] p2]Zon] o:tf ljlwx¿sf] k|of]u u¥of] h;n] oftgf lbOPsf] eGg] cf/f]kx¿ hGdfof] . :jefljs ¿kdf o; k|j[lQdf oftgfsf cf/f]kx¿ kb{5g\ h'g oftgf ;'/Iffkmf}hdfly jf æ;fdGtLÆ lg;fgfdfly ul/Psf] dfcf]jfbL cfqmd0fkl5sf] cj:yfdf jf u'Ktr/Laf6 k|fKt ;"rgfsf cfwf/df ul/Psf sf/afxLsf ;Gbe{df ePsf lyP430 .

dfcf]jfbL cfqmd0fkl5, ;'/Iffkmf}h glhs}sf ufpFx¿df k:y] / hf] pgLx¿nfO{ cfqmd0fdf ;+nUg ePsf] h:tf] nfUYof] jf hf];Fu cfqmd0fdf ;+nUg ePsfx¿af/] hfgsf/L 5 h:tf] nfUYof] ltgnfO{ lnP/ hfGy] . kqmfpkl5, JolQmx¿nfO{ ;'/Iffkmf}hsf cfcfkm\gf c8\8f, Aof/]s jf yfgfdf NofOGYof] / ;'/Iffkmf}hn] hfgsf/L v'nfpg s/sfko'Qm ljleGg tl/sf nfu' uYof]{ . kLl8tx¿nfO{ dfcf]jfbLsf ;+/rgf, sf/afxL jf xltof/ e08f/sf] cl:tTj jf 7fpFnufot ltgsf ultljlw, kl/jf/ tyf /fhgLlts ;DaGw, / c¿sf gfd, ultljlw, 7fpF / lghL ljj/0faf/] k|Zg ub{y] . o:tf] s]/sf/sf a]nf lbOPsf] elgPsf] oftgf kLl8taf6 s'g} g s'g} hfgsf/L jf :jLsf/f]lQm k|fKt gu/];Dd hf/L /xGYof] . s'g} kLl8t ljz]ifn] jf:tjdf s'g} cfqmd0fdf efu lnPsf] 5 eGg] zª\sf nfu]df ;'/Iffkmf}hn] lghdfly ;hfo jf k|ltzf]wsf] ¿kdf oftgf lbPsf] x'g;Sg] k|ltj]bgx¿n] hgfpFb5g\ . ;'/Iffkmf}hn] w]/}h;f] k|of]u ug]{ elgPsf] ljlw kLl8tnfO{ d'8\sL jf nf7Ln] 6fpsf] / z/L/sf ljleGg efudf lxsf{pg] / kLl8tnfO{ nfQn] xfGg] jf s'Nrg] lyP . zf/Ll/s tLj|tfsf] :t/ kLl8tlkR5] km/s x'GYof] — kLl8tnfO{ ;;fgf cflNkgn] 3f]Rg]b]lv lnP/ s'6]/ dfg]{;Ddsf . To;sf aLrdf kfgLdf 8'afP/ df/]sf] h:tf] u/fpg], r'/f]6n] kf]Ng], v'§fsf kfOtfnfdf lk6\g], a]Ngfn] z/L/df k]Ng] / gSsnL xTof u/fpg] 36gfx¿ x'Gy] .

k|ltj]bgdf kqmfp ul/Psf dfcf]jfbL ;dy{sx¿nfO{ Aof/]saflx/ ;'/Iffkmf}hsf ;fydf b]lvPsf 36gfx¿ klg ;dfj]z ul/Psf 5g\ . 428 Ref. No. 2004-06-06-incident-Kalikot_5193429 pRrfo'Qmsf] sfo{nosf] uf]Ko ;|f]t Ref. Nos. 4872, 5788. Ref No. 2004-02-15-incident-Bardiya_ 5224.430 pRrfo'Qmsf] sfo{nosf] uf]Ko ;|f]t .

172

pgLx¿nfO{ dfcf]jfbL;Fu cfa4tf ePsf :yfgLo JolQmx¿nfO{ lrgfpg k|of]u ul/Psf] lyof] elgGYof] . oL æ;'/fsLx¿ÆnfO{ pgLx¿sf] k|of]hg l;l4Pkl5 slxn]sfxLF kl5 ;'/Iffkmf}håf/f dfl/Psf lyP cyjf l/xf g} ul/P klg ltgn] dfcf]jfbLsf] æ;'/fsLx¿Æsf] cf/f]kdf To;sf kl/df0fdx¿ ef]Ug'kg]{ vt/f x'GYof]431 .

dlxnf tyf afnaflnsfx¿n] klg ljleGg ;'/Iffkmf}hsf xftaf6 oftgf ;xg'k¥of] . oftgfsf 36gfx¿ ;dfj]z ul/Psf y'k|} k|ltj]bgx¿ of}g k|s[ltsf oftgf;DaGwL 36gfx¿ klg ;dfj]z ul/Psf lyP432 .

k|tLsfTds 36gf &=!433

36gf ljj/0fM pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{no—g]kfnn] Ko'7fgsf] ;nª\ufl:yt zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfsf] Aof/]sdf ePsf oftgfsf cf7j6f 36gfsf] clen]v /fVof] .

dfcf]jfbL sfo{stf{ jf ;dy{s ePsf] cfzª\sf ul/Psf ;a} kLl8tnfO{ zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfåf/f @)^) r}t ^ ut] / @)^@ k'; !# sf] aLrdf kqmfp ul/Psf] lyof] . 5'§f5'§} cGtjf{tf{df pgLx¿n] kqmfpkl5 cfkm"nfO{ cfFvfdf k§L tyf xftdf xts8L nufOPsf] / To;kl5 s'6lk6 ul/Psf], nfQn] xflgPsf] / 3':;f, nf7L, k]6L, Knfl:6s kfOk tyf /fOkmnsf s'Gbfn] s'l6Psf] atfP . o:tf] b'Jo{jxf/ #) ldg]6b]lv s]xL 306f;Dd x'GYof] / slxn]sxLF s]xL lbg;Dd aLraLrdf nuftf/ eO/xGYof] . y'g'jfx¿dWo] rf/hgfn] cfkm"nfO{ ækfgLdf 8'afP/ dfg]{Æ h:tf] ul/Psf] atfP, h;df pgLx¿nfO{ gfs / d'vdf kfgL vGofP/ ca d 8'a]/ db}{5' h:tf] cg'ej u/fOGYof] . cf7dWo] Pshgfn] cfkm"nfO{ lhpFb} k'g]{ wDsL lbOPsf] / vf8ndf /fv]/ dflyaf6 kmf]xf]/ vGofPsf] s'/f atfP .

ljZn]if0fM lgif]lwt k|of]hgsf nflu r/d si6 jf kL8f lbg ul/g] Jojxf/ g} oftgf xf] . dfgjclwsf/ lgsfox¿n] s]xL Jojxf/, ljz]ifu/L s'6\g], nfQn] xfGg] / d'Ssf xfGg]÷lxsf{pg] sfo{, cfkm}Fdf oftgf ePsf] kfPsf 5g\ . vnª\uf Aof/]sdf y'lgPsf cf7 y'g'jfn] lbPsf aofgx¿ w]/} kIfdf ;dfgvfnsf 5g\ . tL JolQmn] Ps} vfnsf] s'6fO vfPsf] / of] p:t} ;dosf] cGt/fndf ePsf] s'/f atfPsf lyP . 431 $#!= x]g'{xf];\ cWofo % — u}/sfg'gL xTof .432 $#@= of}g lx+;fsf 36gf cWofo * df 5nkmn ul/Psf 5g\ .433 $##= OHCHR source confidential Ref. Nos. 5209, 5195, 5196, 5184, 5108, 4954, 5021, 4959; OHCHR – Nepal; Giri v. Nepal, Human Rights Committee Communication 1761/2008, 27 April 2011 para 9.

173

pgLx¿ ;a}n] cfkm"nfO{ xftdf xts8L tyf cfFvfdf k§L nufOPsf] / p:t} vfnsf] ceb| Jojxf/ ul/Psf] s'/f atfP . ækfgLdf 8'afP/ dfg]{Æ h:tf] sfo{ si6sf] Go"gtd r/dkgfdf k'Ug kof{Kt lyof] ls lyPg To;sf nflu pd]/, lnª\u, ;+j]bgzLntf, :jf:Yo cj:yfnufotsf s'/fnfO{ ;du|tfdf lnP/ To;sf] kLl8tdf s:tf] c;/ k¥of] eGg] s'/fsf] cWoog ul/g'k5{ . o; 36gfdf ul/g] 5fglagn] dfly v08 &=@ df pNn]v ul/Psf æ;Da4 sfg'gL vfsfÆadf]lhd j:t'ut tTjsf cltl/Qm oL cfTdut tTjx¿sf] klg cWoog ug'{k5{ . of] k|ltj]bgsf] lgisif{ 5 ls oftgf lbOPsf] 5 eg] zª\sf ug]{ dgfl;a cfwf/ ljBdfg 5 eg] cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gcg';f/ o; 36gfsf] -/ cGosf]_ cg';Gwfg ug'{ afWofTds x'G5 . To:t}, bf]ifL kfOPsf] JolQm-nfO{ ;hfo lbg' tyf kLl8tnfO{ Ifltk"lt{ pknAw u/fpg' klg TolQs} afWosf/L x'G5 . dfgjclwsf/ ;ldltn] s] pNn]v u/]sf] 5 eg] cfO{;L;LkLcf/cGtu{t kLl8t tyf lghsf] kl/jf/nfO{ k|efjsf/L Goflos pkrf/ pknAw u/fpg' /fHosf] bfloTj xf] . To:t}, oftgf / ceb| Jojxf/;DaGwL k"0f{ / ldxLg cg';Gwfg, To;df lhDd]jf/ JolQmx¿sf] cleof]hg tyf ;hfo / pNnª\3gsf nflu kof{Kt Ifltk"lt{sf] klg ;'lglZrt ug'{ /fHosf] bfloTj xf] .

k|tLsfTds 36gf &=@M d}gf ;'g'jf/sf] oftgf / d[To'434

36gf ljj/0fM zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfsf clws[tx¿n] !% jifL{of d}gf ;'g'jf/nfO{ @)^) kmfu'g % ut] sfe|] lhNnfl:yt pgsf] cfkm\gf] 3/af6 jL/]Gb| zflGt sfo{ tflnd s]Gb|df lnP/ uP . ;]gfsf b'O{ ;x;]gfgL -SofK6]g_nufot zfxL ;]gfsf ;ft clws[t tyf l;kfxLsf] pkl:yltdf pgnfO{ oftgf lbOof] . /fd|/L lnlka4 ul/Psf k|ltj]bgx¿sf cg';f/, clws[tx¿n] d}gf ;'g'jf/sf] 6fpsf] 7"nf] kfgLsf] efF8f]df Ps ldg6;Dd ^÷& k6s 8'afpg cfb]z lbP . To;kl5, l;kfxLx¿n] pgsf] leh]sf xftv'§fdf rf/ kfFrk6s lah'nLsf] s/]G6 nufPsf] elgof] . of] slyt oftgf 8]9 306f;Dd hf/L /Xof] / To;kl5 pgnfO{ tflnd s]Gb|sf] Pp6f lalN8ªdf nu]/ y'lgof], hxfF pgnfO{ cfFvfdf k§L / xftdf xts8L nufOPsf] lyof] . kl5 pgn] afGtf ug{ / d'vdf lkmFh sf9\g yfn]sf] elgof] . To;kl5 pgsf]

434 Ref. No. 2004-02-17 - incident - Kavre_0259. ;To / Gofosf] vf]hLdf kLl8tsL cfdf lg/Gt/ nflu/x]sfn], ;fob of] åGåsfnsf] ;a}eGbf s'Voft / rlr{t d[To' aGg k'Uof] . kmn:j¿k, s]xL ljZj;gLo ;|f]tx¿af6 k|fKt tYofª\s lj:t[t / hah{:t 5 . pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{no, æd}gf ;'g'jf/sf] lx/f;tdf oftgf / d[To' M ;/f]sf/x¿sf] ;f/;ª\If]kÆ (December 2006) Available from http://nepal.ohchr.org/en/resources/Documents/English/reports/IR /Year2006/2006_12_01_HCR%20_Maina%20Sunuwar_E.pdf; Devi Sunar v. District Police Office, Kabhrepalanchok, Dhulikhel et al. Nepal Kanoon Patrika, Supreme Court, Case 2064/2007, Vol. 49, Issue 6, at pp 738-749; Rome Statute, article 28(a) (see footnote 145). 36gfsf] k"0f{ ljj/0fsf nflu P8ef]s];L kmf]/dsf] “Maina Sunuwar – Separating Fact from Fiction”, 2010 x]g'{xf];\ .

174

d[To' eof] . To; xTofnfO{ 9fs5f]k ug]{ k|oTg:j¿k ;+nUg ;]gfsf sd{rf/Ln] pgsf] nf;nfO{ sDkfpG8 aflx/ nu] / 9f8df uf]nL xfg] . pgnfO{ ToxLF glhs} ufl8of] .

o:tf] l:yltsf] ;fdgf ug'{ k/]kl5 ;]gfn] ;'?df d}gf ;'g'jf/ efUg vf]Hbf uf]nL rnfOPsf] bfaL u¥of] . t/, /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o sltko ;ª\3;+:yfx¿sf] hf]8ankl5 Pp6f æsf]6{ ckm OGSjfo/L af]8{Æ ;g\ @))% df u7g ul/of] / To;kl5 sf]6{ df;{n klg u7g ul/of] . ;]gfsf tLghgfnfO{ æunt k|ljlw ckgfO{ ;f]wk'5 u/]sf]Æ / æk|rlnt sfg'g adf]lhdsf] k|lqmof k"/f gu/fO{Æ d}gfsf] nf; uf8\g lbPsf]df cGttM bf]ifL kfOof] . pgLx¿n] d'2fsf] ;'g'jfO{sf nflu kv]{/ hlt ;do h]ndf latfP Tolt g} ;do pgLx¿nfO{ h]n ;hfo tf]lsof] / kl/jf/nfO{ ? @% xhf/ b]lv ? %) xhf/;Dd ltg{ ltgnfO{ cfb]z lbOof] . kl/jf/n] pQm /sd c:jLsf/]/ km]/L sfg'gL k|lqmof ;'? ug{ vf]h] klg lhNnf k|x/L sfof{non] hfx]/L bvf{:t btf{ ug{ dfg]g . To;kl5 kl/jf/n] ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] 9f]sf 9s9Sofof], h;n] tLg dlxgfleqdf ;f] cg';Gwfg k"/f ug{ k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z lbof] . o; cfb]zkl5 k|x/Ln] 36gfdf d'l5Psf ;]gfsf rf/ clwsf/Llj?4 xTof;DaGwL cg';Gwfg sfe|]knf~rf]s lhNnf cb-fndf k]; u¥of] . ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] Pshgf zª\lstnfO{ a'emfpg tyf gful/s cg';GwfgnfO{ ;xof]u ug{ cfb]z lbof], t/ of] cfb]z of] k|ltj]bg tof/ kfbf{sf] ;do;Dd k"/f ePsf] 5}g .

ljZn]if0fM cGt/f{li6«o kmf}hbf/L sfg'gcg';f/, JolQmut kmf}hbf/L lhDd]jf/L kL8sdfly clwsf/ ePsf JolQmx¿df /x]sf] x'G5 . To:tf clwsf/LnfO{ pNnª\3gaf/] æyfxf lyof] jf yfxf ePsf] x'g'kYof]{Æ / ltgn] pko'Qm sfo{ ug{ ;s]gg\ . d}gf ;'g'jf/;DaGwLsf tYox¿n] s] :yfkgf u/]sf] b]lvG5 eg] jL/]Gb| zflGt sfo{ tflnd s]Gb|sf] k|efjsf/L lgoGq0fdf /x]sf / r]g ckm sdfG8sf] cem Tof]eGbf dfly /x]sfx¿nfO{ d}gf ;'g'jf/nfO{ lbOPsf] oftgf tyf pgsf] d[To'sf cf/f]kx¿af/] yfxf lyof] . casf] k|Zg s] xf] eg] k|To]s txut >]0fLdf /x]sf jl/i7x¿n] æTo:tf] sfo{ x'g glbg jf To;nfO{ bafpg jf o; ljifonfO{ cg';Gwfg / cleof]hgsf nflu bIf clwsf/L;dIf k]; ug{ cfkm\gf] clwsf/df /x]sf ;a} cfjZos / dgfl;a pkfox¿Æ u/] ls u/]gg\ eGg] xf] . o; d'2fdf ePsf ;fdu|Lx¿n] 36gf ePkl5 ;}Go g]t[Tjn] d'2f sld;g ckm OGSjfo/L af]8{ / To;kl5 sf]6{{ ckm df;{ndf k]; u/]sf] s'/f hgfpFb5g\ . t/, ;fdu|Ldf ePsf] s'g} klg s'/fn] Tof] ck/fw /f]Sg ;Sg] lg/f]ws jf lgu|xsf/L sfo{ u/]sf] hg-fpFb}gg\ . sf]6{ df;{nn] lbPsf] ;hfo, cleo'Qmx¿sf] ;fgf] ;"rL tyf gful/s Goflos cg';GwfgnfO{ ;xof]u ug{ g;s]sf] cfnf]sdf, ;]gfsf] g]t[Tjåf/f ul/Psf oL sfo{n] cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo

175

sfg'g jf cGt/f{li6«o dfgjclwsf/ sfg'gcGtu{tsf bfloTjx¿ k"/f ug]{ ;Defjgf 5}g .

dfcf]jfbL tyf ltgsf ;dy{sx¿ dfq oftgfsf slyt kLl8tx¿ lyPgg\ . åGåsf a]nf sfo{/t blnt d'lQm df]rf{, clvn g]kfn /fli6«o :jtGq ljBfyL{ o'lgog -cg]/f:jljo'_, g]kfn 6«]8 o'lgog dxf;ª\3 tyf clvn g]kfn dlxnf ;ª\3 h:tf sltko ;d"xx¿ bfz{lgs ¿kdf dfcf]jfbL;Fu glhs lyP435 . åGåsf] cjlwel/ dfcf]jfbLsf] p2]Zok|lt ;xfg'e"ltzLn jf To:tf] ePsf] 7flgPsf dflg;nfO{ jf cGo k|sf/n] dfcf]jfbL;Fu ;DalGwt dflg; -pbfx/0fsf nflu, dfcf]jfbLsf cfk-mGt_nfO{ klg ;'/Iffkmf}håf/f lg;fgf agfOPsf] lyof] elgG5 .

dfcf]jfbL;Fu s'g} klg ;DaGw gePsfx¿;Fu klg ceb| Jojxf/ ul/Psf] s'/f k|ltj]bgx¿n] b]vfpFb5g\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu, ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg Gofo ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L clen]v e08f/n] $) j6f 36gfsf clen]v /fv]sf] 5, h;df ;'/Iffkmf}hsf] k|lts"n x'g]u/L ;dfrf/ n]Vbf kqsf/x¿n] ceb| Jojxf/ v]Kg'k/]sf]436 / csf{ gf}j6f 36gfdf437 dfcf]jfbLx¿sf] pkrf/ u/]sf]df ;hfo:j¿k lrlsT;fsdL{x¿nfO{ oftgf -s'l6Psf]_ lbOPsf] jf dfl/Psf] lyof] elgof]438 . ;fob ;jf{lws vt/fdf lzIfs, ljB-fyL{ tyf dfgjclwsf/ /Ifsx¿ lyP . rf}w dfgjclwsf/ /Ifs / !#) lzIfs-nfO{, pknAw tYofª\scg';f/, ;'/Iffkmf}håf/f oftgf lbOof] elgof] . Pp6f pNn]Vo 36gfdf dfGdfdf ;Fu} lxFl8/x]sf Ps kqsf/ / csf]{ dfgjclwsf/ /IfsnfO{ ;'/Iffkmf}hn] g/fd|f];Fu cfqmd0f u¥of] elgof]439 .

s'g} kLl8t JolQmsf] /fhgLlts cfa4tf ax'wf g]kfn sDo'lg:6 kf6L{ -dfcf]jfbL_;Fu x'g] u/]sf] elgP klg clen]v e08f/df /flvPsf @$ j6f 36gfdf kLl8t JolQmsf] cfj4tf g]kfn sDo'lg:6 kf6L{ -Pdfn]_;Fu lyof] elgof] .

435 yk o:tf ;ª\3;+:yfx¿sf] ;"rL / ltgsf sfdsf/afxLsf] ljZn]if0fsf nflu x]g''{xf];\ International Crisis Group, Nepal’s Maoists, p. 11 (see footnote 28)436 pRrfo'Qmsf] sfo{nosf] uf]Ko ;|f]t Ref. No. 4964.437 pRrfo'Qmsf] sfo{nosf] uf]Ko ;|f]t Ref. No. 2443.438 of] kl5Nnf] sfo{n] cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gsf] b'O{ lsl;dn] pNnª\3g u/]sf] 5 . h]g]ef dxf;lGwx¿sf] cltl/Qm ;lGwkq @ sf] wf/f !) n] eg]sf] 5M ælrlsT;f;DaGwL lqmofsnfkdf ;+nUg JolQmx¿nfO{ lrlsT;f;DaGwL g}ltstf;Fu ;DalGwt lgodx¿ jf 3fOg] jf la/fdLsf] kmfObfsf nflu agfOPsf cGo lgodx¿ jf o; ;lGwkqsf] ljk/Lt g t s'g} sfo{ ug{ afWo kfl/g]5 jf ljk/Lt sfo{ ug{ nufOg]5 jf g t o;n] cfjZos 7fg]sf sfo{df gnfUg afWo t'NofOg]5 .Æ of] lgod k|yfhlgt cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg'gsf] cª\u alg;s]sf] 5 . See, e.g., United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary, Human Rights and the Law Subcommittee, Statement for the Record from Physicians for Human Rights “The ‘Material Support’ Bar: Denying Refuge to the Persecuted?” 19 September 2007.439 Ref. No. 2006-02-13-incident-Kalidko_4934.

176

&=#=# ;hfo jf s/sfksf] ;fwgsf] ¿kdf dfcf]jfbLåf/f lbOPsf] elg-Psf] oftgf

åGåsf] Ps kIfsf] ¿kdf g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_n] h]g]ef dxf;lGwx¿sf ;femf wf/f # sf k|fjwfgx¿sf] ;Ddfg ug'{kb{Yof] . hgd'lQm ;]gf, dfcf]jfbL ;+oGqsf /fhgLlts sfo{stf{ tyf cGo ;b:ox¿n] cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg'gcGtu{t pgLx¿n] cfkm\gf] lgoGq0fdf lnPsf hf];'s};Fu dfgjf]lrt Jojxf/ ug{ cfjZos lyof] . s;}nfO{ kqmfp u/]kl5 jf lgoGq0fdf lnO;s]kl5 To; JolQmnfO{ zf/Ll/s jf dfgl;ls ¿kdf xflg k'¥ofpg' x'Fb}g . of] k|ltaGw kLl8t u}/;}lgs jf n8fOFaf6 cnu ePsf] zq'kIfsf] n8fs' hf];'s} eP klg ;dfg ¿kdf nfu' x'GYof] .

s_ zflGt ;'/Iff sfod /fVg] tyf …hgGofoÚsf] ;fwgsf] ¿kdf oftgf

dfcf]jfbL sfo{stf{x¿n] cfkm"n] cfk/flws ultljlwdf ;+nUg ePsf] cfzª\sf u/]sf dflg;nfO{ k6sk6s kqmfp u/]sf] b]lvGYof]440 . oL clwsf+z slyt kLl8tx¿ ;fwf/0f gful/s lyP . t/, ;'/Iffkmf}hsf ;b:ox¿, h:tf] k|x/L sd{rf/L / dfcf]jfbL sfo{stf{ :jo+ klg, g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_åf/f cEof; ul/Psf] k|x/L clwsf/af6 kLl8t lyP . d'Vo lg;fgfx¿ dfcf]jfbLn] hf;'; jf ;'/fsL egL cfzª\sf u/]sf dflg; lyP . To;afx]ssf kLl8tx¿df rf]/L, xTof, b'O{ ljjfx÷ax'ljjfx, …cg}lts rl/q,Ú e|i6frf/, dfbs kbfy{ agfpg]÷laqmL ug]{÷pkef]u ug]{, dhb'/x¿;Fu ceb| Jojxf/ ug]{ / sf7 rf]/L lgsf;L ug]{ sfo{df cleof]u nufOPsf JolQmx¿ lyP .

cw{Goflos k|lqmofsf] kl/0ffd:j¿ oftgf x'g uPsf] elgPsf 36gfx¿ klg 5g\,441 h;df cleo'QmnfO{ æhgtfÆsf ;dIf d'2f rnfOGYof]] / si6k"0f ;hfo ;'gfOGYof] h'g oftgfsf] txdf k'Ug kof{Kt lyof] . c¿ a]nf, ;hfo tTsfn lbOGYof] . sfo{stf{x¿nfO{ cleo'QmnfO{ lnP/ hfGy] / 7fpFsf] 7fpF ;hfo lbOGYof]442 . ;fgf] ;ª\Vofsf 36gfdf dfcf]jfbL ultljlw, vf;u/L zflGt ;'/Iff sfod /fVg], df æx:tIf]kÆ ug{ vf]Hg] k|x/L clwsf/Lx¿nfO{ ;hfo lbg] dfcf]jfbLx¿ klg lyP .

clen]vg ul/Psf 36gfx¿df ;a}eGbf ;fdfGo oftgfsf] ljlw s'6lk6 lyof] . xft, v'§f, /fOkmn jf nf7Ln] afx]s cGo tl/sfn] zf/Ll/s si6 lbg] pbfx/0fx¿sf] clen]v /flvPg . dgf]j}1flgs oftgf lbg] 36gfsf] clen]v /flvPsf] lyof] h;df s]xL lglZrt

440 pRrfo'Qmsf] sfo{nosf] uf]Ko ;|f]t Ref No 1861.441 See section 9.3.5, The Maoist “Justice System” p. Error: Reference source not found442 pRrfo'Qmsf] sfo{nosf] uf]Ko ;|f]t Ref Nos 1885, 5396.

177

kLl8tnfO{ ltdLx¿sf] xTof ul/+b}5 egL 8/ b]vfOPsf] x'GYof]443 .

dfcf]jfbL sfo{stf{n] ;'/Iffkmf}hsf ;b:ox¿nfO{ oftgf lbPsf] elg-Psf 36gfx¿ ePsf eP klg pknAw tYofª\sn] of] cEof; Jofks jf ljz]iftu/L cfd ¿kdf k|rngdf gePsf] s'/f atfpF5g\ . ;]gf, k|x/L tyf ;z:q k|x/Lsf ;b:ox¿nfO{ clwsf+ztM 3/ labfdf x'Fbf jf af6fdf, vf;u/L åGåsf] kl5Nnf] cjlwlt/, kqmfp ul/GYof]444 . kqm-fpkl5sf] ;aeGbf 7"nf] p2]Zo kLl8tnfO{ ;'/Iffkmf}h 5f8\g ljZj:t kfg]{, pgLx¿n] ToxfF k|j]z u/]df pgLx¿nfO{ ;hfo lbg] cyjf pgLx¿n] u/]sf s'g} klg dfcf]jfbL lj/f]wL ultljlwsf] abnf lng] x'GYof] .

k|tLsfTds 36gf &=#445

36gf ljj/0fM ;z:q, 5b\d¿k wf/0f u/]sf cf7 gf}hgf dfcf]jfbLsf] Ps ;d"xn] kj{t lhNnfdf Ps &$ jifL{o j[4sf v'§f efFr] . dfcf]jfbLx¿n] pgnfO{ lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf ;efklt;Fu glhs ePsf], :yfgLo ;ldltsf sf]ifaf6 /sd lxgfldgf u/]sf] / cf7hgf dfcf]jf-bLnfO{ ;DemfP/ cfTd;dk{0f u/fPsf] cf/f]k nufOPsf] lyof] . tL j[4sf b'j} v'§f g/fd|f];Fu efFlrPsfn] ;f]sf] pkrf/sf nflu u08sL c:ktfn kf]v/fdf nluof] .

ljZn]if0fM o; 36gfdf si6 lbOPsf] eGg] s'/f :ki6 5 / of] ;hfo g} lbg] p2]Zon] ul/Psf] elgPsfn] lbOPsf] si6 jf kL8fn] cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg'gn] vf]h]cg';f/sf] r/d txsf] dfkb08 k"/f u/]df of] oftgfsf] ¿kdf juL{s/0f x'g]5 . dfly pNn]v ul/Pem}F, o; 36gfn] r/dtfsf] Go"gtd dfkb08 k"/f u5{ ls ub}{g eGg] ;DaGwdf ul/g] 5fglag j:t'ut tyf cfTdut b'j} 5fglag x'G5 . kLl8tsf] pd]/ cfTdut hfFrdf Pp6f dxTTjk"0f{ tTj x'g]5 / x8\8L w'nf]kL7f] x'g]u/L v'§f efFRg] sfdn] r/dtfsf] j:t'ut dfkb08 k"/f ug]{5 . o; 36gfsf] ;'g'jfO{ ug]{ cbfntn] ;Dejt o; 36gfnfO{ oftgfsf] o'4 ck/fwsf] ¿kdf kfpg]5 .

v_ s/sfksf] ;fwgsf] ¿kdf oftgf

443 pRrfo'Qmsf] sfo{nosf] uf]Ko ;|f]t Ref No 0003.444 pRrfo'Qmsf] sfo{nosf] uf]Ko ;|f]t Ref. No 1806.445 pRrfo'Qmsf] sfo{nosf] uf]Ko ;|f]t Ref. No. 5751.

178

cw{kmf}hbf/L Gofosf 36gfsf cltl/Qm, dfcf]jfbLx¿n] cfkm\gf] d"n p2]ZonfO{ cufl8 a9fpg, /fhgLlts ¿kn] clek|]l/t xf];\ jf ;}lgs ¿kn], oftgf lbPsf] elgof] . pbfx/0fsf nflu, ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg Gofo ;+oGq ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L clen]v e08f/n] dfcf]jfbLn] 3f]if0ff u/]sf] aGb446 pNnª\3g u/]sfn] s'6fO vfPsf] elgPsf 36gfÙ 3/ jf lalN8ª vfln gu/]sf] dflg;nfO{ oftgf lbOPsf]Ù hUuf ga'emfPsfÙ dfcf]jfbL sfo{stf{sf nflu vfgf gksfPsf]Ù dfcf]jfbLnfO{ k};f jf s/ glt/]sf]Ù dfcf]jfbLdf k|j]z ug{ gdfg]sf]Ù ;'/Iffkmf}hdf kl/jf/sf] s'g} ;b:o nufPsf] jf To:tf] JolQmsf ultljlwaf/] hfgsf/L jf p sxfF 5 eGg]af/] s]xL gv'nfPsf]df ;hfosf] ¿kdfÙ /fhgLlts jf j}rfl/s leGgtfsf sf/0f, pbfx/0fsf nflu, g]kfnL sfª\u|]; jf Pdfn]sf] ;b:o ePsf], jf cGoyf dfcf]jfbLlj?4 af]n]sf]Ù dfcf]jfbL;Fu gldn]sf] jf k|ltsf/ ;ldlt h:tf] dfcf]jfbL lj/f]wL ;d"x jf kf6L{df nfu]sf] clen]v /fv]sf] 5 . s'6lk6 ug'{, xftv'§fsf x8\8L efFRg' / kLl8tnfO{ uf]nL xfGg' cfd k|rngdf /x]sf si6 lbg k|of]u ul/Psf ljlwx¿ lyP . clen]v e08f/df JolQmx¿nfO{ uf]nL xflgPsf] t/ gdfl/Psf sltko 36gf 5g\447 .

c¿n] klg ;hfo kfP h;sf] sf/0f yfxf ePsf] 5}g . dfcf]jfbLx¿ :jo+, jf k"j{dfcf]jfbLx¿, nfO{ klg v/fa cfr/0fsf nflu jf kf6L{ 5f]8\g vf]h]sf] egL oftgf lbOof] elgof] . dlxnf / afnaflnsfnfO{ klg 5fl8Pg . dlxnf / afnaflnsfnfO{ leGgfleGg} lsl;dn] jf leGgfleGg} p2]Zon] oftgf lbOPsf]df eg] vf; k|j[lQ v'6\ofpg ;lsPg .

k|tLsfTds 36gf &=$448

36gf ljj/0fM kLl8tn] lzIfs eP/ !! jif{;Dd / ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt -uflj;_sf] ;lrj eP/ @* jif{;Dd ;]jf u/] . ;g\ @))@ sf] km]q|'c/Ldf pgsf] 3/df cfPsf hgd'lQm ;]gfsf ;z:q ;b:ox¿n] pgL;Fu ? @% xhf/ rGbf dfu] . kLl8tn] rGbf lbg gdfg]kl5 rGbfsf] dfu a9fP/ ? %) xhf/ k'¥ofOof], h;nfO{ km]l/ klg c:jLsf/ ul/of] . kl5 kLl8tnfO{ pgs} 3/af6 ckx/0f u/L uflj; sfof{nodf NofOof] . sfof{noleq g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_sf @& ;z:q ;b:ox¿ lyP h;n] km]l/ 446;ª\qmd0fsfnLg Gofo ;Gbe{;fdu|L clen]v e08f/n] aGb nfu' u/fpg] qmddf ul/Psf] lx+;fsf] kmn:j¿k d[To' ePsf] 36gfsf] clen]v /fv]sf] 5 .447 See, e.g., 2001-01-13-incident-Dhanusha_1388, 200311-07-incident-Rupandehi_5883.448 pRrfo'Qmsf] sfo{nosf] uf]Ko ;|f]t Ref. No. 5396. g]kfnL ;dfhdf h'QfnfO{ kmf]xf]/ lrhsf] ¿kdf lnOG5 / s'g} klg JolQmsf] of] æ;a}eGbf tNnf]Æ efusf] k|tLssf] ¿kdf lnOG5 — h'g e'OF;Fu 6fFl;Psf] x'G5 .

179

pgL;Fu rGbf dfu] . kLl8tn] cfkm";Fu k};f gePsf] atfPkl5 pgLx¿n] rGbfsf] /sd a9fP/ ? ! nfv k'¥ofP . km]l/ klg To;nfO{ c:jLsf/ u/]kl5, pgnfO{ s'6lk6 ul/of] . pgnfO{ a;fP/ b'O{j6f sf7sf gf]n pgsf lt3|fsf tn / dfly /flvP / To;dfly s'lNrg nufOof] / tL g]fn lt3|fdfly s'bfOP . pgnfO{ k6sk6s p7a; ug{ nufOof] 9f8df / 6fpsfsf] k5fl8 /fOkmnsf s''Gbfn] lxsf{Oof] . pgn] cfkm\gf] xf]z xjf; u'dfP . g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_n] pgnfO{ ufpFn]sf cufl8 6fpsf] rf/kf6f d'8], sfnf]df;f] bn] / 3fF6Ldf h'Qfsf dfnf nfpg nufP/ rf/j6f uflj; jl/kl/ 3'Dg afWo kf/] .

b'O{ dlxgfdf tª\u|]kl5 kLl8t efu]/ lhNnf ;b/d'sfd k'u] . pgsf h]7f 5f]/fnfO{ ckx/0f u/L gf} lbg;Dd /flvof] / s}bL cj:yfdf g} s'6lk6 ul/of] elgof] . To;kl5, g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_ kl/jf/df slt ;'g, rfFbL / cGo ;fdfg 5g\ To;sf] lx;falstfa /fVg cl3 a9] . h]7f 5f]/fsf] l/xf ePnuQ}, Toltv]/ !$ jif{ k'u]sf kLl8tsf ;a}eGbf sfG5f 5f]/fnfO{ ckx/0f ul/of] . pgnfO{ Ps /ft /flvof] / dfcf]jfbLn] pgnfO{ ls t cfkm\gf] afa'nfO{ Nofpg ls afa'sf] ;DklQ a'emfpg ls dg{ tof/ x'g dfu u/] . afa'nfO{ Nofpg] s'/fdf ;xdt ePkl5 pgnfO{ 5fl8of] . ha afa'n] 5f]/faf6 pQm ;Gb]z kfP ca dfcf]jfbLn] dfg]{ /x]5g\ eGg] ljZjf; nfu]/ a? ;DklQ a'emfO lbg' eg]/ hjfkm k7fP . ;g\ @))@ sf] l8;]Da/df, tLghgf Onfsf sdfG8/;lxt sl/a $% hgf g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_sf sfo{stf{n] kLl8tsf] 3/ cfkm\gf] sAhfdf lnP . To; 36gfkl5 kLl8t lj:yflkt eP / lhNnf ;b/d'sfddf a:g yfn] . kLl8tnfO{ ;/sf/af6 ? @# xhf/sf] Ifltk"lt{ k|bfg ul/of] .

ljZn]if0fM oL slyt tYox¿n] g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_n] kLl8tnfO{ oftgf lbPsf] lyof] eGg] dgfl;a cfzª\sfnfO{ hGd lbG5g\ . ljz]ifu/L /fOkmnsf s'Gbfn] 6fpsfdf s'6\g] sfo{ ;DejtM cfkm}Fdf Pp6f oftgf xf] . v'§fdf gf]n s'bfpg] sfo{n] klg ær/d si6Æsf] Go"gtd dfkb08 k"/f ug{ ;Sg]5, oBlk cGo tTjx¿ -h:t}, ;dosf] cjlw / h'g tLj|tfsf ;fy Tof] kL8f jf si6 lbOof] Tof] tLj|tf Pj+ kLl8tsf] pd]/ / :jf:Yo l:ylt_sf ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ug'{ cfjZos 5 . s/sfk, h'g o; 36gfk5fl8sf] p2]Zo /x]sf] b]lvG5, /f]d ljwfgdf lbOPsf] oftgfsf] kl/efiffdf ;"rLs[t lgif]lwt p2]Zox¿dWo]sf] xf] . To;}n], cbfntn] si6sf] Go"gtd ;Ldf / lgif]lwt k|of]hgsf k"j{cfjZostfx¿ b'j} k"/f ePsf] kfpg ;Sg]5 / To;f] ePdf ;femf wf/f # sf] pNnª\3g x'g]5 .

&=$ cª\ueª\usf cf/f]kx¿

180

Dffly j0f{g ul/Pem}F, cª\ueª\unfO{ h]g]ef dxf;lGwx¿sf] ;femf wf/f # cGtu{t lgif]w ul/Psf] 5 . o;nfO{ cGt/f{li6«o dfgjclwsf/ sfg'gsf oftgf lj/f]wL k|fjwfgx¿df klg lgif]w ul/Psf] 5 . s'g} Ps JolQmn] csf]{ JolQmnfO{ hfgfhfg cª\ueª\u ub{5 jf pgLx¿n] cGo s'g} k|sf/n] csf]{ JolQmsf] z/L/af6 cª\u lemSb5 jf :yfoL ¿kdf ckfª\u agfpFb5 eg] -Tof] sfd kLl8tsf] ;jf]{Qd lxtdf 5}g eGg] dfg]/, h:tf] ls Odfgbf/Lk"j{s ul/Psf] cfktsfnLg zNolrlsT;f_ To:tf] cj:yfdf cª\ueª\usf] ck/fw ul/Psf] x'G5 .

&=$=! ;'/Iffkmf}håf/f ePsf] cª\ueª\u

clelnlvt tYofª\scg';f/, ;'/Iffkmf}håf/f ePsf cª\ueª\usf 36gf af/af/ eO/xg] 36gf lyPgg\ / 36gf eP klg To;af6 s'g} vf; :ki6 k|j[lQ b]vf k/]g . ha of] b]lvof], of] k|foM r/d oftgfsf] ;fwgsf] ¿kdf, slyt dfcf]jfbL ultljlw u/]sf]df ;hfosf] ¿kdf cyjf dfcf]jfbL sfo{stf{ sxfF 5g\ eGg] s'/f v'nfpg s/sfksf] ¿kdf k|of]u u/]sf] kfOG5 . kLl8tx¿af6 ;flatL lng] qmddf, ;'/Iffkmf}hn] slxn]sfxLF y'g'jfx¿sf x8\8L, k|fo;M xftsf, efFRy]449 . s]xL kLl8tsf] xft, v'§f jf 3fF6Ldf sfl6GYof]450 . Pp6f 36gfdf, kLl8tsf] v'§fsf] a'9L cf}Fnfsf] Ps 6'qmf df;' sf6]/ lgsflnof]451 . csf]{ 36gfdf kLl8tsf] rfsaf6 k6sk6s df;'sf 6'qmf sf6]/ lgsflnof]452 .

&=$=@ ;hfo / s/sfksf ¿kdf dfcf]jfbLaf6 ePsf cª\ueª\u

dfcf]jfbLn] lbPsf] r/d oftgf h:t}, dfcf]jfbLn] ;j{;fwf/0f gful/s tyf ;'/Iffkmf}hsf ;b:ox¿sf] cª\ueª\u ul/Psf] lyof] . ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg Gofo ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L clen]v e08f/df ;"rLs[t cª\ueª\usf kLl8tx¿ k|foM ;a} k'?if lyP / tLdWo] clwsf+zsf] ltg} 3fpsf sf/0f d[To' ePsf] lyof]453 . cª\ueª\unfO{ ;fdfGotM dfly oftgf v08df atfOP h:t} ;hfosf] Pp6f jLeT; dfWodsf] ¿kdf k|of]u ul/Psf] lyof] .

p2]Zodf ePsf] ;dfgtfafx]s, dfcf]jfbLx¿n] u/]sf u}/sfg'gL xTof;Fu ldNbf]h'Nbf] sfo{z}nL k|of]u u/]sf] elgof] . pgLx¿ kLl8tsf 3/df hfGy] jf cGo k|sf/n] p;nfO{ ckx/0f uy]{, clg kLl8tnfO{ PsfGt:yn nfGy], cª\ueª\u uy]{ / p;nfO{ ToxLF 449 Ref. Nos. 2005-06-12-incident-Jhapa_1557; 1996-05-06-incident-Sindhuli_0294; 2001-12-30-incident-Krave_ 0199.450 pRrfo'Qmsf] sfo{nosf] uf]Ko ;|f]t Ref. No. 0189.451 pRrfo'Qmsf] sfo{nosf] uf]Ko ;|f]t Ref. No. 0181.452 pRrfo'Qmsf] sfo{nosf] uf]Ko ;|f]t Ref. No. 1742453 x]g'{xf];\ cWofo % u}/sfg'gL xTof .

181

56k6fP/ PSn} 5f8]/ hfGy] . slxn]sfxLF cf/f]lkt kL8sx¿ 3/ kms{y], kLl8tsf] kl/jf/ tyf ufpFn]x¿nfO{ To;af/] / Tof] lsg ul/Psf] lyof] eGg]af/] hfgsf/L u/fpFy] / kLl8tnfO{ sxfF kfpg ;lsG5 eGg]af/] klg atfpFy] . ufpFn]x¿ /÷jf kl/jf/hgx¿ cGttM kLl8tsf] p2f/ ug{ ;kmn x'Gy] / ;xfotf pknAw u/fpFy] . clen]v e08f/df o:tf 36gfsf] clen]v /flvPsf] 5 h;df dfcf]jfbLx¿n] kLl8tsf xft, kfv'/f jf v'§f ls t k'/} ls cf+lzs ¿kdf sf6]sf] elgPsf] 5454 . v'§f a~r/f] jf Xofd/åf/f efFlrPsf] x'GYof] jf 9'ª\fåf/f lslrlkrL kfl/Psf] x'GYof]455 . sDtLdf Ps kLl8tsf cfFvf lgsflnPsf lyP456 eg] c¿sf] gfs jf sfg sfl6Psf] lyof]457 . cª\ueª\u ug]{ csf]{ dfWod eg]sf] ;fwg kLl8tsf] cg'xf/df Pl;8 vGofOlbg] lyof]458 .

454 pRrfo'Qmsf] sfo{nosf] uf]Ko ;|f]t Ref. No.1380.455 pRrfo'Qmsf] sfo{nosf] uf]Ko ;|f]t Ref. No. 5773.456 Ref. No. 2004-06-06-incident-Kalikot_5193.457 Ref. No. 2005-08-07 - Kalikot _4984, hg]Gb|Lo klg 5]bg ul/Psf] . oL kLl8t JolQm cGttM dfl/Psf lyP .458 Ref. No. 1998-07-00 - Rukum _5593.

182

k|tLsfTds 36gf &=%459

36gf ljj/0fM dfcf]jfbLx¿ /;'jf lhNnfsf Ps lzIfs [gfd /f]Ssf ul/Psf]]

sxfF pgLx¿sf] kf6L{df k|j]z ug{ jf rGbf lbg eg]/ cg'/f]w ub}{ k6sk6s k'u] . pgn] tL b'j} s'/fnfO{ c:jLsf/ u/] . ;g\ @))@ ;]K6]Da/df, sl/a ( ah]lt/, g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_sf sfo{stf{sf] Pp6f ;d"x pgsf] 3/df cfof] / pgnfO{ aflx/ lgSng eGof] . ha pgL aflx/ lgSn], dfcf]jfbL sfo{stf{x¿n] pgsf] xft k5fl8 nu]/ afFw] / cfFvfdf k§L nufP . ltgn] pgnfO{ afFRg] dg 5 ls 5}g eg]/ ;f]w] / cfkm"n] lghdfly …sf/afxL ug{Ú nfu]sf s'/f atfP . pgsf] 3/af6 Ps lsnf]ld6/ 6f9f uP/ dfcf]jfbL sfo{stf{ /f]lsP, pgnfO{ n8fP / wfl/nf] xlof/n] pgsf] bflxg] v'§f l5gfP . tL kLl8tn] %@ lbg;Dd c:ktfndf latfpg'k¥of] / clxn] pgn] s[lqd v'§f nufPsf 5g\ .

ljZn]if0fM oxfF k|:t't ul/Psf tYox¿n] dfcf]jfbLx¿n] kLl8tnfO{ :yfoL ¿kdf cª\ueª\u ug]{u/L 8'F8f] agfPsf lyP eGg] dgfl;a cfzª\sfnfO{ hGd lbG5 . kLl8t ;j{;fwf/0f -lzIfs_ lyP ls lyPgg\, jf pgL jf:tjdf zq' kf6L{sf] ;b:o lyP ls lyPgg\ eGg] s'/f c;fGble{s 5 . kLl8tnfO{ lgoGq0fdf lnO;s]kl5 pgnfO{ h]g]ef dxf;lGwx¿sf] ;femf wf/f # cGtu{t dfgjf]lrt Jojxf/ ul/g'kYof]{ / o; lsl;dn] pgnfO{ cª\ueª\u ug]{ sfo{ k|dfl0ft ePdf cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg'gsf] uDeL/ pNnª\3g ePsf] 7xl/g]5 .

&=% cGo ceb| Jojxf/sf cf/f]kx¿460

o; 5nkmnsf] k|of]hgsf nflu, oftgf jf cª\ueª\usf] txdf gk'Ug] ceb| Jojxf/nfO{ b'O{ k|ju{df ljefhg ul/g]5 . dfly pNn]v ul/Pem}F, qm"/ Jojxf/df clwsf+z lsl;dsf zf/Ll/s jf dfgl;s ceb| Jojxf/ ;d]l6Psf 5g\ h'g of t r/dtfsf] Go"gtd dfkb08 jf cGoyf oftgf x'g;Sg] lgif]lwt k|of]hgeGbf tn kb{5g . To;afx]s, æcdfgjLo tyf ckdfghgs Jojxf/Ædf461 ;fdfGotM zf/Ll/s si6 kb}{g t/ cGo lsl;dn] To;n] kLl8tsf] æj:t'ut ¿kdf a]OHht, ckdfg u/]sf] jf cGo lsl;dn] dof{bfsf] pNnª\3g u/]sf]Æ462 x'G5 . åGå/t b'j} kIfåf/f ul/Psf o'4sfnLg 36gf qm"/, cdfgjLo /÷jf ckdfghgs Jojxf/sf] txdf k'u] .

459 pRrfo'Qmsf] sfo{nosf] uf]Ko ;|f]t Ref. No. 0279.460 q"m? Jojxf/, JolQmut dof{bfdflysf] cf3ft / cdfgjLo tyf ckdfghgs Jojxf/ jf ;hfo .461 o;df ;dfj]z ul/Psf] ;Gbe{ xf] ;femf wf/f # af6 lnOPsf] æJolQmut dof{bfdf cf3ftÆ .462 of}g k|s[ltsf ckdfghgs Jojxf/sf 36gfx¿nfO{ cWofo *, of}g lx+;fdf ;Daf]wg ul/Psf] 5, k[= !%* .

183

&=%=! dfcf]jfbLåf/f ul/Psf] qm"/ jf a]OHhtLk"0f{ ;hfo

k|foM dfcf]jfbLåf/f ul/Psf] slyt qm"/ jf a]OHhtLk"0f{ ;hfo Toltv]/ b]vf kb{y] ha pgLx¿ cfkm\gf cw{Goflos jf k|x/L ultljlwx¿ ul//x]sf x'Gy] . ljleGg k|sf/sf v/fa cfr/0f u/]sf]df bf]ifL kfOPsf JolQmx¿nfO{ o:tf] ;hfo lbOGYof] h'g :jefj}n] qm"/, a]OHhtLk"0f{ jf ckdfghgs lyP463 . To;afx]s, dfcf]jfbL hgcbfntåf/f hah{:tL >ddf k7fpg lbOPsf] ;hfo cfd ¿kdf k|rngdf /x]sf ;hfodWo]sf] loof]464 . cGt/f{li6«o ;Demf}tfx¿n] s'g} klg /fHoåf/f ul/g] hah{:tL >ddfly s8fOsf ;fy aGb]h nufpg'sf ;fy} u}//fHo lgsfo / JolQmx¿åf/f x'g] o;sf] k|ofu]dfly k|ltaGw nufPsf] 5 . o;nfO{ s'g}s'g} kl/l:yltdf qm"/ tyf cdfgjLo Jojxf/ klg dflgPsf] 5465 .

dfcf]jfbLx¿n] kLl8tnfO{ o:tf k|sf/sf ceb| Jojxf/ ubf{ ljleGg lsl;dsf ljlw / ;fwgx¿ k|of]u u/]sf lyP . a]OHhtLk"0f{ jf ckdfghgs Jojxf/ Toltv]/ x'GYof] ha dfcf]jfbL sfo{stf{x¿n] kLl8tsf] cg'xf/df t]n, cnsqf] cflb /fv]/ agfOPsf] sfnf] df];f] blnGYof] . To;kl5 ;a}n] x]¿g\ eg]/ kLl8tnfO{ ufpFjl/kl/ 3'dfOGYof] . clen]v e08f/df o:tf kfFrj6f 36gf ;dfj]z ul/Psf 5g\ h;df ljleGg vfnsf b'isd{, h;nfO{ k|foM cfk/flws cfr/0f u/]sf] cfzª\sf ul/GYof, u/]sf]df ;hfosf] ¿kdf o:tf] a]OHhtLk"0f{ Jojxf/ ul/GYof]466 . dfcf]jfbLn] kLl8tsf] skfn vf}/]sf]467 / kLl8tnfO{ gfª\u} 3'dfPsf 36gfx¿sf] klg clen]v /flvPsf] 5 . a]OHht ug]{ csf]{ k|rlnt tl/sf eg]sf] æh'Qfsf] dfnf nufpg]Æ468 h;df h'Qfsf] dfnf agfP/ kLl8tsf] 6fpsf]df nufO{ ufpF 3'dfOGYof] . g]kfnL ;+:s[ltdf oL ;a} s[To cToGt} a]OHhtLk"0f{ lyP / k|foM log} sf/0faf6 pgLx¿n] cfkm\gf] ufpF g} 5f8\g' k/]sf] jf r/d 36gfdf t cfTdxTof ;d]t ug'{k/]sf] lyof] .

k|tLsfTds 36gf &=^469

463 olb ;hfoaf6 kfPsf] kL8f ær/dÆ 5 eg] oftgfsf nflu tf]lsPsf] Go'gtd ;Ldf k"/f ul/Psf] x'g ;S5 . ;hfo oftgfsf] k|ltalGwt p2]ZodWo] Pp6f xf] .464;ª\qmd0fsfnLg Gofo ;Gbe{;fdu|L clen]v e08f/ndf dfcf]jfbLåf/f hah{:tL >ddf k7fOPsf &) j6feGbf a9L 36gf /flvPsf 5g\ . ;hfosf] kl/l:ylt -sfdsf] k|s[lt, ;dofjlw, cj:yf_ ;a} 36gfdf pknAw ePgg\ . æqm"/ Jojxf/Æ ul/Psf] lyof] ls lyPg eGg] d'gfl;a cfzª\sfsf] lgwf{/0f ug{ yk cg';Gwfg ug{ cfjZos 5 .465 Prosecutor v. Blaškić, ICTY, Appeal Chamber, no IT-95-14-A, 29 July 2004, paras 186, 713 and 716 -y'g'jfx¿nfO{ o'4e"ld glhs} hah{:tL ;'?ª\ vGg nufpg] sfo{ qm"/ Jojxf/ ;/x x'G5 ._466 Ref. Nos. 2002-04-18-incident-Jumla _5396, 2003-04-14-incident-Darchula _2035, 2006-09-17-incident-Darchula _1864, 2006-05-23-incident-Darchula _1883, 2001-07-18-incident-Chitwan _1377.467 pRrfo'Qmsf] sfo{nosf] uf]Ko ;|f]t Ref. Nos.5560, 5983.468 pRrfo'Qmsf] sfo{nosf] uf]Ko ;|f]t Ref. No. 5917.469 pRrfo'Qmsf] sfo{nosf] uf]Ko ;|f]t Ref. No. 1864.

184

36gf ljj/0fM dfcf]jfbLx¿n] Pp6f slyt anfTsf/sf] 36gfnfO{ lnP/ kLl8t [gfd /f]Ssf ul/Psf]] sf ;fy;fy} c¿ tLghgfnfO{ klg ckx/0f u/] elgof] . dfcf]jfbLx¿n] tL rf/ s}bLnfO{ cg'xf/df v/fgL w;]/ / 6fpsf] d'08g u/]/ ;fj{hlgs ¿kdf ufpF 3'dfP . kLl8tn] s}bdf k/]kl5 @)^% sflQs @# ut] cfTdxTof u/] .

ljZn]if0fM anfTsf/sf] 36gfdf ;+nUg ePsf] cfzª\sf ul/Psf dflg;x¿sf] ;d"xnfO{ dfcf]jfbLx¿n] hfgfhfg a]OHht u/]sf] egL oL k|:t't tYox¿n] cfzª\sf pAhfpFb5g\ . anfTsf/sf cf/f]lkt kL8sx¿nfO{ bIf cbfntdf d'2f rnfOg'k5{ / bf]ifL kfOPdf pko'Qm ;hfo lbg'k5{ eGg] x'Fbfx'Fb}, plrt k|lqmofsf] clwsf/ s}bLx¿nfO{ pknAw u/fOPsf] s'g} klg ;ª\s]t gb]lvg' dfgjclwsf/sf] :ki6 tyf uDeL/ pNnª\3g xf] . oxfF cem a9L ;fGble{s s'/f s] 5] eg] ;hfo lbg] ljlw cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg'g tyf dfgjclwsf/ sfg'g b'j}sf] pNnª\3g xf] lsgsL o;df g]kfnL ;+:s[ltdf a]OHhtLk"0f{ / ckdfghgs dflgg] b'j} Jojxf/ ul/Psf] 5 .

&=%=@ ;f]wk'5sf] qmddf ;'/Iffkmf}håf/f ul/Psf] qm"/ jf a]OHhtLk"0f{ Jojxf/

;'/Iffkmf}hn] y'g'jfx¿, k|foM zª\sf:kb dfcf]jfbL jf To;;Fu ;Da4 JolQmx¿, ;Fu ;f]wk'5 ubf{ qm"/ jf a]OHhtLk"0f{ dflgg] o'lQmx¿sf] k|of]u ul/Psf 36gfx¿ clns sd lyP . o; cy{df ceb| Jojxf/ ul/Psf pbfx/0fx¿df vf8ndf y'g'jfx¿nfO{ vf8ndf 3fF6L;Dd k'g'{,470 gbLdf km\ofFSg',471 nfdf] ;do;Dd ef/L af]sfP/ pEofpg nufpg' / 3fddf x]g{ nufpg',472 kmf]xf]/ s'/f vfg afWo agfpg'473 / 8f]/Ldf /fv]/ s's'/nfO{ h:t} s'b\g nufpg'474 lyP . clen]v e08f/df kfOPsf oL / o:t} vfnsf pbfx/0fx¿n] of t nfu' cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gsf] c1fgtf of qm"/ tyf p2]Zod"ns 9ª\un] To;sf] a]jf:tf ul/Psf] s'/fnfO{ emNsfpFb5 .

k|tLsfTds 36gf &=&475

36gf ljj/0fM ;g\ @))) l8;]Da/df, k|fylds ljBfnosf Pshgf lzIfs [gfd /f]Ssf ul/Psf]] ;lxt !$ hgf hlt dflg;nfO{ dfcf]jfbL ultljlwdf ;470 pRrfo'Qmsf] sfo{nosf] uf]Ko ;|f]t Ref. No. 5340.471 pRrfo'Qmsf] sfo{nosf] uf]Ko ;|f]t Ref. No. 5478.472 pRrfo'Qmsf] sfo{nosf] uf]Ko ;|f]t Ref. No. 5340.473 Ref. No. 1996 -02-29-incident-Jajarkot_5684.474 pRrfo'Qmsf] sfo{nosf] uf]Ko ;|f]t Ref. No. 1546.475 pRrfo'Qmsf] sfo{nosf] uf]Ko ;|f]t Ref. No. 2104.

185

+nUg ePsf] cfzª\sfdf k|x/Låf/f kqmfp ul/of] . pgLx¿nfO{ aGb'ssf s'Gbf / a'6n] lxsf{OPsf], l;d]G6sf] e'OFdf 3'F8f 6]s]/ lxF8g nufOPsf] / Hofg dfg]{ wDsL lbPsf] elgPsf] lyof] .

ljZn]if0fM of] 5f]6f] ljj/0fn] y'gf:ynsf] jftfj/0fsf] lrq0f ub{5 hxfF y'g'jfx¿nfO{ Go"gtd ¿kdf klg dfgjf]lrt Jojxf/ ul/Psf] lyPg / aGb'ssf] s'Gbf / a'6n] lxsf{Psf] eGg] s'/fsf] cfnf]sdf, oftgfsf] d'2f xfNg ;lsg]5 . t/, pknAw u/fOPsf tYox¿af6 ceb| Jojxf/ ;hfo ug{ / hfgsf/L jf ;flatL lng s]sf nflu ul/Psf] lyof] eGg] s'/f :ki6 lyPg . h]xf];\ e'OFdf 3'F8f 6]s]/ lxF8\g nufpg] tyf pgLx¿nfO{ Hofg dfg]{ wDsL lbg] sfo{nfO{ cbfntn] oftgf geP klg qm"/, cdfgjLo jf ckdfghgs Jojxf/sf] ¿kdf kfpg ;Sg]5 .

&=^ /fHosf bfloTjx¿

;a} /fHo cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg'g / cGt/f{li6«o dfgjclwsf/ sfg'g b'j} k|sf/sf oftgf / ceb| Jojxf/sf ljZj;gLo cf/f]kx¿sf] cg';Gwfg ug]{ tyf kL8sx¿nfO{ ;hfo ug]{ cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg'gåf/f afFlwPsf 5g\476 . g]kfnn] ;g\ !((! Dff Sof6sf] cg'df]bg, cGo s'/fsf cltl/Qm, u/]sf sf/0f of] sfg'g g]kfnnfO{ afWosf/L sfg'gL Joj:yfsf] ¿kdf nfu' x'G5 . o; dxf;lGwsf] wf/f !@ cg';f/,

k|To]s kIf/fi6«n] cfkm\gf] If]qflwsf/cGtu{tsf] s'g} klg e"efudf oftgf lbOPsf] ljZjf; ug]{ dgfl;a cfwf/df ePsf] cj:yfdf cfkm\gf clwsf/k|fKt clwsf/Lx¿n] l56f] tyf lgikIf cg';Gwfg cufl8 aofpg] s'/f ;'lglZrt ug]{5 .

wf/f !@ cg''Gwfg zL3| ¿kdf xf];\ eGg] rfxG5 t/ csf]{ cy{df eGg] xf] eg] of] sflns ¿kdf ;Lldt x'Fb}g cyf{t oftgf hlxn];'s} ul/Psf] eP klg cg';Gwfg ug]{ bfloTj x/fPsf] x'Fb}g . g]kfnL sfg'gn] ;lGwhGo cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gL bfloTjx¿ /fli6«o sfg'gdf ePsf To;ljk/Ltsf k|fjwfgx¿dfly xflj x'g] x'gfn]477 476 Sof6, wf/f ^Ù CAT, article 6; cGt/f{li6«o /]8qm ;ldlt, Customary International Humanitarian Law, lgod !%*: æ/fHon] cfkm\gf gful/s jf ;z:q kmf}håf/f, jf cfkm\gf] e"lddf ul/Psf elgPsf o'4 ck/fwx¿sf] cg';Gwfg ug'{k5{ / pko'Qm ePdf zª\lst JolQmpk/ cleof]hg klg ug'{k5{ .Æ (see footnote 129) g kL8ssf] g t kLl8tsf] e"ldsf, g t /fli6«o ;'/Iff, ;ª\s6sfn jf k|ltcftª\safb h:tf ;/f]sf/x¿nfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/ To:tf] sfo{ plrt 5 eg]/ To;nfO{ dfkm g} ug{ ;lsG5 . cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gsf] afWosf/L dfGotfsf] ¿kdf oftgf;DaGwL cf/f]kx¿sf] cg';Gwfg ug}{k5{ .477 g]kfn ;lGw P]g, @)$&, bkmf (-!_M æ;;b\af6 cg'df]bg, ;lDdng, :jLs[lt jf ;dy{g eO{ g]kfn jf g]kfn ;/sf/ kIf ePsf] s'g} ;lGwsf] s'/f k|rlnt sfg'g;Fu aflemPdf ;f] ;lGwsf]

186

bfloTjnfO{ lgif]w ug]{ jf cdfGo 7x¥ofpg] ¿kdf JofVof ug{ ;lsg] s'g} klg /fli6«o sfg'gsf afah'b Tof] bfloTj /x]s} x'G5478 .

To:t}, oftgfsf] cf/f]k k|:t't ug]{ JolQmx¿nfO{ Goflos pkrf/ pknAw u/fpg' Sof6sf kIf/fi6«x¿sf] bfloTj xf] . wf/f !# n] eg]sf] 5M

k|To]s kIf/fi6«n] cfkm\gf] If]qflwsf/cGtu{tsf] s'g} klg e"efudf cfkm"nfO{ oftgf lbOPsf] egL cf/f]k nufpg] s'g} klg JolQmnfO{ o;sf clwsf/k|fKt clwsf/Lx¿;dIf ph'/L ug]{ jf lghx¿af6 cfkm\gf] d'2fsf] l56f] / lgikIfdf ¿kdf cWoog u/L kfpg] clwsf/ x'g] s'/f ;'lglZrt ug]{5 .

o; k|fjwfgn] cf/f]ksf] cWoog ug'{kg]{ afWofTds cj:yfnfO{ hufpFb5 . o;df dxTTjk"0f{ s'/f s] 5 eg] of] sfn jf ædgfl;a cfwf/x¿Æsf] dfkb08åf/f ;Lldt ePsf] 5}g . To;}n], o;sf] cy{ s] xf] eg] æIf]qflwsf/cGtu{tsf] s'g} klg e"efudfÆ o:tf] cf/f]k k|:t't ug]{ s'g} klg JolQmn] o:tf] clwsf/sf] k|of]u ug{ ;S5 / o;f] ul/;s]kl5 cf/f]ksf] cWoog ug]{ ;Ifd clwsf/Ln] oftgf lbOPsf] eGg] ljZjf; ug]{ dgfl;a cfwf/ ljBdfg 5g\ eGg] lgwf{/0f u/]df wf/f !@ df k"jf{g'dfg ul/Psf] k"0f{ cg';Gwfg ug}{kg]{ x'G5 .

t/, Sof6 sfof{Gjogsf] cg'udg ug]{ ;ldltn] /fHosf clwsf/Lx¿sf] pgLx¿ :jo+n] oftgf lbgaf6 aRg] dfq xf]Og, c¿n] o:tf sfo{ gu¿g\ eGg] s'/f ;'lglZrt ug]{ bfloTj klg x'G5 eGg] s'/f pNn]v u¥of] .

/fHoclwsf/Lx¿nfO{ oftgf jf ceb| Jojxf/sf sfo{x¿ u}//fHo kfq jf lghL kfqx¿åf/f eO/x]sf] yfxf 5 jf To:tf] ePsf] ljZjf; ug]{ dgfl;a cfwf/x¿ 5g\ / pgLx¿n] To:tf] sfo{ x'g glbg, To;sf] cg';Gwfg ug{ / o:tf kfqx¿nfO{ cleof]hg / ;hfo ug{ pko'Qm k|of; ug{ ljkmn ePdf ===, /fHon] To;sf] lhDd]jf/L lnG5 / o;sf clwsf/Lx¿nfO{ dxf;lGwcGtu{t dltof/ jf cGo k|sf/n] lhDd]jf/ n]vssf ¿kdf ljrf/ ul/g'k5{479 .

k|of]hgsf nflu aflemPsf] xb;Dd k|rlnt sfg'g cdfGo x'g]5 / tT;DaGwdf ;lGwsf] Joj:yf g]kfn sfg'g ;/x nfu' x'g]5 .Æ478 o:tf /fli6«o sfg'gL k|fjwfgx¿ xbDof jf cfddfkmLnfO{ ;d]t ;dfj]z ug]{5 .479 General Comment No. 2 of the Committee Against Torture: Implementation of article 2 by States parties (CAT/C/GC/2), para 18

187

To;}n], /fHosf clwsf/Lx¿ cfkm}F+n] oftgf ub}{gg\ eg]/ cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gL bfloTjaf6 d'Qm x'Fb}gg\ . of] cGt/f{li6«o ck/fw hf];'s}n] u/]sf] ePklg To;dflysf] k|ltaGwnfO{ nfu' gug]{ clwsf/Lx¿ cfkm}F+ dltof/ x'g;S5g\ .

&=& cflwsfl/s hjfkm

of] k|ltj]bg n]Vbfsf] ;do;Dd, g]kfndf åGåsf a]nf ePsf oftgf tyf cGo ljleGg k|sf/sf ceb| Jojxf/sf ljZj;gLo cf/f]kx¿sf] cg';Gwfg ug'{kg]{ bfloTjsf ;DaGwdf ;/sf/n] u/]sf k|oTgx¿ sdhf]/ 5g\ . oftgfsf cf/f]kk|lt ;/sf/n] lbg] clt ;fdfGo ;+:yfut hjfkmx¿dWo] s]xL hjfkm tn 5nkmn ul/Psf] 5480 .

pknAw tYofª\sdf /]s8{ ul/Psf] ;a}eGbf ;fdfGo hjfkm s] /x]sf] 5 eg] Gofo k|0ffnLn] s'g} klg ljZj;gLo cf/f]knfO{ a]jf:tf u/]sf] 5, vf;u/L kLl8tsf kl/jf/ jf gful/s ;dfhåf/f p7fOPsf cf/f]kx¿sf ;DaGwdf481 . pNnª\3g ePsf] l:yltnfO{ k'li6 ug{ cg';Gwfg g} gu/Lsg pNnª\3gnfO{ /fHoclwsf/Lx¿n] c:jLsf/ ug]{ s'/f klg ;fdfGo lyof] . s]xL 36gfn] kLl8tn] cfkm";Fu ul/Psf] elgPsf] ceb| Jojxf/af/] s'/f v'nf;f u/]df lghnfO{ T;:t} jf Tof]eGbf v/fa Jojxf/ ul/g]5 eg]/ ;'/Iffkmf}hn] kLl8tnfO{ wDsL lbPsf] klg pb\3f6g u/]sf 5g\482 . kLl8tsf kl/jf/ jf ;fyLx¿nfO{ lbOPsf To:t} vfnsf wDsLsf] cy{ pNnª\3gaf6 Ps sbd 6f9f /x]sf dflg;x¿ ;d]t oftgf jf b'Jo{jxf/af/] ph'/L ug{ 8/fpFy] eGg] xf] .

w]/} kLl8tn] cfkm";Fu ceb| Jojxf/ gul/Psf] eGg] sfuhdf ha/h{:tL ;xL ug{ nufOPsf] s'/f klg atfP . To:tf] sfuhdf ;xL ug{ gdfGg'sf] cy{ yk oftgf jf l/xfOdf x'g] l9nfOsf] vt/f df]Ng' x'GYof] . ;fob k|df0f n'sfpg] dg;fon] ul/Psf] csf]{ rft'o{ eg]sf] kLl8tsf b]lvg] 3fp lgsf] eO;s]kl5 dfq pgLx¿nfO{ l/xf ug'{ lyof] .

36gfx¿n] g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_n] ljZj;gLo cf/f]kx¿ c:jLsf/ ug'{sf ;fy} To:tf sfo{nfO{ æhgo'4Æsf] cfjZos lx:;fsf] ¿kdf Gofof]lr dflgPsf] klg b]vfpF5g\ . la/n} dfq, vf;u/L åGåsf] kl5Nnf] cjlwlt/ tyf cGt/f{li6«o lgsfo / /fli6«o dfgjclwsf/ 480 o;nfO{ cem lj:t[t ¿kdf cWofo ( sf] æhjfkmb]xLtfÆdf 5nkmn ul/g]5, k[= !&^ .481 In addition to information in the TJRA, see Asian Human Rights Commission, Urgent Appeal 16 November 2005; Human Rights Watch, Waiting for Justice: Unpunished Crimes from Nepal’s Armed Conflict, September 2008, p. 24. Available at http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/nepal0908web_0.pdf; Human Rights Watch, Still Waiting for Justice: No End to Impunity in Nepal, October 2009, p. 3. Available at http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/nepal1009webwcover.pdf482 pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{no, ædxf/fhuGh;Fu ;DalGwt ank"j{s a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{af/] k|ltj]bg,Æ May 2006, p. 5.

188

/Ifsx¿sf] ;sf/fTds x:tIf]kkl5 dfq, dfcf]jfbLx¿n] oftgfsf cf/f]k nfu]kl5 s]xL sfo{stf{nfO{ ;hfo u/]sf] bfaL u/]sf] 5 . clen]v e08f/df ;fgf] ;ª\Vofsf o:tf 36gfx¿ /flvPsf 5g\ hxfF s]xL lglZrt sfo{stf{nfO{ >d lzlj/df /x]/ sfd ug]{u/L ;hfo lbOPsf] elgPsf] lyof]483 . t/, clen]v /flvPsf s'g} klg 36gfdf g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_n] cGt/f{li6«o dfkb08n] eg]sf] h:tf] cg';Gwfg u/L ;hfo lbPsf] eGg] s'/f ToxfF lbOPsf tYox¿ kof{Ktdfqfdf :ki6 5}gg\ .

Disaggregated data on Torture, Including Mutilation and Other Forms of Ill-Treatment

Diagram 7.1: Incidents of Torture, 1996-2006

Diagram 7.2: Total Incidents of Torture by Region, 1996-2006

483 $*#= See, e.g., Ref. No. 2006-06-10-incident-Sindhupalchowk _0058; 2005-07-25-incident- Bardiya_4993.

189

Diagram 7.3: Incidents of Torture by Region, 1996-2006 (added because in original chapter)

Incidents of Torture by Year

Diagram 7.4: Incidents of Torture 1996

190

Diagram 7.5: Incidents of Torture 1997

Diagram 7.6: Incidents of Torture 1998

Diagram 7.7: Incidents of Torture 1999

191

Diagram 7.8: Incidents of Torture 2000

Diagram 7.9: Incidents of Torture 2001

Diagram 7.10: Incidents of Torture 2002

192

Diagram 7.11: Incidents of Torture 2003

Diagram 7.12: Incidents of Torture 2004

Diagram 7.13: Incidents of Torture 2005

193

Diagram 7.14: Incidents of Torture 2006

Diagram 7.15: Incidents of Torture by Perpetrator, 1996-2006

194

cWofo * — :j]R5frf/L kqmfp

s;}nfO{ klg :j]R5frf/L ¿kdf kqmfp ul/g], y'gfdf /flvg] jf b]z lgsfnf ul/g] 5}g .— dfgjclwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ffkq, wf/f

(*=! ;dLIff

y'gf :j]R5frf/L x'g'x'Fb}g eGg] s'/f cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg'g / cGt/f{li6«o dfgclwsf/ sfg'g b'j}sf] Pp6f cfwf/e"t l;4fGt xf] . oL b'j} sfg'gL Joj:yfn] y'gf cfjZostf, vf;u/L ;'/Iff cfjZostf, df cfwfl/t x'g'kg]{, Pj+ a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{ x'g glbg tyf y'gfsf] lg/Gt/ cfjZostfsf] ;'k/Lj]If0f ug{ lglZrt cj:yf / sfo{ljlwx¿sf] Joj:yf u/]/ :j]R5frf/L y'gf x'g glbg] p2]Zo /fv]sf 5g\ . :j]R5frf/L y'gfn] :jtGqtfsf] clwsf/ tyf sfg'gsf] plrt k|lqmofsf] xgg ug'{sf ;fy} kqmfp ul/g] JolQmsf] dof{bfsf] IfoLs/0f ub{5 . o:tf kqmfpn] cfkm\gf lk|ohg, hf] ax'wf d"n cGgbftfsf] ¿kdf kl/jf/df /x]sf] x'G5, sf] l/xfO lg/Gt/ vf]lh/xg] kl/jf/hgx¿n] ef]Ug'k/]sf cfly{s sl7gfOx¿nfO{ emg} rsf{P/ nfG5484 .

:j]R5frf/L kqmfp g]kfnsf] åGåsf] Ps dxTTjk"0f{ ljz]iftf lyof] . åGå/t b'j} kIfaf6 xhf/f}F dflg; cGt/f{li6«o kl/efiffsf] If]qleq kg]{u/L y'lgPsf lyP . :j]R5frf/L y'gfaf6 x'g] cGofonfO{ ;xg'sf cltl/Qm, sfg'gsf] kx'FreGbf aflx/ nu]/ y'lgPsf JolQmx¿ oftgfnufot c¿ k|sf/sf ceb| Jojxf/sf] ;xh lg;fgf ag]sf lyP .*=@ ;Da4 sfg'gL vfsf

kl/efiffcg';f/, b]xfosf cj:yfdf …:]j]R5frf/L kqmfpÚ ePsf] x'G5M s'g} JolQmnfO{ kqmfp ul/G5 /fHosf] tkm{af6 sfd ug]{ JolQmåf/f y'gf oL s'/fdf cfwfl/t x'Fb}gM

o sfg'g, jfo s'g} ljlzi6 ;'/Iff cfjZostf, jfo s'g} ljlzi6 jf tTsfnsf] vt/faf6 y'lgPsf] JolQmsf]

;+/If0f

484 æ/fHoåf/f ul/Psf] s'g} klg y'gfn] y'g'jfsf] hLjgnfO{ jf:tjdf …/f]s]/Ú y'g'jfsf] kl/jf/sf nflu sl7gfO{sf] l;h{gf ul/lbG5 . s;}nfO{ y'Ggfn] p;sf] kfl/jfl/s hLjg tyf hLljsf]kfh{g -h;dfly kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿ lge{/ /x]sf x'g;S5g\_sf] clwsf/ h:tf s]xL clwsf/sf] k"0f{ pkef]unfO{ c:jLsf/ ub{5 . w]/} 36gfdf y'gfn] y'g'jfx¿, / cGttM ltgsf kl/jf/, nfO{ /f]u tyf cGo :jf:Yo;DaGwL ;d:of lgDTofpg] vt/f /xG5 .Æ UNAMA, Arbitrary Detention in Afghanistan – a Call for Action, vol. 1 (2009) p. 1.

195

sfg'gn] Joj:yf u/]eGbf a9L ;do;Dd y'gf lg/Gt/ eO/xg'485

kqmfp ug]{ JolQmeGbf :jtGq s'g} Goflos jf cGo lgsfoåf/f kqmfp ul/Psf] JolQmsf] y'gfsf] j}wflgstfsf] lgoldt ¿kdf ;dLIff eO/x]sf] 5 jf /fli6«o sfg'gcGtu{t sfg'g;Ddt ;hfosf] ¿kdf lghnfO{ y'gfdf /flvPsf] s'/f cbfntåf/f 3f]if0ff ul/Psf] 5 eg], ;fdfGotof To:tf] sfo{ :j]R5frf/L kqmfpsf] txdf k'Ub}g486 . g]kfnL sfg'gcg';f/, åGå gePsf] kl/l:yltdf y'g'jfnfO{ @$ 306fleq Goflos clwsf/L;dIf pkl:yt u/fpg''k5{487 .

*=@=! cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg'g

;femf wf/f # cGtu{t, :ki6 ¿kdf k|ltalGwt ul/Psf] geP tfklg, :jtGqtfsf] :j}lR5s jl~rtL cGt/fli6«o dfgjLo sfg'gcGtu{t lgif]w ul/Psf] 5488 . lj4fgx¿n] s] eg]sf 5g\ eg] ;femf wf/f # df lglxt ædfgjf]lr Jojxf/Æn] cGt/f{li6«o tyf u}/cGt/f{li6«o b'j} vfnsf ;z:q åGådf o:tf kqmfpx¿nfO{ lgif]w ug]{5489 .

*=@=@ cGt/f{li6«o dfgjclwsf/ sfg'g

s]xL cGt/f{li6«o tyf If]qLo b:tfj]hx¿n] s;}nfO{ klg :j}lR5s ¿kdf kqmfp ug{ jf y'Gg gkfpg] k|fjwfgx¿ /fv]sf 5g\ . dfjjclwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ffkq, gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o cg'aGw, afnclwsf/ dxf;lGw,490 dfgjclwsf/;DaGwL o'/f]k]nL tyf cd]l/sL dxf;lGwx¿ To:t} b:tfj]h x'g\ . cfO{;L;LkLcf/n] bf]xf]/f] cy{ gnfUg]u/L pNn]v u/]sf] 5,

485 cfO{;L;LkLcf/, wf/f ( (see footnote 164) . :j]R5frf/L y'gf;DaGwL sfo{;d"xn] :j]R5frf/L y'gfnfO{ a[xt tl/sfn] y'gfsf] ¿kdf kl/efiff u/]sf] 5, h;sf]M -s_ j}w sfg'gL cfwf/ x'Fb}gÙ -v_ h;n] /fli6«o jf cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gåf/f k|Tofe"t df}lns clwsf/x¿nfO{ c:jLsf/ ub{5Ù jf -u_ h'g o;/L x'G5 ls cTofjZos sfo{ljlwut k|Tofe"ltx¿sf] kfngf ul/Psf] x'Fb}g h;n] ubf{ kqmfp / y'gfn], ;'?df of] sfg'gL ePklg, :j]R5frf/L rl/q u|x0f ub{5 .486 See, e.g., United Nations Working Group on Arbitrary Detention, Fact Sheet No.26: The Working Group on Arbitrary Detention (9 December 1998) Available from www.ohchr.org/Documents/Publications/FactSheet26en.pdf.487 g]kfndf kqmfp ug]{ clwsf/Ln] y'g'jfnfO{ lgh zq' /fHosf] gful/s jf lgjf/s gh/aGbdf y'lgPsf] cj:yfdf afx]s kqmfp u/]sf] @$ 306fleq Goflos clwsf/L;dIf pkl:yt u/fpg'k5{ . of] Joj:yf @)$& / @)^# sf ;+ljwfgx¿ -qmdzM wf/f !$-^_ / @$-^__ / ;/sf/L d'2f;DaGwL P]g -bkmf !%-!__ df ul/Psf] 5 .488 See International Committee of Red Cross, Customary International Humanitarian Law, rule 99 (see footnote 129).489 See International Committee of Red Cross, Customary International Humanitarian Law, vol. 1 (see footnote 129). Æh]g]ef dxf;lGwx¿sf] ;femf wf/f # cg';f/ ;a} u}/;}lgs JolQmx¿ tyf n8fOFaf6 cnu ePsf JolQmx¿nfO{ dfgjf]lrt Jojxf/ ug'{kb{5 -x]g{'xf];\ lgod *&_ / :jtGqtfsf] :j]R5frf/L x/0f o; Joj:yf;FU cg's"n 5}g .Æ490 g]kfnn] afnclwsf/ dxf;lGwdf ;g\ @))) df x:tfIf/ u/L ;g\ @))& df cg'df]bg u¥of] .

196

s;}nfO{ klg :j]R5frf/L ¿kdf kqmfp ug{ jf y'gfdf /fVg kfOg] 5}g . sfg'gadf]lhd jf sfg'gåf/f :yflkt sfo{ljlwadf]lhd afx]s s;}sf] j}olQms :jtGtfsf] ckx/0f ul/g] 5}g .

cfO{;L;LkLcf/n] :j]R5frf/L kqmfplj?4sf] lgif]wnfO{ ;ª\s6sfndf lgnDag ug{ ;lsg] clwsf/leq kf/]sf] 5}g . ;ª\s6sfn 3f]if0ff ul/Psf] cj:yfdf klg o:tf kqmfp ug{ kfOFb}g eGg] s'/fnfO{ :jLsf/ ul/Psf] 5491 .

*=@=# /fli6«o sfg'g

åGåsf a]nf ;'/Iffkmf}hn] k|foM ælgjf/s gh/aGbÆnfO{ dfcf]jfbL sfo{stf{ tyf ;dy{sx¿nfO{ kqmg] sfg'gL cfwf/sf] ¿kdf k|of]u u¥of] . g]kfnL sfg'gcg';f/, lgjf/s gh/aGb ælgjf/s gh/aGbsf] cfb]zÆcGtu{t ;'? ug{ ;lsGYof], / åGåsf ;dodf oL cfb]zsf b'O{j6f sfg'gL cfwf/ lyP . klxnf] åGå ;'? x'Fbfv]l/ g} sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf] sfg'g, vf;u/L ;fj{hlgs ;'/Iff P]g, @)$^, h'g k~rfotsfnb]lv g} rlncfPsf] P]g lyof]492 . bf];|f] rflxF ;g\ @))@ df kfl/t ul/Psf] P]g lyof] h;nfO{ cftª\ssf/L tyf ljWj+;fTds ultljlw -lgoGq0f / ;hfo_ P]g, -6f8f_ eg]/ lrlgG5 -o;nfO{ kl5 cWofb]zsf] ¿kdf gjLs/0f ul/Psf] lyof]_ . 6f8fn] kqmfpsf] bfo/fnfO{ km/flsnf] agfof], Goflos lg/LIf0fnfO{ 36fof] / y'gf cjlwnfO{ a9fof] . y'gfsf] ;+j}wflgs cfwf/sf] 5f]6f] cWoogkl5 oL k|To]s sfg'gL Joj:yfsf af/] tn ;ª\lIfKt ¿kdf rrf{ ul/g]5 .

s_ ;+ljwfg

åGåsf a]nf sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf] g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& n] ælgjf/s gh/aGbÆsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] lyof]493 t/ o;sf nflu s;}n]

491 :j]R5frf/L y'gfnfO{ dxf;lGwcGtu{tsf ælgnDag ug{ g;lsg]Æ clwsf/x¿dWo] Pp6f clwsf/sf] ¿kdf wf/f $ df ;"rLs[t ul/Psf] 5}g . cWofo $ — nfu' cGt/f{li6«o sfg'g, lgnDag;DaGwL 5nkmnsf nflu k[= ^! . t/, General Comment No. 29 of the Human Rights Committee: State of Emergency (Article 4) (CCPR/C/21/Rev.1/Add.11): ækIf /fi6«x¿n] s'g} klg kl/l:yltdf cg'aGwsf] wf/f $ nfO{ dfgjLo sfg'g jf cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gsf afWosf/L dfGotfsf] pNnª\3 x'g]u/L, pbfx/0fsf nflu, aGws agfP/, :jtGqtfsf] :j]R5frf/L x/0f u/L ;fd"lxs ;hfo lbP/, cyjf lgbf]{lztfsf] cg'dfgnufotsf :jR5 k'k{Ifsf cfwf/e"t l;4fGtx¿af6 ljrlnt eP/ To;nfO{ Gofof]lrt 7x¥ofpg k|of]u ug{ ;Sb}gg\ . Æ -hf]8 lbOPsf]_492 ;g\ !((! Df ;+zf]lwt .493 g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg -@)$&_ sf] lgjf/s gh/aGblj?4sf] xs;DaGwL wf/f !% n] o:tf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 M-!_ g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;fj{ef}d;Qf, cv08tf jf ;fj{hlgs zflGt / Joj:yfdf tTsfn vnn kg]

{ kof{Kt cfwf/ geO{ s;}nfO{ klg lgjf/s gh/aGbdf /flvg] 5}g .-@_ lgjf/s gh/aGbdf /fVg] clwsf/Ln] sfg'gljk/Lt jf ablgotk"j{s s;}nfO{ gh/aGbdf /fv]df gh/aGbdf /x]sf] JolQmn] sfg'gåf/f tf]lsPadf]lhd Ifltk"lt{ kfpg]5 .

197

d'n'ssf] ;fj{ef}d;Qf, cv08tf jf ;fj{hlgs zflGt / Joj:yfdf tTsfn vnn kfg]{ kof{Kt cfwf/ ePsf] x'g'kYof]{ . ;+ljwfgdf ælgjf/s gh/aGblj?4sf] xssf]Æ494 klg Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . t/, ;+ljwfgsf wf/f @# / ** df Joj:yf ul/Psf] ;+j}wflgs pkrf/sf] xssf] d2tn] lgjf/s gh/aGbsf] cfb]znfO{ cbfntdf r'gf}tL lbg ;lsGYof] . d'2f x]g]{ cbfntn] Tof] ;DalGwt y'g'jfn] ætTsfn vnn kfg]{Æ s'/f;Fu ;Gt'i6 x'g] cj:yf 5 ls 5}g eg]/ cWoog ub{Yof] .

dfly atfOPem}F, :j]R5frf/L y'gfaf6 d'Qm x'g kfpg] dfgjclwsf/nfO{ ;ª\s6sfn 3f]if0ff ul/Psf] cj:yfdf klg lgnDag ug{ kfOFb}g495 . s]xL ckjfbnfO{ 5f8]/ g]kfnsf cbfntx¿n] aGbLk|ToIfLs/0fsf] l/6 ;+oGqdfkm{t\ åGåsf a]nf o; clwsf/sf] ;fdfGotof ;Ddfg u¥of]496 . lgjf/s gh/aGbsf cfb]zx¿nfO{ cbfntdf r'gf}tL lbOPsf] lyof] / w]/}df ;kmntf klg xft nfUof] . t/, cem} klg ;'/Iffkmf}hn] o; clwsf/nfO{ k"0f{ ¿kdf cfTd;ft u/]sf lyPgg\ / slxn]sfxLF l/xf cfb]z gdfg]sf] jf cbfntn] l/xf u/]sf] y'g'jfnfO{ k'gM kqmfp u/]sf] lyof]497 . v_ ;fj{hlgs ;'/Iff P]gcGtu{tsf lgjf/s gh/aGbsf cfb]zx¿

;fj{hlgs ;'/Iff P]gn] k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/LnfO{ () lbgsf nflu lgjf/s gh/aGbsf] cfb]z hf/L ug]{ clwsf/ lbPsf] lyof] . o;nfO{ csf]{kN6 () lbg / clGtdk6s !*) lbg -hDdf !@ dlxgf_498 gjLs/0f ug{ ;lsGYof] . o; cfb]zsf] p2]Zo b]zsf] ;'/Iff tyf zflGtdf c;/ kg]{u/L s'g} klg ultljlw x'g glbg' lyof] . ;fdfGotof kqmfp ug]{ clwsf/Ln];+ljwfgsf] wf/f !$-^_ cg';f/ @$ 306fleq To:tf] y'gf cfb]z ;DalGwt lhNnf cbfntnfO{ k]; ug{'kYof]{ . t/, of] @$ 306] lgod ;fj{hlgs ;'/Iff P]g h:tf j}w sfg'gcg';f/ hf/L ul/Psf lgjf/s gh/aGbsf cfb]zx¿df nfu' x'Fb}gYof]499 .

494 g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg -@)$&_, wf/f !% .495 See footnote 491.496 g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg -@)$&_, wf/f !!!=* n] ;ª\s6sfnLg clwsf/x¿sf] ;"rL lb+b} 3f]if0f u/]sf] 5 ls æwf/f @# cGtu{t aGbL k|ToIfLs/0fsf] pkrf/ k|fKt ug]{ xs lgnDag ul/g] 5}g .Æ497 See, e.g., Nepali Times, 4 December 2003, p. 5. Security forces also threatened lawyers not to file them: see Amnesty International, “A long ignored human rights crisis is now on the brink of catastrophe,”18 February 2005, p. 5, Available from http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/info/ASA31/022/2005/en498 ;'?sf] () lbg] cfb]z k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/Låf/f hf/L x'G5 / o:tf] cfb]z u[xdGqfnosf] :jLs[ltdf ^ dlxgf;Dd a9fpg ;lsG5 . ;Nnfxsf/ ;ldltn] :jLs[t u/]df csf]{ ^ dlxgfsf nflu sfod x'G5 -y'gfsf] hDdf cjlw Ps jif{_ . ;Nnfxsf/ ;ldltsf] cWoIfdf ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf axfnjfnf GofofwLz x'g'k5{ eg] b'O{hgf cltlQm ;b:ox¿ ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf axfnjfnf jf cjsfzk|fKt GofofwLzx¿ x'G5g\ . t/, o:tf] ;ldlt ;g\ !(() otf ag]sf] 5}g . x]g'{xf];\ ;fj{hlgs ;'/Iff P]gsf] bkmf %-@_, & / * .499 g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg -@)$&_, wf/f !$-&_ .

198

;fj{hlgs ;'/Iff P]gadf]lhd k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/Låf/f hf/L lgjf/s gh/aGbsf cfb]zx¿nfO{ s'g} klg cbfntdf r'gf}tL lbg gkfOg] s'/f ;f] P]gdf Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] . t/, dfly plNnlvt ;+ljwfgsf wf/fx¿ To; k|fjwfgdfly xflj eP / s'g} klg kqmfp jf cfb]zsf] j}wflgstfnfO{ ;jf]{Rr cbfnt jf k'g/fj]bg cbfntx¿df ;w}F r'gf}tL lbg ;lsg] eof]500 .

u_ cftª\ssf/L tyf ljWj+zfTds ultljlw -lgoGq0f / ;hfo_ cWofb]z -6f8f]_cGtu{tsf lgjf/s gh/aGbsf cfb]zx¿

6f8f]cGtu{t hf/L lgjf/s gh/aGbsf cfb]zx¿ 5 dlxgfsf nflu dfGo lyP / hDdf !@ dlxgfsf nflu PskN6 gjLs/0f ug{ ;lsGYof]501 . t/, o:tf cfb]z cftª\ssf/L tyf ljWj+zfTds sfo{ x'g;Sg] s'g} sfd s'/f ug{af6 s'g} JolQmnfO{ /f]Sg'kg]{ ljZjf; ug{ ;lsg] dgfl;a cfwf/ ePdf dfq o:tf cfb]zx¿ hf/L ug{ ;lsGYof] . s] s'/f dxTTjk"0f{ 5 eg] 6f8f]df cbfntnfO{ @$ 306fleq hfgsf/L u/fpg'kg]{ k|fjwfg lyPg502 . o; q'6Ln] ;'/Iffkmf}h /÷jf k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/Lx¿nfO{ s;}nfO{ PsfGt sf/fjf;df y'Gg / s'g} y'g'jfnfO{ l/xf ug{ afWo ePdf lgjf/s gh/aGbsf] cfb]zdf kl5Nnf] ldlt /fVg 5'6 lbof]503 . t/, km]l/ oL 6f8f]sf kqmfpx¿sf] j}wtfnfO{ ;jf]{Rf cbfnt jf k'g/fj]bg cbfntdf r'gf}tL lbg ;lsGYof] / k6sk6s lbOPsf] klg lyof] . 6f8f]n] zfxL ;]gfnfO{ åGåsf qmddf zª\lst JolQmx¿nfO{ kqmfp ug{ -Psdfq_ sfg'gL cfwf/ k|bfg u¥of] .

;+;b\n] kl5 @))@ clk|ndf 6f8f]nfO{ P]g -6f8f_sf] ¿kdf hf/L u¥of] . o; P]gn] ;'/Iff clwsf/LnfO{ lagfk"hL{ zª\lst JolQmnfO{ kqmg tyf cg';Gwfg k|of]hgsf nflu eg]/ ^) lbg;Dd k|x/L lx/f;tdf /fVg clwsf/ lbof] . To;afx]s, o; P]gcg';f/, JolQmx¿nfO{ cbfntdf k|:t't gu/Lsg () lbg;Dd dfgjf]lrt 7fpFdf gh/aGbdf /fVg ;lsg] eof] .

;'/Iffkmf}hn] /fhgLlts bnsf sfo{stf{ tyf g]tf / gful/s ;dfhsf ;b:ox¿lj?4 lgjf/s gh/aGbsf cfb]zx¿ hf/L ug{ ;fj{hlgs ;'/Iff P]g k|of]u ug]{ u/]sf] lyof] eg] dfcf]jfbL;Fu

500 P]= wf/f @#Ù Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$*, bkmf *-@_501 klxnf] 5 dlxgfsf nflu cfb]z k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/Låf/f hf/L ul/G5 eg] csf]{ 5 dlxgfsf nflu u[xdGqfnosf] :jLs[ltdf k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/Låf/f g} hf/L ug{ ;lsg]5 .502 g]kfn clw/fHosf ;+ljwfg -@)$&_ sf] wf/f !$-^_n] y'g'jfnfO{ kqmfp k/]sf] @$ 306fleq Goflos clwsf/L;dIf pkl:yt u/fpg'kg]{ Joj:yf u/]klg, wf/f !$-&_n] æpkwf/f -%_ / -^_ df n]lvPsf s'/fx¿ zq'/fHosf] gful/ssf] xsdf / pkwf/f -^_ df n]lvPsf s'/fx¿ lgaf/s gh/aGb /fVg] Joj:yf ug]{ s'g} sfg'gcGtu{t kqmfp ePsf] jf gh/aGb /x]sf] JolQmsf] xsdf nfu' x'g] 5}gÆ pNn]v u/]sf] 5 .503 pRrfo'Qmsf] sfo{nosf] uf]Ko ;|f]t Ref. No. 1504.

199

cfa4tf ePsf cfzª\sf ul/Psf hf];'s}nfO{ kqmg 6f8f]nfO{ k|of]u ul/Psf] lyof] .

3_ k'gMkqmfp

aGbLk|ToIfLs/0fsf] l/6dfkm{t\ cfkm\gf] y'gfnfO{ ;kmntfk"j{s r'gf}tL lbg] lgs} 7"nf] ;ª\Vofsf JolQmx¿nfO{ ;'/Iffkmf}håf/f kl5 k'gM kqmfp ul/Psf] lyof] / o:tf] k'gMkqmfp cbfntd}+ x'Fbf jf cbfntaf6 lg:sb} ubf{ ;d]t ePsf] lyof]504 . kqmfp kg]{ JolQmn] ;'/Iff vt/f pTkGg u/]sf] eGg]df ;'/Iffkmf}hnfO{ ljZjf; nfu]df —cbfntn] ev{/} To;sf] pN6f] km};nf u/]sf] gu/]sf] h] eP klg — To;sf cfwf/df p;n] sfg'gL ¿kdf kqmg ;Sg] ePklg of] sfg'gL zf;g / nfdf] ;dob]lvsf] aGbLk|ToIfLs/0fsf] cEof;sf] cgfbf/ u/]sf] k|:6 ;ª\s]t xf] . ætTsfn vt/fÆsf] lgisif{nfO{ ;dy{g ug]{ yk s]xL k|df0fsf] cg'kl:yltdf k'gMkqmfp :ki6tM sfg'g;Ddt b]lvFb}g505 .

lgjf/s gh/aGbs ;DaGwdf, dfgjclwsf/ ;ldltn] cfkm\gf] cfO{;L;LkLcf/sf] wf/f ( sf] ;Gbe{ lbFb} cfkm\gf] ;fdfGo l6Kk0fL g+= * df pNn]v u¥of]M

lgjf/s gh/aGbnfO{ ;fj{hlgs ;'/Iffsf sf/0f k|of]u ug'{ k/]df o;nfO{ log} pxL k|fjwfgx¿åf/f lgolGqt ul/g'k5{, h:t}, of] :j]R5frf/L x'g'xF'b}g / sfg'gåf/f :yflkt cfwf/ tyf sfo{ljlwx¿df cfwfl/t x''g'k5{ -cg'= !_, tL sf/0fx¿af/] hfgsf/L lbg'k5{, -cg'= @_, y'gfdfly cbfntsf] lgoGq0f pknAw x'g'k5{ -cg'= $_, / pNnª\3g ePdf Ifltk"lt{sf] Joj:yf x'g'k5{ -cg'= %_ . To;sf cltl/Qm, o:tf 36gfdf kmf}hbf/L cleof]u NofOPdf wf/f (-@_ Pj+ wf/f !$ sf] klg k"0f{ ;+/If0f k|bfg ul/g'k5{506 .

*=# :j]R5frf/L kqmfpsf cf/f]kx¿

;ª\qmd0fsfnLg Gofo ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L clen]v e08f/df 36gfx¿sf] clen]vg ug]{ k|of]hgsf nflu / k|ltj]bgdf ljZn]if0fsf] pko'Qm cfwf/ k|bfg ug{ :j]R5frf/L kqmfpsf slyt cf/f]kx¿sf lglDt

504 ;ª\qmd0fsfnL Gofo ;Gbe{;fdu|L clen]v e08f/df o:tf @) j6f eGbf a9L 36gfsf] clen]v /flvPsf] 5 .505 To:t}, ;'/Iffkmf}hn] y'gfsf] sfg'gL cjlw ;dfKt ePkl5 y'g'jfx¿nfO{ y'gfsf] csf]{ gofF cjlw ;'? ug{ gofF 7fpFdf ;fg]{ ul/Psf] a'lemG5 . see, e.g.,, ref. No. 2003-11-21 - incident - Kathmandu _0163.506 General Comment No. 8 of the Human Rights Committee: Right to liberty and security of persons (Article 9) (CCPR General Comment No. 8), para 4.

200

Go"gtd dfkb08sf] cfjZostf ePsf] lg0f{o ul/of]507 . kLl8tnfO{ kqmfp u/]sf] s]xL lbg jf 306fkl5 l/xf ul/Psf c;ª\Vo :j]R5frf/L kqmfp ePsf] s'/fnfO{ ljrf/ ubf{, s'g} 36gfsf] clen]v /fVg'cl3 Go"gtd y'gfsf] cjlw to ul/Psf] lyof] . ;fj{hlgs ;'/Iff P]g / 6f8f]cGtu{t sfg'gL y'gfsf] afXo ;LdfnfO{ plrt ;Ddfg lbOPsf] lyof]508 . To;}n], :j]R5frf/L kqmfpsf] s'g} klg 36gf sfg'gsf] uDeL/ pNnª\3g xf] eGg] s'/f :jLsf/ ub}{ Go"gtd dfkb08 Ps jif{nfO{ dfgL to ul/Psf] lyof] . t/ klg oftgf jf ceb| Jojxf/ h:tf cGo uDeL/ pNnª\3gsf cf/f]kx¿nfO{ ;dfj]z ul/Psf 5g\, oBlk o:tf] b'Jo{jxf/ Ps jif{eGbf sdsf] y'gf cjlwdf ePsf] elgG5 .

*=#=! ;'/Iffkmf}håf/f ul/Psf :j]R5frf/L kqmfp

;'/Iffkmf}hn] åGåsf] ;Dk"0f{ cjlwe/ åGå;Fu ;DalGwt ljleGg cfwf/nfO{ lnP/ JolQmx¿nfO{ y'gfdf /fv] . g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg @)$& n] s]xL ;'/Iffsjr pknAw u/fPsf] eP klg, k|x/Ln] @)%* dª\l;/df ;ª\s6sfn nufpg'cl3 ;fj{hlgs ;'/Iff P]gcGtu{t zª\sf:kb dfcf]jfbL ;b:o tyf z'elrGtsx¿nfO{ kqm]/ y'gfdf /fVof] . kmf}hbf/L sfg'gcGtu{t kqmfp ug]{ sfdsf] ljk/Lt, ;fj{hlgs ;'/Iff P]gcGtu{t kqmfp ug{ lbOg] lgjf/s gh/aGbsf] cfb]zsf] k|of]un] cGoyf nfu' x'g] Go"gtd sfg'gL dfkb08x¿ 5Ng ;'/Iffkmf}hnfO{ ;Ifd t'NofP/ s'g} Goflos hfFra'emlagf y'g'jf;Fu ;f]wk'5 ug]{ s'/fnfO{ cg'dlt lbof] . o;n] k|df0fsf] cefjdf zª\lst JolQmnfO{ l/xf ug{ ;Sg] GofofwLz ;dIf ;'/Iffkmf}hn] k|df0f Nofpg'kg]{ p;sf] af]emnfO{ kG5fof] cyjf GofofwLzsf] ljrf/df Tof] JolQmn] jf:tjdf /fli6«o ;'/Iffk|lt s'g} klg vt/f v8f gu/]sf] klg x'g;SYof] . cGttM o;n] ;'/Iffkmf}hnfO{ cGo plrt k|lqmofsf clwsf/x¿sf] ;Ddfg ug]{ sfo{af6 klG5g] 7fpF lbof] .

;fj{hlgs ;'/Iff P]gn] dfcf]jfbL cfGbf]ngdf ;+nUg ePsf] cfzª\sf ul/Psf dflg;nfO{ s'g} cleof]u jf k'k{If gu/L y'Gg ;Sg] 7fpF lbof] . Ps cflwsfl/s ;|f]tsf cg';f/, lx/f;tdf ePsf /fhgLlts aGbLx¿sf] hDdf ;ª\Vof !((( sf] dWo gf]e]Da/;Dddf ! xhf/ % ;o k'u]sf] lyof]509 . dfgjclwsf/ ;d"xx¿n] åGåsf] ;'?lt/ kqmfpsf nflu ul/Psf sfg'gL k|fjwfgx¿sf] kfngf gul/Psf] s'/f atfP . pbfx/0fsf nflu, PDg]:6L OG6/g];gn] cfkm"n] cGtjf{tf{ lnPsf 507 clen]v e08f/ / of] k|ltj]bg tof/ ug{df k|o'Qm cWoogljlwjf/] lj:t[t 5nkmnsf nflu kl/lzi7 @ x]g'{xf;\ .508 Notwithstanding serious reservations as to the regime’s legality voiced by human rights observers. See, e.g., Report of United Nations Working Group on Enforced and Involuntary Disappearances on Nepal (E/CN.4/2005/65/Add.1), p. 16-18 (calling for the immediate rescission of TADO).509 As quoted by Amnesty International, Nepal: Human Rights and Security (see footnote 38)

201

y'g'jfx¿ s;}nfO{ klg kqmfp ubf{ k'hL{ glbPsf] s'/f atfPsf lyP, g t pgLx¿nfO{ ;+ljwfgn] tf]s]adf]lhd @$ 306fleq Goflos clwsf/L;dIf g} k|:t't ul/Psf] lyof]510 . pQm ;ª\u7gn] k|x/L lx/f;tdf ePsf y'k|}nfO{ ;/sf/L d'2f;DaGwL P]g, @)$& adf]lhd /fVg ;lsg] @% lbg] cjlweGbf nfdf] ;do;Dd /flvPsf] kfof] . cGtjf{tf{ lnOPsf ax';ª\Vos k"j{y'g'jfx¿nfO{ pgLx¿lj?4 vf; s] cleof]u nufOPsf] lyof] eGg] s'/f g} atfOPg511 . oL ;fj{hlgs ;'/Iff sfg'gx¿sf] bf]xg ub}{, ljz]ifu/L y'gfsf] ;'?jftlt/, ;'/Iffkmf}hn] y'g'jfsf kl/jf/hgnfO{ k6sk6s y'g'jfx¿;Fusf] kx'FrnfO{ jf y'g'jfx¿sf] jlsn;Fusf] kx'FrnfO{ c:jLsf/ u/]512 .

clen]v e08f/df ePsf hfgsf/Ldf cfwfl/t /x]/, ;'/Iffkmf}håf/f :j]R5frf/L ¿kdf kqmfp ul/Psf $# j6f 36gfn] Psjif]{ Go"gtd dfkb08 k"/f u/]sf 5g\ . tLdWo], tLgj6f 36gf gfafnssf] kqmfp / sDtLdf ;ftj6f dlxnf;Fu ;DalGwt lyP .

y'k|} 36gfdf, ;'/Iffkmf}hn] tf]lsPsf] () jf ^) lbgsf] clwstd y'gf cjlw u'h|]kl5 gofF y'gf cfb]zx¿ hf/L ul/Psf] elgof] . PDg]:6L OG6/g];gnsf cg';f/, jl/i7td\ lhNnf:t/Lo ;/sf/L clwsf/Lx¿, h;nfO{ k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/L eg]/ lrlgG5, nfO{ 6f8fsf] bkmf ( cg';f/ lgjf/s gh/aGbsf] cfb]z hf/L ug]{ clwsf/ eP tfklg æk|d'v lhNnf clwsf/Lx¿n] kqmg klxNo} ;xL ul/Psf vfln y'gf cfb]z k'hL{x¿ ;'/Iffkmf}hnfO{ hf/L ul/Psf] b]lvGYof] . o;n] ;'/Iffkmf}hnfO{ cfkm"n] rfx]sf] hf];'s}nfO{ kqmg / cfkm"n] rfx]sf] cjlw;Dd /fVg Jofks clwsf/ lbof]Æ513 .

k|tLsfTds 36gf *=!514

36gf ljj/0fM kf]v/fsf Ps dfgjclwsf/sdL{ [gfd /f]Ssf ul/Psf]] nfO{ o'lgkmfO8 sdfG8åf/f @))$ sf] hgj/Ldf kqmfp ul/of] . pgnfO{ kf]v/fsf] km"naf/L ;}lgs Aof/]sdf nluof] hxfF pgnfO{ kfFr dlxgf;Dd y'g]/ /flvof] . lhNnf k|x/L sfof{no, dsjfgk'/df ;?jf ug'{ tLg lbgcl3 pgnfO{ :ofª\hf lhNnfl:yt ;]ltbf]efg Aof/]sdf nluof] . To;kl5 pgnfO{ h'g lbg kj{t lhNnfsf] eu/ jf8{ k|x/L rf}sLdf nluof] To;} lbg pgnfO{ cGttM sf:sL h]ndf ;?jf ul/of] hxfF pgn] b'O{ jif{ latfP

510 Amnesty International, Nepal - Human Rights at a Turning Point? (see footnote 33)511 P]= .512 ;'/Iffkmf}hn] y'g'jfx¿nfO{ /fVb} g/fv]sf] egL c:jLsf/ u/]sf 36gfdf æa]kQf kfg]{ sfo{Æsf] ck/fwsf tTjx¿ ePsf x'g;S5g\ . o:tf 36gfx¿ ank"j{s a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{;DaGwL cWofo ^ df ;Daf]wg ul/Psf] 5 .513 Amnesty International, Nepal Escalating ‘Disappearances’, p. 6-7. (see chap.6 section 6.1 Overview)514 pRrfo'Qmsf] sfo{nosf] uf]Ko ;|f]t Ref. No. 5871.

202

. ;g\ @))^ sf] hgj/Ldf pgnfO{ sf:sL h]naf6 sf7df8f}Fl:yt ;'Gb/Lhn ;f]wk'5 s]Gb|df ;?jf ul/of] .

y'g'jfn] Pskl5 csf]{ ub}{ kfFrj6f lgjf/s gh/aGbsf cfb]zx¿ kfP . klxnf] b'O{j6f ()÷() lbgsf nflu lyP, @))$ sf] qmdzM clk|n / cu:6sf nflu, eg] To;kl5sf] cfb]z @))$ gf]e]Da/ !& -@)^! dª\l;/ @_ df 5 dlxgfsf nflu lbOPsf] lyof] . km]l/ o;nfO{ 5 5 dlxgfsf nflu eg]/ b'O{k6s a9fOof] h;dWo] Pp6f @))% dO{ !^ -@)^@ h]7 @_ / clGtd rflxF @))% gf]e]Da/ !^ -@)^@ dª\l;/ !_ df lbOPsf] lyof] . cGttM pgnfO{ @))^ sf] hgj/Ldf 5fl8of] . ;a} cfb]zdf sf:sL lhNnfsf k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/Lsf] x:tfIf/ lyof] eg] clGtd cfb]zdf u[xdGqfnosf] :jLs[lt lyof] .

k|tLsfTds 36gf *=@515

36gf ljj/0fM zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfn] @))# sf] ;]K6]Da/df kqmfp u/]kl5 Ps gfafns kLl8tnfO{ e}/agfy u0fdf !* dlxgf;Dd /flvof] . To;kl5 pgnfO{ @))% sf] km]a|'c/Ldf xg'dfg9f]sf s]Gb|Lo sf/fuf/df ;?jf ul/of] . ;g\ @))% sf] dO{ jf h'gdf pgnfO{ gVv' h]n ;?jf ul/of] . pgsf] y'gfcjlw b'O{kN6 a9fOof] -@))% km]a|'c/L / @))% h'nfO{df_ . t/, ;g\ @))% sf] cGTodf lgjf/s gh/aGbsf] cfb]zsf] Dofb ;lsP klg pgnfO{ 5f]l8Pg .

;g\ @))^ sf] j;Gtdf y'gfdf x'Fb}v]/L kLl8tn] Pp6f :yfgLo ;fKtflxs klqsfdf e}/agfy Aof/]df ePsf oftgf tyf u}/sfg'gL xTofaf/] n]v k|sflzt u/], h'g pgn] cfkm}F+ ToxfF w]/} dlxgf a:bfv]l/ k|ToIftM cg'ej u/]sf lyP . n]v k|sflzt ePnuQ}, zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfn] pgnfO{ h]n k|zf;gdfkm{t\ wDsL lbPsf] lyof] elgGYof] .

pgsf a'af b'O{ k6s;Dd sf7df8f}Fsf] lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no uP / cfkm\gf] 5f]/fsf] y'gf cjlw ;lsPkl5 klg lsg y'lg/fv]sf] egL k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/LnfO{ ;f]w] . cg';Gwfgsf] sfd ;dfKt ePkl5 pgsf 5f]/fnfO{ l/xf ul/g]5 egL pgnfO{ elgof] . kLl8tsf kl/jf/n] Ps lghL jlsnsf] ;xof]udf Tof] y'gfnfO{ ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf r'gf}tL lbof] . cbfntsf] cfb]zdf pgnfO{ @))^ sf] dfr{df l/xf ul/of] .

515 pRrfo'Qmsf] sfo{nosf] uf]Ko ;|f]t Ref. No 0177.

203

ljZn]if0fM oL pknAw tYox¿sf cfwf/df x]g]{ xf] eg] y'g'jfnfO{ lgjf/s gh/aGbsf] cfb]zsf] ;do ;dfKt eO;s]kl5 klg y'gfd} /fv]sf] b]lvG5 . dflysf] ljj/0faf6 pgnfO{ leGg} cfwf/df lg/Gt/ y'gfdf /flvPsf] xf] ls xf]Og eGg] :ki6 5}g . t/, s'g} klg JolQmnfO{ y'gfdf /fVg] sfg'gL cfwf/ ;dfKt ePkl5 klg y'gfdf /flv/x]df, To:tf] y'gf cfkm}Fdf :j]R5frf/L x'G5 . nfdf] ;do;Ddsf] y'gf / To;sf] lg/Gt/ lj:tf/sf nflu sfg'gL cfwf/sf] cg'kl:yltn] ubf{ cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gsf] ;DefJo pNnª\3gsf] ¿kdf o; 36gfsf] ;dLIff ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .

*=#=@ dfcf]jfbLåf/f ul/Psf :j]R5frf/L kqmfp;/xsf ckx/0fx¿

dfly pNn]v ul/Pem}F, kl/efiffsf cfwf/df æ:j]R5frf/L kqmfpÆ /fHosf tkm{af6 sfo{ ug]{ JolQmåf/f ul/g] sfo{sf nflu xf]516 . u}//fHo kfqx¿sf] ¿kdf dfcf]jfbLx¿n] åGåsfnel/ JolQmx¿nfO{ ljleGg sf/0fsf nflu kqmfp u/] klg oL u}/sfg'gL y'gfx¿ k|fljlws ¿kdf o; kl/efiffleq kb}{gg\ . o; k|ltj]bgdf o:tf sfo{x¿nfO{ æ:j]R5frf/L kqmfp ;/xsf ckx/0fx¿Æ elgPsf] 5 . uDeL/tfsf] Psjif]{ Go"gtd dfkb08nfO{ ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg Gofo ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L clen]v e08f/df dfcf]jfbL ckx/0fx¿sf] ;"rLs/0f ug{ k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 .

cw{Goflos lgsfo æhgcbfntÆn] u/]sf] km};nf:j¿k >d lzlj/df sfd ug{] ;hfo lbOPsf JolQmx¿sf] ckjfbnfO{ 5f8]/, clen]vg ul/Psf 36gfx¿n] dfcf]jfbLx¿n] nfdf] cjlw;Dd JolQmx¿nfO{ y'Gg] dg;fo /fv]sf] b]lvPg . pgLx¿n] åGåsfndf c;ª\Vo :j]R5frf/L kqmfp ul/Psf] elgP tfklg clen]v e08f/df /flvPsf s]xL 36gfx¿n] dfq Psjif]{ Go"gtd ;Ldf k"/f u/] . o:tf] ;fgf] ;ª\Vofn] s'g} :ki6 k|j[lQ 5'6\ofpg ;lsPg .

516 :j]R5frf/L kqmfpsf] kl/efiffsf nflu xg'{xf];\ v08 &=*=! ;Da4 sfg'gL vfsf, k[= !%! .204

cWofo ( — of}g lx+;f

(=! ;dLIff

oxfF ;a}h;f] dlxnf anfTs[t ePsf x'gfn] dnfO{ h] ePsf] ePklg d]/f] kl/jf/n] Tolt 7"nf] k|ltlqmof hgfPg . sf]xL t c;ª\Vok6s anfTs[t ePsf 5g\ . sf]xL t ;]gfsf ljleGg sd{rf/Låf/f k6sk6s

ul/Psf] anfTsf/af6 olt g/fd|f];Fu 3fOt] ePsf 5g\ ls pgLx¿ /fd|f];Fu pleg klg ;Sb}gg\517 .

åGåsfnLg ;dodf ePsf cGo uDeL/ dfgjclwsf/ pNnª\3gx¿af/] Jofks cg';Gwfg tyf k|ltj]bg ul/Psf] ePklg of}g lx+;f;DaGwL cWoog b'n{e /x]sf] 5 . t/, o;n] åGåsfndf of}g lx+;f ul/Psf] lyPg eGg] s'/fnfO{ ;ª\s]t ub}{g . a?, of] of}g lx+;f;DaGwL k|foM sd} k|ltj]bg ul/G5 eGg] oyfy{tfsf] k|ltljDag xf] . ;fdflhs tyf ;fF:s[lts jh{gfx¿sf sf/0f nfhn] jf cf/f]k nufOPnf eGg] 8/n] ubf{ kLl8tx¿ cfkm\gf Joyfx¿ afF8\g lxlRsrfpF5g\ . c¿sf] ;fy gkfpgfn] / åGåsfndf ;+/If0f tyf Goflos pkrf/ ;+oGqx¿sf] cefjsf ;fy} kL8sx¿af/] ph'/L u/]df abnf lnOg] jf yk kLl8t eOg] 8/n] klg of] l:ylt emg v/fa eof] / w]/} 36gf ef}uf]lns ¿kdf b'u{d /x]sf 7fpFx¿df eP, hxfF ph'/L ug{ sl7gfO x'GYof] . To;afx]s, åGåsfnLg ;dodf kL8sx¿sf af/]df ph'/L u/]df abnf lnOg] jf yk kLl8t eOg] 8/ Jofks lyof] .

of] cWofo åGåsf qmddf ePsf of}g lx+;f;Fu ;DalGwt cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gL dfkb08x¿sf] klxrfgaf6 ;'? x'G5 . To;kl5 o;n] of}g lx+;f ePsf] g]kfnsf] ;fdflhs tyf ;fF:s[lts ;Gbe{ / o:tf] lx+;fsf] kLl8t, ltgsf kl/jf/ tyf ;d'bfodfly k/]sf] c;/sf] JofVof ub{5 . clg o; cWofon] g]kfndf Gofo k|flKtdf /x]sf ljleGg cj/f]wsf] klxrfg ug'{sf ;fy} lsg o:tf] lx+;flj?4 sd ph'/L ePsf 5g\ eGg] s'/fnfO{ klg s]xL 5f]Psf] 5 . g]kfnsf åGå/t b'j} kIfsf sd{rf/Laf6 dlxnflj?4 ePsf of}g tyf n}ª\lus lx+;f;DaGwL ljBdfg cg';Gwfgsf] ;dLIff tn lbOPsf] 5 . cGTodf, clen]v e08f/af6 lnOPsf s]xL 36gfsf] ;dLIff tyf ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5 .

xfn pknAw hfgsf/Lsf cfwf/df eGg] xf] eg] åGåsfndf ul/Psf] elgPsf of}g lx+;fsf ax';ª\Vos 36gfn] ;'/Iffkmf}hsf sd{rf/LnfO{ kL8ssf] ¿kdf d'5]sf 5g\ elgPsf] 5 . o:tf] lx+;f dfcf]jfbLx¿nfO{ vf]htnf; tyf ;f]wk'5 ug]{ qmddf ul/Psf] elgPsf] lyof] / dfcf]jfbL ePsf] jf ltgnfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ cfzª\sf 517 ;g\ @))@ df anfTs[t kLl8t dlxnf pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{no—g]kfn, o"PgPkmkLP, P8\ef]s];L kmf]/d / dfgl;s :jf:Yo k/fdz{ s]Gb| -;LPd;L_;Fu ;g\ @))( df c5fd lhNnfsf] d"Nofª\sg e|d0fsf qmddf s'/fsfgL ub}{ .

205

ul/Psf dlxnfn] ljz]iftM r/d Jojxf/sf] ;fdgf ug'{k¥of] . ;'/Iffkmf}håf/f ul/Psf] of}g lx+;f ;+:yfut jf of]hgfa4 lyof] jf lyPg eGg] :yfkgf ug{ xfn kof{Kt hfgsf/L 5}g . t/, dflyNnf] txdf df}g ;Ddlt lbPsf] x'g;Sg] b]lvG5 h;n] df}sf 5f]k]/ ul/g] of}g lx+;fsf nflu b08xLgtfsf] ;+:s[ltnfO{ k|f]T;fxg lbg] sfd u/]sf] x'g ;S5 .

o; cWofosf] d'Vo lgisif{ åGåsfndf ePsf of}g lx+;faf/] cem w]/} s'/f yfxf kfpg / a'em\g afFsL g} 5 eGg] xf] . o;af/] yk hfgsf/Lsf] vf]hL o:tf] lsl;dn] ul/g'k5{ ls h;n] ubf{ Tof] n}ª\lus ;+j]bgzLn xf];\ / To;n] kLl8tsf cfjZostfx¿nfO{ klg ;Daf]wg ug'{sf ;fy} To; k|lqmofdf pgLx¿sf] ;zQmLs/0f u/f];\518 .

(=@ ;Da4 sfg'gL vfsf

ljZj :jf:Yo ;ª\u7g -8An'Prcf]_n] of}g lx+;fnfO{ æs'g} klg kl/l:yltdf s'g} klg JolQmåf/f kLl8t;Fusf] p;sf] ;DaGw h] h:tf] eP klg s'g} klg of}g sfo{, of}g sfo{ ug]{ pBf]u, clglR5t of}g l6Kk0fL jf cl3 a9\g] sfd, jf a]rlavg ug]{ sfo{ jf s/sfkdfkm{t\ s'g} JolQmsf] of}lgstflj?4 nlIot sfo{Æ egL kl/efiff u/]sf] 5519 .

cGt/f{li6«o dfgjclwsf/ sfg'g / cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg'gn] åGåsf a]nf x'g] of}g lx+;fsf sfo{dfly :ki6 ¿kdf k|ltaGw nufPsf 5g\ . dfgjLo sfg'gcg';f/, ;z:q åGådf of}g lx+;fnfO{ k"j{o'uf]:nfleofsf nflu cGt/f{li6«o kmf}hbf/L Gofoflws/0f -cfO{;L6LjfO{_, ?jfG8fsf nflu cGt/f{li6«o kmf}hbf/L Gofoflws/0f -cfO{;L6Lcf/_, cGt/f{li6«o kmf}hbf/L cbfnt-cfO{;L;L_, l;o/f lnof]gsf nflu ljz]if cbfnt / PS:6«fcl8{g/L RofDa;{ ckm lb sf]6{; ckm SofDaf]l8ofsf] ljwfg tyf s]; nåf/f kl/efiff ul/Psf] 5 . o; kl/efiffdf anfTsf/, of}g bf;tf, hah{:tL j]Zofj[lQ, hah{:tL ue{ af]sfpg] tyf aGWofs/0f ug]{ / To:t} uDeL/ k|s[ltsf cGo k|sf/sf of}g lx+;f ;dflji6 5g\, h;df cfqmd0f, dlxnf a]rlavg tyf gfª\u} kf/]/ vfgtnf; ug]{ s[To klg kb{5520 . åGåsf qmddf lg/Gt/ nfu' ePsf] cGt/f{li6«o dfgjclwsf/ 518 pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{non] of}g lx+;fsf k'?if kLl8tx¿af/] s'g} klg ph'/L k|fKt u/]sf] 5}g . o;sf] cy{ k'?iflj?4 of}g lx+;fsf s'g} 36gf g} ePsf lyPgg\ eGg] xf]Og, olt dfq xf] ls clxn] To:tf ph'/L k|fKt ePsf 5}gg\ . of}g lx+;f ljz]ifu/L k'?iflj?4sf ;DaGwdf /x]sf] ;fF:s[lts nf~5gfn] ubf{ pgLx¿nfO{ To:tf 36gfaf/] ph'/L ug{af6 lg?T;flxt u/]sf] x'g ;S5 .519 Stop Rape Now, UN Action Against Sexual Violence in Conflict, Analytical and Conceptual Framing of Conflict-Related Sexual Violence, p. 1.520 Ibid. See also UN Security Council Resolution 1325 (S/RES/1325) (2000), preamble, para 10; OHCHR, Democratic Republic of the Congo, 1993–2003: Report of the Mapping Exercise documenting the most serious

206

sfg'gcg';f/, of}g lx+;f;lxtsf] n}ª\lus lx+;f dlxnflj?4sf ;a} k|sf/sf lje]bx¿sf] pGd"ng;DaGwL dxf;lGw -l;8\c_sf] æwf/f ! cg';f/sf] lje]b xf]Æ521 . dlxnfsf clwsf/ tyf :jtGqtfx¿df cGt/f{li6«o jf cfGtl/s ;z:q åGåsf ;dodf dfgjLo dfGotfcg';f/ ;dfg ;+/If0fsf] clwsf/, JolQmsf] :jtGqtf tyf ;'/Iffsf] clwsf/ tyf k|fKt ug{ ;lsg] pRrtd :t/sf] zf/Ll/s tyf dfgl;s :jf:Yosf] clwsf/ kb{5g\522 .

of}g lx+;f o'4 ck/fw, dfgjtflj?4sf] ck/fw, Ps k|sf/sf] oftgf jf hfltxTofsf] tTj x'g ;S5523 . ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3 ;'/Iff kl/ifb\n] of}g lx+;f æu}/;}lgs gful/sx¿nfO{ hfgfhfg lg;fgf agfpg, jf u}/;}lgs hg;d'bfolj?4 Jofks jf of]hgfa4 cfqmd0fsf] lx:;fsf] ¿kdf k|fof]u ul/PdfÆ o;n] cGt/f{li6«o zflGt / ;'/IffnfO{ afwf k'¥ofpg ;S5 . of}g lx+;fnfO{ åGå;Fu ;DalGwt ;}lgs jf /fhgLlts sf/afxL;Fu ufFl;Pdf o;nfO{ o'4sf] /0fgLltsf] ¿kdf x]g{ ;lsg] eP klg of] pNnª\3g g} x'G5524 . of}g lx+;fsf ;DaGwdf k|ToIf cfb]zx¿ Tolt gcfpg] eP tfklg l;kfxLaf6 ePsf cGo ck/fwx¿nfO{ /f]Sg ;kmn eP/ klg of}g ck/fw x'g glbg jf To;df ;hfo ug{ s'g} k|of; gu/]df o;nfO{ /0fgLltsf] ¿kdf k|of]u ul/Psf] x'G5 eGg] k|:6 x'G5 . /0fgLltsf] ¿kdf of}g lx+;fsf sfo{x¿ åGå;Fu c:yfoL, ef}uf]lns / sf/l0fs ¿kdf ufFl;Psf] x'g'k5{525 .

lj=;+= @)%& sflQs !% ut]sf] k|:tfj !#@% df ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3 ;'/Iff kl/ifb\n] ædlxnf tyf aflnsfsf clwsf/ tyf ;+/If0fdf nfu' x'g] cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gsf] ;Ddfg ug{Æ / æn}ª\lus lx+;f, vf;u/L anfTsf/ tyf cGo k|sf/sf of}g b'Jo{jxf/, af6 dlxnf tyf aflnsfx¿sf] ;+/If0f ug{ ljz]if pkfox¿ ckgfpg ;z:q åGå/t ;a} kIfÆnfO{ cfXjfg u¥of]526 . pQm k|:tfjn] b08xLgtfsf] cGTo ug{ / dlxnf tyf aflnsflj?4 of}g tyf cGo lx+;fsf nflu lhDd]jf/ JolQmx¿nfO{ cleof]hg ug{ ;a} /fHosf] lhDd]jf/Ldfly hf]8 lbof]527 . To;afx]s, @)^% c;f/ % ut]sf] k|:tfj !*@) -@))*_ df violations of human rights and international humanitarian law committed within the territory of the Democratic Republic of the Congo between March 1993 and June 2003 (2010), para 546-50. æTo;}n], /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o, k/Dk/fu tyf k|yfhlgt sfg'gL b:tfj]hx¿sf] ;+o'Qm sfo{n] nf]stflGqs u0ftGq sª\uf]df ;g\ !((# / @))# sf] aLrdf ePsf of}g lx+;fsf 36gfx¿nfO{ bl08t ug{ ;Sg'kb{5 .Æ521 General Recommendation No. 19 of the Committee on Elimination of Discrimination against Women: Violence against Women (11th session, 1992).522 P]= cg'= &-v_-u_-5_ .523 Stop Rape Now, UN Action Against Sexual Violence in Conflict, Analytical and Conceptual Framing of Conflict-Related Sexual Violence, p. 1-2; UN Security Council resolution 1820 (S/RES/1820) (2008) para 4.524 UN Security Council Resolution 1820 (S/RES/1820) 2008.525 Stop Rape Now, UN Action Against Sexual Violence in Conflict, Analytical and Conceptual Framing of Conflict-Related Sexual Violence, p. 2-3526 UN Security Council Resolution 1325 (S/RES/1325) (2000), paras 9 and 10.527 P]= cg'= !! .

207

;'/Iff kl/ifb\n] æåGå/t ;a} kIfn] dlxnf / aflnsfnufot ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ ;a} k|sf/sf of}g lx+;faf6 ;+/If0f ug{sf nflu tTsfn pko'Qm sbdx¿ rfNg'kg]{Æ dfu u¥of]528 . ;f] k|:tfjn] åGå ;dfwfgdf of}g lx+;fnfO{ cfddfkmLsf k|fjwfgx¿af6 aflx¥ofpg'kg]{ cfjZostfdf klg hf]8 lb+b} ;b:o /fi6«x¿nfO{ æo:tf sfo{sf nflu lhDd]jf/ JolQmx¿nfO{ cleof]hg ug]{ cfkm\gf bfloTjsf] kfngf ug{, of}g lx+;fsf ;a} kLl8t, vf;u/L dlxnf tyf aflnsf, n] sfg'gcGtu{t ;dfg ;+/If0f tyf Gofodf ;dfg kx'FrÆ sf nflu cfXjfg u¥of]529 . k|:tfjx¿ !*** / !(^) n] oL ;/f]sf/dfly hf]8 lbP / of}g lx+;fnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ dxf;lrjsf ljz]if k|ltlglw lgo'lQm ug]{ tyf ;z:q åGådf of}g lx+;f k|of]u ul/Psf] cfzª\sf ul/Psf ;a} kIfsf] ;"rL tof/ ug]{nufot sltko ;+oGqx¿sf] :yfkgf u¥of]530 . o; ;DaGwdf dxTTjk"0f{ s'/f s] 5 eg] pQm k|:tfjn] o:tf sfo{df ælbuf] vfnsf] zflGt, Gofo, ;To / /fli6«o d]nldnfk k|flKtsf nflu lj:t[t k4ltsf] lx:;fsf] ¿kdfÆ b08xLgtfsf] cGTo ug'{kg]{ dxTTjdfly hf]8 lbof]531 .

;'/Iff kl/ifb\sf oL k|:tfjx¿ / cGt/f{li6«o dfgjclwsf/ sfg'g tyf cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg'gåf/f :yflkt dfkb08sf cfwf/df /x]/ tnsf] v08n] åGåsf ;dodf of}g lx+;fnfO{ lgodg ug]{ sfg'gL vfsf k|:t't u/]sf] 5 . anfTsf/sf] ljZn]if0faf6 cWoog ;'? x'G5 lsgsL clen]v e08f/df /flvPsf of}g lx+;fsf 36gfx¿df d'VotM anfTsf/, ;fd"lxs anfTsf/ tyf anfTsf/ ug]{ pBf]u;DaGwL cf/f]kx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . cGo k|sf/sf of}g lx+;f, of}g cfqmd0f tyf 5]85f8 h:tf ck/fwnufot, sf sfg'gL kIfx¿dfly To;kl5 rrf{ ul/g]5 .

(=@=! anfTsf/

g]kfndf dlxnfsf] anfTsf/ kmf}hbf/L s;'/ xf] . d'n'sL P]gsf] hah{:tL s/0fLsf] dxnsf] bkmf ! n] o;nfO{ æs;}n] s'g} dlxnfO{ lghsf] dGh'/L glnO{ s/0fL u/]df jf ;f]x| jif{eGbf sd pd]/sL aflnsfnfO{ lghsf] dGh'/L lnO{ jf glnO{ s/0fL u/]df hah{:tL s/0fL u/]sf] 7x5{Æ egL kl/efiff u/]sf] 5 . o; kl/efiffsf] k|ltaGwfTds jfSof+zn] 8/, qf;, wfs b]vfO{ jf s/sfd, cg'lrt k|efj jf em'Sofgdf kf/L, jf hf]/h'n'd u/L jf ckx/0f u/L jf z/L/ aGws /fvL lnPsf] dGh'/LnfO{ dGh'/L dflgg] 5}g eg]sf] 5 . To:t}, xf]; 7]ufgdf g/x]sf] cj:yfdf lnPsf] dGh'/LnfO{ dGh'/L dflgg] 5}g .

528 UN Security Council Resoultion 1820 (S/RES/1820) (2008) para 3.529 P]=, cg'= $ .530 UN Security Council Resolution 1888 (S/RES/ 1888) (2008), UN Security Council Resolution 1960 (S/RES/1960) (2010).531 P]=, cg'= $ .

208

cfO{;L6LjfO{ / cfO{;L6Lcf/ b'j}n] anfTsf/sf] ;dodf kLl8tsf] cfr/0fn] oftgfsf nflu cfjZos tTj ædfgl;s jf zf/Ll/s h] ePklg r/d si6 jf kL8fÆ532 k"/f u/]sf] 5 eg] To:tf] anfTsf/ oftgf533 x'g]5 egL km};nf u/]sf 5g\ . anfTsf/sf avtdf ;x]sf] si6sf cltl/Qm, dgf]j}1flgs kL8f æ;fdflhs tyf ;fF:s[lts cj:yfx¿n] emg v/fa ag-fpg ;s5, h;n] ljz]iftM tLI0f / bL3{sfnLg c;/ ug]{ x'G5Æ534 eGg] s'/fnfO{ cbfntx¿n] :jLsf/ u/] . anfTsf/ o'4 ck/fw535 klg x'G5 / cGt/f{li6«o kmf}hbf/L cbfntn] ;femf wf/f # n] nufPsf] æJolQmut dof{bfdflysf] cf3ftÆsf] k|ltaGwnfO{ anfTsf/ bf]iff/f]k0fsf] cfwf/sf] ¿kdf k|of]u u/]sf] 5536 .

cfO{;Lcf/;Lsf] ljrf/df åGåsf] qmddf anfTsf/dfly nufOg] k|ltaGwn] k|yfut cGt/f{li6«o sfg'g x}l;ot k|fKt u/]sf] 5, cyf{t åGå/t kIf h]g]ef dxf;lGwx¿sf] kIf eP klg geP klg ltgsf ;b:odWo] s'g} Ps ;b:on] u/]sf] anfTsf/ b08gLo ck/fw xf]537 .

/f]d ljwfgn] anfTsf/sf] ck/fwnfO{ u}/ cGt/f{li6«o ;z:q åGådf anfTsf/sf] ck/fwnfO{ cGt/f{li6«o kmf}hbf/L cbfntsf nflu o;/L kl/efiff u/]sf] 5M

kLl8tsf] z/L/sf] s'g} klg efu jf kL8ssf] of}gfª\u ePsf] efu jf kLl8tsf] u'4f/ jf hg]Gb|Losf] Kjfndf s'g} j:t' jf z/L/sf] s'g} efu s]xL dfqfdf eP klg k;fpg] u/L s;}sf] z/L/df kL8sn] cltqmd0f u¥of] .

cltqmd0f o:tf] JolQm jf csf]{ JolQmlj?4 an k|of]udfkm{t\ jf lx+;fsf] 8/, bafa, y'gf, dgf]j}1flgs bdg, jf clwsf/sf] b'?kof]u h:tf ank|of]usf] jf hf]/h'n'dsf] wDsLåf/f jf hf]/h'n'do'Qm jftfj/0fsf] kmfObf p7fP/ ePsf] lyof] jf ;fFrf] dGh'/L lbg g;Sg] JolQmlj?4 cltqmd0f ul/Psf] lyof] .

532 x]g'{xf];\ cWofo & — oftgf, k[= !@$ .533 Prosecutor v. Semanza, ICTR Trial Chamber, no. ICTR-97-20-T, Judgment and Sentence, 15 May 2003, para 483; Kunarac et al., ICTY Trial Chamber, (2001) para 655 (see footnote 154); Kvočka, ICTY Trial Chamber (2001) para 561(see footnote 391).534 Čelebići Case, ICTY, Trial Chamber, (1998) para 495 (see footnote 408)535 Statute of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (1994), article 4(e); UNTAET Regulation 2000/15, section 6(1)(e)(vi); Statute of the Special Court for Sierra Leone (2002) article 3(e). See also, e.g., UN Security Council Resolution 1820 (S/RES/1820) (2008)536 Statute of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (1994), article 4(e); UNTAET Regulation 2000/15, section 6(1)(e)(vi); Statute of the Special Court for Sierra Leone (2002) article 3(e). See also, e.g., UN Security Council Resolution 1820 (S/RES/1820) (2008)537 International Committee of Red Cross, Customary International Humanitarian Law, rule 93 (see footnote 129). anfTsf/ tyf cGo k|sf/sf of}g lx+;fnfO{ k|ltalGwt ul/Psf] 5 .

209

o:tf] cfr/0f cGt/f{li6«o rl/q gePsf] ;z:q åGåsf] ;Gbe{df ePsf] lyof] jf To;;Fu ;DalGwt lyof] .

;z:q åGåsf] cl:tTj :yfkgf ug]{ tYout kl/l:yltaf/] kL8s hfgsf/ lyof]538.

of] kl/efiff p2]Zod"ns 9ª\un] lj:t[t tyf Jofks 5 / y'k|} k/Dk/fut kmf}hbf/L sfg'gsf km};nfdf ePsf kl/efiff;Fu d]n gvfg ;S5g\539 . b'O{j6f tTj æof}g k|s[ltsf] zf/Ll/s cltqmd0fÆ / æhf]/h'n'dÆaf/] lj:t[t ¿kdf tn cWoog ul/g]5 .s_ cltqmd0f

…cltqmd0fÚsf] tTj w]/} kIfdf k/Dk/fut kmf}hbf/L sfg'gsf] …leq l5/fpg]Ú s'/f;Fu ldNbf]h'Nbf] 5 . t/, /f]d ljwfgsf d:of}bfsf/x¿n] o; kbnfO{ n}ª\lus ¿kdf t6:y kbsf] ¿kdf k|of]u u/]sf 5g\540 . cem} klg, /f]d ljwfgdf ePsf] cltqmd0fsf] wf/0ff leq l5/fpg] s'/f;Fu 3lg:6 ¿kn] ufFl;Psf] 5 lsgeg] z/L/dflysf] cltqmd0f kLl8tsf] z/L/sf] s'g} klg efu jf kL8ssf] of}gfª\u ePsf] efu jf kLl8tsf] u'4f/ jf of}gfª\usf] Kjfndf s'g} j:t' jf z/L/sf] s'g} efu s]xL dfqfdf eP klg leq k;fpg] sfo{ ePsf] x'g'k5{ .

v_ an, an k|of]usf] wDsL, jf hf]/h'n'd

dGh'/Lsf] cefj eGg] bf];|f] tTjsf af/] clns a9L ulxl/P/ cWoog ug'{ cfjZos 5 . s] s'/f :ki6 5 eg] /f]d ljwfgsf] kl/efiffdf lbOPsf kbfjnL æan, an k|of]usf] wDsL, jf hf]/h'n'dÆnfO{ ;fF3'/f] lx;fan] JofVof ul/g' x'Fb}g . s'g} hf]/h'n'do'Qm ljlzi6 sfo{ k|dfl0ft x'g'eGbf …hf]/h'n'dsf] ;du| kl/l:yltÚ a9L ;fGble{s x'G5 . cGt/f{li6«o kmf}hbf/L cbfntsf] sfo{ljlw tyf k|df0fsf lgodx¿n] l;4fGtsf] pNn]v u/]sf 5g\M

of}g lx+;fsf 36gfdf cbfnt b]xfosf l;4fGtåf/f lgb]{lzt x'g'sf ;fy} pko'Qm ePdf tL l;4fGtnfO{ nfu' ug]{5M538 /f]d ljwfg, wf/f * -@_-ª_-vi_ – ! æanfTsf/sf] o'4 ck/fwÆ -kfbl6Kk0fL !$% x]g'{xf];\_ .539 k/Dk/fut ¿kdf anfTsf/sf tTjx¿ b]xfosf h:t} b]lvG5g\ M

!= clnslt ePklg of}gfª\u l5/fpg]@= kLl8tsf] of]gL jf dnåf/df

kL8ssf] lnª\u l5/fpg]jf, kL8såf/f k|of]u ul/Psf] cGo s'g} j:t'

jf kL8ssf] lnª\u kLl8tsf] d'vdf k;fpg]#= kLl8t jf s'g} t];|f] JolQmlj?4 hf]/h'n'd jf an k|of]u ug]{ wDsLdfkm{t\540 See Rome Statute, article 8 (2)(e)(vi)-1 “War crime of rape” (see footnote 145). lnª\u l5/fpg] sfo{nfO{ stf{sf] ¿kdf k'?ifn] dfq ug{ ;S5 egL JofVof ug{ ;lsG5 .

210

s_ an, ansf] k|of]u, hf]/h'n'd jf hf]/h'n'do'Qm jftfj/0fsf] kmfObf p7fP/ :j}lR5s / ;xL cy{sf] dGh'/L lbg];Sg] kLl8tsf] IfdtfnfO{ sdhf]/ agfP/ ul/Psf kLl8tsf] cfr/0f jf s'g} klg zAbx¿af6 To:tf] cg'dfg nufpg ;ls+b}g . -hf]8 lbOPsf]_541

tby{ Gofoflws/0fn] o; tTjnfO{ klg nfu' ug'{sf ;fy} oL kbx¿nfO{ of}g cltqmd0f :j}lR5s gePsf] jf cGo lsl;dn] u}/;xdltk"0f{542 gePsf ;a} l:yltnfO{ ;lglZrt ug]{u/L JofVof ul/Psf] 5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu, ?jfG8fsf nflu cGt/f{li6«o kmf}hbf/L Gofoflws/0f s] km};nf u/]sf] 5 eg] æwDsL, 8/qf;, hah{:tL rGbf c;'nL jf cGo k|sf/sf bafax¿, h'g eo / xtfzfsf] l:yltsf] zf]if0f u/]sf x'G5g\, hf]/h'n'd x'g ;S5g\Æ 543 . l;Pl/of lnof]gsf nflu ljz]if cbfntn] æhf]/h'n'do'Qm kl/l:yltÆ, vf;u/L ;z:q åGådf, zf/Ll/s ansf] k|df0f;Fu dfq ;DalGwt 5}gM

;z:q åGåsf] kl/l:yltdf, hf]/h'n'd k|foM ljZjJofkL x'G5 . kLl8tsf] lg/Gt/ k|lt/f]w / kL8saf6 ePsf] zf/Ll/s an jf an k|of]usf] wDsL hf]/h'n'd :yfkgf ug{ cfjZos 5}g 544.

jf:tjdf To:tf kl/l:yltx¿ 5g\ h;df kLl8tsf c;xdltsf] cg'dg nufpg ;lsG5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu, k|f]lhSo'6/ lj= km'?lG8hfsf] d'2fdf, cbfntn] æs'g} klg k|sf/sf] aGbL cj:yfn] dGh'/LnfO{ c:jLsf/ ub{5Æ545 eGg] km};nf u¥of] .

hf]/h'n'd tyf dGh'/Lsf ;DaGwdf csf]{ ofb /fVg'kg]{ s'/f s] xf] eg] cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gn] klg s]xL JolQmx¿ ;fFrf] cy{df dGh'/L lbg g;Sg] cj:yfdf x'g ;S5g\ eGg] s'/fnfO{ :jLsf/ u/]sf] 5546 . o;af/], /f]d ljwfgsf ck/fwsf tTjx¿n] æk|fs[lts, kmsfP/ ul/g] jf pd]/;Fu ;DalGwt czQmtfn] ubf{ s'g} klg JolQm ;fFrf] dGh'/L lbg g;Sg] x'g;S5 .Æ547 o;df kLl8tdf ckfª\utf ePsf] jf gzfsf] k|efjdf /x]sf] cj:yf klg ;d]l6Psf] x'g ;S5 .

541 ICC, Rules of Procedure and Evidence, ICC-ASP/1/3 (2002) rule 70542 Kunarac, ICTY Trial Chamber (2001) para 460 (see footnote 154), -an k|of]u, an k|of]usf] wDsL tyf hf]/h'n'dsf] cy{ xf] æof]lgdf lnª\u l5/fpg] sfd kLl8tsf] ;xdlta]u/ ePsf] 5Æ eGg] km};nf xf] ._543 Akayesu, ICTR Trial Chamber, (1998) para 688 (see footnote 398).544 P]= .545 Furundžija, ICTY Trial Chamber (1998), para 271 (see footnote 369).546 oxfF r'/f] s'/f cfkm\gf] ;xdlt lbg ;Sg] Ifdtf xf], g ls :jo+ ;xdlt .547 Rome Statute, Article 8 (2) (e) (vi)-1 “War crime of rape” (see footnote 145) rf}w jif{d'lgsf afnaflnsfn] j}w ;xdlt lbg ;Sb}gg\; Prosecutor v. Brima et al. (AFRC Case), SCSL, Appeal Chamber, no. SCSL-04-16-A, Judgment, 22 February 2008, para 694.

211

(=@=@ cGo of}g lx+;f

æc¿ of}g lx+;fÆ eGgfn] ;fdfGotM anfTsf/eGbf a[xQ/ k|ju{ eGg] a'lemG5 / o;df anfTsf/ x'g cfjZos cfwf/x¿ k"/f gug]{ sfo{x¿ kb{5g\ . of] dfgj z/L/sf] zf/Ll/s cltqmd0fdf ;Lldt 5}g / o;df zf/Ll/s ;Dks{ gkg]{ sfo{x¿ klg kg{ ;S5g\548 . o;n] æoflGqs j0f{gdf ;d]6\g k|foM ufx|f] kg]{ of}g s;'/df ;hfosf] ljZjf; lbnfP/ …;'/Iff sjrÚ k|bfgÆ ub{5549 .Æ pbfx/0fsf nflu, uDeL/ of}g cfqmd0f jf 5]85f8 h:tf ck/fwx¿ o; k|ju{df ;dfj]z ul/Psf 5g\550 . g]kfndf ePsf] h:tf] u}/cGt/f{li6«o ;z:q åGåsf ;DaGwdf, /f]d ljwfgn] …of}g lx+;fÚnfO{ cnUu} ck/fw egL Joj:yf u/]sf] 5, h;df b]xfosf tTjx¿ /x]sf 5g\M

kL8sn] Ps jf a9L JolQmlj?4 of}g k|s[ltsf] s'g} sfo{ u¥of] jf u/fof] jf csf]{ JolQmlj?4 an k|of]udfkm{t\ jf lx+;fsf] 8/, bafa, y'gf, dgf]j}1flgs bdg, jf clwsf/sf] b'?kof]u h:tf ank|of]u jf hf]/h'n'dsf] wDsLåf/f jf hf]/h'n'do'Qm jftfj/0fsf] kmfObf p7fP/ To:tf] sfo{ u¥of] jf ;fFrf] dGh'/L lbg g;Sg] JolQmlj?4 cltqmd0f u¥of] .

of] cfr/0fsf] uDeL/tf h]g]ef dxf;lGwx¿sf] ;femf wf/f # sf] uDeL/ pNnª\3g;Fu t'ngLo lyof] .

;z:q åGåsf] cl:tTj :yfkgf ug]{ tYout kl/l:yltaf/] kL8s hfgsf/ lyof]551 .

klxnf] tTjaf6 k|:6 x'G5 ls of] ck/fw k"/f ug{ s'g} klg cltqmd0f jf l5/fpg] sfo{ cfjZos kb}{g . csf]{ cy{df eGg] xf] eg] oL tTj anfTsf/sf tTj;Fu ldNbfh'Nbf 5g\, vf;u/L cfjZos kg]{ hf]/h'n'dsf] :t/sf ;DaGwdf, anfTsf/sf nflu cfjZos kg]{ ltg} tTj . t/, dxTTjk"0f{ s'/f s] 5 eg] …cGo of}g lx+;fÚ s]xL sd uDeL/ k|s[ltsf of}g sfo{x¿sf] cleof]hg ug{df nlIot k|ju{ xf]Og . To;ljk/Lt, o;n] To:tf sfo{x¿nfO{ dfq ;d]6]sf] 5 h'g ;femf wf/f # sf cGo uDeL/ pNnª\3gx¿;Fu æt'ngLo uDeL/tfÆsf 5g\ . o;sf] p2]Zo o'4sfndf ePsf uDeL/ / hf]/h'n'do'Qm cfr/0fnfO{ ;d]6\g' xf] h;nfO{ kl/efiffsf sf/0f anfTsf/ dflg+b}g .548 Akayesu, ICTR Trial Chamber (1998), para 598 (see footnote 398).549 P]= cg'= %(^ .550 Kvočka, ICTY Trial Chamber (2001), para 180 (see footnote 391).551 Rome Statute, article 8 (2) (e) (vi)-6 “War crime of sexual violence” (see footnote 145) (final two elements have been removed as repetitive). hah{:tL ue{jtL agfpg], of}g bf;tf, hah{:tL aGWof/s0f ug]{ / hah{:tL j]Zofj[lQdf nufpg] nufotsf of}g k|s[ltsf cGo ck/fwx¿ klg 5g\ .

212

(=@=# JolQmut kmf}hbf/L lhDd]jf/L

of}g lx+;fsf] ck/fw ug{ cfb]z lbg], cg'/f]w ug]{, ;xof]u ug]{, b'?T;fxg ug]{, ;xfotf ug]{ s'g} klg JolQmnfO{ cleof]hg ug{ ;lsG5 / ug'{k5{552 . To;}u/L, cGo JolQm;Fu ldn]/ / ;femf p2]Zo lnP/ ck/fw ug{df -To:tf] pBf]u ug{df_ d2t k'¥ofpg] JolQmx¿sf af/], ;d"xåf/f ul/Psf sfo{sf nflu k|To]s JolQmnfO{ hjfkmb]xL agfpg ;lsG5553 . of}g lx+;fsf ;Gbe{df bf]if k|dfl0ft ug{, ljz]iftM tL cleo'Qmsf ;DaGwdf h;n] jl/i7 /fhgLlts jf ;}lgs kb lnPsf lyP, o; k|sf/sf] hjfkmb]xLtf c:yfoL Gofoflws/0fx¿n] k6sk6s k|of]u u/]sf 5g\ . hjfkmb]xLtfsf] ljlwsf] ¿kdf …sdfG8 lhDd]jf/LÚdf klg oxL s'/f nfu' x'G5554 . Gofoflws/0fx¿n]] clVtof/Lsf] kb lnP/ a;]sf JolQmx¿nfO{ ltgsf slgi6x¿n] u/]sf of}glx+;fsf sfo{sf lglDt lhDd]jf/ kfPsf 5g\555 .

(=# k[i7e"ld

(=#=! ;dLIff

;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3Lo dlxnf ljsf; sf]if -o'lgkm]d_sf Ps lj1n] dlxnfdfly o'4sf] k|efjaf/] u/]sf] cWoogn] cf}FNofPcg';f/,556 åGåsf qmddf dlxnfx¿n] ;x'gk/]sf] r/d lx+;f o'4sf] ljlzi6 cj:yfsf sf/0fdfq l;h{gf ePsf] xf]Og . a?, o:tf] lx+;f zflGtsfndf dlxnfx¿sf] hLjgdf ePsf lx+;f;Fu k|ToIf ¿kdf ;DalGwt 5g\557 . w]/} ;dfhdf s] wf/0ff /x]sf] 5 eg] dlxnfx¿ ;fd'bflos OHhtsf ;fdu|L x'g\ / k'?if To;sf ;+/Ifs . OHht;DaGwL o; k|sf/sf n}ª\lus ljlzi6 cjwf/0ffx¿n] cfkm\gf clGtd cleJolQm o'4sfndf kfpFb5g\558 .

dlxnflj?4sf] lx+;fdf k|foM ;hfo gx'g] ePsfn] of] Pp6f :jLsfo{ dfGotf ag]sf] 5 / åGåsf] ;dodf ;dfGotM lx+;f a9\g] x'gfn] of}g lx+;f klg a9]sf] kfOG5559 . dlxnflj?4sf] 552 P]= wf/f @%-#_ .553 o;df æk"jf{g'dfg ug{ ;lsg]Æ nufpg ;lsg] ;a} ck/fwsf] bfloTj;d]t kb{5 . cfO{;L6LjfO{df o:tf] vfnsf] bfloTjnfO{ æ;+o'Qm kmf}hbf/L pBdÆsf] gfd lbOPsf] 5 .554 Tadić, para 536 (see footnote 152); Prosecutor v. Furundžija, ICTY, Appeal Chamber, no. IT-95-17/-A, Judgement, 21 July 2000; Krstić, ICTY, Trial Chamber (2001) para 2 (see footnote 409); Kvočka, ICTY Trial Chamber (2001) (see footnote 391).555 Blaškić, ICTY, Appeal Chamber, (2004) para 613 (see footnote 465) (Overturned on other grounds).556 Blaškić, ICTY, Appeal Chamber, (2004) para 613 (see footnote 465) (Overturned on other grounds).557 UNIFEM, Women, War, Peace: The Independent Experts’ Assessment on the Impact of Armed Conflict on Women and Women’s Role in Peace-building (New York, UNIFEM, 2002) p.13.558 Women, Law & Development International, “Gender Violence: The Hidden War Crime” (Washington, D.C., 1998).559 P]= .

213

lx+;f;DaGwL ljz]if k|ltj]bsn] pNn]v u/]sL 5g\ ls o'4sfndf æHofg dfg]{ wDsL lbP/ dlxnf tyf lszf]/Lx¿nfO{ ;/sf/L kmf}h, u}//fHo kfq, ltgsf] ;+/If0fsf nflu lhDd]jf/ k|x/L, z/0ffyL{ lzlj/ tyf ;Ldf /Ifs, l5d]sL, :yfgLo /fhgLlt1 / slxn]sfxLF kl/jf/hgx¿af6} anfTsf/ ul/Psf] 5 ===. dlxnf tyf lszf]/Lx¿nfO{ l;kfxL;Fu æljjfxÆsf nflu afWo kfl/Psf] x'G5, h;sf] 3'dfp/f] cy{ lgtfGt ¿kdf k6sk6s anfTs[t x'g' jf of}g bf;tfdf /xg' xf]560.Æ k|foM o; lsl;dsf] Jojxf/ æOHht;Fu ufFl;Psf] gf/L of}lgs z'4tfsf] lkt[;QfTds cjwf/0ff;Fu ;DalGwt 5 ===. dlxnfsf] of}lgstf;Fu ufFl;Psf oL d"Nox¿n] …cfkm\gfÚ cfOdfOsf] of}lgs lgodg, c¿ pNnª\3gstf{af6 x'g] of}g lx+;f Pj+ æc¿sfÆ dlxnfdfly ePsf] aGb]hnfO{ j}wflgstf k|bfg ub{5561.Æ

(=#=@ g]kfndf of}g lx+;fsf] ;fdflhs tyf ;fF:s[lts ;Gbe{

g]kfnL ;dfhdf Jofks ¿kdf /x]sf] c;dfg n}ª\lus ;DaGw g} dlxnflj?4sf] lx+;fnfO{ j}wflgstf k|bfg ug{df d'Vo tTjsf]

¿kdf /x]sf] 5 562.

g]kfndf ePsf c'g;Gwfgn] s] b]vfpFb5g\ eg] g]kfnL ;dfhsf] d'6'df Pp6f hah{:t lkt[;QfTds tTj /x]sf] 5 . of] lkt[;QfTds hu g} g]kfnL ;dfhdf ;fdflhs tyf n}ª\lus lje]bsf] h8df /x]sf] 5 elgG5563 . To;afx]s, cg';Gwfgx¿n] lkt[;QfTds ;fdflhs—;fF:s[lts dfGotf tyf rngx¿n] dlxnflj?4sf] of}g lx+;fnfO{ r'krfk ;x]sf] b]vfpF5g\ h;n] ubf{ o:tf lx+;fsf] k|of]un] j}wflgstf kfPsf] 5564 .

lkt[;QfTds ;dfh Pp6f o:tf] ;dfh xf] h;n] k'?ifx¿nfO{ ljz]if ;'ljwf k|bfg ub{5 / kl/jf/leq} n}ª\lus >]0fLut ljefhgnfO{ j}wflgstf k|bfg ub{5565 . g]kfndf, ulx/f];Fu h/f uf8]/ /x]sf lkt[;QfTds b[li6sf]0fx¿, lghL tyf ;fj{hlgs If]qdf dflgPsf] k'?ifsf] >]i7tfdf cfwfl/t cfr/0f / dlxnfx¿ sdhf]/ tyf hf]lvdk"0f{ cj:yfdf /x]sf 560 Report of the Special Rapporteur on violence against women, its causes and consequences, Ms. Radhika Coomaraswamy, Violence against women perpetrated and/or condoned by the State during times of armed conflict (1997-2000), E/CN.4/2001/73561 The United Nations Special Rapporteur on Violence Against Women, its Causes and Consequences, Fifteen Years of the United Nations Special Rapporteur on Violence Against Women (1994-2009), A Critical Review, p. 15562 WOREC, Violence against Women in Nepal: A Complex and Invisible Reality (Kathmandu, WOREC, 2006), p.4.563 Ibid, p. 1; UNIFEM & SAATHI, “Sexual and Gender Based Violence during Conflict and Traditional Period: Jhapa and Morang Districts: A Research”, 2008, p.7; Forum for Women, Law & Development, “Domestic Violence against Women in Nepal: Concept, History and Existing Laws” p. 10, Available from www.fwld.org/article.php.564 UNIFEM & SAATHI, “Sexual and Gender Based Violence during Conflict and Traditional Period”, p.10 (see footnote 563)565 P]= .

214

x'G5g\ eGg] s7f]/ ljrf/n] dlxnfsf] kl/jf/ tyf ;d'bfoleqsf] l:yltnfO{ sdhf]/ agfPsf] 5566 . ædlxnflj?4 lje]b ug]{ lkt[;QfTds b[li6sf]0f tyf ulx/f];Fu h/f uf8]/ /x]sf ?l9ut s'/fx¿ ;fdflhs, ;fF:s[lts, wfld{s, cfly{s / /fhgLlts ;+:yfx¿ / g]kfnL ;dfhsf ;+/rgfx¿ tyf ;~rf/ hutdf hah{:t h/f uf8]/ /x]sf 5g\Æ567 egL l;8\c ;ldltn] lrGtf JoQm u/]sf] 5 . s'g} klg dlxnfsf] l:ylt pgsf] k'?if;Fusf] ;DaGwåf/f lgwf{l/t x'G5, h;sf] gftfut tyf sfg'gL ;+/If0fdf pgL /x]sL x'lG5g\Ù dlxnf ;fgf] 5Fbf afa'sf] cwLgdf x'lG5g\ eg] ljx] u/]kl5 nf]Ug]sf] cwLgdf568 . h'g;'s} ju{, hft, wd{ / hfltdf eP klg ljjfx lszf]/LnfO{ cTofjZos j:t'sf ¿kdf x]l/g] rng 5Fb}5 / lszf]/Lsf] of}lgstf / o;sf] kl5 >Ldfgdf x'g] x:tfGt/0f cfdfafa'sf nflu k|fylds dxTTjsf] ljifo xf] eGg] 7flgG5569 .

dfgjclwsf/sf] If]qdf sfo{/t Ps u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf dlxnf k'g:yf{kgf s]Gb| -cf]/]s_åf/f ul/Psf] Ps cg';Gwfgcg';f/, dlxnflj?4sf] lx+;f ;fdflhs ¿kdf æ;fdfGoÆ /x]sf] kfOG5 / g]kfndf of] pRr 5570 . pbok'/ tyf df]/ª lhNnfdf cf]/]såf/f ul/Psf] cg';Gwfgn] æof}g lx+;f u|fdL0f g]kfndf cToGt cfd ¿kdf k|rngdf /x]sf] kfof]571 .Æ jo:s lszf]/Lx¿ tyf sd pd]/d} ljjflxt ag]sf dlxnfx¿n] 3/df, ufpFdf, :s'ndf Pj+ ;fj{hlgs ;df/f]x¿df ljleGg k|sf/sf of}g pTkL8gx¿sf ;fdgf ug'{k/]sf] x'G5572 .

(=#=# of}g lx+;fsf] kLl8t, kl/jf/ tyf ;d'bfodfly k/]sf kl/0ffdx¿

;fdflhs ¿kdf snª\lst agfpg], cnUofpg] tyf kl/jf/n] :jLsf/ g} gug]{ h:tf of}g lx+;fsf kl/0ffdx¿ k"0f{ ¿kdf ;dfhdf ljBdfg 5g\

h;n] ubf{ hlxNo} klg o;nfO{ sfk]{6d'lg kG5fOG5 / pNnª\3gstf{nfO{ yk clwsf/ lbOG5573 .

of}g lx+;fsf kl/0ffdx¿ ljleGg txdf b]lvPsf x'G5g\ / of] kLl8t ljz]ifdf dfq geP/ lghsf] kl/jf/, ;d'bfo / ;du| ;dfhd} b]lvPsf] x'G5 . o;n] rf]6k6s nufP/, clglR5t ue{ af]sfP/, of}lgs ¿kdf cIfd agfP/, PrcfO{eL÷P8\; tyf cGo of}g /f]ux¿ ;f/]/ :jf:Yodfly eoª\s/ 7"nf] c;/ kfg{ ;S5574 . oxfF dxTTjk"0f{ s'/f s] 5 eg] 566 WOREC, ANWESI: A Year Book on Violence Against Women 2008 (Kathmandu, WOREC, 2008) p.40.567 CEDAW, Concluding Observations: Nepal, CEDAW/C/NPL/CO/4-5, para 17568 Advocacy Forum and International Centre for Transitional Justice, Across The Lines: The impacts of Nepal’s Conflict on Women (2010), p.34; WOREC, ANWESI 2008, p.40 (see footnote 566)569 FWLD, “Domestic Violence against Women in Nepal,” p. 8 (see footnote 563)570 WOREC, ANWESI 2008, p.12 (see footnote 566), WOREC, Adolescents and Youth Speak about Violence and its Impact: A Case Study in Eastern Nepal (Kathmandu, WOREC, 2003) p.5.571 P]= k[= $$ .572 P]= .573 WOREC, Violence against Women in Nepal, p.19 (see footnote 562).574 UNIFEM, Women, War, Peace (see footnote 557)

215

g]kfndf w]/} dlxnfnfO{ o:tf c;/x¿af/] hfgsf/L gePsf] tyf of}g :jf:Yo ;d:ofx¿ ;txdf cfP/ k|:6 gb]lvGh]n;Dd o;nfO{ ;d:ofsf] ¿kdf glng] rng kfOPsf] 5575 . lrGtf, dfgl;s cf3ft k/]kl5 b]lvg] ;d:of, r/d lg/fzf / cfTdxTofnufot of}g lx+;fsf dgf]j}1flgs c;/x¿ klg 5g\576 .

kLl8tdfly k/]sf of}g lx+;fsf ;fdflhs tyf ;fF:s[lts kl/0ffdx¿ sDtLdf klg :jf:Yo jf dgf]j}1flgs kl/0ffd hlQs} s7f]/ x'g ;S5g\ . dfly rrf{ ul/Pem}F, g]kfndf w]/}h;f] JolQmut tyf ;fd"lxs ;fF:s[lts kl/ro dlxnfsf] of}lgstfsf] jl/kl/ a'lgPsf] kfOG5577 / of}g lx+;faf6 kLl8t ePsf dlxnfx¿nfO{ cfkm\gf] OHht u'dfPsf] ¿kdf kfpg ;lsG5578 . s'g} lszf]/Lsf] OHhtnfO{ 7"nf] d"No lt/]/} eP klg ;+/If0f ug'{kg]{ sf]dn j:t'sf] ¿kdf lnOG5579 / ælszf]/Ln] cfkm\gf] ;'/Iff ug{ g;s]df jf pgL :jo+ kLl8t ag]df lghn] cfkm\gf] ;Ddfgdfq u'dfpg] xf]Og, kl/jf/ / ;Dk"0f{ ;dfhn] g} nHhfsf] dx;'; ub{5580.Æ o;n] ubf{, åGå;Fu ;DalGwt / c;DalGwt o:tf 36gf klg 5g\ h;df dlxnfn] cfkm"n] ef]u]sf] kL8faf/] ph'/L ubf{ bf]xf]/f] ¿kdf kLl8t / cfkm\g} ;d'bfoleq snª\lst aGg'k/]sf] 5 . tLdWo] cfkm\gf kl/jf/, :yfgLo jf cGt/f{li6«o ;ª\u7gsf] e/y]u kfPsf w]/}h;f] gofF hLjg ;'? ug{ sf7df8f}F jf ljb]zlt/ nfu]sf 5g\ .

(=#=$ g]kfndf zflGt k|fKt ug{df /x]sf afwfx¿

o'4 /0fgLlt tyf dfgjclwsf/sf] d'2fsf] ¿kdf of}g lx+;fn] ljZjJofkL ¿kdf Wofgfsif{0f ub}{ uP klg To:tf] lx+;fsf kLl8t dlxnfsf nflu cfjZos k|ToIf ;dy{g cem} ckof{Kt 5581 / g]kfn To;sf] ckjfb xf]Og . g]kfndf dlxnfn] Gofo k|fKt ug{df /x]sf d'Vo tuf/fx¿dWo] Pp6f tuf/f] of}g lx+;fsf kLl8tx¿sf nflu ;Lldt, / s'g} s'g} cj:yfdf t x'Fb} gePsf], ;dy{g ;+/rgfx¿ x'g\582 .

To;afx]s, of}g lx+;fnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ ljBdfg sfg'gL vfsf dfgjclwsf/ tyf cGo ;ª\3;+:yfx¿åf/f ckof{Kt ePsf] egL cfnf]rgf ul/Psf] 5 . klxnf] s'/f, anfTsf/sf] kl/efiff ;fF3'/f] 5 / o;n] æz/L/sf] cltqmd0fÆ eGbf ædGh'/LÆsf583 d'2fdfly a9L Wofg 575 WOREC, ANWESI 2008 (see footnote 566).576 UNIFEM, Women, War, Peace (see footnote 557)577 WOREC, Adolescents and Youth Speak (see footnote 570)578 P]= .579 P]= .580 P]= .581 %*!= UNIFEM, Women, War, Peace (see footnote 557).582 UNCT-Nepal, “Joint UNCT Input on Nepal for the Report of the Secretary General to the Security Council on the Implementation of SCR 1820 on Women, Peace and Security”, April 2009, para 50.583 P]= .

216

s]lGb|t u/]sf] 5 . bf];|f] s'/f, anfTsf/n] of}gfª\u l5/fpg] sfo{nfO{ dfq ;d]6]sf] 5 / d'v d}y'g jf j:t'x¿ l5/fpg] h:tf cGo k|sf/sf l5/fOnfO{ 7fpF lbPsf] 5}g584 . t];|f] s'/f, #% lbg] xbDofb cToGt 5f]6f] 5, ljz]ifu/L o:tf] 5f]6f] ;doflwdf ph'/L ug{sf nflu cufl8 ;g{ kLl8t cToGt 7"nf] dfgl;s cf3ftdf k/]sf] jf eoeLt cj:yfdf x'G5585 . dlxnfx¿n] cleof]u cufl8 a9fpg vf]h]df k|foM ltgn] kL8sx¿af6 bafasf] ;fdgf ug'{k5{ / s]xL 36gf t ltgn] æ;fdflhs ;fdf~h:otfÆ sfod ug]{ gfddf cfkm\gf ;d'bfon] cleof]ux¿ lkmtf{ ug{ bafa lbG5g\ . s]xL 36gfdf d]l8sn l/kf]6{ gx'gfn] k|x/L d'2f btf{ ug{ dfGb}g eg] ptf 8fS6/ hfx]/L bvf{:t gx'Fbf ljlwlj1fg k/LIf0f ug{ dfGb}gg\ .

cf]/]s g]kfnåf/f cf}FNofOPem}F, hl6n / vrf{n' sfg'gL k|lqmofx¿, h;df uf]kgLotfsf] cefj x'G5, n] dlxnfx¿nfO{ Gofo k|fKt ug{af6 /f]Sb5g\586 . dlxnflj?4sf] lx+;fsf] uDeL/tfnfO{ sd dxTTj lbg] lnª\ue]bjfbL b[li6sf]0f klg kL8sx¿nfO{ kqmg], d'2f rnfpg] tyf bf]iff/f]k0f ug{] lg0f{ox¿nfO{ k|efljt u/]sf] b]lvG5587. of}g lx+;fsf 36gfdf cg';Gwfg tyf cleof]hgnfO{ ;fy lbg k|x/L tyf Goflos k|0ffnLsf] ljkmntfn] b08xLgtfsf] ;+:s[ltnfO{ a9fjf lbPsf] 5 h;n] ubf{ of}g lx+;fn] k|>o kfpF5588 . kL8ssf] /fhgLlts ;+/If0fn] kLl8t tyf ltgsf kl/jf/nfO{ d'2f lkmtf{ ug{ jf Hofgsf] wDsLsf aLr r'krfk /xg afWo kfb{5g\589 . 36gfsf To:tf l/kf]6{ klg 5g\ h;df d'2f btf{ x'g glbg / ;fj{hlgs x'gaf6 /f]Sg kLl8tsf kl/jf/nfO{ df}lb|s kmfObf pknAw u/fOPsf] 5590 .

åGåsf qmddf ePsf of}g lx+;fsf sfo{df Gofosf] vf]hLsf ;DaGwdf, dfgjclwsf/ ;~rf/ k|lti7fg, g]kfn -Ol/sg_n] ;'/Iffkmf}håf/f ul/Psf] elgPsf of}g lx+;f jf anfTsf/sf ck/fwx¿af/] h'g;'s} txsf] clwsf/L;dIf s'/f n}hfFbf klg To;df la/n} sf/afxL ePsf] kfof]591 . ph'/L ug]{x¿nfO{ æd'va'emf] nufpgÆ ;fgf]ltgf] /sd kmfNg] ul/Psf] s'/f k|lti7fgn] k|ltj]bgdf pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . ;'/Iffkmf}hsf sd{rf/Låf/f anfTsf/ ul/Psf] elgPsL Ps !# jifL{of aflnsfsf] 36gfdf ;d]t o;/L g} /sd lbO{ d'va'emf] nufOPsf] lyof]592 . clwsf+z 36gfdf, Ol/sgn] 584 P]= .585 Ibid para 36; CEDAW, Concluding Observations: Nepal, CEDAW/C/NEPAL/CO/4-5, para 35586 WOREC, ANWESI 2008 (see footnote 566).587 P]= k[= ## .588 UNCT-Nepal, “Joint UNCT Input on Nepal” , para 50 (see footnote 582).589 UN Country Team (UNCT), Nepal, “Joint UNCT Input on Nepal for the Report of the Secretary General to the Security Council on the Implementation of SCR 1820 on Women, Peace and Security”, April 2010, para 50.590 P]= .591 Institute of Human Rights Communication, Nepal (IHRICON), Sexual Violence in the “People’s War”: The Impact of Armed Conflict on Women and Girl in Nepal” (Kathmandu, IHRICON, 2007) p.31.592 P]= .

217

jf:jljs cg';Gwfg gul/Psf] kfof]593 . l;8\cn] klg åGåsf qmddf ePsf of}g lx+;fsf 36gfx¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ sbd rfNg cfu|x ub}{ eg]sf] 5M

;ldlt åGåsfndf ;'/Iffkmf}h tyf dfcf]jfbL b'j}åf/f ePsf] elgPsf anfTsf/ nufotsf of}g lx+;fsf 36gfaf/] cg';Gwfg gePsf] tyf kL8sx¿nfO{ Gofosf] s73/fdf gNofOPsf]df cToGt lrlGtt 5 . åGåaf6 k|efljt 7"nf] ;ª\Vofsf dlxnfx¿n] Gofodf kx'Fr k|fKt ug{df sl7gfOx¿sf] ;fdgf ug'{k/]sf] / åGåsfndf ePsf anfTsf/ tyf cGo of}g ck/fwsf ;DaGwdf ul/Psf] xbDofbsf] Joj:yfn] kLl8t dlxnfx¿nfO{ Gofodf kx'Fr k|fKt ug{df cj/f]w k'¥ofpg ;Sg]k|lt klg ;ldlt lrlGtt 5 . åGåsfndf of}g lx+;f ef]u]sf y'k|} dlxnf clxn] tLj| dfgl;s cf3ft tyf cGo zf/Ll/s tyf dfgl;s ;d:ofaf6 kLl8t eO/x]sf]df klg ;ldlt yk lrlGtt 5 . To;afx]s, ;ldltn] zflGt tyf k'glg{df{0f k|lqmofdf dlxnfsf] ;xeflutf gePsf]df lrGtf JoQm u/]sf] 5594.

åGåsfndf, sfg'gL ;xfotdf kx'Fr ;Lldt lyof] jf lyPg eg] klg x'G5595 . ljz]ifu/L u|fdL0f Onfsf jf b'u{d lhNnfdf dgf];fdflhs ;xfotf klg cToGt b'n{e lyof] . cfh klg g]kfndf of}g lx+;faf6 kLl8t dlxnfsf nflu :jf:Yo;]jf, dgf];fdflhs ;xfotf / sfg'gL ;]jf ;a}nfO{ ;d]6\g] PsLs[t ;xfotf gd'gfsf] cefj /x]sf] 5 .

(=#=% of}g lx+;faf/] Go"g ph'/L

g]kfnL ;dfhdf of}g lx+;fsf af/]df /x]sf jh{gf tyf r'krfk /xg] cfd ;+:s[lt tYofª\s ;ª\sngdf /x]sf ;a}eGbf 7"nf r'gf}tLx¿ x'g\596 . oL jh{gfx¿n] kLl8tnfO{ xflg k'¥ofpg] vt/f gdf]nL of}g lx+;fsf] clen]vg ug{ ufx|f] agfPsf 5g\ / o:tf] clen]vg ug]{ sfd dfgjclwsf/sf] cg'udgsf nflu Pp6f cfwf/e"t l;4fGt xf] .

dfly pNn]v ul/Pem}F, o'4sfn / zflGtsfn b'j} ;dodf ePsf of}g lx+;f;Fu ;DalGwt snª\ssf sf/0f dlxnfx¿n] r'krfk a:g'k/]sf] lyof]597 . cf]/]sn] dlxnflj?4 36gfx¿sf] btf{ ;a}eGbf sd ;'b"/ klZrdf~rn If]qdf ePsf] / of] d"ntM dlxnfsf nflu ;xfotf ;+/rgfsf] cefjn] ubf{ ePsf] lyof]598 eGg] s'/f atfPsf] 5 . dWodf~rn If]qdf 593 P]= .594 CEDAW, Concluding Observations: Nepal, CEDAW/C/NEPAL/CO/4-5, 29 July 2001, para 35.595 USAID, Nepal Rule of Law Assessment, Final Report (19 August, 2009) Available at http://nepal.usaid.gov/downloads/all-downloads/category/16-evaluation-reports.html596 UNCT-Nepal, “Joint UNCT Input on Nepal” para 4 (see footnote 582)597 %(&= IHRICON, “Sexual violence in the “People’s War” (see footnote 591)598 %(*= WOREC, ANWESI 2008, p.13 (see footnote 566).

218

kLl8t dlxnfsf nflu ;xfotf ;+/rgf t'ngfTds ¿kdf s]xL /fd|f] ePsfn] ubf{ pgLx¿ cfkm"n] ;fdgf ug'{k/]sf] lx+;faf/] a9L v'nf ePsf] s'/f atfOPsf] 5599 .

åGå;Fu ;DalGwt of}g lx+;faf/] hfgsf/Lsf] cem} cefj 5 eGbf cfZro{ dfGg' kb}{g . anfTsf/nufot clwsf+z lx+;fsf 36gf åGåsf qmddf u|fdL0f tyf b'u{d Onfsfdf ePsf] tYon] o;df d2t k'¥ofPsf] 5600 . r'krfksf] ;+:s[ltnfO{ d'n'ssf] ;}lgsLs/0faf6 cem an ldn]sf] atfOG5, / o:tf] ;+:s[ltn] åGåsfndf cfkm"n] ;fdgf ug'{k/]sf b'Jo{jxf/sf] jf:tljstfsf ;DaGwdf dlxnfx¿nfO{ v'n]/ af]Ngdf yk lg?T;fxg u/]sf] 5601 .

k|ltzf]w tyf yk kLl8t eOg] 8/sf sf/0f klg of}g lx+;fsf ;DaGwdf Go"g ph'/L k/]sf] atfOG5 . cf]/]sn] ;d'bfo:t/Lo dlxnfx¿ ;'/Iffkmf}håf/f ePsf] elgPsf lx+;fsf 36gfx¿af/] ph'/L btf{ ug{ 8/fPsf] kfPsf] 5602 . ph'/L u/] g} eg] klg, k|x/L h:tf /fHosf ;+oGqx¿n] ;]gflj?4sf cf/f]kx¿sf ;DaGwdf cg';Gwfg jf x:tIf]k gug]{ x'gfn] o;nfO{ cy{xLg ¿kdf lnPsf] lyof]603 . of}g lx+;f ;Fu;Fu} cfpg] snª\safx]s, ph'/L ug]{ dlxnfnfO{ dfcf]jfbL ePsf] cf/f]k nufOg] vt/f x'GYof]604 / To;sf ;a} kl/0ffdx¿ ef]Ug'kg]{ x'GYof] .

(=$ ljZn]if0fM k|j[lQsf ;ª\s]tx¿

o; v08df åGåsfndf ePsf of}g lx+;fsf 36gfx¿sf] cWoog ul/Psf] 5 . pknAw tYofª\sdf ePsf slyt of}g lx+;fsf ;Lldt 36gfx¿nfO{ x]g]{ xf] eg] klxnf] efun] k|d'v cg';Gwfgsf] ;dLIff u/]sf] 5 eg] bf];|f] efun] ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg Gofo ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L clen]v e08f/df /flvPsf 36gfx¿sf] cWoog u/]sf] 5 .

(=$=! u};; tyf ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\åf/f ul/Psf ljBdfg cg';Gwfg

s_ P8ef]s];L kmf]/d, g]kfn / cGt/f{li6«o ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg Gofo s]Gb|åf/f ul/Psf cg';Gwfg605

599 %((= P]= .600 ^))= FWLD, “Domestic Violence against Women in Nepal” (see footnote 563), See also CEDAW, Concluding Observations: Nepal, CEDAW/C/NEPAL/CO/4-5, para 36(d).601 ^)!= WOREC, Violence against Women in Nepal, p.1,19 (see footnote 562).602 ^)@= P]= k[= @  .603 ^)#= P]= .604 ^)$= P]= .605 ^)%= AFN and ICTJ, Across The Lines (see footnote 568).

219

P8ef]s];L kmf]/d, g]kfn / cGt/f{li6«o ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg Gofo s]Gb| -cfO{;L6Lh]_n] æg]kfndf ;z:q åGåsf] dlxnfdfly k/]s]f c;/Æaf/] a'em\g] / æo'4af6 k|efljt dlxnf / ltgsf ;d'bfox¿nfO{ ;xfotf ug{ /0fgLltÆ606 ;'emfpg] p2]Zon] ;+o'Qm ¿kdf cg';Gwfg u/]sf lyP . ;g\ @))( sf] hgj/Lb]lv h'g;Dd d'n'ssf !^ lhNnfdf607 ;f] cg';Gwfg ul/Psf] lyof] / To;df ;LdfGtLs[t ;d'bfosf dlxnfdf k'Ug] ;r]t k|oTgsf ;fy dfgjclwsf/ pNnª\3gaf6 kLl8tx¿;Fu uxg cGtjf{tf{x¿ klg cg';Gwfgdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf lyP608 .

kmf]/d÷s]Gb|sf] pQm cg';Gwfgn] dfcf]jfbL / ;'/Iffkmf}h b'j}n] anfTsf/nufotsf of}g lx+;f u/]sf] lgisif{ lgsfNof] . t/, ax';ª\Vos cf/f]kx¿ ;'/Iffkmf}hlj?4 nufOPsf lyP609 . åGåsf] ;'? cjlwlt/, klZrdf~rn / dWoklZrdf~rn If]qsf dlxnfx¿ k|x/Ln] yfn]sf] æck/];g /f]ldof]Æ / æck/];g lsnf] ;]/f 6'Æ h:tf sf/afxLkl5 of}g lx+;fsf l;sf/ eP610 . t/, P8ef]s];L kmf]/d tyf s]Gb|åf/f ul/Psf] o; cg';Gwfgsf cg';f/, åGåsfndf ul/Psf of}g lx+;fsf cToGt v/fa sfo{x¿ ;g\ @))! df kl/rfngkl5 zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfåf/f / ;g\ @))# /@))^ sf aLrdf PsLs[t sdfG8cGtu{t g]kfn k|x/Låf/f ul/Psf] lyP elgG5611 . kmf]/d÷s]Gb|n] ;'/Iffkmf}hsf sd{rf/Ln] sf/afxL tyf lgoldt u:tLsf qmddf dlxnf tyf lszf]/Ldfly æk6sk6sÆ of}g b'Jo{jxf/ u/]sf] s'/f kfP612 . o; cg';Gwfgn] s] klg lgisif{ lgsfNof] eg] ;'/Iffkmf}håf/f ul/Psf of}g lx+;fsf kLl8tx¿nfO{ dfcf]jfbLnfO{ ;xof]u u/]sf] jf pgLx¿;Fu s'g} g s'g} k|sf/sf] ;DaGw /fv]sf] æk|foMÆ cf/f]k nufOGYof]613 . ;'/Iffkmf}hn] g]kfn sDo'lg:6 kf6L{ -dfcf]jfbL_sf dlxnf sfo{stf{x¿dfly aa{/ k|sf/sf of}g lx+;f u/]sf] cf/f]k nufOG5614 . cg';Gwfgsf] bfaL 5 ls zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfåf/f dlxnf dfcf]jfbL sfo{stf{ / z'elrGtsx¿nfO{ ;hfo ug{ anfTsf/nfO{ æcfd cEof;Æsf] ¿kdf k|of]u ul/Psf] lyof]615 .

606 ^)^= P]=, k[= !# .607 P]= k[= !%, ;'b"/klZrdf~rnÙ s}nfnL, 88]nw'/f, c5fd, dWodlZrdf~rnÙ alb{of, sflnsf]6 / /f]Nkf, dWoklZrdf~rnÙ afUn'ª, slknj:t' / kfNkf, dWodf~rn If]qÙ wg'iff, bf]nvf / dsjfgk'/, k"jf{~rn If]qÙ df]/ª, cf]vn9'ª\uf, l;/xf, ;Kt/L lhNnfx¿ .608 P]= .609 P]=, k[= $( .610 ^!)= P]= . k[= $(—%) . oL sf/afxLsf ldlt / 7fpFaf/] hfgsf/Lsf nflu åGåsf] ;do/]vf x]g'{xf];\ .611 P]=, k[= $( .612 P]=, k[= %! .613 P]= .614 P]=, k[= $* .615 P]= .

220

;fdfGotM ;}lgs Aof/]ssf] glhs} jf dfcf]jfbL u9 7flgPsf If]qdf a:g] dlxnfx¿ g} ;'/Iffkmf}håf/f ul/Psf of}g lx+;fk|lt a9L hf]lvdk"0f{ ePsf] elgG5616 . dlxnf tyf lszf]/Lx¿ 3/aflx/ hLljsf]kfh{gsf cfkm\gf b}lgs ultljlwx¿, h:t}, bfp/f jf 5fgf 5fpg] v/ ;ª\sng ubf{, kfgL NofpFbf, xf6ahf/ hfFbf jf PSn} 3/df 3/fo;L sfd ubf{, ;~rfng ug]{ qmddf ljz]iftM hf]lvdk"0f{ cj:yfdf kfOPsf lyP617 . ;'/Iffkmf}h sd{rf/Lsf JolQm ljz]ifn] åGåsfn jf To;kl5sf] b08xLgtfsf] jftfj/0faf6 kmfObf p7fPsf] klg k|ltj]bgn] cf/f]k nufPsf] 5, h;df pgLx¿nfO{ of}g lx+;fnufot cfk/flws sfo{sf nflu la/n} hjfkmb]xL agfOPsf] lyof]618 .

;f] cg';Gwfgn] em"7f ljjfxsf] a9\bf] k|j[lQ / …åGå kTgLÚsf] kl/36gf klg ePsf] kfof]619 . c;'/Iffsf] efjgfsf sf/0f lszf]/L tyf ltgsf kl/jf/x¿nfO{ s] ljZjf; lyof] eg] ljjfx u/]/ a;]kl5 To;n] ;'/Iffkmf}håf/f x'g] of}g lx+;flj?4 Pj+ g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_åf/f x'g] etL{af6 s]xL g s]xL ;+/If0f pknAw u/fpg]5620 . x'g;S5 To:t} sf/0fn] ubf{ cg';Gwfgn] afnljjfxdf a9f]Q/L ePsf] kfof] . w]/} lszf]/LnfO{ pgLx¿ ue{jtL ePkl5 5f8]sf] elgof] / r/d ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s sl7gfOx¿sf] ;fdgf ug{ pgLx¿nfO{ PSn} 5fl8of]621 .

dfcf]jfbLlj?4 nufOPsf yf]/} ;ª\Vofsf cf/f]kx¿sf ;DaGwdf, P8\ef]s];L kmf]/d / cfO{;L6Lh]sf] ;+o'Qm k|ltj]bgn] of}g lx+;f dfcf]jfbLsf] dfGotf tyf ;}4flGts ljrf/wf/flj?4 ePsf] / p;sf] ;du| /fhgLlts /0fgLltsf nflu k|To'Qkfbs ePsf] l6Kk0fL u¥of]622 . t/, k|ltj]bgn] o:tf 36gfx¿sf] klg pNn]v u¥of] h;df ;/sf/ jf ;'/Iffkmf}h;Fu cfa4 dlxnfx¿dfly dfcf]jfbL sfo{stf{åf/f slyt ¿kdf of}g lx+;f ul/Psf] 5623 . ;f] cg';Gwfgn] dfcf]jfbL sdfG8/x¿n] dlxnfnfO{ pgLx¿;Fu of}g ;DaGw /fVg afWo kf/]sf s]xL 36gf klg kfof]624 . ue{jtL dlxnf sfo{stf{x¿dfly hah{:tL jf c;'/lIft ¿kdf ue{ktg u/fOPsf] klg elgof]625 .

v_ dlxnf k'g:yf{kgf s]Gb|626

616 P]=, k[= $& .617 P]=, k[= %# .618 P]= .619 P]=, k[= %% .620 P]= .621 P]= .622 P]=, k[= %^ .623 P]=, k[= $( .624 P]=, k[= %^ .625 P]=, k[= %& .626 WOREC, Violence against Women in Nepal (see footnote 562).

221

cf]/]sn] cfkm\gf] k|ltj]bg g]kfndf dlxnflj?4sf] lx+;fM Ps hl6n / cb[Zo oyfy{tfdf @))% cS6f]a/b]lv @))^ clk|n;Dd ePsf dlxnflj?4 lx+;fsf 36gfx¿sf] clen]vg u/]sf] 5627 . of] ;d]l6Psf] ;do åGåsfnLg cjlwdf k/]sf] ePklg o;df åGå;Fu ;DalGwt of}g lx+;fdfq geP/ 3/]n' lx+;f h:tf åGå;Fu c;DalGwt lx+;fnfO{ klg ;d]l6Psf] 5 . cg';Gwfgn] d'n'ssf ;a} If]qnfO{ ;d]6\g] u/L g]knfsf &% dWo] ^@ lhNnfnfO{ ;d]6]sf] 5 .

cf]/]ssf] cg';Gwfgn] s] lgisif{ lgsfNof] eg] ;'/Iffkmf}h of}g lx+;fsf d'Vo kL8s lyP, oBlk k|ltj]bgn] cg';Gwfgstf{x¿nfO{ dfcf]jfbLsf] clzi6 cfr/0fsf] clen]vg ug{] ;DaGwdf æ;d'bfoleqÆ l5rf]Ng sl7gfO ePsf] :jLsf/ u¥of]628 .

k|ltj]bgn] 8/n] ubf{ ;'/Iffkmf}haf6 lx+;fsf] kL8f ef]u]sf dlxnfx¿ ph'/L btf{ ug{ tof/ gePsf]629 tyf dfcf]jfbL ePsf] cfzª\sfdf ;'/Iffkmf}håf/f kqmfp ul/Psf dlxnfx¿;Fu ceb| Jojxf/ ul/Psf]df klg ;fjwfg u/fof]630 . csf]{ s'/f, cf]/]ssf] cg';Gwfgn] dfcf]jfbL ePsf] cf/f]k nfu]kl5 To;n] of}g lx+;f / kLl8tsf] xTof;d]t ug]{ s'/fnfO{ j}wflgstf k|bfg ug{ ;Sg] kfof]M

zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfn] pgLx¿ -;fd'bflos dlxnf_nfO{ b'Jo{jxf/ / xTof u/] klg ltgnfO{ dfcf]jfbLsf] laNnf le/fpg ;lsG5 / k|To]s sfo{ j}wflgs x'G5631 .

cGo To:t}vfn] ;fj{hlgs k|ltj]bgx¿ h:t} cf]/]sf] cg';Gwfgn] klg æåGå kTgLÆsf] kl/36gfsf]632 k|df0f km]nf kf¥of] h;df ;'/Iffkmf}hsf s]xL sd{rf/Ln] cfkm"nfO{ sfo{ef/ ;'lDkPsf] ;dodf dlxnf ;fyL /fVg] / csf]{ 7fpFdf ;?jf ePkl5 pgLx¿nfO{ 5f]8]/ hfg] u/]sf elgof]633 . o:tf dlxnfnfO{ ltgsf æ;+/If0fstf{Æn] 5f]8]/ uPkl5 cz'4 tyf cg}lts ePsf] 7flgGYof], h;sf sf/0f tL dlxnf / Tof] ;DaGwaf6 s'g} afnaRrf ePsf] eP ltgn] klg ;dfh alxisf/ / snª\ssf] kl/0flt ef]Ug'kYof]{ . cf]/]sn] ;}lgs Aof/]sglhs} hah{:tL of}g Joj;foL agfOPsf dlxnfsf k|df0f klg kfof]634 . o;sf] ;ª\s]t s] lyof] eg] 627 P]=, k[= ! .628 P]=, k[= !& .629 P]= .630 P]=, k[= !^ .631 P]=, k[= !&, klZrdf~rn If]qsL Ps dlxnf ljsf; clws[tsf] egfO p4[t ub}{ .632 P]=, k[= !& .633 P]=, k[= # .634 P]= .

222

cfGtl/s ¿kdf lj:yflkt dlxnfx¿sf] cfly{s ;'/Iff / ltgnfO{ ;fy lbg] k|0ffnL gx'gfn] o:tf] a]rlavg jf hf]/h'n'do'Qm Jojxf/k|lt pgLx¿ hf]lvddf k/]635 .

u_ dfgjclwsf/ ;~rf/ k|lti7fg, g]kfn -Ol/sg_åf/f ul/Psf] cg';Gwfg636

åGåsfndf ePsf] of}g lx+;f;DaGwL Ol/sgåf/f ul/Psf] cg';Gwfgsf] p2]Zo ;'/Iffkmf}hsf Aof/]s ePsf If]q / dfcf]jfbLsf cf;kf;df dlxnf tyf lszf]/Lx¿df anfTsf/ tyf of}g lx+;fsf] cfj[lQsf] klxrfg ug{' /x]sf] lyof]637 . Ol/sgn] afFs], alb{of, h'Dnf, /f]Nkf / c5fd lhNnfdf ;g\ @))^ sf] ;]K6]Da/ / gf]e]Da/sf] aLrdf cGtjf{tf{ Pj+ ;d"xut 5nkmndfkm{t\ cfkm\gf] cg';Gwfg ;DkGg u¥of]638 . k|To]s lhNnfdf, cg';Gwfg:ynx¿ s'g} ;}lgs Aof/]s 5 ls 5}g eGg] cfwf/ Pj+ ;'/Iffkmf}h tyf dfcf]jfbL sfo{stf{ a:g] u/]sf ufpF tyf :s'n If]qx¿ 5flgPsf lyP639 .

cg';Gwfgn] anfTsf/sf 36gfaf/] klg k|ltj]bg u¥of]640 / ;a} txsf ;}lgs sd{rf/L of}g lx+;fdf ;+nUg ePsf lyP . tNnf] txsf s;'/bf/x¿nfO{ k|foM slxNo} ;hfo ul/Pg641 . dlxnfx¿ 3fF;kft jf bfp/f hDdf ug{ aflx/km]/ hfFbf pgLx¿n] em]Ng'kg]{ ljz]if hf]lvdtfdf a9L hf]8 lbOPsf] lyof]642 / dlxnfx¿nfO{ dfcf]jfbL ePsf] cf/f]k nufOlbg] wDsL lbg' eg]sf] h:tf];'s} ceb| Jojxf/nfO{ klg plrt 7x¥ofpg' x'GYof]643 . Ol/sgn] cf]/]ssf lgisif{x¿df h:t} æåGå kTgLÆ k|rngdf /x]sf] s'/fnfO{ k'li6 u¥of]644 .

3_ o'lgkm]d / ;fyLåf/f emfkf / df]/ª lhNnfdf ul/Psf] cg';Gwfg645

ef}uf]lns ¿kdf t/fO{sf ;a}eGbf k"j{df /x]sf b'O{ lhNnfdf ;Lldt /x] klg, o'lgkm]d / ;fyLåf/f ul/Psf] Ps cWoogn] åGå tyf åGåf]Q/ cjlwdf cjlwdf ePsf of}g tyf n}ª\lus lx+;fsf] cWoog

635 P]= .636 IHRICON, Sexual Violence in the “People’s War” (see footnote 591)637 P]= k[= viii.638 P]= .639 P]=, k[= xvi.640 P]=, k[= # .641 P]= k[=, #@ .642 P]=, k[= ^ .643 P]=, k[= # .644 P]=, k[= ( .645 UNIFEM & SAATHI, “Sexual and Gender Based Violence during Conflict and Traditional Period” (see footnote 563)

223

u¥of] . cg';Gwfgn] !!—&$ jif{ pd]/ ;d"xsf ljleGg hfthfltsf $(* dlxnf tyf lszf]/Lsf 36gfx¿nfO{ ;d]6]sf] lyof]646 .

cg'';Gwfgn] u}/kl/jf/ ;b:ox¿ -åGå/t kIf Pj+ l5d]sLx¿_åf/f ul/Psf] of}g lx+;f åGåsfndf pRrt/ /x]sf] kfof]647 . ;Dk"0f{ pQ/bftfx¿dWo] !* k|ltztn] u}/kl/jf/ ;b:ox¿åf/f ul/Psf] s'g} g s'g} k|sf/sf] of}g lx+;fsf] ;fdgf ug'{k¥of]648 . dxTTjk"0f{ s'/f s] 5 eg] cg';Gwfgn] ;d'bfo:t/df ;'/Iff k|0ffnLsf] cefj jf ;Lldttf, 3/df k'?if ;b:osf] cg'kl:ylt / ljb|f]xL tyf ;z:qkmf}hsf] a9\bf] x}l;otn] ubf{ åGåcjlwdf lszf]/L tyf dlxnfx¿sf] hf]lvdtf a9]sf] kfof] / o;n] pgLx¿nfO{ of}g tyf n}ª\lus lx+;fsf] d'Vo lg;fgf agfof]649 .

ª_ pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{no, o"PgPkmkLP, P8\ef]s];L kmf]/d / ;]G6/ km/ d]G6n x]Ny sfplG;lnªåf/f c5fd lhNnfdf ul/Psf] d"Nofª\sg e|d0f

;g\ @))( df pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{non] ;'b"/klZrdf~rn If]ql:yt Ps u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfaf6 c5fd lhNnfsf] ef6sfl6of ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt -uflj;_sf] s'g} vf; ufpFdf ;g\ @))@ df lhNnf ;b/d'sfd dª\un;]gdfly dfcf]jfbLsf] cfqmd0fkl5 s]xL dlxnf zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfsf l;kfxLåf/f anfTs[t ePsf] hfgsf/L k|fKt u¥of] . kmn:j¿k, pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{non] @))( km]a|'c/Ldf k|f/lDes d"Nofª\sg e|d0f u¥of] h;n] jf:tjdf To; If]qdf dfcf]jfbLcfqmd0fkl5 klxn] ph'/L gul/Psf åGå;Fu ;DalGwt of}g lx+;fsf 36gfsf] k|df0f pknAw u/fof] . d"Nofª\sgn] anfTs[t elgPsf w]/}h;f] kLl8tn] kl5 ljleGg k|sf/sf k|hgg :jf:Yo;DaGwL ;d:of ef]Ug'k¥of] .

;g\ @))( dO{df, pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{no, ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3Lo hg;ª\Vof sf]if -o"PgPkmkLP_, P8\ef]s];L kmf]/d g]kfn / ;]G6/ km/ d]G6n x]Ny sfplG;lnª -;LPd;L—g]kfn_n] :jf:Yo;DaGwL hNbfaNbf cfjZostfsf] n]vfhf]vf ug{ / kLl8tnfO{ cfwf/e"t tyf tTsfn cfjZos kg]{ dgf];fdflhs ;xfotf pknAw u/fpg Pp6f c:yfoL dlxnf k|hgg :jf:Yo lzlj/sf] :yfkgfy{ ;+o'Qm ¿kdf Pp6f e|d0f u/] . dxTTjk"0f{ s'/f s] 5 eg] pkrf/ / k/fdz{sf qmddf of}g lx+;f ef]u]sf] hgfp lbg] dlxnfx¿nfO{ b:tfj]h tof/ ug]{ sd{rf/LsxfF k7fOof] .

646 P]=, k[= !& .647 P]=, k[= $ .648 P]=, k[= $# .649 P]=, k[= @! .

224

of] tLglbg] d"Nofª\sg e|d0fn] w]/} dflg; of}g lx+;fsf] d'2faf/] af]Ng cem} klg clgR5's /x]sf] / o;af/] slxNo} klg ;d'bfosf aLr v'nf ¿kdf 5nkmn gul/Psf] kfof] . SofDk hfg] #@@ dlxnfdWo] !$ j6f uDeL/ of}g lx+;fsf 36gf -anfTsf/sf gf} 36gf / anfTsf/ ug]{ pBf]usf kfFr 36gf_sf] b:tfj]h tof/ ul/of] .

oxfF pNn]v ug'{kg]{ s'/f s] 5 eg] ;f] 6f]nLn] s'g} klg 36gf k|x/L jf lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{nodf btf{ gul/Psf] klg kfof] . pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{non] of}g tyf n}ª\lus lx+;fsf kLl8tn] ;/sf/ jf cGo ;ª\u7gx¿af6 s'g} klg ;xfotf k|fKt gu/]sf] kfof] . of}g lx+;fsf] ;+j]bgzLn k|s[ltnfO{ ljrf/ u/L pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{no ljZj:t 5 ls åGå;Fu ;DalGwt cem a9L 36gf 5g\ h;af/] clen]vg / ph'/L ul/Psf] 5}g .

cf+lzs ¿kdf of] gd'gf e|d0fsf] cg'ejdf cfwfl/t /x]/, o"PgP-kmkLP / ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3Lo afnsf]if -o'lg;]km_n] ;jf{lws åGåk|efljt lhNnfx¿dWo] !$ lhNnfdf k|hgg :jf:Yo lzlj/nfO{ clen]vLs/0f, dgf];fdlhs k/fdz{ ;]jf / sfg'gL ;xfotfsf] k|fjwfg;Fu ufF;]/ Pp6f ;+o'Qm kl/of]hgfsf] ;'?jft u¥of] . b'O{jif]{ kl/of]hgfsf] cGTodf o;;DaGwL k|ltj]bg k|sfzg ul/g] ePsf] 5 h;n] åGås a]nf ePsf of}g lx+;f tyf To:tf] kL8f ef]u]sfx¿sf cfjZostf tyf dfux¿af/] cem a9L / clt cfjZos k|sfz kfg]{ ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5650 .

(=$=@ clen]v e08f/ cEof;sf] qmddf klxrfg ul/Psf 36gfx¿sf] ljZn]if0f

s_ ;dLIff

;ª\qmd0fsfnLg Gofo ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L clen]v e08f/df /flvPsf 36gfx¿n] of}glx+;fsf ax';ª\Vos 36gf ;'/Iffkmf}hn] u/]sf] b]lvPsf] hgfpFb5g\ . ;"rLs[t Ps ;oeGbf a9L 36gfdWo], !@ j6f 36gfdf kL8sx¿ dfcf]jfbL ePsf] elgPsf] 5 . ;'/Iffkmf}håf/f ul/Psf] elgPsf 36gfdWo] g]kfn k|x/L / zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfsf] ;ª\Vof nueu a/fa/ /x]sf] 5 eg] c¿ 36gfx¿n] slyt kL8ssf] ¿kdf ;k|a, ;'/Iffkmf}h, ;+o'Qm sdfG8 jf ;fdfGotM æk|x/LÆnfO{ hgfpFb5g\ . g]kfn k|x/Låf/f ul/Psf] elgPsf 36gfx¿ åGå cjlwe/ ;dfg ¿kdf ljtl/t 5g\ eg] ;]gfåf/f ul/Psf] elgPsf 36gfx¿dWo] clwsf+ztM ;g\ @))! kl5 pgLx¿ kl/rflnt ePsf] a]nf eP .

650 UNCT-Nepal, “Joint UNCT Input on Nepal 2010,” p.8 (see footnote 589); UNFPA/UNICEF, “UN Peace Fund Proposal on UNSCR 1612 and 1820”, 2010, on file with OHCHR-Nepal.

225

clwsf+z pNnª\3gx¿ slyt anfTsf/, ;fd"lxs anfTsf/ tyf anfTsf/ ug]{ pBf]u;Fu ;DalGwt 5g\ eg] tLdWo] s]xL 36gf hah{:tL gfª\u} agfOPsf];Fu ;DalGwt 5g\651 . of] ;Gbe{ clen]v e08f/ tof/ ug]{ cEof;sf] qmddf klxrfg ul/Psf / ;'/Iffkmf}håf/f ul/Psf] elgPsf sltko 36gfx¿ dlxnf dfcf]jfbLx¿sf] anfTsf/;Fu ;DalGwt 5g\, h;df pgLx¿n] aa{/ of}g lx+;f ef]Ug'sf ;fy} cGttM pgLx¿nfO{ dfl/Psf] lyof] .

pknAw tYofª\sx¿n] afnaflnsf, cyf{t !* jif{d'lgsf aflnsfx¿, åGå cjlwdf ljz]iftM hf]lvdsf] l:yltdf /x]sf] b]vfpFb5g\ . Ps ltxfOeGbf a9L kLl8t afnaflnsf lyP / tLdWo] w]/}h;f] !% jif{d'lgsf . bz jif{d'lgsf kLl8t ePsf 36gfx¿ klg 5g\ . s]xL 36gfdf ljleGg vfnsf kLl8tx¿ lyP / of] Tof] cj:yfdf x'GYof] ha vfgtnf; sf/afxLsf] qmddf ;'/Iffkmf}hsf sd{rf/Låf/f k|foM of}glx+;f ul/Psf] elgGYof] . ue{jtL tyf dfgl;s ckfª\utf ePsf dlxnf;Fu of}g lx+;f ul/Psf] elgPsf 36gfx¿ klg 5g\ . To;afx]s, anfTsf/af6 ePsf] clglR5t ue{sf sf/0f jf ue{ktgsf] qmddf sltn] cfkm\gf] Hofg u'dfpg'k¥of]652 .

v_ ;'/Iffkmf}håf/f ePsf] elgPsf] of}g lx+;f

ph'/L ul/Psf ;Lldt 36gfx¿sf] cfwf/df, s;/L anfTsf/ tyf of}g lx+;fsf sfo{x¿ ul/Psf lyP eGg] ;DaGwdf k|j[lQsf] :yfkgf ug{ ufx|f] 5 . t/, pknAw hfgsf/Lsf] cfwf/df, dfcf]jfbLsf] vf]htnf; ug]{ / pgLx¿nfO{ ;f]wk'5 ug]{ qmddf ;'/Iffkmf}hsf sd{rf/Låf/f ePsf] elgPsf of}g lx+;fsf ;DaGwdf lglZrt k|j[lQ ePsf] h:tf] b]lvG5 . ph'/L ul/Psf 36gfx¿ kLl8tsf] 3/ 5]p5fp Pj+ pgLx¿nfO{ lx/f;tdf nu]kl5 ePsf lyP . ljz]if/L dlxnf dfcf]jfbL sfo{stf{x¿n] aa{/ of}g lx+;fsf] ;fdgf ug'{k/]sf] lyof] / slxn]sfxLF pgLx¿nfO{ To;kl5 dfl/Psf] x'GYof] . cfkm\gf sfo{x¿nfO{ plrt 7x¥ofpg dfcf]jfbL;Fu ;DaGw ePsf] cfzª\sfsf] pkof]u ub}{, ;'/Iffkmf}hn] slxn]sfxLF df}sf 5f]k]/ of}g lx+;f u/]sf] klg elgGYof], hxfF kL8sx¿n] åGåsf] cjlwdf kLl8tsf] hf]lvdtf / b08xLgtfsf] jftfj/0fsf] kmfObf p7fPsf] b]lvG5 .

i_ dfcf]jfbLsf] vf]htnf; tyf pgLx¿nfO{ ;f]wk'5 ug]{ qmddf ;'/Iffkmf}håf/f ePsf] elgPsf] of}g lx+;f

651 See section 8.4.1(e), Assessment Mission by OHCHR, UNFPA, Advocacy Forum and CMC in Achham District, p. Error: Reference source not found anfTsf/afx]s of}g lx+;fsf cGo cf/f]kx¿ gcfpg'nfO{ åGå cjlwdf o:tf lx+;f x'Fb} gePsf] eGbf klg o;nfO{ cNkph'/Lsf] k|ltljDa xf] eg]/ x]l/g'k5{ .652 g]kfnn] ;g\ @))@ df ue{ktgnfO{ dfGotf lbg] sfg'g kfl/t u¥of] .

226

anfTsf/ tyf cGo k|sf/sf of}g lx+;f k|foM kLl8tsf] 3/ 5]p5fp dfcf]jfbLsf] vf]htnf; ug]{ qmddf ul/Psf] lyof] elgG5 . ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg Gofo ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L clen]v e08f/n] cg]sf}+ 36gfsf] klxrfg u/]sf] 5 h;df kLl8tnfO{ vf]htnf; sf/afxLsf] qmddf lghs} 3/df anfTsf/ ul/Psf] lyof] cyjf pgnfO{ 3/af6 hah{:tL lnP/ uP/ 3/glhs}sf] 7fpFdf anfTsf/ ul/Psf] lyof] . o:tf] 36gfdf, ;'/Iffkmf}hsf s]xL sd{rf/L /ftsf] ;dodf dfcf]jfbL;Fu ;DaGw ePsf] cfzª\sf ul/Psf kl/jf/sf k'?if ;b:ox¿af/] ;f]Wb} kLl8tsf] 3/df k'Ug] uy]{ . 3/df x'Fb}, ;'/Iffkmf}hsf sd{rf/Ln] dlxnf kLl8tx¿nfO{ anfTsf/ ug]{ u/]sf] cf/fk nufOGYof] Tof] klg slxn]sfxLF afnaflnsf jf kl/jf/hgs} ;fd'Gg] . kLl8tx¿nfO{ hah{:tL cfkm\g} 3/af6 lgsfnL UjfnL jf hª\unh:tf] glhs}sf] 7fpFdf nu]/ klg anfTsf/ ul/Psf] x'GYof] . slyt ;fd"lxs anfTsf/sf y'k|} 36gf 5g\ . ;'/Iffkmf}hsf sd{rf/Låf/f 3/ vfgtnf;sf qmddf dlxnfnfO{ gfª\u} kfl/Psf 36gf klg 5g\ .

k|tLsfTds 36gf (=!653

36gf ljj/0fM ;g\ !((* sf] dO{ / cu:6sf] aLrdf l;Gw'nL lhNnf dxfb]j:yfg uflj;sf Ps !^ jifL{of lszf]/L tyf @), @&, @* / $) jifL{o rf/ dlxnf;lxt !% dlxnfnfO{ k|x/Låf/f anfTsf/ ul/Psf] elgof] . oL slyt anfTsf/ ælsnf] ;]/f 6'Æ gfds k|x/L sf/afxLsf qmddf ul/Psf lyP . k|x/Lx¿ dfcf]jfbLsf] vf]hLdf kLl8tsf 3/df k|j]z u/] / pgLx¿nfO{ anfTsf/ ug'{sf ;fy} of}g cfqmd0f u/] .

k|tLsfTds 36gf (=@654

36gf ljj/0fM c5fd lhNnfsf] ;b/d'sfd dª\un;]gdf ePsf] dfcf]jfbL cfqmd0fkl5 @))@ km]a|'c/Ldf g]kfnL ;]gfsf] 7"nf] ;ª\Vofsf sd{rf/L kLl8tsf] 3/df cfP . To;}lbg klxn] pgLx¿ ToxfF vfgf / l3p lng cfPsf lyP . /flt g]kfnL ;]gfsf tLg l;kfxL kf];fsdf cfkm\gf] >Ldfg gePsf] a]nf kLl8tsf] 3/df km]l/ cfP . l;kfxLn] nfQn] xfg]/ 9f]sf vf]n] / tyfgfd ufnL ub}{ eg]M æP, /08LsL 5f]/L, n'uf vf]n ÛÆ pgLx¿n] hah{:tL pgsf n'uf vf]n],

653 pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{nosf] uf]Ko ;|f]t Ref No. i0261654 pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{nosf] uf]Ko ;|f]t Ref No. 2072, 2075, 2078.

227

pgnfO{ e'OFdf n8fP clg dfcf]jfbL ePsf] cf/f]k nufpFb} 5f]/f5f]/Ls} ;fd'Gg] anfTsf/ u/] .

;g\ @))@ km]a|'c/Ld}, c5fd lhNnfdf, csL{ dlxnfnfO{ pgsf] 3/df cfPsf g]kfnL ;]gfsf ;b:ox¿åf/f ;fd"lxs anfTsf/ ul/Psf] elgof] . pgLx¿n] kLl8tnfO{ 6fF8df nu] / dfcf]jfbL lrgf eGb} anfTsf/ u/] elgof] .

;g\ @))@ km]a|'c/Ls} cem csf]{ 36gfdf, c5fd lhNnfdf, g]kfnL ;]gfsf l;kfxLx¿åf/f 3/ 3]/fp ul/of] . pgLx¿ lrRofPM æP, ;fnf, ;'Fu'/sf aRrf dfcf]jfbL, 3/af6 lgSnL ÛÆ pgLx¿n] 3/sf] 9f]sf hah{:tL vf]n] . kLl8tsL cfdf, ;fgf] efO / alxgLnfO{ 3/af6 aflx/ lgsfn]kl5 ;'/Iffkmf}hn] kLl8tnfO{ pgsf afa'sf] dfcf]jfbL;Fusf] cfa4tfaf/] s]/sf/ u/] . pgLx¿n] pgnfO{ ufnfdf r8\sg xfGb} skfndf ;dft]/ l3;f/] . ltgn] kLl8tsL cfdfnfO{ klg sf7sf] d'ª\u|fn] xfg]/ a]xf]; agfP . pgnfO{ nfU5 dfcf]jfbL ePkl5 o:t} x'G5 eGb} sl/a kfFrhgfn] pgnfO{ anfTsf/ u/] . kl5 c¿ tLghgf l;kfxL sf]7fdf k;] / pgnfO{ anfTsf/ ub}{ cem s'6lk6 u/] .

k|tLsfTds 36gf (=#655

36gf ljj/0fM sfe|] lhNnfdf ;g\ @))$ sf] Ps dWo/ft, ;'/Iffkmf}hsf sl/a !) hgf ;fbf kf];fssf sd{rf/L kLl8tsf] 3/df cfP . ltgn] kLl8tsf afa'nfO{ cfkm" pgsf 5f]/fsf] ;fyL ePsf] eGb}} 9f]sf vf]Ng eg] . pgsf 5f]/fn] dfcf]jfbL kf6L{df k|j]z u/]sf lyP . 8/sf sf/0f afa'n] 9f]sf vf]n]gg\ . ;'/Iffkmf}hsf sd{rf/L 9f]sf km'6fP/ leq k;] . 3/ vfgtnf; u/]kl5, pgLx¿n] kLl8t, Ps !* jifL{of ljBfyL{, nfO{ cf]5\ofgaf6 tfg]/ lgsfn] . æd dfcf]jfbL x'FOg eGb}, d ;ft sIffsL ljBfyL{ / u|fdL0f phf{ ljsf; s]Gb|, sfe|]sL ;fdflhs sfo{stf{ x'FÆ eGb} pgL lrRofOg . sl/a kfFr ;'/IffsdL{n] pgnfO{ UjfnLdf nu] . kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿nfO{ ToxfF hfg lbOPg, t/ pgLx¿n] pgsf] si6k"0f{ lrRofx6 / qmGbg c¿ kfFr 306f;Dd ;'g] .kfFrah] laxfglt/, ;'/Iffkmf}hsf sd{rf/Ln] kLl8tnfO{ UjfnLaf6 x6fP / pgsf afa' tyf kl/jf/sf cGo ;b:ox¿n] !)) ld6/ hlt 6f9f tLgrf/ /fpG8 uf]nL k8\s]sf] cfjfh ;'g] . kl5 pgLx¿n] kLl8tsf] zj

655 Ref. No. 2004-02-13 - incident - Kavre _0262.

228

gfª\uf] cj:yfdf km]nf kf/] / /utsf] 6f6f ePsf] n'uf / leqL s6\6' 5]pdf lyof] . pgsf] 6fpsfdf uf]nLsf tyf cGo 3fpx¿ lyP . pgsf 5ftL / k]6df klg rf]6x¿ lyP .

dfcf]jfbLx¿nfO{ ;f]wk'5 ug]{ qmddf ul/Psf anfTsf/ tyf cGo k|sf/sf of}g lx+;f lx/f;tdf klg eP elgG5 . ph'/L ul/Psf sltko 36gfdf, kLl8tx¿nfO{ kqmfp u/L y'lgPsf] jf k|x/L yfgf jf ;}lgs Aof/]sdf nluPsf] lyof] . y'gfsf qmddf, pgLx¿nfO{ of}g cfqmd0f ul/Psf] /÷jf anfTsf/ ul/Psf] lyof] . ;g\ @))) df s}nfnL lhNnfdf ePsf] Pp6f 36gfdf, Ps @& jifL{o kLl8tnfO{ rf/hgf k|x/Låf/f pgsf] cfkm\g} 3/af6 kqmfp ul/of] . pgnfO{ k|x/L rf}sLdf nluPkl5 pgnfO{ anfTsf/ ul/Psf] elgof]656 .

dfcf]jfbLsf] cfzª\sf ul/Psf lszf]/L jf dlxnfx¿n] aa{/ of}g lx+;fsf] ;fdgf ug'{k/]sf] b]lvG5 / tLdWo] sltko 36gfdf u}/sfg'gL xTof x'g'cl3 anfTsf/ ul/Psf] lyof] elgG5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu, ;g\ @))) df, Ps @% jifL{of dfcf]jfbL sfo{stf{ [gfd /f]Ssf ul/Psf]] nfO{ x'Dnf lhNnfsf] Pp6f ufpFaf6 kqmfp ul/of] . kqmfpkl5, ;]gfsf @% l;kfxL]n] pgnfO{ anfTsf/ u/]kl5 uf]nL xfgL xTof u/]657 . To:t} csf]{ 36gfdf, ;g\ @))! df x'Dnf lhNnfdf, Ps dlxnf dfcf]jfbL sfo{stf{ [gfd /f]Ssf ul/Psf]] nfO{ zfxL g]kfnL ;]gf / g]kfn k|x/Lsf] ;+o'Qm kmf}håf/f nv]l6of] . To;a]nf, pgL ;ft jf cf7 dlxgfsL ue{jtL lyOg . lsdL{ ufpFdf kqm]kl5 ;]gfn] pgnfO{ klxnf anfTsf/ u¥of] clg r/d ¿kdf s'6lk6 u/L 9f8df uf]nL xfgL xTof ul/of] elgof]658 .

k|tLsfTds 36gf (=$659

36gf ljj/0fM csf]{ 36gfdf, [gfd /f]Ssf ul/Psf]] nfO{ anfTsf/ u/L xTof ul/of] elgof] . ;g\ @))@ ;]K6]Da/df 36gf ePsf avt, kLl8t hgdf]rf{;Fu cfkm\gf] cfa4tsf sf/0f ;'/Iffkmf}håf/f kqmfp kl/g] xf] ls eg]/ n's]/ a;]sL lyOg . Ps dWo/ftlt/ g]kfnL ;]gfsf alb{wf/L sd{rf/L pgL a;]sf] 3/df cfP . 9f]sf vf]Ng] kLl8tsL alxgLnfO{ b'O{hgf l;kfxLåf/f aflx/ nluof] . pgnfO{ 6fpsfdf lk:tf]n tfs]/ glhs} /flvPsf] uf8Ldf NofOof] . cfFvfdf k§L nufP/ /flvPsL kLl8tnfO{ lrgfpg alxgLnfO{ afWo kf/]kl5, 656 pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{nosf] uf]Ko ;|f]t Ref No. 4024.657 pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{nosf] uf]Ko ;|f]t Ref No. 5479658 pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{nosf] uf]Ko ;|f]t Ref No. 5475659 pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{nosf] uf]Ko ;|f]t Ref No. 0189

229

Pp6fn] alxgLnfO{ dfg'{k5{ eGof] . csf]{n] æTof] kl5 u/f}FnfÆ eGof] . To;kl5 ltgLx¿n] alxgLnfO{ 3/ kmsf{P/ nu] / aflx/ glgSng wDsL lbP . s]xL ;dokl5 uf]nLsf] cfjfh ;'lgof] . ef]lnkN6 laxfg pgsf] zj nueu gfª\uf] cj:yfdf @)) ld6/ hlt k/ nl8/x]sf] cj:yfdf km]nf k¥of] . pgsf :tgx¿ sfl6Psf lyP . pgsf] 6fpsfdf uf]nLsf 3fpx¿ lyP eg] cfFvfx¿ aflx/ lg:s]sf lyP . pgn] Tof] /ft n'ª\uL / l6;6{ nufPsL lyOg . t/, ha pgsf] zj e]l6of], pgsf] gfª\uf] z/L/ 9fSg dfq tL n'ufx¿ ToxfF km\ofFlsPsf lyP . pgsf] of]gL ;'lGgPsf] lyof] .

ii_ ;'/Iffkmf}håf/f df}sf 5f]k]/ ul/Psf] elgPsf of}g lx+;f

ph'/L ul/Psf 36gfnf] s] b]vfpFb5g\ eg] kLl8t JolQm dfcf]jfbL xf] eGg] bfaLnfO{ pkof]u ub}{ ;'/Iffkmf}hsf sd{rf/Låf/f of}g lx+;f ul/Psf lyP . ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg Gofo ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L clen]v e08f/df clen]vg ul/Psf sltko 36gfn] klg ToxL k|j[lQnfO{ k5\ofPsf 5g\ . ;g\ @))$ df ;nf{xL lhNnfdf, Ps @# jifL{of dlxnfnfO{ pgsf] cfkm\g} 3/df k|x/Låf/f anfTsf/ ul/of]660 . ;g\ @))@ df, pbok'/ lhNnfdf, cfkm"nfO{ tf/f3f/L Aof/]saf6 cfPsf ;'/Iffkmf}hsf sd{rf/L ePsf] atfpg] dflg;åf/f Ps #) jifL{of dlxnfnfO{ /flt 3/af6 aflx/ lg:sg elgof] . 3/af6 clns 6f9f nluPkl5 pgnfO{ anfTsf/ ul/of]661 . ;g\ @))@ km]a|'c/Ldf c5fd lhNnfdf ePsf] csf]{ 36gfdf, j:t'efpsf nflu hª\unaf6 3fF; lnP/ 3/ kmls{/x]sf a]nf kLl8tsf] zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfsf sl/a !) hgf ;b:o;Fu hDsfe]6 eof] . pgnfO{ dfcf]jfbL ePsf] cf/f]k nufO{ cfqmd0f u/]kl5, Pp6fn] pgnfO{ clns 6f9f nUof] / anfTsf/ u¥of] eg] c¿ clns 6f9f kv]{/ a;]662 .

u_ dfcf]jfbLåf/f ePsf] elgPsf of}g lx+;f

;'/Iffkmf}hsf sd{rf/Låf/f ul/Psf] elgPsf of}g lx+;fsf 36gfsf] t'ngfdf dfcf]jfbLåf/f ul/Psf] elgPsf 36gfsf] ;ª\Vof sd 5 . 36gf ;Lldt ;ª\Vofdf ePsfn] ubf{ s'g} :ki6 9fFrf jf k|j[lQ kQf nufpg ;Dej 5}g . t/, ;'/Iffkmf}hsf ljleGg cª\uåf/f zª\sf:kb dfcf]jfbLlj?4 ul/Psf] elgPsf] of}g lx+;fsf] ljk/Lt, dfcf]jfbLåf/f ul/Psf] elgPsf] of}g lx+;f -h;df anfTsf/, anfTsf/ ug]{ pBf]u tyf ;fd"lxs anfTsf/ kb{5g\_ rl/qut lx;fan] a9L df}sfk/:t ePsf]

660 pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{nosf] uf]Ko ;|f]t Ref No. 2882661 pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{nosf] uf]Ko ;|f]t Ref No. i3161662 pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{nosf] uf]Ko ;|f]t Ref No. 2069

230

b]lvG5 / sfo{stf{x¿sf] ;d"xn] eGbf JolQm ljz]ifn] u/]sf] b]lvG5 .

;g\ @))! ;]K6]Da/df g'jfsf]6df ePsf] Pp6f 36gfdf 3fF; sfl6/x]sL Ps !@ jifL{of aflnsfnfO{ dfcf]jfbL ufpF hg;/sf/sf] ;b:oåf/f anfTsf/ ul/of] elgof]663 . ;g\ @))% cu:6df ;Kt/L lhNnfdf ePsf] csf]{ 36gfdf, dfcf]jfbL sfo{stf{ elgPsf Ps kL8s vfgf rflxof] eGb} kLl8tsf] 3/df /flt b]vf k/] h'ga]nf pgsf >Ldfg 3/df lyPgg\ . vfgf vfO;s]kl5, kL8s ToxfFaf6 uP t/ b'O{ 306fkl5 km]l/ kms]{/ cfP . pgL 9f]sf hah{:tL kmf]/]/ leq k;]] clg kLl8tsf] 3fF6Ldf v's'/L t]:of{P/ pgnfO{ anfTsf/ u/] elgof]664 .

csf]{ Pp6f 36gfdf, @))^ hgj/Lsf] Ps lbg ;fFem, h'Dnf lhNnfsf] ;b/d'sfddf /S;L vfP/ dft]sf rf/hgf dfcf]jfbL sfo{stf{ kLl8tsf] 3/df k;] / kLl8t / c¿ tLghgfnfO{ anfTsf/ u/]665 .

;g\ @))^ hgj/Ld}, s~rgk'/ lhNnfdf, Ps dfcf]jfbL sfo{stf{n] kLl8tnfO{ kmsfP/ hª\un nu] / pgnfO{ ToxfF afFw]/ anfTsf/ u/] . o;eGbf cl3 klg p;n] grflxFbf] ¿kdf kLl8t;Fu nxl;g] sf]l;; u/]sf] lyof] . cfkm\gf] Hofgsf] 8/n] kLl8tn] ;ª\3if{ ul/gg\ . kLl8tsf] kl/jf/n] ;'?df dfcf]jfbLdf uP/ ph'/L btf{ u¥of] . t/, g t kLl8t g pgsf kl/jf/nfO{ pkl:yt x'g lbOPsf] Ps ;'g'jfO{df of}g ;Dks{ dGh'/Ldf ePsf] lg0f{o ul/of] . pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{non] kl/jf/n] lsg klxnf g} Tof] sfo{stf{sf af/] ph'/L gu/]sf] eg]/ ;f]Wbf, pgsf afa'n] Pp6f ;lqmo dfcf]jfbL sfo{stfsf lj?4 cfkm"n] To;f] ug{ g;s]sf] hjfkm lbP666 .

_____________

dfcf]jfbL sd{rf/L tyf ;'/Iffkmf}hsf sd{rf/Låf/f of}g lx+;fsf] cg';Gwfg tyf cleof]hg k|fyldstfsf ;fy tTsfn ;'? ul/g'k5{ . o:tf] lgGbgLo lx+;fsf nflu kLl8tn] Gofo kfpg}k5{ .

663 pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{nosf] uf]Ko ;|f]t Ref No. 0941664 pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{nosf] uf]Ko ;|f]t Ref No. 1210a665 pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{nosf] uf]Ko ;|f]t Ref No. 1210b666 pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{nosf] uf]Ko ;|f]t Ref No. 1210c

231

cWofo !) — hjfkmb]xLtf667

/ k|efjsf/L Goflos pkrf/sf] clwsf/

!)=! ;dLIff

of] k|ltj]bg tof/ kfg]{ qmddf cWoog ul/Psf pknAw b:tfj]hcg';f/ bzs nfdf] åGåsf qmddf cGt/f{li6«o dfgjclwsf/ sfg'g jf dfgjLo sfg'gsf ( xhf/;Dd uDeL/ pNnª\3g ePsf x'g ;S5g\ egL zª\sf ug'{ dgfl;a g} x'G5, h;dWo] clwsf+z cl3Nnf cWofox¿df ;dLIff ul/Psf k|ju{df kb{5g\ . t/, of] k|ltj]bg tof/ kfbf{;Dd, åGå;Fu ;DalGwt s'g} klg ck/fwdf g]kfndf s;}nfO{ klg gful/s cbfntdf cleof]hg ul/Psf] 5}g . To;}n], ;DalGwt JolQmx¿nfO{ Gofosf] s73/fdf pEofpg g;Sg' lhDd]jf/ /fhgLlts lgsfox¿sf] k|0ffnLut ljkmntf xf] eg]/ lgisif{ lgsfNg' / hjfkmb]xLtfsf] cefjn] åGåsfnsf b'Jo{jxf/nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg]dfq sfd u/]sf] 5 egL lgisif{ lgsfNg' cTo'lQm gxf]nf . To;sf/0f, hjfkmb]xLtfn] åGåsf] lj/f;tnfO{ em]Ng] ePsfn] g]kfnsf nflu of] cfwf/e"t dxTTjsf] ljifo /x]sf] 5668 .

of] cWofo ;Da4 kfq tyf ;+:yfx¿n] hjfkmb]xLtfsf nflu u/]sf y'k|} ;fj{hlgs k|lta4tfsf] :d/0f ub}{ ;'? x'G5 . bf];|f] s'/f, o;n] pNnª\3gsf kLl8t / ltgsf kl/jf/nfO{ k|efjsf/L Goflos pkrf/ pknAw u/fpg] /fHoclwsf/Lx¿sf] bfloTj;Fu ;DalGwt cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gL vfsf pknAw u/fPsf] 5 lsgsL pNnª\3gstf{x¿nfO{ ltgsf cfk/flws sfo{sf nflu hjfkmb]xL agfOg] s'/f lglZrt ug'{ cToGt dxTTjk"0f{ x'G5 . t];|f] s'/f, åGåsf uDeL/ cfk/flws sfo{df hjfkmb]xLtf lglZrt ug{ ljBdfg ;+:yfut pkfo, clwsf/ tyf st{Jox¿sf] klxrfg ePsf] 5 h;n] ubf{ k|efjsf/L pkrf/ pknAw u/fpg s'g ;+:yf / clwsf/Lsf] s:tf] st{Jo lyof] eGg] a'em\g ;lhnf] ePsf] 5 . cGTodf, pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{no—g]kfnsf] cfkm\g} cg'ej tyf clen]v e08f/df ;dflji6 hfgsf/Lsf cfwf/df, kLl8t / ltgsf kl/jf/n] slyt pNnª\3gx¿sf nflu Goflos pkrf/ vf]Hg]

667 åGå/t kIfx¿sf] ;+:yfut hjfkmxb]xLtf jf k|Toj:yfkg, Ifltk"lt{, k'g:yf{kgf, ;'wf/ / k'g/fj[lQ gx'g] s'/fsf] k|Tofe"lt ;dflji6 a[xQ/ cy{sf] hjfkmb]xLtf of] k|ltj]bgeGbf aflx/sf] s'/f xf] . a[xQ/ hjfkmb]xLtfsf] cjwf/0fsf nflu x]g'{xf];\ see Report of the independent expert to update the Set of Principles to combat impunity, Diane Orentlicher, UN Doc. E/CN.4/2005/102, 18 February 2005.668 hjfkmb]xLtf / b08xLgtf sfg'gL zf;gsf] ;Ddfgsf] w/ftnsf b'O{ ljk/Lt 5]p x'g\ . To;}n] hlt a9L b08xLgtf eof] Tolt g} sd hjfkmb]xLtf x'G5 cjyf hlt sd b08xLgtf eof] Tolt g} a9L hjfkmb]xLtf x'G5 . To;}cg';f/, b08xLgtf / hjfkmb]xLtfsf] cefj o; cWofodf ;/f]j/L k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 .

232

qmddf ;fdgf u/]sf ljleGg afwf JojwfgnfO{ klg k|:t't ul/Psf] 5669 .

o; k|ltj]bgn] efjL ;To lg¿k0f tyf d]nldnfk cfof]u -6Lcf/;L_ tyf a]kQf 5fglag cfof]unfO{ cfkm\gf ultljlwx¿sf] cem /fd|f];Fu of]hgf ug{ / b08xLgtfsf ;DaGwdf ;d:ofx¿sf] vf]hL ug{ d2t ug]{5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu, ;fdfGotof hjfkmb]xLtfsf d'2f tyf k|Zgx¿sf] l;nl;nfnfO{ 5fglag;Fu PsLs/0f u/]/ tyf r]g ckm sdfG8sf] s'g clwsf/L;Fu cGtjf{tf{ lng] eGg]af/] lg0f{o u/]/ of] sfd ug{ ;lsg]5 . o;n] tnsf l;kmfl/; ug{ ;3fp klg k'¥ofpg ;Sg]5M

;z:q åGåsf cGtlg{lxt sf/0f / eljiodf To:tf 36gf bf]xf]l/g glbgsf nflu ul/g'kg]{ cfjZos gLltut, sfg'gL, ;+:yfut, k|zf;lgs / Jofjxfl/s ;'wf/sf ljifo ==== dfgjclwsf/sf] k|j4{g, Gofo k|0ffnLsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f tyf ;dfhdf d]nldnfksf] jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug]{ ;DaGwdf g]kfn ;/sf/n] tTsfn tyf eljiodf cjnDag ug'{kg]{ s'/fx¿ ===.670

!)=!=! ;To / hjfkmb]xLtfk|ltsf] ;fj{hlgs k|lta4tf

cGtl/d ;+ljwfgdf k|of]u ul/Psf] l4ljwf/xLt efiffsf cltl/Qm, ;/sf/ k|d'v /fhgLlts bnx¿ tyf ;'/Iffkmf}hn] ;To / hjfkmb]xLtf lglZrt ug{ k6sk6s k|lta4tf hfx]/ u/]sf 5g\ .

s_ cGtl/d ;+ljwfg

/fhgLlts ;xdltsf cfwf/df d:of}bf ul/Psf] tyf cGtl/d Joj:yflksfåf/f cg'df]bg ul/Psf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgn] df}lns clwsf/x¿sf] xgg ePsfx¿sf nflu ;+j}wflgs pkrf/sf] xssf] k|Tofe"lt u/]sf] 5671 . o;n] æo;n] ljZjJofkL ¿kdf :jLs[t === sfg'gsf] zf;g === /fhgLlts bnx¿sf lqmofsnfkdf kf/blz{tf / hjfkmb]xLtf, hg;xeflutf, lgikIf, ;Ifd tyf :jR5 k|zf;gtGqsf cjwf/0ffx¿sf] k"0f{ kl/kfngf ug]{ /fhg}lts k|0ffnL cjnDag u/L e|i6frf/ / b08xLgtfsf] cGTo ub}{ ;'zf;g sfod ug]{===Æ672 bfloTj /fHodfly yf]k/]sf] 5 .

669 o;sf] p2]Zo kLl8tsf] pkrf/sf] clwsf/ / hjfkmb]xLtf;Fu ;DalGwt cGt/f{li6«o dfkb08x¿sf] cfnf]sdf cEof;nfO{ hgfpg] pbfx/0fx¿ pknAw u/fpg' / tTsfnLg ¿kdf ljBdfg cEof;x¿sf] lj:t[t d"Nofª\sg gug'{ xf] .670 ;To lg¿k0f tyf d]nldnfk cfof]usf] d:of}bf ljw]os, @)!!, bkmf @&, k|s/0f -r_ / -h_ .671 g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg -@)^#_ wf/f #@ -;+j}wflgs pkrf/sf] xs_, wf/f !)& -;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] clwsf/ If]q_ .672 P]= wf/f ##-u_ /fHosf bfloTjx¿ .

233

v_ lj:t[t zflGt ;Demf}tf

lj=;+= @)^# dª\l;/sf] lj:t[t zflGt ;Demf}tfn] 6Lcf/;Lsf] e"ldsf æåGåsf qmddf dfgjclwsf/sf] uDeL/ pNnª\3g ug]{ tyf dfgjtflj?4sf] ck/fwdf ;+nUgx¿sf af/]df ;To cGj]if0f ug]{Æ egL :ki6;Fu atfPsf] 5673 .

u_ ;/sf/

;/sf/n] k6sk6s b08xLgtf cGTo ug]{ tyf sfg'gL zf;g sfof{Gjog u/fpg] cfkm\gf] dg;fo 3f]if0ff u/]sf] 5 . åGåsf] cjlwdf, ;/sf/n] @)^) r}t !# ut] dfgjclwsf/ tyf cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg'gsf] sfof{Gjogsf ;DaGwdf >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] k|lta4tf gfds Ps ;fj{hlgs jQmJo hf/L u¥of], h;df æljutdf ePsf dfgjclwsf/x¿sf] pNnª\3gsf] cg';Gwfg ug]{ tyf lhDd]jf/ JolQmx¿nfO{ cleof]hg ug]{Æ jrgj4tf JoQm ul/Psf] lyof]674 . To;kl5, @)^% c;f]h !) ut], tTsfnLg k|wfgdGqL k'iksdn bfxfn æk|r08Æn] ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3 dxf;efdf b08xLgtfsf] jftfj/0fsf] cGTo ug{ ;/sf/ k|lta4 /x]sf] tyf d]nldnfk cfof]un] zflGt tyf Gofosf aLr cfjZos ;Gt'ng sfod /fVg k|oTg ug]{5 egL pNn]v u/] .3_ 7"nf /fhgLlts bnx¿

g]kfn sDo'lg:6 kf6L{ -dfcf]jfbL_ / ;ft /fhgLlts kf6L{sf] u7aGwgaLr @)^@ dª\l;/df ;DkGg !@ a'Fb] ;dembf/Lkqdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5M æljutdf bnx¿aLr ePsf cg'ko'Qm Jojxf/x¿sf ;Gbe{df bn ljz]ifn] cfklQ hgfPsf / 5fglagsf] dfu u/]sf 36gfx¿sf] ;DaGwdf 5fglag ug]{ / bf]ifL kfOPdf bf]ifLnfO{ sf/afxL u/L ;fj{hlgs ¿kdf hfgsf/L u/fpg] ;femf k|lta4tf JoQm ePsf] 5 .Æ675

g]kfnL sfª\u|];, g]skf -Pdfn]_ / g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_ k|To]sn] cfkm\gf ;+ljwfg;ef lgjf{rgsf 3f]if0ffkqdf b]xfosf jQmJo tyf k|lta4tf JoQm u/]sf lyPM

g]kfnL sfª\u|];M676

673 lj:t[t zflGt ;Demf}tf -@)^#_ bkmf %=@=% .674 dfgjclwsf/ tyf cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg'gsf] sfof{Gjog;DaGwL >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] k|lta4tf -@))$_ a'Fbf @#675 Agreement and Understandings on Peace Negotiation of Nepal, point 12, Available at http://www.peace.gov.np/uploads/Publication/cover%20and%20con.pdf676 g]kfnL sfª\u|];sf] s]Gb|Lo k|rf/ ;ldltåf/f @)^$ kmfu'g @& ut] hf/L ;+ljwfg;ef lgjf{rgsf] 3f]if0ffkq -cgf}krfl/s cg'jfb_ .

234

/fi6«sf] d'Vo lhDd]jf/L sfg'gL zf;gdfkm{t\ b08xLgtfsf] cGTo ug'{ x'g]5 .

g]kfnL sfª\u|]; ;'zf;gsf] k|Tofe"lt ug]{ k|lta4tf JoQm ub{5 === tyf b08xLgtfsf] cGTo u/L ;dfhdf Gofosf] k|Tofe"lt ul/g]5 .

;To lg¿k0f tyf d]nldnfk cfof]usf k|fjwfgadf]lhd b08xLgtf bf]xf]l/g] ;Defjgfsf] cGTo u/L kf/:kl/s ;b\efjgf;lxtsf] ljZj;gLo jftfj/0fsf] l;h{gf ul/g] 5 .

g]skf -Pdfn]_M677

b08xLgtfsf] cGToM dfgjtflj?4sf ;a} ck/fw ;hfosf efuL x'g]5g\ .

b08xLgtfsf] cGTo ul/g]5 / ;dfhdf d]nldnfksf] jftfj/0fsf] :yfkgf ul/g]5 . a]kQf kfl/Psf JolQm sxfF 5g\ eGg] s'/f cfjZos cg';Gwfg u/L ;fj{hlgs ul/g]5 .

g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_M678

g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_n] lj:t[t zflGt ;Demf}tfdf pNn]v ePadf]lhd ck/fwLlj?4 sf/afxL yfNg ;To lg¿k0f tyf d]nldnfk cfof]usf] u7g === cufl8 ;fg]{5 .

To;afx]s, @))^ clk|ndf, g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_n] pNnª\3gsf kLl8tx¿sf] pko'Qm pkrf/sf] clwsf/nfO{ ;fj{hlgs ¿kdf cfTd;ft u¥of]679 . g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_n] @)^# ebf} !& ut]sf] k|]; jQmJodf lgb]{zgx¿ k|sfzg u¥of], h;n] s'6lk6, ckx/0f / xTofx¿ kf6L{sf] gLltcg';f/ k|ltalGwt /x]sf] s'/f :ki6 kf¥of] / lhNnf:t/df ækf6L{ gLltlj?4 s'6lk6, ckx/0f / xTofsf nflu lhDd]jf/ JolQmlj?4 tTsfn ;fj{hlgs sf/afxL ug{Æ cfkm"n] lhNnf:t/df sfof{nox¿ :yfkgf ul//x]sf] s'/fsf] 3f]if0ff u¥of]680 . ª_ ;'/Iffkmf}h

677 g]skf -Pdfn]_sf d'Vo ;lrjåf/f hf/L ;+ljwfg;ef lgjf{rgsf] 3f]if0ffkq -cgf}krfl/s cg'jfb_, @)^$ .678 g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_sf] s]Gb|Lo ;ldltåf/f hf/L ;+ljwfg;ef lgjf{rgsf] 3f]if0ffkq -cgf}krfl/s cg'jfb_, km]a|'c/L÷dfr{, @))* .679 g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_ dfgjclwsf/ tyf dfgjLo l;4fGtx¿k|lt k|lta4tfsf] jQmJo, @)^# j}zfv #, a'Fbf !$ .680 g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_, k|]; jQmJo, @)^# ebf} !& .

235

;'/Iffkmf}hn] hjfkmb]xLtfsf ;DaGwdf k6sk6s ;fj{hlgs k|lta4tfx¿ JoQm u¥of] . k|wfg;]gfkltn] cg]sf}+ lgb]{zgx¿ hf/L u/] h;dWo] s]xL hjfkmb]xLtfsf d'2f;DaGwL 5g\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu, lgb]{zg g+= )!÷)^! -@)^! k'; @^_ n] zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfsf ;a} sd{rf/LnfO{ ædfgjclwsf/;DaGwL ;a} d'2fsf] zL3| tyf lj:t[t cg';GwfgÆ u/fpg eg]sf] 5681 . To:t}, cGt/f{li6«o dfgjclwsf/ sfg'g tyf cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg'gaf/] k|wfg;]gfkltåf/f hf/L ljz]if lgb]{zgx¿n] æg]kfnL ;]gflj?4 cGt/f{li6«o dfgjclwsf/ sfg'g tyf dfgjLo sfg'gsf] pNnª\3g;DaGwL cf/f]kx¿sf] lj:t[t, zL3| / ;dod} cg';Gwfg ug{'kg]{Æ cfjZostfnfO{ cfTd;ft u/]sf] 5682 . lj=;+= @)^$ kmfu'g !) ut] hf/L æg]kfnL ;]gfsf nflu cGt/f{li6«o dfgjclwsf/ sfg'g tyf dfgjLo sfg'gsf] ;dof]hg cfb]zÆn] æcGt/f{li6«o dfgjclwsf/ sfg'g tyf dfgjLo sfg'gsf] l;4fGt, lzIff, tflnd / :jLs[ltdf ;dfof]hg ug{ eg]sf] 5Æ, oBlk æ:jLs[ltÆ eg]sf] s] xf] eg]/ v'nfOPsf] 5}g683 .

g]kfn k|x/L tyf ;z:q k|x/L ann] s}og k6s pNnª\3gdf pkrf/ k|bfg ug]{ k|lta4tf JoQm u/]sf 5g\ . ;a}eGbf lj:t[t k|lta4tfx¿ ltgsf sd{rf/LnfO{ afFWg] cf–cfkm\gf xft]k'l:tsfx¿df JoQm ul/Psf 5g\ . g]kfn k|x/Ln] æg]kfn k|x/LM dfgjclwsf/;DaGwL :yfoL cfb]zÆ k|sflzt u¥of] h;nfO{ tTsfnLg k|x/L dxflg/LIfsn] ;g\ @))& df :jLs[lt lbPsf lyP . pQm xft]k'l:tsfdf ePsf lj:t[t lgb]{zgx¿dWo] ædfgjclwsf/ pNnª\3g;DaGwL ;a} k|ltj]bg tyf ph'/Lsf] k"0f{ tyf plrt ¿kdf cg';Gwfg ug]{ / hjfkmb]xLtf lglZrt ug]{u/L o:tf pNnª\3gdf bf]ifL kfOPsfx¿lj?4 sf/afxL ug]{ s'/fsf] lglZrt ug{Æ jl/i7 clwsf/Lx¿nfO{ lbOPsf] cfb]z Ps xf]684 . o:t} vfnsf] Joj:yf ;z:q k|x/L ansf] xft]k'l:tsfdf klg ul/Psf] 5685 . lj=;+= @)^^ c;f/ $ ut] ePsf] o; xft]k'l:tssf] ljdf]rg ;df/f]xdf, dxflg/LIfsn] æ;z:q k|x/L ansf clws[t tyf l/s'6]x¿nfO{ dfgjclwsf/sf] pNnª\3g ePsf] kfOPdf JolQmut ¿kdf lhDd]jf/ 7x¥ofO{ cfjZos ljefuLo sf/afxL ug]{Æ ;+:yfsf] k|lta4tfaf/] ;fj{hlgs ¿kdf af]n]sf lyP .

!)=@ ;Da4 sfg'gL vfsf

!)=@=! cGt/f{li6«o dfgjclwsf/ sfg'g

s_ k|efjsf/L Goflos pkrf/sf] clwsf/681 dfgjclwsf/ klqsf @))*, dfgjclwsf/ lgb]{zgfno, g]kfnL ;]gf, k[= &( .682 P]= k[= *) .683 P]= k[= *)—*# .684 dfgjclwsf/ :yfoL cfb]zx¿, g]kfn k|x/L, @))& .685 ;z:q k|x/L an dfgjclwsf/ xft]k'l:tsf, ;z:q k|x/L an, @))( .

236

hjfkmb]xLtf;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o dfgjclwsf/;DaGwL dfkb08x¿ kLl8t tyf ltgsf kl/jf/sf] k|efjsf/L Goflos pkrf/sf] ;':yflkt clwsf/df cfwfl/t 5g\ . dfgjclwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ffkqsf] wf/f * df elgPsf] 5M

k|To]s JolQmnfO{ ;+ljwfg jf sfg'gåf/f k|bQ df}lns clwsf/x¿sf] pNnª\3g ug]{ sfo{lj?4 ;Ifd /fli6«o Gofoflws/0faf6 k|efjsf/L Goflos pkrf/ kfpg] clwsf/ x'g]5 .

o; clwsf/nfO{ gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o cg'aGw -cfO{;L;LkLcf/_sf] wf/f @ df klg ;'/lIft ul/Psf] 5, h;n] kIf/fi6«x¿nfO{ æTo:tf] pkrf/ bfaL ug]{ s'g} klg JolQmsf] clwsf/ ;Ifd Goflos, k|zf;lgs jf Joj:yflksLo clwsf/Lx¿ jf ;f] /fi6«sf] sfg'gL k|0ffnLaf6 Joj:yf ul/Psf cGo s'g} ;Ifd clwsf/Låf/f lgwf{/0f u/L kfpg] s'/f lglZrt ug{{Æ eg]sf] 5686 .

o; clwsf/sf nflu kx'Frof]Uo tyf k|efjsf/L Goflos pkrf/ rflxG5 h;n] ubf{ c¿ ;+/lIft clwsf/x¿ssf] pkef]u ug{ ;lsG5 . ;a}eGbf 7"nf] s'/f pNnª\3gsf cf/f]kx¿sf] zL3|, k"0f{ / k|efjsf/L ¿kdf :jtGq tyf lgikIf lgsfodfkm{t\ cg';Gwfg ul/g'k5{687 .

k|efjsf/L Goflos pkrf/sf] clwsf/sf] ;Ddfg lglZrt ug]{ /fHosf] bfloTjdf cfkm\gf] clwsf/If]qdf /x]sf JolQmx¿nfO{ ;+/If0f ug]{ bfloTj;d]t kb{5 . To;}n], lghL JolQm jf lgsfoåf/f ul/Psf] Iflt x'g glbg jf To;df ;hfo lbg, To;sf] cg';Gwfg ug{ jf To;df Ifltk"lt{ lbg /fHon] pko'Qm pkfo jf k|of;x¿ ug{ g;s]df o; clwsf/sf] pNnª\3g ePsf] kl/l:ylt cfpg ;S5 . pNnª\3g ef]u]sf JolQmx¿nfO{ Goflos pkrf/sf] lx:;fsf] ¿kdf kl/k"/0f pknAw u/fOg'k5{ . To;afx]s, kl/k"/0fsf] Jojxf/df k|efjsf/L pkof]u x'g'k5{688 .

k|efjsf/L Goflos pkrf/sf] xsnfO{ ;ª\s6sfndf lgnDag ug{ ;ls+b}g, lsgsL ;du| cg'aGwdf of] bfloTj cGtlg{lxt /x]sf] 5689 . 686 cfO{;L;LkLcf/ wf/f @-#_-v_ -kfbl6Kk0fL !^$ x]g'{xf];\_ . To:t} clwsf/x¿ ;Lcf/;L, l;8\c, ;8{ / Sof6df klg 5g\ .687 dfgjclwsf/ ;ldlt, ;fdfGo l6Kk0fL #!, cg'= !% .688 P]= cg'= *, !^, @) .689 dfgjclwsf/ ;ldlt, ;fdfGo l6Kk0fL @(, cg'= !$M æo; k|fjwfgdf === ;du| cg'aGwdf cGtlg{lxt ;lGw bfloTj /x]sf] 5 . s'g} kIf/fi6«n], ;ª\s6sfnsf] ;dodf / kl/l:yltsf] afWotfn] o:tf pkfox¿ vf]h]sf xb;Dd, Goflos / cGo pkrf/nfO{ zf;g ug]{ sfo{ljlwsf] Jofjxfl/s ;~rfng ldnfpg ;Sg] eP klg kIf/fi6«n] k|efjsf/L Goflos pkrf/ u/fpg cg'aGwsf] wf/f @, k|s/0f # cg';f/sf] df}lns bfloTjsf] kfngf ug}{k5{ .Æ

237

v_ cleof]hg ug]{ st{Jo

cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gcg';f/ ck/fw dflgg] cGt/f{li6«o dfgjclwsf/ sfg'gsf 3f]/ pNnª\3g tyf cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg'gsf uDeL/ pNnª\3gsf 36gfdf To:tf pNnª\3gx¿sf] cg';GWfg ug]{ / kof{Kt k|df0f kfOPdf To;df lhDd]jf/ kfOPsf] elgPsf] JolQmnfO{ cleof]hg ug]{ / bf]ifL kfOPdf lghnfO{ ;hfo ug]{ /fHosf] bfloTj xf]690.

/f]d ljwfgsf] k|:tfjgfdf k|ltljlDat ePcg';f/ dfgjtflj?4sf] ck/fw, o'4 ck/fw / hfltxTofsf 36gfdf cleof]hg ug]{ st{Jo k|yfhlgt sfg'gsf] Pp6f lx:;f xf]691 . oftgf tyf cGo qm"/, cdfgjLo jf ckdfghgs Jojxf/, u}/sfg'gL tyf u}/Goflos xTof, ank"j{s a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{ / /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gcg';f/ ck/fw egL :jLsf/ ul/Psf To:t} k|s[ltsf cGo pNnª\3gx¿sf ;DaGwdf, pNnª\3gsf nflu lhDd]jf/ JolQmx¿nfO{ Gofosf] s73/fdf pEofpg] s'/fsf] lglZrt ug'{ g]kfnnufot cfO{;L;LkLcf/sf kIf/fi6«x¿sf] st{Jo xf]692 .cleof]hg u/]kl5, cleo'QmnfO{ cbfntn] cGoyf km};nf gu/];Dd lgbf]{if dflgg'k5{ 693 . cleo'Qmsf] sfg'gL k|ltlglw x'g'kg]{ / sfg'gåf/f :yflkt :jtGq, lgikIf tyf bIf cbfntåf/f l9nfO gu/L :jR5 ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO{ x'g'kg]{ nufotsf plrt k|lqmof;DaGwL clwsf/x¿sf] k|Tofe"lt x''g'k5{694 . :jR5 ;'g'jfO{sf clwsf/ ;ª\s6sfnsf a]nf lgnDag x'Fb}gg\695 .

d"n pNnª\3gsf ljifoj:t' aGg] sfo{x¿afx]s cg';Gwfg ug{ g;Sg' jf kL8sx¿nfO{ Gofosf] s73/fdf pEofpg g;Sg' 5'§} dfgjclwsf/sf] pNnª\3gsf] ljifo x'g;S5696 .

690 æcGt/f{li6«o dfgjclwsf/ sfg'gsf] 3f]/ pNnª\3g / cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg'gsf] uDeL/ pNnª\3gsf nflu Goflos pkrf/ tyf kl/k"/0fsf] clwsf/;DaGwL cfwf/e"lt l;4fGt tyf dfu{lgb]{zgx¿Æ dxf;efsf] k|:tfj ^)÷!$& åf/f cjnDag tyf 3f]if0ff ul/Psf] . -@))% l8;]Da/ !^_ l;4fGt $ .691 yk lj:t[t ljZn]if0fsf nflu, cWofo $ — nfu' sfg'g k[= ^! .692 ;fdfGo l6Kk0fL #!, cg'= !*, ;fdfGo l6Kk0fL @) -$$_ .693 cfO{;L;LkLcf/ wf/f !$-@_ -kfbl6Kk0fL !^$ x]g'{xf];\_ .694 /fhgLlts tyf gful/s clwsf/ ;ldlt ;fdfGo l6Kk0fL g+= !# M cbfntsf] b[li6df ;dfgtf / sfg'gåf/f :yflkt :jtGq cbfnaf6 :jR5 / ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO{sf] clwsf/ -wf/f !$_ -!(*$_ . plrt k|lqmofsf k|fjwfgx¿ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg -@))&_ wf/f @$ df k|ltljlDat 5g\ . sf/afxLdf cg'lrt l9nfOsf ;DaGwdf dfgjclwsf/ ;ldlt, d'gf]h xdf]{hf lj= k]¿, kq g=+ @)#÷!(*^ x]g{'xf];\ .695 dfgjclwsf/ ;ldlt, ;fdfGo l6Kk0fL @(, k[= !^ .696 dfgjclwsf/ ;ldlt, ;fdfGo l6Kk0fL #!, k[= !* . cWofo $ — nfu' cGt/f{li6«o sfg'g, k[= ^! .

238

!)=@=@ cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg'g

o:t}vfnsf Joj:yfx¿ cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg'gdf klg kfpg ;lsG5 . JolQmx¿n] o'4 ck/fwhGo sfo{ ubf{ cfb]z dfg]/ jf gdfg]/ h] lx;fafn] u/]sf] ePklg pgLx¿nfO{ JolQmut lx;fan] cfk/flws ¿kdf lhDd]jf/ agfpg ;lsG5697 . sdfG8/ tyf jl/i7 clwsf/Lx¿n] cfkm\gf dftxtsf sd{rf/Ln] o:tf ck/fw ug{ nfu]sf] jf ub}{ u/]sf] yfxf eP, jf yfxf kfpg'kYof]{, / To:tf] ck/fw x'g glbg, jf To:tf] ck/fw eO;s]sf] eP, lhDd]jf/ JolQmnfO{ ;hfo ug{ cfkm"n] ;Sg] dgfl;a pkfox¿ gu/]df pgLx¿ klg cfk/flws ¿kdf lhDd]jf/ x'G5g\698 . cfkm\gf gful/s jf ;'/Iffkmf}hn] cfkm\gf] e"efudf o'4 ck/fw u/]sf cf/f]kx¿sf af/] cg';Gwfg ug'{ tyf cfjzos k/]df tL cleo'Qmx¿sf] cleof]hg ug'{ /fHox¿sf] bfloTj x'G5699 .

cGt/f{li6«o jf u}/cGt/f{li6«o h'g k|s[ltsf] eP klg ;z:q åGåsf] qmddf ePsf pNnª\3gx¿sf nflu :jR5 ;'g'jfO{sf] clwsf/sf tTjx¿ cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg'gcGtu{t klg k|Tofe"t ul/Psf 5g\700 .

!)=# hjfkmb]xLtfsf ;+oGqx¿

!)=#=! g]kfnsf] kmf}hbf/L Gofo k|0ffnL

uDeL/ cfk/flws sfo{df Ifltk"lt{ pknAw u/fpg] k|fylds lhDd]jf/L g]kfnsf] Gofo k|0ffnLdf /x]sf] 5 . of] Gofo k|0ffnL ck/fwsf lj?4 sfo{ ug{ tof/ ul/Psf] PsLs[t tyf lgoddf cfwfl/t k|lqmof xf] h;df 36gfx¿sf] cg';Gwfg ul/G5, ;/sf/L jlsnåf/f cleof]u nufOG5 / cbfntåf/f To;sf] Gofo lg¿k0f x'G5 . ;+nUg ;a}sf clwsf/x¿sf] /Iff ub}{ Gofo k|0ffnLn] s'g} u}/sfg'gL sfo{ ul/Psf] 5 ls 5}g / olb ul/Psf] eP s;n] u/]sf] xf] / lghn] s:tf] ;hfo kfpg'k5{ jf s:tf] Goflos pkrf/ x'G5 eGg] lg0f{o ub{5 .

o; k|ltj]bgsf cl3Nnf cWofox¿df pNn]v ul/Pem}F, dfgjclwsf/ jf dfgjLo sfg'gsf] uDeL/ pNnª\3g ;/x dflgg] ;a} geP klg w]/}h;f] ck/fwsf af/] g]kfnsf] /fli6«o sfg'gdf ;dfgvfnsf k|ltaGw ePsfn] ltgnfO{ /fli6«o cbfntdf cleof]hg ug{ ;lsG5 . u}/sfg'gL xTof / anfTsf/ o;sf k|:6 pbfx/0f x'g\ eg] a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{ / oftgf h:tf cGo ck/fwnfO{ g]kfndf ck/fwLs/0f gul/Psfn] tL a9L ;d:ofd"ns 697 cGt/f{li6«o /]8qm; ;ldlt, k|yfhlgt cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg'g, lgod !%! -kfbl6Kk0fL !@( x]g'{xf];\_ .698 P]= lgod !%# .699 P]= lgod !%* .700 P]= lgod !)) .

239

5g\ . t/, oftgf jf a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{df k|foM tL tTj kb{5g\ h'g cGo k|fjwfgåf/f cfk/flws ¿kdf k|ltalGwt ul/Psf x'G5g\701 .

s_ cg';Gwfgsf] ;'?jft

g]kfndf k|yd hfx]/L bvf{:t -PkmcfO{cf/_af6 kmf}hbf/L Gofo k|0ffnLsf] sfd ;'? x'G5 . ck/fw ePsf] 5 jf x'Fb}5 eGg] yfxf kfPsf] s'g} JolQmn]702 df}lvs jf lnlvt ¿kdf ;a}eGbf glhssf] k|x/L sfof{nodf ph'/L ug'{k5{ / o; ph'/LnfO{ btf{ ul/g'k5{ . hfx]/L bvf{:t ;a}eGbf glhssf] k|x/L sfof{nodf btf{ ul/g'k5{703 . hfx]/L bvf{:t æ!) g+= 8fo/LÆ704 elgg] ck/fw btf{ k':tsdf btf{ ul/g'k5{, t/ s'g} sf/0fj;\ k|x/Ln] åGå;Fu ;DalGwt pNnª\3gx¿df eP h:tf] of] ph'/L btf{ ug{ gdfg]df ph'/Lstf{n] dflyNnf] k|x/L sfof{no jf k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/LsxfF ph'/L ug'{k5{705 . ph'/L btf{ ePkl5 k|x/Ln] To;;DaGwL cfkm\gf] k|f/lDes d"Nofª\sg ug]{5 / ck/fw;Fu ;DalGwt cfkm\gf] k|f/lDes k|ltj]bg lhNnf ;/sf/L jlsnsxfF k]; ug]{5 . 36gfsf] cg';Gwfg cfjZos 5 eGg] lg0f{o u/]df ;/sf/L jlsnn] k|x/LnfO{ lgb]{zg;lxt Tof] k|ltj]bg lkmtf{ k7fpg]5g\706 .

v_ k|x/L cg';Gwfg

36gf:ydf hfg] / hlt;Sbf] rfF8f] tT;DaGwL k|df0f ;ª\sng ug]{ Psdfq lhDd]jf/L g]kfn k|x/Lsf] xf]707 . ;Da4 hfgsf/L ePsf] s'g} klg JolQm;Fu k|x/Ln] aofgx¿ lng'kg]{ x'G5708 / pgLx¿n] To;sf nflu 3/ cflbsf] vfgtnf; ug{ ;Sg]5g\709 . kqmfp ul/Psf] 701 &)!= pbfx/0fsf nflu, zf/Ll/s cfqmd0f / s'6lk6sf] Joj:yf g]kfnL d'n'sL P]gdf ul/Psf] 5 .702;/sf/L d'2f;DaGwL P]g, bkmf #-!_ . æJolQmÆ eGgfn] k|x/L;d]t kb{5 / To;}n] k|x/L :jo+n] s'g} ck/fw, vf;u/L uDeL/ ck/fw, ePsf] yfxf ePdf, To;af/] hfx]/L bvf{:t btf{ ug'{k5{ eGg] a'lemG5 . hfx]/L bvf{:t df}lvs ¿kdf k]; ul/Psf] 5 eg] k|x/Ln] Tof] bvf{:t btf{ ug]{ JolQmsf] aofg lng'k5{, ToxfF n]v]sf] s'/f k9]/ ;'gfpg'k5{ / lghsf] x:tfIf/ u/fpg'k5{ . ;/sf/L d'2f;DaGwL P]gsf] bkmf #-^_ .703 ;/sf/L d'2f;DaGwL P]g, bkmf # -!_ df n]lvPsf] 5 M æcg';"rL ! df n]lvPsf] s'g} ck/fw ePsf] jf eO/x]sf] jf x'g nfu]sf] 5 eGg] s'/f yfxf kfpg] JolQmn] tT;DaGwL ck/fwaf/] cfkm";Fu ePsf] jf cfkm"n] b]v] hfg];Ddsf] ;a'b k|df0f v'nfO{ oyfzL3| ;f] s'/fsf] lnlvt bvf{:t jf df}lvs ;"rgf glhssf] k|x/L sfof{nodf lbg'k5{ .Æ704;/sf/L d'2f;DaGwL P]g, bkmf $ . ;/sf/L d'2f;DaGwL lgodfjnL, lgod #-$_ klg x]g'{xf];\ .705 To;kl5 Tof] hfx]/L bvf{:t cfjZos sf/fafxLsf ;DaGwdf afWosf/L lnlvt lgb]{zgx¿;lxt ;Da4 k|x/L rf}sLdf k7fpg' k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/Lsf] bfloTj x'G5 . x]g'{xf];\ ;/sf/L d'2f;DaGwL P]g, bkmf #-%_ / -^_ .706 ;/sf/L d'2f;DaGwL P]g, bkmf ^-!_ / -@_ .707 P]= bkmf &-!_ -@_ -#_ / -$_Ù ;/sf/L d'2f;DaGwL lgodfjnL, lgod $-%_ .708 ;/sf/L d'2f;DaGwL P]g, bkmf ( .709 txlssftcGtu{tsf] ck/fw;Fu ;Da4 ;a'b k|df0f kfOg] ljZjf; ug]{ dgfl;a dflkmssf sf/0f ePdf k|x/Ln] To:tf] 3/ jf 7fp{sf] tnf;L lng ;Sg]5 . o;/L s'g} 3/ jf 7fpFsf] tnf;L lnFbf ;f] 3/ jf 7fpFdf a;f]af; u/L cfPsf jf ;f] 3/sf wgL jf lhDdf lnPsf dflg;nfO{ tnf;L lng vf]h]sf] sf/0f vf]nL pgLx¿n] ;"rgf k7fpg'k5{ . P]= bkmf *Ù d'n'sL P]g, cbfntL aGbf]a:tL, g+= !&@ -!_—-%_ .

240

s'g} klg zª\sf:kb JolQm;Fu pgLx¿n] aofg lng ;Sg]5g\ t/ Tof] sfd lhNnf ;/sf/L jlsnsf] pkl:yltdf ul/g'k5{710 . pgLx¿n] kqmfp ul/Psf] JolQmsf] z/L/sf] s'g} klg efu jf cª\u ;/sf/L 8fS6/åf/f k/LIf0f ug'{k¥of] egL cg'/f]w klg ug{ ;Sg]5g\711 .

s'g} JolQm ck/fwdf ;+nUg ePsf] 5 eGg] zª\sf ug]{ ædgfl;a cfwf/Æ ePdf k|x/LnfO{ lghnfO{ kqmg] clwsf/ x'g]5712 t/ To:tf] cj:yfdf pgLx¿n] kqmfp ul/Psf] JolQmnfO{ yg''jf k'hL{ lbg'k5{ h;df lsg y'lgof] eGg] s'/fsf] sfg'gL cfwf/ pNn]v ul/Psf] x'G5713 . k|To]s k|x/L yfgfdf /f]h gfDrf /flvPsf] x'g'k5{ h;df kqmfp ul/Psf / ph'/Ljfnfx¿sf] gfd, zª\lt ck/fw / kqmfpsf a]nf a/fdb ul/Psf s'g} ;fdfg ;dfj]z ul/Psf] x'G5714 .

k|x/Ln] kqmfp ul/Psf] JolQmnfO{ ;Da4 Goflos clwsf/L, ;fdfGotM lhNnf cbfntsf GofofwLz, ;dIf yk y'gfcjlwsf nflu lgj]bg;lxt @$ 306fleq715 k]; ug'{k5{ . kqmfp ul/Psf JolQmx¿nfO{ cfkm"n] rfx]sf] sfg'g Joj;foL /fVg kfpg] clwsf/ x'g]5716 / olb pgLx¿sf] jflif{s cfo tf]lsPsf] /sdeGbf sd 5 eg] pgLx¿ lgMz'Ns sfg'gL ;xfotfsf xsbf/ x'g]5g\717 . k|df0fx¿sf] cWoogkl5 ;Da4 Goflos clwsf/Ln] cg';Gwfgsf qmddf @% lbg;Dd y'gfsf nflu cg'dlt lbg ;Sg]5 jf To:tf] JolQmsf] l/xfOsf nflu cfb]z lbg ;Sg]5718 .

36gf Hofgd'2f, cfsl:ds jf zª\sf:kb d[To', jf cfTdxTof;Fu ;DalGwt ePdf k|x/L nf; ePsf] 36gf:yndf uO{ zj 710;/sf/L d'2f;DaGwL P]g, bkmf ( .711 ck/fw;Fu ;DalGwt k|df0f kfpg ;lsG5 eGg] dgfl;a dflkmssf sf/0fx¿ ePdfq o:tf] k/LIf0f ug{ ;lsG5 . ;/sf/L d'2f;DaGwL P]g, bkmf (-!_, -@_Ù ;/sf/L d'2f;DaGwL lgodfjnL lgod $ -^_Ù ;/sf/L d'2f;DaGwL P]g, bkmf !) -!_Ù bkmf !@ . oftgf;DaGwL Ifltk"lt{ P]g, @)%# sf] bkmf #-@_ df s'g} klg JolQmnfO{ y'gfdf /fVbf jf 5f]8bf ;Dej eP;Dd ;/sf/L ;]jfdf /x]sf lrlsT;s / lrlsT;s pknAw x'g g;s]sf] cj:yfdf ;DalGwt clwsf/L cfkm}FFn] lghsf zf/Ll/s l:yltsf] hfFr u/L u/fO{ ;f]sf] clen]v v8f u/L /fVg'kg]{5 . oftgf Ifltk"lt{ P]gsf] bkmf #-#_ cg';f/, zf/Ll/s jf dfgl;s l:yltsf] hfFr;DaGwL k|ltj]bgsf] Psk|lt ;DalGwt lhNnf cbfntdf k7fpg' kg]{5 . vf;u/L o:tf] hfFr oftgf lbOPsf] 5 eGg] cf/f]k nfu]df ;fGble{s x'G5 .712 ;/sf/L d'2f;DaGwL P]gsf] bkmf !$-!_ . k|x/Ln] kqmfp ug{ kfpg] cGo cfwf/x¿ k|x/L P]gsf] bkmf !&-!_Ù ;fj{hlgs ck/fw P]gsf] bkmf #-!_ / åGåsf] ;dodf 6f8f]÷8fdf j0f{g ul/Psf] 5 .713 ;/sf/L d'2f;DaGwL P]gsf] bkmf !$-!_Ù ;/sf/L d'2f;DaGwL lgodfjnL lgod (-#_ .714 k|x/L P]gsf] bkmf @#-!_ . k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/LnfO{ o:tf] 8fo/L lemsfO{ hfFRg ;Sg]5g\ . k|x/L P]gsf] bkmf @#-@_ x]g'{xf];\ .715 g]kfnsf] ;+ljwg -@)$&_, wf/f !$-^_Ù gful/s clwsf/;DaGwL P]g, bkmf !%-@_Ù ;/sf/L d'2f;DaGwL P]g, bkmf !%Ù g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg -@)^#_, wf/f @$-#_ .716 g]kfnsf] ;+ljwg -@)$&_, wf/f !$-%_Ù gful/s clwsf/;DaGwL P]g, bkmf !%-@_Ù g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg -@)^#_, wf/f @$-@_ .717 xfn jflif{s cfo ? $) xhf/eGbf sddf to . sfg'gL ;xfotf;DaGwL P]g, bkmf #-!_ . t/ o:tf clwsf/af/] kqmfp ul/Psf] JolQmnfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpg'kg]{ k|x/Lsf] bfloTjaf/] k|x/L df}g 5 .718;/sf/L d'2f;DaGwL P]g, bkmf !%-@_ / -$_ . 6f8f]÷8fcGtu{sf] lgoddf o;sf] ckjfbnfO{ Vofn ug'{xf];\ .

241

hfFr d'r'Nsf tof/ ug'{k5{ h;df ;Dej eP;Dd tl:a/x¿ tyf 3fpsf] ljj/0f / d[To'sf ;DefJo sf/0fx¿ h:tf ;Da4 tYofª\s ;dfj]z ul/Psf] x'g'k5{719 . zj k/LIf0faf6 d[To' cfk/flws ultljlwsf sf/0f ePsf] eGg] ;ª\s]t ldn]df jf d[To' zª\sf:kb kl/l:yltdf ePsf] h:tf] b]lvPdf, k|x/Ln] pQm za kf]:6df]6{dsf nflu k7fpg'k5{ / kmfondf zj k/LIf0f k|ltj]bg klg ;dfj]z ul/Psf] x''g'k5{720 .

s'g} 36gfsf af/] ;s]hlt hfgsf/L ;ª\sng u/]kl5, cg';Gwfgstf{n] pQm kmfon lhNnf ;/sf/L jlsnsxfF k7fpg'k5{721 .

u_ lhNnf ;/sf/L jlsn

k|x/L cg';Gwfg k|ltj]bg k|fKt u/]kl5,722 lhNnf ;/sf/L jlsnn] yk sf/afxL ug'{kg]{ xf] ls xf]Og eGg] s'/fsf] lg0f{o ub{5723 . ;ª\slnt k|df0fx¿n] cleof]unfO{ ;dy{g u/sf]df lghnfO{ ljZjf; nfu]df, cleof]ukq bfo/ ul/g]5724 . cleo'Qm lx/f;tdf g} 5 eg] cleof]ukq bfo/ ubf{ lghnfO{ cbfnt ;fd' pkl:yt u/fpg}k5{ . olb cleo'Qm lx/f;tdf 5}g eg] cbfntn] ;dfXjfg hf/L ug]{5 / cleo'Qm km/f/ eP cbfntn] lghsf] kqmfpsf nflu k'hL{ hf/L ug]{5725 .

3_ k'k{If ;'g'jfO{

Dfly pNn]v ul/Pem}F, ;+ljwfgn] ;a} cleo'QmnfO{ cfkm"n] rfx]sf] sfg'g Joj;foL /fVg] tyf k|lt/Iff ug{ kfpg] clwsf/ pknAw

719 ;/sf/L d'2f;DaGwL P]g, bkmf !!-!_ . k|x/L ;dodf 36gf:yndf k'Ug g;s]df ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt jf gu/kflnsfn] zj hfFr k|ltj]bg tof/ ug{ ;Sg]5g\ . d'n'sL P]g, Hofg;DaGwL dxn, bkmf @-!_ .720 ;/sf/L d'2f;DaGwL P]g, bkmf !!-#_Ù d'n'sL P]g, Hofg;DaGwL dxn, bkmf @-$_Ù ;/sf/L d'2f;DaGwL lgodfjnL lgod &-!_ .721 cg';Gwfg s;/L ;~rfng ug]{ eGg]af/] k|x/LnfO{ ;Nnfx lbg' ;/sf/L jlsnsf] st{Jo x'g]5 / k|x/Ln] klg o:tf] ;Nnfx dfUg ;Sg]5 . ;/sf/L d'2f;DaGwL P]g, bkmf ^-@_ / &-%_ .722 zª\lst JolQm y'gfdf ePsf] cj:yfdf y'g'jf cfb]z ;lsg' sDtLdf tLg lbgcl3 / cGoyf sfg'gsf] xbDofb k'Ug] kGw| lbg cufj} txlssft k|ltj]bg bfo/ ul/g'k5{ . ;/sf/L d'2f;DaGwL P]g, bkmf !&-!_ . k|x/Ln] s'g} klg ck/fw gePsf] kfPdf jf ck/fwL kQf nufpg g;s]sf] cj:yfdf jf cleof]unfO{ ;dy{g ug]{ kof{Kt k|df0f gePdf klg of] txlssft k|ltj]bg bfo/ ug]{ bfloTj pxL g} xf] . ;/sf/L d'2f;DaGwL P]g, bkmf !&-!_ .723 P]= bkmf !&-@_ .724 P]= bkmf !*-!_ . cleof]ukqdf cleo'Qmsf] gfd, y/ / 7]ufgfÙ hfx]/L bvf{:tdf lbOPsf ljj/0fÙ ck/fwsf] ljj/0fÙ cleo'Qmlj?4sf cleof]ux¿ / ;Da4 k|df0fsf] ;ª\If]kÙ nfu' x'g] sfg'gÙ dfu u/]sf] b08;hfoÙ / kLl8t-x¿_nfO{ Ifltk"lt{ pknAw u/fpg'kg]{ eP slt Ifltk"lt{ . ;/sf/L d'2f;DaGwL lgodfjnL lgod !#-!_.725 d'n'sL P]g, cbfntL aGbf]a:tLsf] dxn, bkmf ($ / (* .

242

u/fPsf] 5726 . t/, cleo'Qm !^ jif{d'lgsf] geP;Dd lghnfO{ cbfntdf sfg'gL ;xfotf jf sfg'gL k|ltlglwTj pknAw u/fpg'kg]{ s'g} sfg'gL k|fjwfg 5}g727 .

k'k{Ifsf qmddf, lhNnf cbfntn] ;/sf/L jlsn tyf k|ltjfbL ;d"xåf/f k|:t't ul/Psf k|df0fx¿sf] ;'g'jfO{ ub{5 . ;fIfLnfO{ cbfntdf xflh/ x'g af]nfOG5 / GofofwLzn] s'g} dxTTjk"0f{ ;fIfL xflh/ gePdf lghnfO{ pkl:yt x'g jf/]G6 hf/L ug{ ;Sg]5g\ 728 . ;a} ;fIfLn] d ;To af]N5' eg]/ zky vfg'k5{ / d'2fsf b'j} kIfsf] pkl:yltdf pgLx¿sf] k/LIf0f x'G5 / pgLx¿nfO{ lh/x ug{ ;lsg]5729 . t/, g]kfndf ;fIfL ;+/If0fsf] s'g} klg sfg'g 5}g .

ª_ km};nf, k'g/fj]bg / ;hfo

;fdfGotM ;Da4 ;a} kIf ;'g'jfO{df pkl:yt ePdf, lhNnf cbfntn] d'2fsf] ;'g'jfO{ ug'{k5{ / cleof]ukq btf{ u/]sf] ldltn] Ps jif{leqdf km};nf ;'gfpg'k5{730 . To:tf] km};nflj?4 k'g/fj]bg ug{ ;lsg]5 . km};nfsf] k'g/fj]bg ug{ ;lsg]5 / k'g/fj]bg cbfntn] lhNnf cbfntsf] km};nfnfO{ k"0f{ jf cf+lzs ¿kdf pN6fPdf jf bz jif{eGbf a9L h]n ;hfo ePdf ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg ug{ ;lsg]5731 . k'g/fj]bg cbfntn] lhNnf cbfntsf] km};nfnfO{ ;b/ u/]df jf bz jif{sf] eGbf sd h]n ;hfo ePdf, s;'/bf/ 7xl/Psf] JolQmn] sfg'gsf cfwf/df Gofo k|zf;g P]gsf] bkmf !@ cg';f/ ;jf]{Rr cbfnt;dIf ljz]if cg'dltkq btf{ ug{ ;Sg]5 .

bf]ifL kfOPsf] cj:yfdf Gofo k|0ffnLn] ljleGg ;hfosf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 / To;dWo] ;a}eGbf uDeL/ ;hfo s;'/bf/ 7xl/Psf] JolQmnfO{ cfhLjg sf/fjf; / lghsf] ;Dk"0f{ ;DklQ hkmt x'g' xf]732 . ;fdfGotof sfg'gdf tf]lsPsf ;hfox¿ ck/fwsf] uDeL/tf;Fu ;dfg'kflts 5g\ . g]kfndf d[To' b08sf] ;hfo 5}g733 .

r_ pRr cbfntsf yk pkrf/x¿726 g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg -@)$&_, wf/f !$-%_Ù g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg -@)^#_, wf/f @$-@_ .727 afnaflnsf;DaGwL P]g, bkmf !( .728 d'n'sL P]g, cbfntL aGbf]a:tLsf] dxn, bkmf !!% .729 k|df0f P]g, bkmf $(-!_ / -@_, %!, %@ / $& . k|x/Ln] ;fFrf] aSg'kg]{ eGg] s'g} sfg'gL Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5}g eGg] s'/fnfO{ Vofn ug'{xf];\ .730 d'n'sL P]g, g+= !$-!_ .731 Goflos k|zf;g P]g, bkmf (-v_ / -u_.732 t/, nfu' x'g'eGbf cl3 o;nfO{ k'g/fj]bg cbfntåf/f :jLs[t ul/Psf] x'g'k5{ . x]g'{xf];\, Goflos k|zf;g P]g, bkmf !) .733 g]kfndf d[To'b08nfO{ g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg -@)$&_sf] wf/f !@-!_åf/f pGd"ng ul/Psf] lyof] . oxL k|fjwfg g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg -@)^#_sf] wf/f !@-!_df ;dfof]hg ul/Psf] lyof] .

243

i_ aGbLk|ToIfLs/0fsf] lgj]bg

aGbLk|ToIfLs/0fsf] lgj]bgn] y'gfsf] j}wtfaf/] km};nf ug{ cg'/f]w u/]sf] x'G5 . o:tf] vfnsf] pkrf/sf] dfu s'g} y'g'jfn] jf lghsf] tkm{af6 c¿ s;}n] k'g/fj]bg jf ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf lgj]bg btf{ u/]/ ug{ ;Sg]5 . of] lgj]bgdf z'Ns nfUb}g / of] hf];'s}sf nflu ;w}Fel/ pknAw 5734 . o:tf] lgj]bgdf y'g'jf;DaGwL cfwf/e"t hfgsf/L pNn]v ul/Psf] x'g'kb{5 -h:t}, ltgLx¿ sf] x'g\ / pgLx¿nfO{ slxn], sxfF / lsg kqmfp ul/Psf] lyof]_ .

s'g} klg JolQmnfO{ y'Gbf ;+ljwfg jf sfg'gsf] pNnª\3g ePsf] 5 eGg] s'/fdf cbfnt ljZj:t ePdf p;n] l/6 hf/L ub{5735 . clg cbfntn] y'g'jfsf] l/xfOsf nflu tTsfn cfb]z hf/L ug{ ;Sg]5736 . aGbLk|ToIfLs/0fsf] clwsf/nfO{ ;/sf/n] ;ª\s6sfn nufPsf] cj:yfdf klg lgnDag ug{ ;ls+b}g . g]kfndf åGåsfndf ul/Psf o:tf b'j} 3f]if0ffdf, aGbLk|ToIfLs/0fsf] clwsf/nfO{ o;n] c;/ ug]{ 5}g egL k|:6 ¿kdf pNn]v ul/Psf] lyof]737 .

ii_ k/dfb]zsf] l/6

k/dfb]zsf] l/6 dlyNnf] cbfntaf6 tNnf] cbfnt jf ;/sf/L clwsf/LnfO{ s'g} vf; st{Jo ug"{ egL hf/L cfb]z xf] . of] cfb]z s'g} sfo{ ug{ jf gug{ hf/L ul/Psf] x'G5 t/ ;fdfGotM sfg'gåf/f s'g} vf; st{Jo ug{'kg]{ ;Da4 clwsf/Ln] Tof] sfd ug{ gdfg]df jf g;s]df of] cfb]z hf/L ul/G5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu, hfx]/L bvf{:t btf{ u/fpg k|x/LnfO{ of] cfb]z hf/L ug{ ;lsG5 . k/dfb]zsf] lgj]bg dfgjclwsf/ pNnª\3gsf nflu dxTTjk"0f{ af6f] xf] .

!)=#=@ k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/L

734 x]g'{xf];\ g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg -@)$&_sf] wf/f **-@_Ù g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg -@)^#_, wf/f !)&-@_ .735 ;jf]{Rr cbfnt lgodfjnL -!((@_, bkmf #!—#& .736 g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg -@)$&_, wf/f !!%-*_— n] /fHosf ;ª\s6sfnLg clwsf/x¿nfO{ ;"rLs/0f ub}{ eg]sf] 5 æwf/f @# cGtu{t aGbLk|ToIfLs/0fsf] pkrf/ k|fKt ug]{ xs lgnDag ul/g] 5}g .Æ oxL s'/f pNn]v ul/Psf] g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg -@)^#_, wf/f !$#-&_ klg x]g'{xf];\ . cfkm\gf] y'gfsf] j}wtfnfO{ r'gf}tL lbg] / GofofwLz jf To:t} vfnsf] :jtGq lgsfoaf6 cfkm\gf] cg'/f]w -h:t}, aGbLk|ToIfLs/0f_sf] ;dLIff u/fpg kfpg] s'g} klg y'g'jfsf] ;fdYo{ cx/0fgLo dfgjclwsf/ xf] h;n] k|yfhlgt cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gsf] x}l;ot k|fKt u/]sf] 5 .737 Reference: C.N.270.2002.TREATIES-4 (Depositary Notification), 25 March 2002, “Nepal: Notification Under Article 4 (3),” par. 1 (“However, the right to the remedy of habeas corpus has not been suspended.”), and Reference: C.N.271.2005.Treaties-5 (Depositary Notification), 14 March 2005, par. 4, “Derogation from Article 2.3 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights following the suspension of Article 23 of the Constitution (right to constitutional remedy except the writ of habeas corpus)” (emphasis added).

244

g]kfnsf &% lhNnfdWo] k|To]s lhNnfdf, u[xdGqfnoåf/f lgo'Qm k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/Ln] :yfgLo k|zf;gsf] g]t[Tj u/]sf] x'G5 . lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{nonfO{ ljleGg k|sf/sf k|zf;lgs, sfo{sf/L, ;'/Iff;DaGwL tyf Goflos sfo{x¿ ug]{ clwsf/ ePsf] x'gfn] k|lhcn] lhNnfdf zf;g ug{df ljz]iftM dxTTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]n]sf] x'G5 / tLdWo] w]/}h;f] sfo{x¿ dfgjclwsf/;Fu ;DalGwt x'G5g\738 . lhNnfdf zflGt ;'/Iff sfod /fVg] lhDd]jf/L k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/Ldf /x]sf] x'G5 / lghnfO{ ;fj{hlgs ck/fw, xftxltof/ tyf uf]nfaf?b, ansf] k|of]u, bª\uf k|efljt If]qx¿df skm{\o'sf] 3f]if0ff ug]{, cftª\ssf/L tyf ljWj+zfTds ultljlw P]g÷cWofb]z -6f8f÷6f8f]_ / ;fj{hlgs ;'/Iff P]g -tL sfg'g sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf a]nf_ cGtu{t lgjf/s gh/aGbsf] cfb]z;Fu ;DalGwt clwsf/x¿ k|fKt x'G5g\ . k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/L lhNnf ;'/Iff ;ldltsf] klg cWoIf xf] . of] ;ldlt lhNnfdf zflGt, ;'/Iff tyf ;'Joj:yf sfod /fVg] lhNnf:t/Lo ;dGjo lgsfo xf]739 .

dfly atfOPem}F, k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/Ln] hfx]/L b/vf:t btf{ ug{ ;Da4 k|x/L yfgfnfO{ lgb]{zg lbg ;Sg]5740 . pgLx¿nfO{ /f]h gfDrfsf] ;dLIff ug]{ / y'gf:yndf ;'ljwfx¿sf] lg/LIf0f ug]{ clwsf/ klg x'G5 . jf:tjdf lhNnf k|x/L sfof{no, Onfsf k|x/L sfof{no tyf k|x/L rf}sLx¿sf] jflif{s ¿kdf lg/LIf0f ug'{ pgLx¿sf] bfloTj xf] . csf]{ dxTTjk"0f{ s'/f s] eg] k|lhcnfO{ s]xL kmf}hbf/L tyf b]jfgL d'2fsf] l5gf]kmfgf] ug]{ clwsf/ x'g]5741 .

!)=#=# sfo{sf/L tyf ;+;bLo pkrf/x¿

;/sf/ tyf ;+ljwfg;ef b'j}n] hjfkmb]xLtf;DaGwL ljleGg ;+oGqsf] pkof]u ug{ ;S5g\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu, ;+f;bx¿n] @% ;b:oLo cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGw tyf dfgjclwsf/;DaGwL ;+;bLo ;ldltsf] d2t lng ;S5g\742 . ;+;bLo lgodsf sf/0f ;ldltn] dfgjclwsf/;DaGwL s'g} klg d'2fsf] cWoog ug{ tyf JolQmx¿nfO{ ;ldlt;dIf :jo+ pkl:yt u/fpg ;Sg]5743 . ;ldltn] ;/sf/nfO{ cfb]z lbg klg ;Sg]5 .

s_ hfFra'em cfof]u738 :yfgLo k|zf;g P]g, bkmf %-!_ .739 :yfgLo k|zf;g P]g, bkmf ^-&_ .740 ;/sf/L d'2f;DaGwL P]g, bkmf #-%_ .741 o;df ;fj{hlgs ck/fw P]g, xftxltof/ v/vhfgf P]g / cTofjZos j:t' ;+/If0f P]g cGtu{tsf ck/fwx¿ kb{5g\ .742 dfgjclwsf/ tyf cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGw;DaGwL ;+;bLo ;ldlt jf k//fi6« tyf dfgjclwsf/;DaGwL ;+;bLo ;ldlt klg elgPsf] . ;+ljwfg;ef lgodfjnL -@))*_ cg';f/ o;sf] :yfkgf ul/Psf] lyof] .743 P]= bkmf !@&-!_ .

245

;/sf/n] sfg'gcg';f/ hfFra'em cfof]usf] lgdf{0f ug{ ;Sg]5 . /fi6«k|d'v x'Fbf /fhfn] s'g} klg ljifoj:t'sf] cWoog ug{ hfFra'em cfof]usf] lgdf{0f ug{ ;Sby] . pgsf] clwsf/sf] dftxtdf /x]sf] cfof]usf] g]t[Tj ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf GofofwLz jf k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf d'Vo GofofwLzn] ug{ ;Sby] / /fhfn] rfx]sf] ;ª\Vofdf yk GofofwLzx¿sf] Joj:yf ug{ ;lsGYof] . To:t}, hfFra'em cfof]u P]g, @)@^ hf/L ePotf ;/sf/n] klg æ;fj{hlgs dxTTjsf] s'g} klg ljifoj:t'Æsf] 5fglag ug{ hfFra'em cfof]ux¿sf] u7g ug{ ;Sg]5744 .

o:tf cfof]ux¿nfO{ s'g} klg JolQmnfO{ af]nfpg / aofg lng, cfjZos b:tfj]hx¿ lemsfpg cfb]z lbg, k|df0f a'em\g / ;/sf/L jf ;fj{hlgs sfof{nonfO{ b:tfj]h pknAw u/fpg cbfnt;/xsf clwsf/x¿ x'G5g\ . ltgn] s'g} klg JolQm jf If]qsf] vfgtnf; ug{ jf To:tf] vfgtnf;sf nflu cfb]z lbg ;Sg]5g\745 . cfof]usf sfd tyf sfo{ljlwx¿ uf]Ko x'G5g\ t/ æ;fj{ef}d;Qf, cv08tf jf ;fdl/s dxTTjsf jf ;fj{hlgs zflGt ;'Joj:yfdf jf ljleGg hft hflt jf ;Dk|bfox¿aLrsf] ;';DaGwdf k|lts"n c;/ kfg]{ tyf ldq /fi6«x¿sf] ;DaGwdf k|lts"n c;/ kfg]{ s'/f afx]sÆ746 k|ltj]bgsf s'/f ;fj{hlgs hfgsf/Lsf nflu k|sfzg ul/g]5 . o; P]gcg';f/, hfFra'em cfof]un] cfkm\gf] sfof{b]zsf] ;dflKtkl5 cfof]u :yfkgf ug]{ clwsf/L;dIf k|ltj]bg k]; ug]{5 .

lj=;+= @)^$ h]7 !* ut] ;/sf/n] ;z:q åGåsf qmddf ePsf ank"j{s a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ a]kQf;DaGwL 5fglag cfof]u :yfkgf ug]{ lg0f{osf] 3f]if0ff u¥of] . t/, of] k|ltj]bg tof/ x'g] a]nf;Dd klg cfof]u :yfkgf ePsf] lyPg .

v_ ;'/Iffkmf}hsf] lgu/fgL

lj=;+= @)$& sf] ;+ljwfgn] /fhfnfO{ tTsfnLg zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfsf] k/d;]gflwklt dfg]sf] lyof] . pgn] k|wfgdGqLsf] l;kmfl/;df k|wfg;]gfkltsf] lgo'lQm ub{y]747. clxn], cGtl/d ;+ljwfgcg';f/, k|wfg;]gfkltsf] lgo'lQm / ;]gfsf] lgoGq0f, kl/rfng tyf Joj:yfkgsf nflu dlGqkl/ifb\ lhDd]jf/ x'G5748 . g]kfnL ;]gfsf]

744 hfFra'em P]g, wf/f #-!_df rrf{ ul/Ph:t} g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg -@)$&_sf] wf/f (@ sf] k|ltaGwfTds jfSof+zdf ;a} s'/fx¿ pNn]v ul/Psf 5g\ .745 hfFra'em P]g, @)@^, bkmf $-@_, $-#_ / -%_-s_ .746 P]= bkmf *-s_ .747 g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg -@)$&_, wf/f !!( .748 g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg -@)^#_, wf/f !$$ -@_-#_ .

246

lgu/fgL /Iff dGqfnon] ug]{5 / dGqfnosf] k|zf;g tyf ljQ zfvfn] unt sfo{af/] ph'/L k|fKt ug]{5749 .

u[x dGqfnon] b'O{j6f k|x/L an -g]kfn k|x/L / ;z:q k|x/L an_ tyf /fli6«o cg';Gwfg ljefudfly lgu/fgL /fVb5 . u[x dGqfnon] k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/Laf6 jflif{s ¿kdf k|x/Lsf] sfo{;Dkfbgaf/] k|ltj]bg k|fKt ub{5750 . ;g\ @))# hgj/Lotf u[x dGqfnodf Pp6f dfgjclwsf/ ;]nsf] :yfkgf ul/Psf] 5 / o;n] g]kfn k|x/L, ;z:q k|x/L an tyf /fli6«o cg';Gwfg ljefuåf/f tof/ kfl/Psf dfgjclwsf/ pNnª\3gsf k|ltj]bgx¿sf] cg'udg ub{5 .

!)=#=$ /fli6«o dfgjclwsf/ cfof]u

/fli6«o dfgjclwsf/ cfof]u -cfof]u_sf] :yfkgf dfgjclwsf/ cfof]u P]g, !((& cg';f/ ;g\ @))) df Ps :jtGq tyf :jfoQ sfg'gL lgsfosf] ¿kdf ul/Psf] lyof] . o; P]gnfO{ /fli6«o dfgjclwsf/ cfof]u P]g, @)^* åf/f @)^* df3 ^ ut] k|lt:yfkg ul/of] . o;n] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# cg';f/ ;+j}wflgs lgsfosf] x}l;ot k|fKt u¥of] . /fi6«kltn] ;+j}wflgs kl/ifb\sf] l;kmfl/;df cfof]usf cWoIf tyf ;b:ox¿sf] lgo'lQm ug]{5g\751 .

cfof]un] s'g} ph'/L k|fKt u/]kl5 cyjf cfkm\g} kxndf ;Defljt dfgjclwsf/ pNnª\3gsf] 5fglag tyf cg';Gwfg ub{5 . o;n] s'g} klg 7fpFsf] e|d0f ug{ / h'g;'s} clwsf/L, y'gf:yn jf ;/sf/L ;+:yfsf] c'gudg ug{ tyf ;+:yfx¿n] dfgjclwsf/ dfkb08x¿adf]lhd sfo{ ug]{ s'/fsf] lglZrt ug]{u/L ;/sf/nfO{ l;kmfl/; ug{ ;S5752 .

cfkm\gf sfo{x¿nfO{ ;fy lbg cfof]unfO{ cbfntnfO{ eP;/xsf clwsf/ k|fKt x'g]5g\ . o;n] s'g} klg JolQmnfO{ cfof]u;dIf pkl:yt u/fpg, yk k|df0f jf ;fIfL a'em\g, sfuhftx¿ lemsfpg] cfb]z lbg, ;fj{hlgs b:tfj]hsf k|ltsf nflu cg'/f]w ug{ / cfkm"n] pko'Qm ;Dem]sf s'g} klg vf]htnf; ug{ jf To;nfO{ ;xh u/fpg ;Sg]5753 . o;n] dfgjclwsf/ pNnª\3gst{flj?4 cbfntL sf/afxLsf nflu l;kmfl/; klg ug{ ;Sg]5754 .

;}lgs P]gdf ;d]l6Psf clwsf+z ljifonfO{ /fli6«o dfgjclwsf/ cfof]u P]g tyf cGtl/d ;+ljwfgn] cfof]usf If]qflwsf/eGbf aflx/ /fv]sf] eP klg, cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !#@-$_n] ;}lgs 749 /IffdGqfnosf] j]a;fO6 http://www.mod.gov.np/aboutmod.php, accessed 17 August 2010.750 x]g'{xf];\ k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/Laf/] pkbkmf (=#=@, k[= !*$ .751 g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg -@)^#_, wf/f !#!-#_ .752 /fli6«o dfgjclwsf/ cfof]u P]g, bkmf (Ù g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg -@)^#_, wf/f !#@ .753 /fli6«o dfgjclwsf/ cfof]u P]g, bkmf !! .754 /fli6«o dfgjclwsf/ cfof]u P]g, bkmf !!Ù g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg -@)^#_, wf/f !#@ .

247

P]gcGtu{tsf ;Ldfx¿ h];'s} eP klg cGt/fli6«o dfgjclwsf/ sfg'g jf cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg'gsf] pNnª\3g ePsf] ljifodf o; P]gcGtu{t sf/afxL rnfpg afwf kg]{ 5}g egL k|:6;Fu pNn]v u/]sf] 5755 .

cfof]un] ;/sf/ tyf ;fj{hlgs sfof{nonfO{ s'g} d'2fsf af/] sf/afxL ug{ l;kmfl/; ug{ ;S5 . s'g} klg clwsf/L, JolQm jf cfkm\gf l;kmfl/; jf lgb]{zgx¿ kfngf jf sfof{Gjog ug{ g;Sg] ;+:yfsf] gfd ;dfj]z u/L k|ltj]bgx¿ ;fj{hlgs ug{ ;lsG5 . To;afx]s, cfof]un] s'g} klg clwsf/L, JolQm jf ;+:yfsf] gfd dfgjclwsf/ pNnª\3gsf] kL8ssf] ¿kdf ;fj{hlgs ug{ ;S5,756 oBlk o; clwsf/;Fu sfof{Gjog ;+oGq ufFl;Psf] 5}g .

!)=#=% dfcf]jfbL æGofo k|0ffnLÆ

åGåsf a]nf dfcf]jfbLx¿n] pgLx¿sf] cfkm\g} ;dfgfGt/ Gofo k|0ffnLsf] lgdf{0f u/]sf lyP t/ o;sf ;+:yf, sfo{ tyf cEof;x¿af/] cToGt yf]/}dfq yfx 5 jf yfxf 5}g eg] klg x'G5 . åGåsf] kl5Nnf] cjlwlt/ g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_n] cfwf/e"t sfg'gL b:tfj]hsf] ¿kdf æu0ftGq g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs sfg'gL ;+lxtf, @)^)Æ757 k|sfzg u¥of] . o;n] sfg'gnfO{ æ;do, kl/l:ylt Pj+ hgcfsfª\Iffcg';f/ kl/jt{gn] rfx]cg'¿k ljsfl;t, kl/jlt{t tyf ;'wfl/+b} hfg]Æ k|lqmof xf] eGof] . of] ;+lxtf d'n'sL P]gsf kmf}hbf/L k|fjwfgaf6 lgs} k|efljt ePsf] b]lvG5758 t/ To;nfO,{ pbfx/0fsf nflu, sd ;hfo tf]s]/ dfcf]jfbL ljrf/wf/f;Fu ldNg]u/L ;dfof]hg ul/Psf] 5 .

åGåsfnLg cjlwdf cf/f]lkt ck/fw;DaGwL d'2f x]g]{ sfd æhgcbfntx¿Æn] ub{y] . oL cbfntx¿ clwsf+ztM rnfodfg x'Gy] / æGofofwLzx¿Æ d'2f ;'Gg eg]/ Ps 7fpFaf6 csf]{ 7fpFdf hfGy] 759 . s}nfnL, afFs], s}nfnL / s~rgk'/nufotsf lhNnfx¿df, æhgcbfntÆn] PsfGtdf /x]sf tyf ;fOgaf]8{ 6fFl;Psf ejgx¿af6 cfkm\gf] sfd ub{y]760 . cGo Onfsfdf, vf;u/L cem b'u{d If]qdf, Goflos sfo{x¿ g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_sf] g]t[Tj, of t æhg;/sf/sfÆ k|755 æo; wf/fdf h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP klg /fli6«o dfgjclwsf/ cfof]unfO{ ;}lgs P]gsf] clwsf/If]qdf kg]{ s'g} klg ljifosf ;DaGwdf s'g} klg clwsf/ x'g] 5}g . t/, dfgjclwsf/ tyf dfgjLo sfg'gsf] pNnª\3gsf 36gf;DaGwL sf/afxLdf s'g} s'/fn] afwf k'¥ofPsf] dflgg] 5}g .Æ756 g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg -@)^#_, wf/f !#@ .757 hgu0ftGq g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs sfg'gL ;+lxtf @)^) -@))#÷@))$_, ;+o'Qm qmflGtsf/L hgkl/ifb\, g]kfn, s]Gb|Lo sfof{no, wf/f ! .758 lszf]/ g]kfn, “The Maoist Service Provision in Parts of Mid and Far West Nepal”, (Centre for Professional Journalism Studies, March 2005).759 cGt/f{li6«o sld;g ckm h'l/:6 -cfO{;Lh]_, æg]kfnM ;ª\qmd0fdf Gofo,Æ -@))*_ k[= * .760 &^)= pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{nosf] cfGtl/s k|ltj]bg, g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_sf] dWo tyf ;'b"/ klZrdf~rn If]qdf hgcbfnt / kmf}hbf/L Gofo -l8;]Da/ @))^_, k[= ! .

248

ltlglwx¿åf/f of hgd'lQm ;]gf of ldlnl;ofsf g]tfx¿åf/f ul/GYof]761 .

GofofwLzx¿ ;fdfGotM :yfoL ¿kdf lgo'Qm ul/Psf x'Fb}gy] g t pgLx¿ k"0f{sfnLg g} x'Gy] . clwsf+z cj:yfdf, /fhgLlts lhDd]jf/L kfPsf g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_sf ;b:ox¿ Goflos If]qdf sfd ub{y] . k|ltj]bgsf cg';f/, GofofwLzsf] lgo'lQm ul/GYof] / o; lg0f{onfO{ …x'G5Ú eGg] cy{df 6fpsf] xNnfP/ jf xft dfly p7fP/ :yfgLo dflg;x¿åf/f æ:jLs[lt k|bfgÆ ul/GYof] . k|To]s d'2fdf Psb]lv kfFrhgf ;b:ox¿ a:by]762 . ;g\ @))% df ul/Psf] ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3 ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] Ps cWoogn] -;a}eGbf tNnf]_ ufpF:t/Lo æhgcbfntÆdf b'O{ GofofwLz, Ps clwjQmf, :yfgLo æhg;/sf/af6Æ b'O{ ;'/IffsdL{ / Ps dlxnf ;b:o ePsf] kfof]763 .

;fj{hlgs sfg'gL ;+lxtf cg';Gwfg, k'k{If / ;'g'jfO{sf sfo{ljlwaf/] df}g 5 . clwsf+z cj:yfdf, lg0f{ox¿ Ps}lbgdf df}lvs ¿kdf ;'gfOGYof]764 / lnlvt km};nf la/n} tof/ ul/Psf] x'GYof] . sDtLdf s]xL lg0f{ox¿sf nflu kf6L{sf] :jLs[lt cfjZos k/]sf] b]lvG5 / ;Dk"0f{ d'2f g} kf6L{n] cfkm\gf] xftdf lnPsf pbfx/0fx¿ 5g\765 . g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_n] æhgcbfntÆsf tLg tx ePsf] s'/f pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . tL x'g\M lhNnf tx, k'g/fj]bg cbfnt / clGtd cf>osf] cbfnt . k'g/fj]bg cbfntdf Ps jl/i7 /fhgLlts sfo{stf{ x'Gy] eg] clGtd cf>osf] cbfnt Ps s]Gb|Lo ;ldltsf ;b:o;lxt tLg GofofwLz ldn]/ ag]sf] x'GYof]766 .

pQm ;+lxtdf tLg k|sf/sf ;hfosf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof]M h]n ;hfo, >d;lxtsf] h]n ;hfo / hl/jfgf767 . æhg;/sf/lj?4sf] ck/fwÆ h:tf æuDeL/ ck/fwÆdf !) jif{;Ddsf] h]n ;hfo lbOGYof]768 . cGoyf, dfly pNnv]v ul/Pem}F, b08;hfo /fHosf] Gofo k|0ffnLn] tf]s]eGbf sd x'g] ub{Yof] . ;+lxtfdf d[To'b08sf] pNn]v 5}g .

æ>d;lxtsf] h]n;hfoÆ kfPsf JolQmx¿nfO{ >d lzlj/df k7fOGYof] h'g åGåsfnLg cjlwsf] w]/}h;f] ;oddf cl:tTjdf /x]sf] 761 cfO{;Lh], æg]kfnM ;ª\qmd0fdf Gofo,Æ -@))*_ k[= * .762 cfO{;Lh], æg]kfnM ;ª\qmd0fdf Gofo,Æ -@))*_ k[= * .763 æg]kfndf åGåsf] ;dodf Gofodf kx'Fr,Æ o'Pg8LkLåf/f u/fOPsf] ck|sflzt cWoog, -@))% h'g_, k[= #) .764 P]= .765 cfO{;Lh], æg]kfnM ;ª\qmd0fdf Gofo,Æ -@))*_ k[= !) .766 P]= k[= *—( .767 P]= k[= !! .768 ;fj{hlgs sfg'gL ;+lxt @)^), cWofo $—!) -@))#÷@))$_ .

249

b]lvG5 . o:tf lzlj/ dfcf]jfbL :s'n, ;8s, c:ktfn tyf cGo cfwf/e"t ;+/rgfsf nflu lgdf0f{:yn, v]t / dfcf]jfbLn] ;~rfng u/]sf sfof{no jf dfcf]jfbL /fhgLlts sfo{stf{sf 3/x¿ x'Gy]769 .

lj=;+= @)^# c;f/ !( ut] dfcf]jfbL g]tf k'iksd bfxfn -…k|r08Ú_n] æhgcbfntÆ æ7"nf ;x/ tyf /fhwfgLÆdf lj36g ul/g]5 egL ;fj{hlgs ¿kdf lgb]{zg hf/L u/]770 . lj:t[t zflGt ;Demf}tfn] ;dfgfGt/ ;+/rgf g/fVg] ;xdltnfO{ cf}krfl/stf lbof]771 / g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_n] @))& hgj/Ldf æhgcbfntÆ lj36g u/]sf] 3f]if0ff u/]772.

!)=#=^ cfGtl/s hjfkmb]xLtfsf ;+oGqx¿

dfly rrf{ ul/Psf u}/;}lgs kmf}hbf/L sf/afxLx¿ afx]s, /fHosf] ;'/Iffkmf}h, / s]xL xb;Dd dfcf]jfbL ;+oGq, n] cfGtl/s Goflos tyf cg'zf;gfTds ;+oGqx¿sf] ;~rfng u/]sf lyP h;sf] lgdf{0f cfkm\gf ;b:ox¿sf] cfk/flws tyf u}/cfk/flws cfr/0fnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ lx;fan] ul/Psf] lyof] . lj:t[t ¿kdf tL sfo{ljlwx¿af/] rrf{ ug'{ o; k|ltj]bgsf] bfo/feGbf aflx/sf] s'/f ePklg, cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gsf uDeL/ pNnª\3gsf] pkrf/df ljleGg kmf}hn] åGåsfnel/ s:tf ;fwgx¿ k|of]udf NofPsf lyP eGg] s'/fnfO{ a'em\g ;3fpg] dg;fon] ;ª\lIfKt ¿kdf oxfF To;sf] rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 .

s_ zfxL g]kfnL ;]gf

zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfdf cfkm\gf sd{rf/Ldf nfu' x'g] tLg txsf cfGtl/s hjfkmb]xLtf ;+oGqx¿ lyP . tL x'g\M sf]6{ ckm OGSjfo/L, cg'zf;gfTds sf/afxL / sf]6{ df;{n773 . oL ;+oGqx¿ æ;}lgs ck/fwÆdf ;}lgs sd{rf/Llj?4 nfu' ug{ ;lsGYof], o:tf] k|ju{ h;df cg'zf;gsf] lx;fan] x'g] unt sfd / clwsf+z ck/fw kb{y]774 .

769 cfO{;Lh], æg]kfnM ;ª\qmd0fdf Gofo,Æ -@))*_ k[= @# . pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{nosf] cfGtl/s k|ltj]bg, g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_sf] dWo tyf ;'b"/ klZrdf~rn If]qdf hgcbfnt / kmf}hbf/L Gofo -l8;]Da/ @))^_ . æpRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{non] e]6]sf JolQmx¿ v]tL ul//x]sf, lrof bf]sfgdf sfd ul//x]sf, :s'ndf n'Sg] vf8n vlg/x]sf, g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_sf sfof{nodf lkogsf ¿kdf sfd ul//x]sf jf g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_sf sfo{qmddf ;3fO/x]sf lyP .Æ770 g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_, s]Gb|Lo ;ldlt, k|]; jQmJo, @)^# c;f/ !( .771 lj:t[t zflGt ;Demf}tf -@)^# dª\l;/ %_ cg'= !)=!Ù ;/sf/—dfcf]jfbL ;dembf/L, cg'= #-u_ / &-s_ .772 g]kfn sDo'lg:6 kf6L{ -dfcf]jfbL_, s]Gb|Lo ;ldlt, k|]; jQmJo, @)^# df3 $ .773 o;kl5 oL tLgj6f ;+oGqnfO{ ;fd"lxs ¿kdf hgfpFbf æ;}lgs sf/afxLÆ eGg] kbfjnL k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 .774 pbfx/0fsf nflu, ;}lgs ljb|f]x, euf}8f;Fu ;DalGwt ck/fw, cflwsfl/s sfuhkqsf] hfn;fhL, sfg'g;Ddt cfb]zx¿ gdfGg] / kqmfp;Fu ;DalGwt ck/fwx¿ cg'zf;gfTds sf/afxLsf] bfo/fdf kb{5g\ . ;}lgs P]g, @)!^, bkmf @&—%(Ù ;}lgs P]g, @)^#, bkmf #*—^!, ^# .

250

i_ sf]6{ ckm OGSjfo/L

sf]6{ ckm OGSjfo/L g]kfnL ;]gfsf sd{rf/Llj?4 nufOPsf ljlzi6 ph'/L tyf cf/f]kx¿af/] cWoog ug{ ;}lgs g]t[Tjsf] cfb]zdf u7g ul/Psf] Ps c:yfoL cfGtl/s cg';GwfgfTds lgsfo xf] . k/Dk/fut ¿kdf ;}lgs :6fkmdfq ePsf]df,775 ;}lgs P]g, @)^# n] cGt/f{li6«o ck/fwnufotsf a9L uDeL/ d'2fx¿df sf]6{ ckm OGSjfo/Låf/f x'g] cg';Gwfgdf ;xfotf ug{ Ps u}/;}lgs JolQmsf] ¿kdf gfoa dxfGoflwjQmfnfO{ yk ul/of]776 .

sf]6{ ckm OGSjfo/Ln] cfkm\gf] cg';Gwfg k"/f u/]kl5 o;n] Tof] kl/0ffdnfO{ sfo{/yL pk/yLnfO{ k7fpF5, h;n] Tof] kmfon ;dLIffkZrft\ d'2fnfO{ aGb ug]{ ls cg'zf;gfTds sf/afxL jf sf]6{ df;{n ug]{ eGg]af/] k|wfg;]gfkltsxfF l;kmfl/; ub{5g\777 . cg'zf;gfTds sf/afxL / sf]6{ df;{naLrsf] 5gf]6 ck/fwsf] uDeL/tdf e/ kb{5778 .

ii_ sf]6{ df;{n

sf]6{ df;{n ;]gfåf/f ul/Psf åGå;Fu ;DalGwt pNnª\3gx¿df ;hfo lbg] k|fylds ;+oGq lyof] . åGåsf] ;dodf sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf] ;}lgs P]g, @)!^ cg';f/, xTof jf anfTsf/nufotsf ck/fw ug]{ ;}lgs clwsf/LnfO{ sf]6{df;{n ;dIf pEofOGYof]779 . d"ntM o:tf uDeL/ ck/fwx¿df Gofo k|bfg ug{ g;s]sf sf/0fn] ubf{ ;}lgs P]g, @)^# n] o;sf] If]qflwsf/nufotsf s'/fdf dxTTjk"0f{ kl/jt{gx¿ Nofof] . clxn] ;a} kl/l:yltdf ePsf st{Jo Hofg tyf anfTsf/sf 36gf sf]6{ df;{nsf] If]qflwsf/eGbf aflx/ /x]sf 5g\780 . e|i6frf/, rf]/L, oftgf tyf a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{ of] @)^# sf] sfg'gdf gofF ;"rLs[t ePsf ck/fwx¿ x'g\ . gful/s cbfntn] klg oL ck/fwx¿nfO{ x]b{5g\781 . Tolt eP/ klg lghfdtL P]gcg';f/sf ck/fwx¿ Ps ;}lgs sd{rf/Ln] csf]{ ;}lgs sd{rf/Llj?4 u/]sf] eP tL ck/fw of] P]gadf]lhd sf]6{ df;{nåf/f b08gLo x'G5g\ . 775 pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{no—g]kfnsf] g]kfnL ;]gfsf] dfgjclwsf/ lgb]{zgfno;Fusf] a}7sdf k'li6 ePsf], @)^# r}t @@ .776 ;}lgs P]g, @)^#, bkmf ^@-@_ .777 g]kfnL ;]gf, æg]kfnL ;]gfdf dfgjclwsf/,Æ Available at http://www.nepalarmy.mil.np/human_right.php778 ;}lgs P]g, @)^#, bkmf !)%-!_ . ;}lgs P]g, @)!^ sf ;dfg bkmfx¿ &!, &@, &# / &$ x'g\ .779 zflGtsf ;dodf, xTof / anfTsf/ ckjfb lyP . ltgsf lj?4 gful/s cbfntdf d'2f rnfOGYof] . t/, ;}lgs sd{rf/L æ;}lgs sf/afxLdfÆ ;+nUg ePsf cjlwdf xTof jf anfTsf/ ul/Psf] cj:yfdf ;}lgs cbfntn] cfkm\gf] If]qflwsf/ sfod /fVof] . ;}lgs P]g, !(%(, bkmf ^! .780 ;}lgs P]g, @)^#, bkmf ^^ .781 t/, sfg'gn] oL ck/fwsf] kl/efiff u/]g jf s'g} klg b08;hfo tf]s]g . g t oftgf g a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{nfO{ g} cGo s'g} /fli6«o sfg'gcGtu{t ck/fwLs/0f ul/Psf] 5, h;af6 ltgsf tTjx¿af/] dfu{bz{g ug{ ;lsGYof] . g t cGoq b08;hfo g} lbOPsf] 5 .

251

sf]6{ df;{nn] klg gful/s cbfntn]em}F sfo{ ub{5782 . o; k|lqmofdf ;fIfLsf] ;'g'jfO{ ug{ ;lsg]5783 / ;}lgs cbfntdf ;'g'jfO{ x'g] d'2fsf] cg';Gwfg / ;'g'jfO{sf] qmddf cleo'Qmsf kmf}hbf/L Gofosf clwsf/x¿sf] ;+/If0f ul/g]5 / k|lt/Iffsf k|df0fx¿ k]; ug{ plrt df}sf lbOg]5784 . cleo'Qmn] g]kfnL ;]gfsf k|f8 ljjfssf] s'g} ;b:onfO{ cfkm\gf] k|lt/Iffdf ;xof]u ug{ cg'/f]w ug{ ;Sg]5 / o:tf] cg'/f]w cfPdf, @)^# sf] ;}lgs P]gn] To:tf] ;xfotf pknAw u/fOg'k5{ eg]sf] 5785 . ;'?df Ohnf; aGb x'GYof] t/ @)^# P]gcg';f/ æ/fli6«o ;'/Iff, ;fj{hlgs ;'Joj:yf / kLl8tsf] clwsf/Æsf] ;+/If0f ug'{kg]{ sf/0fafx]s ;fdfGot ;}lgs cbfntsf] Ohnf; v'nf /xg]5786 .

gful/s cbfntdf h:t}, ;}lgs P]gcGtu{t ul/Psf ck/fwdf lbOg] b08;hfo klg ck/fwsf] k|s[lt x]/]/ km/skm/s x'G5 . lj=;+= @)!^ sf] P]gdf d[To'b08sf] ;hfosf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] loof] t/ o;nfO{ @)$& sf] ;+ljwfgn] x6fof] . cGo ;hfox¿df gl;xt lbg]b]lv cleo'Qmsf] ;Dk"0f{ ;DklQ hkmt;lxt h]n ;hfo;Dd 5g\787 .

;}lgs P]g, @)^# nfu' ePkl5, e|i6frf/, rf]/L, oftgf tyf a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{sf ;DaGwdf ljz]if sf]6{df;{nsf lg0f{ox¿lj?4 ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg ug{ ;lsg] eof]788 .

iii_ cg'zf;gfTds sf/afxL

cg'zf;gfTds sf/afxLn] ;}lgs sd{rf/Låf/f ul/Psf sd uDeL/ v/fa cfr/0faf/] x]b{5 / o;af6 5f]6f] ;dosf nflu y'gf, uf8{sf] yk 8\o'6L ;'lDkg], 8\o'6Laf6 x6fpg], tna eQf /f]Sg] jf s§f ug]{, gl;xt lbg], hl/jfgf ug]{ jf b'O{ jif{;Dd a9'jf /f]Ssf ug]{ h:tf ;hfo x'g;S5g\789 . cg'zf;gfTds sf/afxLdf sd}dfq sfo{ljlwut ;'/Iffsjr 5g\ / cleo'Qmn] rfx]df To:tf] s;'/sf]

782 sf]6{ df;{n ljleGg k|sf/sf 5g\ . lj=;+= @)!^ sf] ;}lgs P]gdf rf/j6f sf]6{ df;{n lyP eg] @)^# sf] P]gdf cem Pp6f ylkPsf] 5 — æljlzi6Ls[tÆ sf]6{ df;{n . ;}lgs P]g, @)^#, bkmfx¿ ^&, ^*, &#, *), !!(-#_, *@, *!-!_Ù ;}lgs P]g, @)!^, bkmf (& .783 ;}lgs P]g, @)!^, bkmf !@@-!_Ù ;}lgs P]g, @)^#, bkmf *^-!_ .784 ;}lgs P]g, @)!^, bkmf *$-$_ . lj=;+= @)!^ sf] ;}lgs P]gn] sf/afxL sfg'gsf] plrt k|lqmofcg';f/ x'g'kg]{ eGg] pNn]v ub}{ k|lt/Iff ug{ kfpg] cleo'Qmsf clwsf/x¿nfO{ :ki6 ¿kdf k|Tofe"lt u/]sf] lyPg . ;}lgs P]g, @)!^, bkmf !%)-@_ .785 ;}lgs P]g, @)^# bkmf *!-@_ . @)!^ sf] ;}lgs P]gdf cleo'Qmn] sfg'gL k|ltlglw /fVg kfpg] clwsf/sf] s'g} klg pNn]v ul/Psf] 5}g . 786 ;}lgs P]g, @)^#, bkmf &(-@_ .787 ;}lgs P]g, @)!^, bkmf ^@-!_Ù ;}lgs P]g, @)^#, bkmf !)!-!_ .788 ;}lgs P]g, @)^#, bkmf !!(-$_ .789 ;}lgs P]g, @)!^, bkmf ^(—&$Ù ;}lgs P]g, @)^#, bkmf !)%-!_ .

252

k'k{If ;}lgs cbfntaf6 u/fpgsf nflu lgj]bg lbg] clwsf/af6 lghnfO{ jl~rt ul/g] 5}g .790

iv_ g]kfnL ;]gf dfgjclwsf/ lgb]{zgfno

;]gfleqsf] csf]{ ;+oGq dfgjclwsf/ lgb]{zgfnfo xf] . ;]gfdf dfgjclwsf/ ;]nsf] :yfkgf ;g\ @))@ df ul/Psf] lyof]791 / o;nfO{ @))% hgj/Ldf dxfzfvfdf kl/0ft ul/of] . To:t}, @))& dfr{df o;nfO{ lgb]{zgfnodf ljsf; ul/of] . o;sf] g]t[Tj /yLåf/f ul/Psf] x'G5792 . ;]gfsf] cflwsfl/s j]a;fO6cg';f/, dfgjclwsf/ lgb]{zgfnfo cf/f]kx¿sf] cWoog ug]{ / To;kl5 o;nfO{ æ;DalGwt lgsfodf k7fOg]5Æ elgPsf] 5793 .

v_ g]kfn k|x/L / ;z:q k|x/L an

g]kfn k|x/L / ;z:q k|x/L an b'j}sf ;]gfsf h:t} ;+oGqx¿ 5g\, oBlk ;]gfdf h:tf] geP/, ltgdf ;+oGqx¿ ;Dk"0f{ ¿kdf kmf}hbf/L so{ljlwaf6 cnUu} 5g\ -tn rrf{ ul/P h:tf] ljz]if cbfntcg';f/ afx]s_ . cfrf/;+lxtfn] g} cfcfkm\gf k|x/L kmf}hsf nflu cg'zf;gfTds ck/fwx¿sf] ;fdu|L pknAw u/fpg] x'gfn] o; k|ltj]bgsf ljifo aGg] ck/fw h:tf uDeL/ cGt/f{li6«o ck/fwx¿ ;fdfGotof cg'zf;gfTds ;+oGqsf] If]qflwsf/leq kb}{gg\ . To;}n], o:tf sf/afxLnfO{ oxfF ;ª\lIfKt ¿kdf dfq rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 .

i_ cg'zf;gfTds sf/afxL -ljefuLo sf/afxL_

cfcfkm\gf cfrf/;+lxtsf] pNnª\3g ug]{ cyjf cGo k|sf/n] cfkm\gf st{Jo kfngf gug]{ g]kfn k|x/L / ;z:q k|x/L ansf sd{rf/Lx¿ cg'zf;gfTds sf/afxLsf] eflubf/ x'G5g\ h;nfO{ æljefuLo sf/afxLÆ794 klg elgG5 . s'g} klg JolQmåf/f ul/Psf] ph'/Lkl5 jf s'g} k|x/L clwsf/Lsf] cjnf]sgkl5 g]kfn k|x/L / ;z:q k|x/L ansf sd{rf/Llj?4 sf/afxL ;'? ug{ ;lsg]5795 . jl/i7 clwsf/Lx¿n] 36gfsf] cg';Gwfg ub{5g\796 / ;DalGwt 790 ;}lgs P]g, @)^#, bkmf !)%-@_ .791 g]kfnL ;]gfsf] sfo{/yL pk/yL zfvfn] ;g\ @))@ eGbf cufl8 dfgjclwsf/ tyf cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg'gsf d'2fx¿nfO{ x]b{Yof] .792 g]kfnL ;]gf dfgjclwsf/ jif{ k':ts, @))*, k[= !—@ .793 g]kfnL ;]gf, æg]kfnL ;]gfdf dfgjclwsf/Æ, Available at http://www.nepalarmy.mil.np/human_right.php794 g]kfnL k|x/Lsf] cfrf/;+lxtf k|x/L lgodfjnLsf] cWofo * -lgod ^*—*#_df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . ;z:q k|x/L ansf] cfrf/;+lxtf ;z:q k|x/L lgodfjnLsf] cWofo * df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .795 pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{no—g]kfn / g]kfn k|x/L÷;z:q k|x/L ansf] aLrdf ePsf a}7sx¿ . pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{no—g]kfnnfO{ g]kfn k|x/Lsf nflu æs'g} klg k|x/L clwsf/LÆåf/f ul/g] cjnf]sgdf cfwfl/t 5 eg] ;z:q k|x/L ansf nflu æjl/i7 k|x/L clws[tÆåf/f ul/g] cjnf]sgdf cfwfl/t 5 eGg] hfgsf/L lbOof] .796 k|x/L lgodfjnL, lgod (#Ù ;z:q k|x/L an lgodfjnL, cg';"rL ^ .

253

clwsf/LnfO{ k|lt/Iff blnn k]; ug{ ;fdfGotM kof{Kt cj;/ lbOPsf] x'G5797 . t/, s'g} k|x/L clwsf/LnfO{ kmf}hbf/L s;'/ u/]sf]df kqmfp u/L y'lgPsf] cj:yfdf lghnfO{ kqmfp u/]sf] ldltb]lv :jtM lgnDag ul/g]5798 . cg';Gwfgkl5 jl/i7 clwsf/Ln] k|df0f Pj+ k|lt/Iffsf] d"Nofª\sg u/L b08;hfo tf]Sg]5g\799 . cg'zf;gfTds sf/afxLdf r]tfjgL, zf/Ll/s >ddf nufpg], c:yfoL y'gf, tna jf a9'jf /f]Ssf, 36'jf, lgnDag, hl/jfgf, avf{:tuL jf cGo s'g} klg ;/sf/L ;]jfaf6 alxisf/ kg{ ;S5g\800 . ;hfo kfpg] JolQmx¿nfO{ k'g/fj]bg ug]{ df}sf x'g]5801 . dxTTjk"0f{ s'/f s] 5 eg] ljefuLo sf/afxLn] c¿ s'g} klg cleof]hgfTds k|of;x¿ ug{ afwf k'¥ofpg] 5}g802 .ii_ ljz]if cbfnt sf/afxL

æljz]if cbfntx¿Æn] k|x/Lsf ljlzi6 bfloTj / st{Joaf6 pAh]sf kmf}hbf/L ck/fw u/]sf] cfzª\sfdf k|x/L sd{rf/Llj?4sf d'2f ;'Gb5g\ . o:tf d'2fdf, pbfx/0fsf nflu, ;/sf/L xftxltof/ tyf uf]nL af?b a]Rg] jf a'emfpg], o:tf xftxltof/ k|x/Llj?4 k|of]u ug]{, jf ;/sf/L ;DklQ jf pks/0fsf] Iflt jf ljgfz;Fu ;DalGwt ck/fwx¿ kb{5g\803 . dfly pNn]v ul/Pem}F, cGt/f{li6«o dfgjclwsf/ sfg'g jf cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg'gsf uDeL/ pNnª\3gsf cf/f]knfO{ x]b}{g, h;nfO{ k|x/Lsf] vf]hkl5,, gful/s kmf}hbf/L sf/afxLcGtu{t NofOG5 .

iii_ dfgjclwsf/ PsfO÷;]n, sfg'gL PsfO tyf cGo cjojx¿

g]kfn k|x/Lsf] dxflg/LIfssf] sfof{nodf Ps d/flg/LIfsfno /x]sf] 5 h;n] k|x/L clwsf/Lx¿sf] ;fdfGo cfr/0fnfO{ x]b{5 . dxflg/LIfsfnodf tLgj6f PsfO /x]sf 5g\ . tL x'g\M u'gf;fx¿ ;'Gg] PsfO, ph'/L cg';Gwfg PsfO / dfgjclwsf/ PsfO . u'gf;f ;'Gg] PsfOn] kl/rfng, a9'jf / sfo{cj:yf h:tf s'/f;Fu ;DalGwt k|x/L sd{rf/Låf/f cfPsf cfGtl/s u'gf;fsf] cWoog ub{5 eg] ph'/L cg';Gwfg PsfOn] aflx/af6 cfPsf ph'/Lx¿, vf;u/L c';Gwfgdf k|ult gx'g]nufotsf k|x/Lsf cfr/0fsf af/]df, k|fKt u/L To;sf] cWoog 797 o; lgodsf ckjfbx¿ 5g\ . x]g'{xf];\ k|x/L P]g, bkmf !)-!_Ù k|x/L lgodfjnL, lgod *(-@_Ù ;z:q k|x/L an P]g, bkmf @!Ù ;z:q k|x/L an lgodfjnL, lgod (!Ù ;z:q k|x/L an lgodfjnL, lgod ($Ù ;z:q k|x/L an lgodfjnL, lgod (^-!_ .798 k|x/L lgodfjnL, lgod *(-^_Ù ;z:q k|x/L an lgodfjnL, lgod @)-#_ .799 k|x/L lgodfjnL, lgod ()Ù ;z:q k|x/L an lgodfjnL, lgod (^-!_ .800 k|x/L P]g, bkmf (-#_ / -$_Ù k|x/L lgodfjnL, lgod *$—**Ù ;z:q k|x/L an lgodfjnL, lgod *$-s_ / -v_, *%—*^ .801 k|x/L lgodfjnL, lgod (@—($Ù ;z:q k|x/L an lgodfjnL, lgod (*-!_, (*-@_-3_Ù lgod ((Ù cg';"rL ^ .802 k|x/L P]g, bkmf !)sÙ ;z:q k|x/L an P]g, bkmf @@ .803 k|x/L P]g, bkmf ##s / vÙ ;z:q k|x/L an P]g, bkmf @& .

254

ub{5 . To:t}, dfgjclwsf/ PsfOn] g]kfn k|x/Lsf sd{rf/L ;+nUg ePsf dfgjclwsf/ pNnª\3gsf ph'/Lx¿ k|fKt u/L To;sf] cWoog ub{5804 . cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg'g / dfgjclwsf/ sfg'gsf] uDeL/ pNnª\3g ePsf] ljZj;gLo cf/f]knfO{ dfgjclwsf/ PsfO;dIf NofOPdf To;sf] cg';Gwfg ul/g]5 / To;df u'0fjQf ePsf] kfOPdf To;nfO{ cleof]hgsf nflu cGttM ;/sf/L jlsn;dIf k'¥ofOg]5 eGg] a'lemG5 .

;z:q k|x/L ansf] klg ckm\gf] dfgjclwsf/ ;]n 5 . of] sf/afxL ljefudf cjl:yt 5 . o;sf] sfd dfgjclwsf/ pNnª\3gsf 36gfx¿sf] cg'udg ug'{ tyf cfjZos k/]df sf/afxLsf nflu ltgnfO{ l;kmfl/; ug'{ xf] . dfgjclwsf/;DaGwL ljifodf dxflg/LIfsnfO{ ;Nnfx lbg' klg o;sf] e"ldsf xf]805 .

!)=#=& g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_

;fdfGotM dfcf]jfbLx¿ hjfkmb]xLtfsf cfGtl/s ;+oGq tyf sfo{ljlwaf/] Tolt rrf{ gug]{ x'gfn] æhgGofo k|0ffnLÆaf/] h:t} o;af/] klg cToGt sd dfq yfxf 5 . cf}krfl/s cg'zf;gfTds ;+oGq jf sfo{ljlwaf/] pgLx¿af6 s'g} klg hfgsf/L ;fj{hlgs ePsf] 5}g . pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{no;Fu ;g\ @))^ df ePsf] a}7sdf g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_sf sfg'gL ;Nnfxsf/x¿n] kf6L{df cg'zf;g;DaGwL s'g} klg ;+lxtf gePsf] s'/fnfO{ :jLsf/ u/]806 .

t}klg, g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_;Fu cfkm\gf] kf6L{ kª\lQmdf cg'zf;gsf] kfngf u/fpg] ;fwg ePsf] s'/f :ki6 5 . cflwsfl/s sfo{ ljefhg tyf 6fO6nx¿ h];'s} eP klg, k|r08sf] ;du| k|flwsf/ / k|efj dfcf]jfbL cfGbf]ngel/ /lx/Xof] / s]Gb|Lo g]t[Tjn] ;a} ljifoj:t'df cfkm\gf] alnof] lgoGq0f sfod /flv/Xof]807 . ;}lgs sdfG8/ / /fhgLlts sld;f/sf] bf]xf]/f] g]t[Tj kf6L{leq cg'zf;g sfod ug{s} nflu agfOPsf] lyof] klg elgG5 . hgd'lQm ;]gfsf sdfG8/x¿n] ;}lgs sf/afxLaf/] lg0f{o ub{y] t/ sld;f/sf] kf6L{sf] bhf{ sdfG8/sf] eGbf dfly x'GYof] / k|To]s txdf ul/g] dxTTjk"0f{ lg0f{ox¿ ;+o'Qm ¿kdf ul/g'kYof]{808 .

kf6L{n] nfk/afxL tyf unt sfo{sf nflu sfo{stf{lj?4 sf/afxL u/]sf] b]lvG5 t/ o:tf cg'zf;gfTds pkfox¿ ha ul/GYof] ;fdfGotof 804 k|x/L bk{0f, g]kfn k|x/L k|sfzg, available from http://www.nepalpolice.gov.np/images/dpcuments/police_mirror_2009.pdf, last accessed 28 October 2010.805 g]kfn ;/sf/, u[x dGqfno, ;z:q k|x/L PsfO, ædfgjclwsf/Æ, Available at http://www.apf.gov.np/humanrights/humanrights.php.806 sfg'gL ;Nnfxsf/x¿;Fu pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{nosf a}7sx¿, h'g @))^ .807 International Crisis Group, Nepal's Maoists, p.13 (see footnote 28) International Crisis Group, Nepal's Maoists, p.13 (see footnote 28)808 P]= k[= !$ .

255

aflx/af6 bafa cfPkl5 dfq ltgnfO{ ;fj{hlgs ug]{ ul/GYof]809 . pbfx/0fsf nflu, pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{nosf] dfgjclwsf/ b'Jo{jxf/;DaGwL lgisif{x¿sf] k|ltpQ/df, g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_n] ækf6L{ gLltlj?4 s'6lk6, ckx/0f jf xTofx¿sf nflu lhDd]jf/ sfo{stf{lj?4 tTsfn ;fj{hlgs sf/afxL ug{Æsf nflu klg cfkm"n] lhNnf:t/df sfof{nox¿ vf]n]sf] s'/f atfof]810. g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_n] s]xL xfO{ k|f]kmfOnsf 36gfdf lhDd]jf/ kf6L{ sfo{stf{lj?4 sf/afxL ul/Psf] s'/f ;fj{hlgs ¿kd} klg pNn]v u/]sf] lyof]811 .

g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_sf] s]Gb|Lo txdf Pp6f dfgjclwsf/ ljefu klg lyof] elgG5 t/ ko{j]Ifsx¿n] d"ntM /fHosf To:t}vfn] ;+/rgfx¿nfO{ 5fofFdf kfg{ of] k|of; ul/Psf] / o:tf] s'g} klg ultljlwsf] k|df0f gePsf] bfaL u/]812 . åGåsf qmddf cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg'g tyf dfgjclwsf/ sfg'gsf uDeL/ pNnª\3gx¿df Gofo lg¿k0f ug{ æhgGofo k|0ffnLÆ g} To:tf] 7fpF lyof] eg]/ cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 . t/, of] k|ltj]bg tof/ kfbf{sf] ;do;Dd ;ª\sng ul/Psf tYofª\sx¿n] o:tf s'g} klg 36gfx¿nfO{ b]vfPgg\ .

!)=$ JolQmx¿nfO{ hjfkmb]xL agfpgdf ljkmntf

ljleGg txdf hjfkmb]xLtf;DaGwL ;+oGqx¿ eP tfklg jf:tjdf s;}nfO{ klg hjfkmb]xL agfOPsf] 5}g / ck/fw;Fu ;dfg'kflts x'g]u/L ;hfo lbOPsf] 5}g . o'4sf] cf}krfl/s cGTo ePsf] s]xL jif{kl5 klg s;}nfO{ klg cGt/f{li6«o dfgjclwsf/ tyf dfgjLo sfg'gsf] uDeL/ pNnª\3gsf nflu gful/s cbftndf kmf}hbf/L cleof]hg ul/Psf] 5}g813 .

o; v08n] ;Da4 ;+oGqx¿ hjfkmb]xLtf lglZrt ug{ sxfFg]/ ljkmn eP eGg] s]xL pbfx/0fx¿ k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . s] s'/fnfO{ Wofg lbg' cfjZos 5 eg] o; v08n] o:tf ;d:ofx¿sf] k"0f{ ;"rL pknAw u/fpg] k|oTg u/]sf] 5}g a? o'4sf a]nf / o'4kl5 b'j} cj:yfdf Goflos pkrf/ lbg] k|0ffnL s;/L ljkmn eof] eGg] pbfx/0fx¿ lbPsf] 5 .

!)=$=! sfg'g

809 Ibid, p.13; Dekendra Raj Thapa, Ref. No. 2004-08-11 - incident - Dailekh _5179.810 pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{no—g]kfn, g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_åf/f ul/Psf b'Jo{jxf/, ;/f]sf/x¿sf] ;f/;ª\If]k, @))^ ;]K6]Da/, k[= ! .811 x]g'{xf];, h:t}, df8Lsf] ad lj:kmf]6gsf] 36gf, Ref. No 2005-06-06 - incident - Chitwan _0106, k|tLsfTds 36gf %=!% .812 International Crisis Group, Nepal’s Maoist (see footnote19).813 cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg'g jf cGt/f{li6«o dfgjclwsf/ sfg'gsf pNnª\3gsf nflu cfkm\gf ;b:ox¿lj?4 ;}lgs sf/afxL u/]sf] bfaL u/]sf] eP tfklg g]kfnL ;]gfn] pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{noåf/f k6sk6s ul/Psf cg'/f]wsf afah'b oL bfaLx¿sf] k'li6 ug]{ sfd slxNo} u/]sf] 5}g .

256

/fHoclwsf/Lx¿, vf;u/L ;'/Iffkmf}hsf ;b:ox¿, nfO{ cGt/f{li6«o dfgjclwsf/ /÷jf dfgjLo sfg'geGbf aflx/ uP/ sfo{ ug{ 5'6 lbg] sfg'g cem} klg 5g\ / To;af6 g]kfnsf cGt/f{li6«o dfgjclwsf/ bfloTjsf] pNnª\3g ePsf] 5 . cGo If]qdf, sfg'gsf] cefj cyjf To;df /x]sf q'l6x¿n] ;d:of pTkGg u/fPsf] 5814 . !)=$=@ ansf] k|of]u

åGåsf ;dodf g]kfnsf] /fli6«o sfg'gn] s'gs'g kl/l:yltdf 3fts annufotsf ansf] k|of]u :jLsfo{ x'GYof] eGg] s'/f atfPsf] lyof] . t/, oL k|fjwfgn] cGt/f{li6«o dfkb08x¿n] lbPeGbf aflx/ uP/ cEof; ug{ 5'6 lbof] .

:yfgLo k|zf;g P]gcg';f/, k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/LnfO{ an k|of]u ug]{ tyf æbª\uf k|efljt If]qÆdf skm\{o' 3f]if0ff ug]{ clwsf/ lbPsf] lyof] . To;afx]s, k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/LnfO{ skm\{o' tf]8\g]815 jf bª\ufu|:t If]qdf n'6kf6 ug]{, 3/ jf k;ndf cfuf] nufpg], ;fj{hlgs ;DklQ tf]8kmf]8 ug]{ h:tf lx+;fTds jf ljWj+zfTds sfo{ ug]{ JolQmnfO{ æb]Vg]lalQs} uf]nL xfGg]Æ clwsf/ lbOPsf] lyof]816 . oL k|fjwfgx¿n] hLjgsf] ;+/If0f ug{ Go"gtd cfjZos an k|of]u ug'{kg]{ cGt/f{li6«o dfgjclwsf/ sfg'gn] u/]sf] Joj:yfnfO{ a]jf:tf u/] . uf]nL rnfpgsf nflu lnlvt ¿kdf cfb]z hf/L ug'{ k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/Lsf] bfloTj lyof]817 .

k|x/L clwsf/Lx¿n] pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{no—g]kfn;Fu h?/L k/]sf] cj:yfdf k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/Ln] lg0f{o ug'{kg]{ s'/fsf] cJofjxfl/stfaf/] k6sk6s s'/f p7fPsf lyP . o;n] ubf{ k|x/L clws[tn] vl6Psf k|x/L clwsf/Lx¿nfO{ cfkm\gf] :jljj]s k|of]u ug"{ egL df}lvs ¿kdf lbOg] cfb]zn] hjfkmb]xLtfsf] d'2fnfO{ emg hl6n agfof]818 .

;g\ @))@ kl5, 6f8f÷6f8f]cg';f/, ;'/Iffkmf}hnfO{ Jofks kl/l:yltdf an tyf aGb'ssf] k|of]u ug{ cg'dlt lbOPsf] lyof] . pbfx/0fsf nflu, s'g} ;z:q jf lgz:q JolQm jf JolQmx¿sf] ;d"xn] ;'/Iffkmf}hn] cfkm\gf st{Josf] kfngf

814 pbfx/0fsf nflu, oftgflj?4sf] ;ldltn] oftgfnfO{ k|ltaGw nufpg] sfg'g gePsf]df lrGtf JoQm u/]sf] 5 / g]kfnsf] ;/sf/nfO{ hjfkmb]xLtf lglZrt ug{ l;kmfl/; u/]sf] 5 . Conclusions and Recommendations of the Committee Against Torture: Nepal, CAT/C/NPL/CO/2, para 24.815 :yfgLo k|zf;g P]g, bkmf ^s-$_ .816 :yfgLo k|zf;g P]g, bkmf ^v-!_-v_ .817 cToGt h?/L k/]sf] cj:yfdf, df}lvs ¿kdf cfb]z lbg ;lsg]5 t/ o:tf] cfb]zsf] @$ 306fleq lnlvt ¿kdf k'li6 ePsf] x'g'k5{ . :yfgLo k|zf;g P]g, bkmf ^-!_-3_ .818 pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{nosf k"j{clwsf/L;Fusf] cGtjf{tf{, sf7df8f}F, @)^& dª\l;/ @$ .

257

ul//x]sf a]nf afwf cj/f]w k'¥ofPsf] v08df ;'/Iffkmf}hnfO{ To:tf] zlQm k|of]u ug{ kfpg] clwsf/ lyof]819 .

!)=$=# hfgsf/Lsf] ;fj{hlgsLs/0f

lj=;+= @)@) b]lv b]jfgL / kmf}hbf/L ;+lxtfsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] g]kfnsf] d'n'sL P]gn] ldYof zkynfO{ cleof]hg ug{ ;lsg] ck/fw820 dfg]sf] 5 eg] k|df0f P]g, @)#! n] ;/sf/L sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ cfkm" kbLo x}l;otdf /xFbf k|fKt u/]sf] s'g} klg hfgsf/Lsf] ;fj{hlgsLs/0f ug'{ æ;fj{hlgs lxtlj?4Æ x'g]5 eGg] s'/fdf ljZjf; nfu]df pgLx¿nfO{ To;f] ug{ afWo kfl/g] 5}g eGg] pNn]v u/]sf] 5821 . cbfntn] oL sfg'gsf] cy{ ;fj{hlgs clwsf/LnfO{ æ;fj{hlgs lxtsfÆ ljifodf af]n]sf] em'6f] s'/fnfO{ lnP/ cleof]hg ug{ ;ls+b}g egL JofVof u/]sf 5g\822 .

!)=$=$ pko'Qm sfg'gsf] cefj

g]kfndf b'O{ ;jf{lws dxTTjk"0f{ sfg'gL sdhf]/L a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{ tyf oftgfnfO{ ck/fwLs/0f gul/Psf] cj:yfaf6 ePsf 5g\ . dfly rrf{ ul/Pem}F, a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{ / oftgfnfO{ ;}lgs P]g, @)^# åf/f lgif]w ul/Psf 5g\ / tL cf}krfl/s ¿kdf gful/s cbfntx¿sf] If]qflwsf/leq kb{5g\ . t/, P]gn] oL ck/fwsf] kl/efiff ub}{g, g t To;sf nflu nfu' x'g] b08;hfosf] Joj:yf g} u/]sf] 5 . oftgf Ifltk"lt{ P]g oftgf kLl8tsf] gful/s pkrf/ k|fKt ug]{ clwsf/;Fu dfq ;DalGwt 5 / of] #% lbg] xbDofbsf] 5f]6f] cjlwaf6 kLl8t ag]sf] 5 .

!)=$=% pGd'lQm

k|x/L P]g, ;z:q k|x/L P]g / ;}lgs P]g ;a}n] k|x/L tyf ;]gfnfO{ Jofks clwsf/ lbPsf 5g\ . ;}lgs P]g, @)!^ n] st{Jo kfngsf] l;nl;nfdf u/]sf] s'g} klg sfo{af6 s;}sf] d[To' x'g uPdf jf s;}nfO{ Iflt x'g uPdf To:tf] JolQmpk/ d'2f rnfpg ;lsg] 5}g egL pNn]v u/]sf] lyof]823 . lj=;+= @)^# sf] ;}lgs P]gn] o; k|fjwfgnfO{ ;+zf]wg u¥of] . s;}sf] d[To' x'g] jf s;}nfO{ Iflt x'g]u/L ePsf] sfo{df pGd'lQm sfod /fVbf, tL sfo{ æc;n lgotÆn] ul/Psf] x'g'kg]{5 . To:t}, gofF sfg'gdf klg e|i6frf/, rf]/L, oftgf, a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{, st{Jo Hofg, anfTsf/ tyf cGo o:tf 819 cftª\ssf/L tyf ljWj+zfTds ultljlw -lgoGq0f / ;hfo_ cWofb]z, @))@, bkmf % -`_ .820 d'n'sL P]g, bkmf !^ .821 k|df0f P]g, @)#!, bkmf !$$ .822 UN Working Group on Enforced and Involuntary Disappearances Report, 2005, E/CN.4/2005/65/Add.1, para42; Human Rights Watch, Waiting for Justice, p.63 (see footnote 481)823 ;}lgs P]g, @)!^, bkmf @$s .

258

ck/fwdf pGd'lQm lbOPsf] 5}g824 . k|x/L P]g tyf ;z:q k|x/L P]gn] klg tL b'O{ ;+:yfsf sd{rf/LnfO{ st{Jo kfngsf] l;nl;nfdf æc;n lgotÆn] u/]sf] sfddf pGd'lQm lbPsf] 5825 .

åGåsf] qmddf 6f8f÷6f8f]cg';f/ c;n lgotn] u/]sf] s'g} klg sfo{n] ;hfoaf6 pGd'lQm lbnfpFYof]826 . ;fj{hlgs ;'/Iff P]gdf lgjf/s gh/aGb jf ;f] P]gcg';f/ hf/L cGo cfb]zx¿sf ;DaGwdf æs'g} klg cbfntdf k|Zg p7fpg gkfOg]Æ Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof]827 . t/, b'/fzoo'Qm cfb]zsf ;DaGwdf eg] lhNnf cbfntdf Ifltk"lt{sf] dfu ug{ ;lsGYof]828 / o:tf] cfb]z lbg] clwsf/Llj?4 ljefuLo sf/afxL ul/g'kYof]{829 .

!)=$=^ k|x/L cg';Gwfg

k|x/L cg';Gwfgdf s]xL q'l6x¿ /x]sf lyP h;nfO{ tn pNn]v ul/Psf] 5, oBlk o'4sf ;dodf k|x/L rf}sLx¿nfO{ k|foM lg;fgf agfOPsf] s'/fnfO{ :jLsf/ ul/Psf] 5 . ;fdfGo kl/l:yltdf h:tf] k|x/Ln] sfd u/f];\ eg]/ ck]Iff ug'{ Tolt dgfl;a geP klg tn klxrfg ul/Psf d'2fx¿ cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg'g tyf dfgjclwsf/ sfgg';Fu ;Da4 5g\ .

s_ k|yd hfx]/L bvf{:t830

ck/fw ePsf] 5 egL ljZjf; ug]{ clwsf+z JolQm tyf ltgsf kl/jf/x¿n] k|yd hfx]/L bvf{:t ug]{ k|oTg g} u/]gg\ . o;n] k|x/Ldfly hgljZjf; g/x]sf] s'/fnfO{ k|ltljlDat ug{ ;S5 lsgsL w]/} 36gfdf, k|x/Ln] o:tf] bvf{:t btf{ ug{ dfg]g . clen]v e08f/ tof/ ubf{ lnOPsf ljleGg aofgn] k|x/L o; ;DaGwdf c;xof]uL ePsf] b]vfpFb5831 .

hfx]/L bvf{:t btf{ ug{ jf cg';Gwfg ug{ eg]/ cbfntx¿n] lbPsf cfb]zx¿sf] a]jf:tf ul/of]832 . hfx]/L bvf{:t 824 ;}lgs P]g, @)^#, bkmf @@, ^@ / ^^ .825 k|x/L P]g, bkmf #&Ù ;z:q k|x/L an P]g, bkmf @^Ù ;z:q k|x/L an lgodfjnL, lgod *#-!_ .826 cftª\ssf/L tyf ljWj+zfTds ultljlw -lgoGq0f / ;hfo_ P]g÷cWofb]z, bkmf @) .827 ;fj{hlgs ;'/Iff P]g, bkmf !! .828 P]= bkmf !@s .829 P]= bkmf !# .830 åGå;Fu ;DalGwt uDeL/ ck/fw ePsf] x'g ;Sg] 36gfsf ;DaGwdf ;oeGbf sd hfx]/L bvf{:t g]kfn k|x/Ldf btf{ ul/Psf 5g\ .831 See, e.g., the case of Arjun Bahadur Lama, Ref. No. 2005-04-19 - incident - Kavre _0111. Human Rights Watch, Still Waiting for Justice (see footnote 481),;g\ @))( df k|sfzg ubf{sf] ;do;Dd, rrf{ ul/Psf ^@ 36gfdWo] !) j6fdf, k|x/Ln] cem} klg hfx]/L bvf{:t btf{ ug{ c:jLsf/ u/]sf] 5 egL Xo'dg /fO6\; jfrn] atfPsf] 5 .832 pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{nosf] uf]Ko ;|f]t Ref No. 5352.

259

btf{ ug{ gdfGg'k5fl8sf sf/0fx¿df æk|df0fx¿ ckof{Kt ePsf,]Æ833 æclwsf/ gePsf]Æ834, ;To lg¿k0f cfof]un] ;'Nemfpg]5 eGg] ljZjf;835 / d'l5Psf ;}lgs sd{rf/L cem} lhNnfdf g} ePsf] tYo lyP836 .

kLl8t jf ltgsf kl/jf/x¿nfO{ ;'/Iffkmf}h jf g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_n] hfx]/L bvf{:t btf{ gug{ jf btf{ ul/;s]sf] eP lkmtf{ lng hf]/h'n'd jf x}/fg ul/Psf] lyof]837 . a]nfa]nfdf of] Ifltk"lt{ lbpFnf eg]/ klg u/]sf] b]lvGYof]838 .

k|x/Ln] hfx]/L bvf{:t lng jf cg';Gwfg ug{ dWo:ytfsf] ljlw klg ckgfPsf lyP839 . åGåsf] ;dodf dWo:ytf ug{ eg]/ d'2fx¿ k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/L;dIf NofOGYof]840 . ;dod} / ;xdltk"0f{ tl/sfn] Gofo xfl;n ug{ dWo:ytf Pp6f k|efjsf/L dfWod eP tfklg uDeL/ pNnª\3g / b'Jo{jxf/sf ;DaGwdf of] ljlwnfO{ nfb\g' jf k|of]u ul/g' x'Fb}g . dWo:ytfn] kLl8tx¿, vf;u/L dlxnf, nfO{ :yfgLo zlQm ;+/rgfsf] ;fk]Iftfdf a8f] c;lhnf] cj:yfdf k'¥ofpFb5 . uDeL/ ck/fwdf hjfkmb]xLtfsf] ;§f o;sf] k|of]u pko'Qm x'Fb}g .

s]xL 36gfdf, k|x/L sfof{nodf hfx]/L bvf{:t btf{ ubf{ æ!) g+= 8fo/LÆdf gu/L cs}{ cs}{ vftfdf ul/Psf] x'GYof] / k|x/Låf/f s'g} klg sf/afxL ul/Psf] lyPg841 . ;'/Iffkmf}håf/f ePsf zª\sf:kb d[To' æcfsl:dsÆ ¿kdf ePsf] egL hfx]/L bvf{:tdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5842 .

v_ cg';Gwfg

g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_af6 ePsf] c;xof]un] k|x/Låf/f ul/g] cg';Gwfgdf lgs} 7"nf afwf cj/f]wx¿ v8f u¥of] . ;]gfn] h:t}, g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_n] klg v/fa cfr/0fdf ;+nUg sfo{stf{x¿nfO{ sf/afxL u/]sf] bfaL u/]sf] 5 t/ o;n] sfo{stf{nfO{ g]kfn k|x/LnfO{ a'emfPsf] jf kmf}hbf/L cg';Gwfgdf cGo 833 pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{nosf] uf]Ko ;|f]t Ref No. 0109.834 Ref. Nos. 2004-09-27 - incident - Morang _1628 and 2003-09-28 - incident - Morang _1722.835 pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{nosf] uf]Ko ;|f]t Ref No. 0111.836 Ref. No. 2003-12-27 - incident - Kavre _0158.837 Ref. No. 2004-06-06 - incident - Chitwan _0137.838 Human Rights Watch, Waiting for Justice, p.34 (see footnote 481); Ref. No. 2003-10-13 - incident - Dhanusha _0171.839 o'Pg8LkL, g]kfndf ;z:q åGåsf] ;dodf Gofodf kx'Fr,Æ o'Pg8LkLåf/f u/fOPsf] ck|sflzt cWoog, -@))% h'g_, k[= #) .840 P]= k[= $# .841 Ref. No. 2002-01-08 - incident - Myagdi _5991. See supra section 10.3.1 (a) Initiation of Investigations p. Error: Reference source not found for the role of “Diary 10” in initiating criminal investigations.842 pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{nosf] uf]Ko ;|f]t Ref No. 5780.

260

k|sf/n] ;xof]u u/]sf] 5}g843 . Xo'dg /fO6\; jfråf/f k|ltj]lbt / clen]v e08f/df ;dfj]z ul/Psf] ch'{gaxfb'/ nfdfsf] xTofsf] 36gfn]844 o;nfO{ k|:6 kf5{ .

Ædfcf]jfbLx¿n] Pp6f dfWolds ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf cWoIf ch'{gaxfb'/ nfdfnfO{ @)^! r}t @& ut] sfe|] lh-Nnfsf] 5q]afFem ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt -uflj;_l:yt pgsf] :s'naf6 ckx/0f u/] . k|ToIfbzL{sf cg';f/, tL dflg;n] ch'{gaxfb'/ nfdfnfO{ dfg'{cl3 sltko ufpFx¿ x'Fb} lxF8fP/ nu] elgof] . lghsL >LdtLåf/f o;sf] lj/f]w ePkl5 g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_n] nfdf zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfsf] xjfO{ cfqmd0fdf dfl/P egL bfaL u¥of] . /fli6«o dfgjclwsf/ cfof]uåf/f ul/Psf] cg';Gwfgn] nfdfnfO{ y'lgPsf] / hfgfhfg dfl/Psf] lgisif{ lgsfNof] . sfe|] lhNnfsf] k|x/Ln] dfcf]jfbLn] abnf n]nf eGg] 8/n] ;'?df cg';Gwfg ug{ dfg]sf] lyPg t/ cGttM ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] cfb]znfO{ :jLsf/ ub}{ @)^% ;fpg @& ut] Pp6f hfx]/L bvf{:t btf{ u¥of] . bvf{:tdf kL8ssf] ¿kdf pNn]v ul/Psf 5hgf dfcf]jfbLdWo] Ps x'g\ ;'?df l;Gw'kfNrf]s lgjf;L s]Gb|Lo ;b:o clUg ;fksf]6f h;sf] cfb]zdf nfdfnfO{ dfl/Psf] eglof] . sfe|] k|x/Ln] @)^% df3 @@ ut] P8\ef]s];L kmf]/dnfO{ cfkm"n] l;Gw'kfNrf]s lhNnf k|x/L sfof{no;Fu @)^% c;f/ % ut] lhNnfaf6 k|ltjfbLx¿sf] vf]hL ug{ tyf ltgnfO{ kqmfp ug{ kqfrf/ u/]sf] s'/f atfof] . k|x/Ln] l;Gw'kfNrf]s lhNnf k|x/L sfof{noaf6 clUg ;fksf]6f lhNnfdf gkfOPsf] eGg] pNn]v ul/Psf] kq cfkm"n] ;fpg & ut] kfq u/]sf] s'/f atfof]845 .Æ

hfx]/L bvf{:tdf ls6fgL ul/Psf kL8sx¿dWo] b'O{hgf ;+ljwfg;efsf ;b:o 5g\ / pgLx¿nfO{ dGqLdf lgo'lQm ul/Psf] 5 . clUg ;fksf]6f @)!! dO{—h'nfO{;Dd ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ dGqL eP eg] ;"o{dfg bf]ªnfO{ @)!! gf]e]Da/df pmhf{ dGqL lgo'lQm ul/Psf] lyof] .

;'/Iffkmf}haf6 ePsf] c;xof]un] klg cg';Gwfgdf lgs} 7"nf afwf cj/f]wx¿ v8f u/]sf] 5 . d}gf ;'g'jf/sf] oftgf tyf d[To'sf] 36gfn] o; l:yltnfO{ k|:6\ofpF5846 . lj=;+= @)^$ dª\l;/ !* ut], g]kfn k|x/Ln] g]kfnL ;]gfnfO{ cg';Gwfgsf lglDt ck/fwdf d'l5Psf ;]gfsf rf/ clwsf/LnfO{ k|:t't ug{ cg'/f]w u¥of] . o;a]nf g]kfnL ;]gfsf sfo{/yL pk/yLn] pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{no—g]kfnnfO{ tL clwsf/843 pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{no—g]kfn, g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_åf/f ul/Psf dfgjclwsf/ b'Jo{jxf/, k[= * .844 Ref. No. 2005-04-19 - incident - Kavre _0111845 Human Rights Watch, Still Waiting for Justice, p. 30-31(see footnote 481)846 Ref. No. 2004-02-17 - incident - Kavre _0259. o; 36gfaf/] cWofo & — oftgfdf yk lj:t[t ¿kdf rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 .

261

Llj?4 cfkm"n] sf/afxL ul/;s]sf] / yk sf/afxL ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf g/x]sf] s'/f pNn]v u¥of] . of] egfO Pp6} d'2fnfO{ b'O{kN6 cleof]hg ug{ gkfOg] ;+j}wfgls k|ltaGwsf cfwf/df eP h:tf] b]lvof] . g]kfnL ;]gfn] cleo'Qmlj?4 ul/Psf] sf]6{df;{n To;;DaGwL ljifonfO{ lgK6\ofpg kof{Kt lyof] eGg] ljrf/ /fVof]847 . o;sf afah'b, pQm xTofnfO{ lnP/ cleo'Qmsf ;DaGwdf tyf sf]6{df;{ndf gp7fOPsf cleof]unfO{ lnP/ clxn] lhNnf cb-fntåf/f cg';Gwfg eO/x]sf] 5 .

;g\ @))* hgj/Ldf xTof cleof]usf ;DaGwdf ;dfXjfg hf/L ul/Psf] eP tfklg g]kfnL ;]gf k6sk6s cfkm\gf clwsf/Lx¿sf ;DaGwdf cfb]zsf] kfngf ug{ ljkmn ePsf] 5 . sfe|] lhNnf cbfntn] @)^^ ebf} @* ut] g]kfnL ;]gfsf] k|wfg sfof{nonfO{ ck/fwdf d'l5Psf ;]jf/t ;]gfgL -d]h/_x¿dWo] PshgfnfO{ tTsfn lgnDag u/L cufl8 a9\g tyf ldln6/L sf]6{ ckm OGSjfo/Låf/f cGtjf{tf{ lnOPsf dflg;sf aofg ePsf ;Dk"0f{ kmfonx¿ cbfntdf k]; ug{ cfb]z lbof] . s]xL sfuhkq @)!) l8;]Da/df k]; ul/P tfklg c¿ w]/} sfuhkq cbfntnfO{ pknAw u/fOPg . To;afx]s, g]kfnL ;]gfn] kL8sx¿dWo]sf PshgfnfO{ ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3sf] zflGt:yfkgf sfo{df klg k7fof] . pgnfO{ ;g\ @)!) df lkmtf{ af]nfOof] . t/ kms]{/ cfPkl5 pgn] km]l/ g]kfnL ;]gfdf k|j]z u/] / of] k|ltj]bg tof/ kfbf{;Dd pgnfO{ g]kfn k|x/Ldf a'emfOPsf] 5}g .

cfkm\g} sd{rf/Llj?4 cg';Gwfg ug{ k|x/L clws[tx¿nfO{ ufx|f] k¥of] / of] l:ylt vf;u/L To; cj:yfdf b]vfk¥of] ha pxL r]g ckm sdfG8df /x]sf ;xsdL{nufot cfkm"eGbf jl/i7 ;xsdL{lj?4 nufOPsf uDeL/ cf/fk]x¿sf af/] cg';Gwfg ug'{kg]{ lhDdf slgi7 clws[tnfO{ lbOof]848 . csf]{ s'/f, y'gf;DaGwL clen]vx¿ /fd|f];Fu /fVg] gul/Psf] /÷jf sfo{ljlwut k|fjwfgsf] kfngf gul/Psf] x'gfn] clwsf/Ln] eg]eGbf aflx/ uP/ y'g'jf elgg] s'g} klg JolQmsf] pkl:yltnfO{ k'li6 ug]{ s'g} klg dfWod lyPg849 .

d[To'sf s]xL 36gfdf, plrt kf]:6df]6{d gu/Lsg nf;x¿sf] Joj:yfkg ul/of] . nf; kl/jf/nfO{ lhDdf nufOPsf] eP klg, ;'/Iffkmf}hn] kl/jf/hgx¿nfO{ kf]:6 df]6{d gug{ jf pgLx¿sf] ;'k/Lj]If0fdf dfq

847 cGoq 5nkmn ul/Pem}F, æunt k|ljlw ckgfO{ ;f]wk'5 u/]sf]Æ / k|rlnt sfg'g adf]lhdsf] k|lqmof k"/f gu/fO{ tL tLghgfnfO{ bf]ifL kfOPsf] lyof] .848 Ref. No. 2003-10-13 - incident - Dhanusha _0171 (the Dhanusha Five).849 x]g'{xf];\, h:t}, pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{no—g]kfn, alb{of lhNnfdf åGå;Fu ;DalGwt a]ktf kfg]{ sfo{, @))* l8;]Da/, k[= $! / dxf/fhuGh Aof/]sdf :j]R5frf/L y'gf, oftgf / a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{;DaGwL pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{no—g]kfnsf] k|ltj]bg -@))^ dO{_, k[= $^ . See also Ref. No. 2003-09-13 - incident - Kathmandu_1213b.

262

ug{ bafa lbof]850 . kf]:6df]6{d ul/Psf] s'/f k|x/Ln] pNn]v u¥of] t/ kLl8tsf kl/jf/n] To;sf] k|lt lng jf x]g{ kfPgg\851 .!)=$=& Gofokflnsf

;jf]{Rr cbfntn] dfgjclwsf/ / cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg'g;Fu ;DalGwt d'2fdf dxTTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Nof] . of] s'/f ljz]ifu/L aGbLk|ToIfLs/0fsf lgj]bgx¿df b]lvof] h;cg';f/ cbfntn] ;Da4 ;'/Iffkmf}hnfO{ åGåsf] cjlwdf aGbLx¿nfO{ cbfnt;dIf k|:t't ug{ lgoldt ¿kdf cfb]z u¥of]852 . dfly pNn]v ul/Pem}F, @))& h'gdf, ;jf]{Rrn] *# j6f aGbLk|ToIfLs/0fsf l/6nfO{ lnP/ ce'tk"j{ km};nf ;'gfpFb} dfgjclwsf/sf dfkb08cg';f/ a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{;DaGwL cf/f]ksf] cg';Gwfg ug{ hfFra'em cfof]u u7g ug{ ;/sf/nfO{ cfb]z lbof] -h;nfO{ of] k|ltj]bg tof/ kfbf{;Dd :yfkgf ul/Psf] 5}g_ . ;g\ @))* sf] dO{df klg ;jf]{Rr cbfnt] cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gL bfloTjsf] kfngf ug{ ;/sf/n] u/]sf] ansf] cTolws k|of]uaf6 ePsf dfgjclwsf/ pNnª\3gx¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ lj:t[t sfg'gsf] th{'df ug{' cfjZos /x]sf] egL dxTTjk"0f{ km};nf u¥of]853 . afO; kLl8tsf kl/jf/n] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt tyf ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 k/dfb]zdfkm{t\ k|x/LnfO{ cg';Gwfgdf cufl8 a9\g nufpg ;xof]u dfu],854 t}klg cbfntsf] k|efjsfl/tf / :jtGqtfsf ;DaGwdf s]xL uDeL/ afwf cj/f]wx¿ 5g\M

cbfntn] lbPsf cfb]z k|x/L, ;]gf tyf g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_n] gdfGgfn] Gofokflnsfsf] r/d cjd"Nog ePsf] 5 / of] qmd hf/L 5855 .

åGåsf qmddf ;dfgfGt/ Gofo k|0ffnL ;~rfngdf /x] h;df k|To]s åGå/t kIfn] csf{sf] cbfntsf] j}wflgstfnfO{ c:jLsf/ u¥of] . dfcf]jfbL cbfntx¿ ;~rfngdf /x]sf] 7fpFdf dfG5]x¿ /fHosf] Gofokflnsfdf eGbf æhgcbfntÆdf cfkm\gf ljjfbsf] l5gf]kmfgf] ug{ ?rfpFy] jf pgLx¿nfO{ To;f] ug{ afWo kfl/GYof]856 .

850 *%)= Ref. No. 2005-07-03 - incident - Jhapa _1552, 2004-07-11 - incident - Baglung _5835 and 2002-03-01 - incident - Baglung _5968.851 Ref. No. 2005-10-15 - incident - Morang _1527.852 Human Rights Watch, Waiting for Justice, p. 45 (see footnote 481)853 Kantipuronline, “SC to govt: Enact law against excessive force,” May 12, 2008, Available at http://www.kantipuroneline.com/kolnews.php?&nid=146782.854 Human Rights Watch, Waiting for Justice, p.45 (see footnote 481)855 Report of the Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions, Ms. Asma Jahangir, E/CN.4/2001/9/Add.2, 9 August 2000; par 39-45; UNDP Access report, p.47 (see footnote 763).856 UNDP Access Report, p.49 (see footnote 763).

263

åGåsf qmddf h'Dnf, hfh/sf]6, c5fd, c3f{vfFrL, DofUbL / af/fnufotsf lhNnfx¿df sltko cbfntx¿nfO{ Ifltu|:t kfl/of] . cbfntsf s]xL jf ;a} clen]v klg gi6 ul/of]857 .

aGbLk|ToIfLs/0fsf lgj]bgx¿ k'g/fj]bg jf ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf btf{ ug'{kYof]{, oBlk @)^& kmfu'g @& ut]af6, Gofo k|zf;g P]gdf ePsf] ;+zf]wgkZrft\ lhNnf cbfntdf klg aGbLk|ToIfLs/0fsf] lgj]bg xfNg ;lsg] eof] . o; Joj:yfn] u|fdL0f hg;d'bfoåf/f xflng] o:tf lgj]bgsf] kx'FrnfO} ;Lldt kf¥of] .

;g\ @))$ b]lv, a9\bf] d'2fsf] y'k|f]sf] cfnf]sdf, cbfntx¿n] d'2fnfO{ dWo:ytfsf nflu k7fpg yfn]858 . s]xL d'2fdf cbfnt cfkm}FFn] kLl8tsf kl/jf/sf bfaLx¿nfO{ c:jLsf/ u¥of] / ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg Gofo ;+oGqåf/f o;sf] cg';Gwfg x'g'k5{ eGg] k|x/Lsf] egfO;Fu o;n] ;xdlt hgfof]859 .

xfn}sf jif{x¿df lj:t[t zflGt ;Demf}tf, @)^# sf] xjfnf lbFb} / To;kl5 ul/Psf cGo /fhgLlts ;Demf}tfsf cfwf/df ;/sf/åf/f d'2f lkmtf{ ug]{ k|j[lQ a9\bf] 5860 . tTsfnLg dlGqd08nn] /fhgLlts bnsf sfo{stf{lj?4 bfo/ ul/Psf æ/fhgLlts k|s[ltÆsf #$( d'2f lkmtf{ ug]{ cfb]z lbP/ o;sf] klxnf] k|of]u @))* cS6f]a/df ul/Psf] lyof] . To;otf, clwsf+z d'2f ;kmntfk"j{s lkmtf{ ul/Psf 5g\ . o;} sf/0fn] ubf{ ;/sf/L lgsfox¿n] k6sk6s d'2f lkmtf{ ug]{ lg0f{o u/]sf 5g\ . ;g\ @))( cS6f]a/df, g]skf -Pdfn]_sf] g]t[Tjsf] ;/sf/n] @$ d'2f lkmtf{ lnof]Ù ;f]xL jif{sf] gf]e]Da/df g]skf -Pdfn]_sf] ;/sf/n] yk @*@ d'2f lkmtf{ lnof]Ù / @)!@ dfr{df Pg]skf -dfcf]jfbL_ g]t[Tjsf] ;/sf/n] sDtLdf #)) hgflj?4 nufOPsf #$ j6f d'2f lkmtf{sf nflu cg'/f]w u¥of] . o; k6s ul/Psf d'2f lkmtf{ Pg]skf -dfcf]jfbL_ / ;+o'Qm nf]stflGqs dw];L df]rf{aLr @)!! ;]K6]Da/df ePsf] csf]{ /fhgLlts ;Demf}tfsf] lx:;f lyof] . d'2f lkmtf{sf oL ;a} pbfx/0fdf æ/fhgLlts k|s[ltÆsf] :ki6 / ;xL kl/efiff pknAw u/fOPsf] lyPg / cleo'QmdWo] w]/}h;f]sf] ;/sf/sf ;b:ox¿;Fu /fhgLlts ;DaGw ePsf] b]lvG5 . lkmtf{sf nflu l;kmfl/; ul/Psf 7"nf] ;ª\Vofsf d'2fx¿ uDeL/ cfk/flws

857 P]= .858 P]= .859 Human Rights Watch, Waiting for Justice, cases 37, 41-44 and 46-47, in relation to Biratnagar Appellate Court (see footnote 481).860 lj:t[t zflGt ;Demf}tfsf] bkmf %=@=& df elgPsf] 5M æb'j} kIf ljleGg JolQmx¿nfO{ /fhg}lts sf/0fn] nufOPsf cf/f]k, bfaL, ph'/L / ljrf/fwLg d'2fdfldnf lkmtf{ lng / y'gfdf /flvPsf aGbLx¿sf] l:ylt tTsfn} ;fj{hlgs u/L t'?Gt l/xf ul/g] Uof/]G6L ub{5g\ .Æ lkmtf{ lng] elgPsf 36gfx¿ :ki6tM @)%@ kmfu'g ! ut] / @)^# dª\l;/ % ut]sf] aLrdf ePsf] x'g'k5{ .

264

k|s[ltsf 5g\ / w]/}h;f] åGåsf] cjlweGbf aflx/ ePsf 5g\ . uDeL/ cGt/f{li6«o ck/fwx¿ ePsf] elgPsf d'2f lkmtf{ ug]{ sfd cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg'g tyf dfgjclwsf/ sfg'g b'j}sf] lj?4df x'G5 .

!)=$=* k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/L

hfx]/L bvf{:t btf{ ug{ vf]Hbf kLl8tsf kl/jf/x¿nfO{ k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/Ln] lbPsf hjfkmx¿ ljleGg vfnsf x'Gy], s]xLn] hfx]/L bvf{:t ug{ dfGb}gy]861 .!)=$=( ;/sf/ tyf dGqfno

cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg'g÷cGt/f{li6«o dfgjclwsf/ sfg'gsf pNnª\3gsf cf/f]ksf ;DaGwdf ;/sf/n] lbPsf hjfkmx¿ ;fdfGotM xr'jf vfnsf 5g\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu, afXo bafanfO{ em]Ng g;s]/ ljz]iftM uDeL/ 36gfdf :yfkgf ul/g] hfFra'em cfof]unfO{ lng ;lsG5 . cg';Gwfgsf] k|efjsf/L ;+oGqsf ¿kdf o:tf cfof]ux¿sf] k|of]u ug'{df s]xL q'l6 /x]sf 5g\ . hfFra'em cfof]u P]gcg';f/, cfof]unfO{ cleof]hgfTds clwsf/ 5}g / P]g To:tf cfof]usf ;b:ox¿sf] bIftf, :jtGqtf tyf lgikIftfaf/] df}g 5 . To;df ;fIfL jf kLl8t ;+/If0faf/] klg s'g} k|fjwfg 5}gg\862 . P]gcg';f/ hfFra'em cfof]usf k|ltj]bgx¿ ;fj{hlgs ug'{kg]{ ;fdfGo k|fjwfg eP klg clwsf+z k|ltj]bg ;fj{hlgs ul/Pgg\863 . pbfx/0fsf nflu, ;g\ @))& df uf}/df ePsf] @& dfcf]jfbL sfo{stf{sf] xTofsf] cg';Gwfg ug{ ag]sf] hfFra'em cfof]usf] k|ltj]bg slxNo} ;fj{hlgs ul/Pg . kmn:j¿k To;;DaGwL ljifoj:t' / cg'jtL{ sfo{x¿ ;j{;fwf/0fsf cfvfFaf6 cf]em]ndf kfl/Psf] 5 .

hfFra'em cfof]usf] k|ltj]bg ;fj{hlgs g} x'Fbf klg l;kmfl/;x¿sf] sfof{Gjog ePsf] kfOFb}g . pbfx/0fsf nflu, dlNns cfof]un] klxnf] hgcfGbf]ngsf ;DaGwdf b]lvPsf] v/fa cfr/0fsf] uDeL/tfnfO{ lnP/ !)) eGbf a9L clwsf/L / /fhgLlt1nfO{ d'5\of] t/ of] l;kmfl/;sf ;DaGwdf s'g} klg sf/afxL ul/Pg . To;}u/L, csf]{ pRr:t/Lo hfFra'em cfof]u, h;nfO{ /fodfemL cfof]un] lrlgG5, n] @)^@÷@)^# sf] cfGbf]ngsf qmddf ePsf] elgPsf pNnª\3gx¿sf] cWoog u¥of] . o;n] @)@ hgf clwsf/L, ;'/Iffkmf}hsf #! sd{rf/LnfO{ ug]{ cleof]hgnufot, lj?4 sf/afxLsf] l;kmfl/; 861 Ref. Nos. 2003-12-27 - incident - Kavre _0158, 2005-02-12 - incident - Dadeldhura _1965, 2004-09-29 - incident - Banke _5164 and 2002-05-30 - incident - Bardiya _5383.862 lj=;+= @)^$ h]7 !* sf] a]kQfsf 36gf;DaGwL ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] km};nfn] hfFra'em cfof]u P]gdf sdhf]/Lx¿ ePsf] s'/fnfO{ cfTd;ft u¥of] / æljZj;gLo, ;Ifd, lgikIf / k"0f{ ¿kdf :jtGq cfof]uÆsf] :yfkgfnfO{ lglZrt ug{ gofF sfg'g agfpg ;/sf/nfO{ cfb]z lbof] . Human Rights Watch, Waiting for Justice, p.56 (see footnote 481)863 OHCHR-Nepal, One year after CPA Report, p.27.

265

u/] tfklg s'g} klg kmf}hbf/L cleof]hg ePsf] 5}g . t/, ;'/Iffkmf}hsf s]xL sd{rf/Ln] cg'zf;gfTds sf/afxLsf] ;fdgf ug'{k¥of] elgG5864 .

;g\ @))^ sf] h'gdf u[x dGqfnon] Ps ;b:oLo æa]kQf ;ldltÆ u7g u¥of] h;sf lgisif{x¿ tTsfnLg k|ltlglw;efdf @))^ h'nfO{df k|:t't ul/Psf] lyof] . ;'/Iffkmf}håf/f pknAw u/fOPsf k'li6 gePsf hfgsf/Lsf cfwf/df pQm ;ldltsf ;b:on] !)) eGbf a9L a]kQf kfl/Psf JolQmx¿nfO{ of t æl/xf ul/Psf]Æ of æbf]xf]/f] le8Gtdf dfl/Psf]Æ egL lgZro u/]sf] s'/f pNn]v u/] . clxn];Dd n]vfhf]vf gePsf ^)! hgfsf ;DaGwdf ;ldltsf tL ;b:on] tL ;a}sf] cg';Gwfg ug{;Sg] cfkm";Fu Ifdtf gePsf] lgisif{ lbP865 .

u[x dGqfnosf] dfgjclwsf/ ;]n Ps b'O{hgf JolQmx¿ /fv]/ agfOPsf] Pp6f ;fgf] PsfO xf] h;sf c¿ k|zf;lgs lhDd]jf/Lx¿ klg x'G5g\ . tL clwsf/Lx¿n] ckof{Kt bhf{ / k|Tofof]lht clwsf/sf] cefjsf sf/0f dfgjclwsf/sf d'2fx¿nfO{ cufl8 a9fpgdf sl7gfOsf] ;fdgf ug'{k/]sf] 5866 .

k//fi6« ;DaGw tyf dfgjclwsf/;DaGwL ;+;bLo ;ldltn] cGt/f{li6«o dfgjclwsf/ sfg'g÷cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg'g;Fu ;DalGwt d'2fx¿sf] af/]df rrf{ u/]sf] 5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu, dxf/fhuGh Aof/]sdf :j]R5frf/L y'gf, oftgf÷ceb| Jojxf/ tyf a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{;DaGwL pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{no—g]kfnsf] k|ltj]bg ;fj{hlgs ePkl5 o:tf] rrf{ ePsf] lyof] . t/, ;ldltnfO{ JolQmx¿nfO{ cfkm";dIf pkl:yt u/fpg] / o;sf l;kmfl/;x¿nfO{ sfof{Gjog u/fpg] sfg'gL clwsf/ 5}g . ;+;bLo /fHo Joj:yf;ldlt, h;n] /Iff tyf u[x dGqfnox¿nfO{ x]b{5, df klg oxL s'/f nfu' x'G5867 .

!)=$=!) åGåsfndf dfcf]jfbL æGofo k|0ffnLÆ

OG6/g];gn sld;g ckm h'l/:6n] @))* km]a|'c/Lsf] k|ltj]bg g]kfnM ;ª\qmd0fdf Gofodf cGt/f{li6«o dfkb08x¿sf] k|fjwfgnfO{ b[li6ut ub}{ g]kfnsf !$ lhNnfdf dfcf]jfbL Gofo k|0ffnLsf] d"Nofª\sg u¥of] . oBlk o;n] æhg cbfntx¿Æ kx'Frof]Uo, l56f] 5l/tf] / sd vrf{n' x'g' h:tf s]xL ;sf/fTds kIfx¿sf] pNn]v u/] klg o;n] g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_sf] Gofo k|0ffnL 864 P]= .865 OHCHR-Nepal, Report to the Human Rights Council 2007, para 48866 pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{no—g]kfn, g]kfn k|x/L / ;z:q k|x/L anåf/f ;+o'Qm ¿kdf cfof]lht sfo{zfnfdf ul/Psf l6Kk0fLM ;fj{hlgs lj/f]w sfo{qmdx¿df sfg'g sfof{Gjog ug]{ lgsfox¿sf] e"ldsf tyf lhDd]jf/L;DaGwL sfo{zfnf, uf]bfj/L l/;f]6{, @)^% r}t $—& .867 ;+;bLo lgodx¿ -@))*_, k|s/0f !!% .

266

k'k{Ifk"j{, ;'g'jfO{sf a]nf, k'k{Ifdf / k'k{Ifkl5sf r/0fx¿df :jR5 k'k{Ifsf cfwf/e"t dfkb08x¿ k"/f ug{ ljkmn ePsf] kfof]868 . cem ljlzi6 ¿kdf eGg] xf] eg] OG6/g];gn sld;g ckm h'l/:6n] b]xfosf s'/f kfof]M

;g\ @))# df nfu' ul/Psf] dfcf]jfbL æ;fj{hlgs sfg'gL ;+lxtfÆdf cg';Gwfg, k'k{If / ;'g'jfO{sf sfo{ljlwx¿sf] pNn]v gx'g'Ù

æGofofwLzx¿Æsf] of]Uotf jf 5gf]6sf nflu s'g} klg cf}krfl/s dfkb08 gx'g'Ù

clwsf+z sf/afxLdf k|ltjfbL jlsnsf] pkl:ylt gx'g'Ù Gofo k|0ffnL nfu' ug]{ qmddf Ps¿ktfsf] cefjÙ lgDg:t/sf] 36gf Joj:yfkg / cbfntåf/f /flvg] cf}krfl/s

clen]vsf] cefjÙ s'gs'g cj:yfdf k'g/fj]bg ug{ kfpg] eGg]af/] lnlvt

sfo{ljlwx¿ gx'g'Ù ph'/L ug]{sf] kIfdf cfd ¿kdf b]lvPsf] kIfkft, vf;u/L

pgLx¿sf] g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_;Fu cfa4tf ePdf jf æhgcbfntÆdf klxnf]k6s p;}n] Tof] d'2f NofPsf] x'gfn]Ù

;fIfL / cleo'Qmsf] rl/qsf af/]df k|df0f lbg kfpg] rngÙ k|df0f lbg'cl3 ;fIfLn] s'g} klg k|sf/sf] zky lng' gkg]{Ù GofofwLzn] cleo'QmnfO{ yKk8 xfGg] jf 8/qf; b]vfpg]

sfdnfO{ :jLsfg]{Ù /869 slxn]sfxLF oftgf;/x x'g] y'gfsf] lgDg:t/sf] cj:yf870 .

To;afx]s, æ;fj{hlgs sfg'gL ;+lxtfÆn] ;hfosf] ¿kdf d[To'b08 jf s'6lk6sf] Joj:yf gu/] tfklg o:tf ;hfo lbPsf 36gfx¿ klg cfPsf lyP871 . ;g\ @))^ sf] dO{ / h'gdf pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{no—g]kfnn] dWodf~rn If]qdf æhgcbfntÆsf] sf/afxLkl5 cf7hgfsf] xTof u/]sf] clen]v /fVof] . oL xTof k|ToIf ¿kdf dfcf]jfbLåf/f ul/Psf lyP jf ltgsf sfo{stf{x¿n] ufpFn]x¿nfO{ psf;]sf] x'gfn] ck|ToIf ¿kdf pgLx¿nfO{ of] cf/f]k nufOPsf] lyof]872 .

868 OG6/g];gn sld;g ckm h'l/:6, g]kfnM ;ª\qmd0fdf Gofo, k[= ! .869 P]= k[= (—!@ .870 P]= y'Gg] cf}krfl/s 7fpFx¿ lyPgg\ / ckxl/t JolQmx¿nfO{ lghL 3/x¿df /flvGYof] . pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{no—g]kfn, g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_åf/f ePsf dfgjclwsf/ b'Jo{jxf/M ;/f]sf/x¿sf] ;f/;ª\If]k, ;]K6]Da/ @))^, k[= $ . Available from: http://nepal.ohchr.org/en/index.html; UNDP Access Report, p.30 (see footnote 763).871 For example, Ref. No. 2001-07-00 - incident - Kalikot _5484 -æ…d[To'b08 lbOPsfÚ / …xTof ul/PsfÚ yfxf kfOPsf JolQmx¿dWo] sflnsf]6 lhNnf l;pgf uflj;—@ sL eb|f ;Gofn lyOg . pgnfO{ k|x/LnfO{ ;'/fsL u/]sf]df …hgcbfntÚåf/f bf]ifL kfOPkl5 @))! sf] dWoh'nfO{kl5 pgnfO{ dfl/Psf] lyof] . pQm lg0f{osf] 3f]if0ff ub]{ ufpFdf ;"rgf 6fF; ul/Psf] lyof] .Æ_ (Original Source: Amnesty International). See also UNDP Access Report, p.30 (see footnote 763).872 g]kfndf k|fljlws ;xof]unufot dfgjclwsf/sf] l:ylt / cfkm\gf] sfof{nosf ultljlw;DaGwL ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3Lo dfgjclwsf/ pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{nosf] k|ltj]bg, A/60/359 (16 September 2005), paras 32-33.

267

!)=$=!! cfGtl/s sf/afxLsf ;d:ofx¿

s_ ;'/Iffkmf}h

;}lgs P]g, @)^# cGtu{t :k];n sf]6{ df;{nåf/f Joj:yf ul/Psf] cj:yfdf afx]s sf]6{ df;{ndf gful/s ;+nUgtfsf] k|fjwfg 5}g .

sfo{/yL pk/yLn] ljleGg e"ldsfdf /x]/ sfd ub{5g\, h;n] ;DefJo :jfy{sf] åGåsf ;DaGwdf lrGtfx¿ p7fpF5g\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu, sfo{/yL pk/yLn] ;}lgs PsfOaf6 k|wfg;]gfkltsxfF d'2fx¿ k7fpF5g\ / sld;g ckm OGSjfo/Ln] s'g} cg';Gwfg ug'{kg]{ eP To;af/] ;Nnfx lbG5g\ . sfo{/yL pk/yLn] sf]6{ df;{nsf cWoIfnfO{ tL d'2faf/] cleof]hg ug]{ jf gug]{ tyf æsfgg' tyf GofoÆsf ljifoj:t'sf ;DaGwdf ;Nnfx k|bfg ub{5g\ . pgn] cbfntsf nflu k|zf;ssf] e"ldsf v]N5g\, cg'/f]w eO{ cfPdf cleo'Qmsf] k|lt/Iff u5{g\ / ;hfo÷lg0f{osf] sfof{Gjog u/fpF5g\ .

k|lqmof kf/bzL{ 5 . ;g\ @))^ ;Dd, sf]6{ df;{nsf sf/afxLx¿ sfg'gåf/f g} aGb sf]7fdf ul/Gy] . ;}lgs P]g, @)^# sfof{Gjogdf cfPkl5 klg ;'g'jfO{x¿ cem} klg uf]Ko ¿kdf ul/G5g\ . :k];n sf]6{ df;{nsf sf/afxL ePdfq ltgnfO{ v'nf ul/G5 . åGåsf] cGTo ePkl5 b]lvPsf] Pp6f ;'wf/ s] xf] eg] sf]6{ df;{nsf km};nfx¿ ;}lgs cfb]zsf ¿kdf k|sflzt x'G5g\ tyf s]xL ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf d'2fx¿ eP tL g]kfnL ;]gfsf k|sfzgx¿df k|sflzt ul/G5g\873 .

sf]6{ df;{n h:tf] geP/, k|x/L :k];n sf]6{ tyf ;z:q k|x/L :k];n sf]6{df Gofo ;]jfsf Ps ;b:o /xG5g\ . cbfntdf Ps jl/i7 clwsf/L klg x'G5g\874 . t/, tL JolQmx¿ ljrf/fwLg ljifoj:t'b]lv :jtGq x'g'k5{ eGg] Joj:yf 5}g,875 g t s'g} :jtGq cleof]Qmf x'g'kg]{ g} h?/L 5 . oL sf/afxL cg'dlt lnP/ ;j{;fwf/0fsf nflu v'nf 5g\ .

v_ g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_

g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_sf cfGtl/s sf/afxLx¿ ;fj{hlgs gul/Psf] x'gfn] o;n] cfkm\gf sfo{stf{, sdfG8/ / /fhgLlts g]tfx¿nfO{ ltgsf uDeL/ v/fa cfr/0fsf nflu slt;Dd cg';Gwfg u/L ;hfo u¥of] eGg] s'/f ;fdfGotM c:ki6 5 . g]skf -873 dfgjclwsf/ jif{k':ts, dfgjclwsf/ lgb]{zgfno, g]kfnL ;]gf, @))*, k[= !& .874;z:q k|x/L ansf 8LcfO{hL / dfly plNnlvt sd{rf/Lsf jl/i7 clwsf/L ljz]if k|x/L cbfntdf .  875 Armed Police Force Act, Chapter 8, para28 (3); Special Court Act, 2002, Chapter 2.

268

dfcf]jfbL_sf ;b:ox¿nfO{ cg'zf;gsf] sf/afxL ul/Psf] 7fpFdf klg pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{non] To:tf] lg0f{o lgDTofpg] cg';Gwfg jf sf/afxLsf ljj/0fx¿ k|fKt ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g876 .

kL8sx¿lj?4 sf/afxL ul/Psf] hfgsf/L ;fj{hlgs ul/Psf] cj:yfdf, lbOPsf] ;hfo ck/fwsf] uDeL/tf;Fu ;dfg'kflts lyPg . pbfx/0fsf nflu, g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_sf sfo{stf{x¿n] #^ hgf ;j{;fwf/0f tyf tLg l;kfxLsf] Hofg lng] u/L / &@ hgf 3fOt] x'g]u/L u/fPsf] df8L a; lj:kmf]6gdf ;+nUg JolQmx¿n] s]jn b'O{b]lv tLg dlxgfsf] æ;'wf/fTds ;hfoÆ kfP877 .

876 g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_åf/f ePsf dfgjclwsf/ b'Jo{jxf/, ;/f]sf/x¿sf] ;f/;ª\If]k, ;]K6]Da/ @))^, k[= * . Available from: http://nepal.ohchr.org/en/index.html877 P]= .

269

cWofo !! — l;kmfl/;x¿

!!=!=! ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg Gofo;DaGwL cfof]ux¿ -:yfkgf ePkl5_nfO{

!!=!=! ;fdfGo

o cfof]ux¿sf] sfd tyf sfof{b]zsf ;DaGwdf If]qflwsf/ / ;xsfo{sf lji-fodf k|d'v d'2fx¿af/] 5nkmn / lg0f{o ug{ ljleGg ;+:yf tyf ;ª\u7gsf k|d'vx¿sf] uf]nd]r ;Dd]ng ug]{ . o:tf] ;Dd]ngdf k|x/L, dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{no, /fli6«o dfgjclwsf/ cfof]u, /fli6«o blnt cfof]u / /fli6«o dlxnf cfof]u ;xefuL x'g'k5{ .

o b'O{j6f ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg Gofo;DaGwL cfof]uaLr x'g] ;xof]uaf/] :ki6 dfkb08 tof/ ug]{ . To:t}, k|To]s cfof]usf] dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{no, g]kfn k|x/L, /fli6«o dfgjclwsf/jfbL ;+:yfx¿ / cbfnt;Fusf] ;DaGwsf af/] klg To:tf ;xof]u;DaGwL dfk-b08x¿ tof/ ug]{ .

o of] k|ltj]bg / ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg Gofo ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L clen]v e08f/nfO{ cfkm\gf] sfdaf/] of]hgf tof/ ug{ tyf cWoogljlwdf ;3fpg k|of]u ug]{ . ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3Lo dfgjclwsf/ pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{no o; k|of]hgsf nflu cfkm\gf] lj1tf tyf cg'ej afF8\g tof/ 5 .

o ;fIfL ;+/If0fsf d'2fx¿n] cGoyf dfu gu/];Dd ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO{ ug]{ .

o k|efjsf/L ;fIfL ;+/If0f ug]{ .

o clen]v e08f/df ePsf slyt pNnª\3gx¿sf] cg';Gwfg ug]{ .

o dlxnf, afnaflnsf, u}/sfg'gL xTof, a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{, oftgf tyf of}g lx+;f h:tf ljlzi6 ljifodf k/fdz{, cg';Gwfg tyf ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO{x¿ ug]{ .

o g]kfnsf b'u{d tyf u|fdL0f If]qx¿nufot ;a} efudf a}7s tyf ;'g'jfO{x¿ ug]{ h;n] ubf{ ;a}nfO{ ;+nUg ug{ ;lsof];\ .

270

o d"ntM k|zf;lgs sfo{ef/ ePsf] t/ ;a} lhNnfdf a}7s tyf ;'g'jfO{x¿ ug{ kfpg] sfof{b]z;lxtsf ;Dks{ sfof{nox¿ :yfkgf ug]{ .

o cfof]ux¿sf] :yfkgfsf nflu ;s];Dd rfF8f] hfgsf/Lsf] k|rf/k|;f/ tyf ;ª\sngsf nflu ;~hfnsf] yfngL ug]{ .

o cfof]unfO{ ;Nnfx lbg o'4 ck/fw tyf dfgjtflj/f]wL ck/fwx¿sf] cg';Gwfgdf cGt/f{li6«o cg'ej ePsf] cg';Gwfgstf{nfO{ lgo'lQm ug]{ .

o ef}uf]lns, ;+:yfut jf ljifout nIonufot yk cg';Gwfgsf nflu cltl/Qm k|j[lQ tyf ljlzi6 If]qx¿sf] klxrfg ug{ clen]v e08f/df ePsf hfgsf/Lsf] k|of]u ug]{ . ljlzi6 ¿kdf eGg] xf] eg] u}/sfg'gL xTof, a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{, of}g lx+;f / cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gsf] cGo s'g} klg uDeL/ pNnª\3g jf:tjd} Jofks / of]hgfa4 lyof] ls lyPg / lyof] eg] dfgjtflj?4sf ck/fwx¿nfO{ k|dfl0ft ug{ ;lsG5 ls ;ls+b}g eGg] s'/fsf] cWoog ug]{ .

o ;/sf/nfO{ hfFra'em cfof]usf ;a} k|sflzt tyf ck|sflzt k|ltj]bgx¿ Pj+ åGåsf qmddf ePsf cGo cg';Gwfgsf kl/0ffdx¿ lgs-fNg nufpg] .

o ;'/Iffkmf}h / g]kfn sDo'lg:6 kf6L{ -dfcf]jfbL_sf ;a} txsf sd{rf/LnfO{ af]nfpg] tyf aofg lbg nufpg] s'/f lglZrt ug]{ .

o 36gfx¿sf] cWoog ubf{ åGåsf a]nf sdfG8 lhDd]jf/Ldf /x]sf JolQmx¿;DaGwL kof{Kt hfgsf/L ;ª\sng ug]{ s'/f lglZrt ug]{ .

o em'6f aofgsf cg]sf}+ cf/f]kx¿ tyf bafadf cfP/ lbOPsf aofgx¿nfO{ b[li6ut ub}{ cf/f]lkt kL8såf/f k|:t't x:tfIf/ ul/Psf ;flatL tyf ;fIfLsf aofgx¿sf] dl;gf]u/L cWoog ug]{ .

o 5'§f5'§} 36gfsf] cWoog ubf{, dfgjtflj?4sf] ck/fw tyf o'4 ck/fwx¿ k|dfl0ft ePsf] cj:yfn] kfg]{ a[xQ/ sfg'gL k|efjx¿nfO{ Wofgdf /fVg] .

o ;fj{hlgs e08f/0fsf] Joj:yf ug]{ / åGå;Fu ;Da4 yk hfgsf/L ;ª\sng ug]{ dfWodnfO{ sfod /fVg .

271

o cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gsf] dfuadf]lhd, lgDglnlvt sfo{ u/]/ æk|efjsf/L Goflos pkrf/Æ pknAw u/fpg]M

o; k|ltj]bgdf lbOPsf ljZj;gLo cf/f]kx¿sf] cg';Gwfg u/]/, kL8sx¿ pNnª\3gdf :jo+ k|ToIf ¿kdf ;xefuL ag]sf 5g\ jf

pNnª\3gsf ;dodf pgLx¿ sdfG8 lhDd]jf/Ldf /x]sf sf/0f lhDd]jf/ ePsf] cfzª\sf 5 eg] To:tf zª\sf:kb kL8sx¿nfO{ cleof]hg u/]/,

kLl8tx¿nfO{ kl/k"/0f pknAw u/fP/ .!!=!=@ ljifout;ª\qmd0fsfnLg Gofo;DaGwL cfof]ux¿ -jf cGo ;Ifd Goflos lgsfox¿_nfO{ b]xfosf sfo{ ug{ l;kmfl/; ul/G5M

s_ u}/sfg'gL xTofo åGåsf qmddf ePsf u}/sfg'gL xTofsf ;a} cf/f]ksf] k"0f{ cg';Gwfg

lglZrt ug]{ .

o ;g\ !((^ / !((( sf aLr ?s'd, /f]Nkf / hfh/sf]6 lhNnfdf klxn] ePsf xTofx¿nfO{ ljz]if Wofg lbg] .

o /fli6«o dfgjclwsf/ cfof]usf l;kmfl/;x¿ / åGåsf a]nf ePsf u}/sfg'gL xTof;DaGwL cf/f]k nfu]sf d'2fdf ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] u/]sf km};nfx¿sf] k"0f{ sfof{Gjog lglZrt ug]{ .

o xTof / cGo pNnª\3gx¿aLrsf] ;DaGwsf] yk ljZn]]if0f ug]{ .

o u}/sfg'gL xTofsf] cfb]z lbg], To;nfO{ ;fy lbg], ;xof]u ug]{, To;sf] kIfdf sfd ug]{ / To;df ;xdlt hgfpg] gLltx¿, jf To;sf nflu k|of]u ul/Psf dfWod tyf ljlwx¿sf] ;dLIff ug]{ .

272

o ;Da4 sfg'g / u}/sfg'gL xTofsf aLrsf] ;DaGwsf] ljZn]if0f ug]{, ljz]ifu/L cftª\ssf/L tyf ljWj+zfTds ultljlw -lgoGq0f / ;hfo_ cWofb]z -6f8f]_, cftª\ssf/L tyf ljWj+zfTds ultljlw -lgoGq0f / ;hfo_ P]g -6f8f_ / ;fj{hlgs ;'/Iff P]gsf] aLrsf] ;DaGwaf/] .

v_ ank"j{s a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{o åGåsf] ;'?lt/, h'ga]nf ;a'b k|df0f sd lyP, ePsf

36gfx¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ /0fgLlt tof/ kfg]{ .

o a]kQf JolQmx¿;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o cfof]u jf a]kQf JolQmx¿sf] cg';Gwfg tyf zjx¿sf] klxrfg;DaGwL lj1tf ePsf] To:t} s'g} lgsfosf] lj1tfaf6 ;Nnfx lng] .

o :ynut cg';Gwfg yfNg'cl3 ljBdfg tYofª\s, ;a'b k|df0f tyf a]kQf ePsf JolQmx¿sf] ;"rLsf af/] xf]l;of/Lk"j{s d"Nofª\sg u/L To;sf] pkof]u ug]{ .

u_ oftgfo cGoqsf Gofoflws/0fn] kfPsf p:t}vfn] lgisif{cg';f/ ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg

Gofo;DaGwL ;+oGqx¿n] cfkm}FFdf oftgf ePsf] 7flgPsf Jojxf/sf ;"rL ;ª\sng ug]{ . oftgf tyf cGo ceb| Jojxf/sf j:t'ut / cfTdut tTjx¿ k"/f ePsf 5g\ ls 5}gg\ eGg] yfxf kfpg kLl8tx¿nfO{ ;f]lwg] :t/Lo k|Zgx¿sf] ;"rL klg tof/ kfg]{ -kLl8tnfO{ pgLx¿;Fu ul/Psf] Jojxf/ oftgf xf] eg]h:tf] u/]/ lrq0f ug{ nufpgaf6 aRg], a? pgLx¿n] jf:tjdf s:tf] Jojxf/sf] cg'ej u/]sf lyP eGg] s'/fsf] ljj/0f lng]_ .

o s'g} klg kLl8t jf cf/f]kx¿;Fu ;DalGwt ;fIfLsf] ;+/If0f / dfgjf]lrt tyf kLl8td'vL Jojxf/dfly xf]l;of/Lk"j{s ljrf/ ug]{ . cufl8 cfP/ af]Ng lxDdt ug]{ JolQmx¿nfO{ k'gM dfgl;s cf3ft lbg] /÷jf kLl8t agfpg] sfo{af6 aRg}k5{ .

273

o oftgf tyf cGo ceb| Jojxf/sf zf/Ll/s tyf dgf]j}1flgs kIfsf ;DaGwdf plrt ¿kdf k];fut lj1tf ePsf of]Uo JolQmx¿sf] pkl:ylt lglZrt ug]{ . oftgflj?4 ;ldlt / oftgf;DaGwL ljz]if k|ltj]bs, vf;u/L ;g\ @))^ sf] pgsf] g]kfn e|d0fsf] cfnf]sdf, h:tf cGt/f{li6«o lj1x¿sf] ;Nnfxaf6 nfe lng] .

o pNnª\3gaf6 k'?if / dlxnf, jo:s tyf afnaflnsfdfly kg]{ leGgfleGg} k|efjnfO{ Wofgdf /fVg] .

3_ :j]R5frf/L y'gfo åGåsf a]nf ePsf :j]R5frf/L y'gfsf cf/f]kx¿sf] k"0f{ cg';Gwfg

lglZrt ug]{ / kLl8t tyf ltgsf kl/jf/nfO{ kof{Kt Ifltk"lt{ pknAw u/fpgg] .

o ;fj{hlgs ;'/Iff P]gnfO{ g]kfnsf dfgjclwsf/;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o dfkb08x¿cg';f/ ;dLIff / ;+zf]wg ug]{ .

o /fli6«o dfgjclwsf/ cfof]usf l;kmfl/; tyf åGåsf qmddf ePsf :j]R5frf/L y'gfsf 36gf;Fu ;DalGwt ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf km};nfx¿sf] k"0f{ sfof{Gjog lglZrt ug]{ .

ª_ of}g lx+;fo ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg Gofo;DaGwL cfof]ux¿n] åGåsf qmddf ul/Psf

of}g ck/fw;DaGwL ;TotYosf] vf]hL u/L To;nfO{ lnlka4 ug]{ k|lqmof :yfkgf ug'{k5{ . o;sf nflu of}g lx+;fsf kLl8tx¿;Fu sfd u/]sf] cg'ej ePsf s'zn dlxnf sd{rf/LnfO{ pko'Qm lx;fan] egf{ ug'{k5{ / kLl8t tyf ;fIfLnfO{ ;+/If0f ug]{ pko'Qm pkfox¿nfO{ ;dfj]z ug]{ tYofª\ssf] Jojl:yt ;dfwfg lglZrt ug'{k5{ .

o hfgsf/L ;ª\sng ug'{cl3 of}g tyf n}ª\lus lx+;fsf kLl8t tyf To:tf] lx+;f ef]u]sfx¿sf nflu PsLs[t ;xfotf ;+oGqx¿sf] ljsf; ul/g'k5{ . To;df :jf:Yo ;]jf, dgf];fdflhs 6]jf, sfg'gL ;Nnfx tyf ;xfotf, ;'/lIft u[x, cfsl:ds sf]if / ;zQm ;fd'bflos ;+/If0f ;+oGq h:tf /fHon] lbg] ;fdflhs ;]jf x'g'k5{ .

274

o ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3 ;'/Iff k|:tfj !#@% / !*@) ;DaGwL sfo{of]hgfnfO{ ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg Gofo;DaGwL cfof]ux¿n] Wofgdf lng'k5{ .

o of}g lx+;f u/]sf] cf/f]k nfu]sf ;}lgs sd{rf/Lsf] gfd;lxtsf] /lh:6/ tof/ kf/]/ /fVg'k5{ h;n] ubf{ pgLx¿nfO{ ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3sf dxf;lrjsf] of}g b'Jo{jxf/lj?4 z"Go ;xgzLntfsf] gLltcg';f/ zflGt :yfkgf ug]{ st{Joaf6 cnUofpg ;lsof];\ .

r_ sfg'gLo cg';Gwfgstf{ tyf cfGtl/s ;z:q åGådf cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg'g /

cGt/f{li6«o dfgjclwsf/ sfg'gsf] k|of]udf cGt/f{li6«o cg'ej ;Fufn]sf sfg'gL ;Nnfxsf/x¿nfO{ cfof]usf] sd{rf/Lsf] ¿kdf ;dfj]z ul/g'k5{ .

o cfof]usf ;b:o tyf ltgsf sd{rf/Lx¿n] ljlzi6 d'2fdf cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg'g / cGt/f{li6«o dfgjclwsf/ sfg'gsf] k|of]usf ;DaGwdf hfgsf/L tyf tflnd lng] cj;/sf] pkof]u ug'{k5{ .

o cfof]usf ;b:ox¿n] k':ts, ;fdu|L tyf ljlwzf:qnufot cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg'gL l;4fGtx¿, vf;u/L u}/cGt/f{li6«o ;z:q åGå;DaGwL pknAw ;|f]tx¿ / cGt/f{li6«o kmf}hbf/L cbfnt -cfO{;L;L_sf] sf]6{ Dofl6«S;sf] pkof]u ug'{k5{ .

o ;femf wf/f # sf k|ltaGwx¿ nfu' x'g]u/L dfcf]jfbL ljb|f]xn] u}/cGt/f{li6«o ;z:q åGåsf] x}l;ot k|fKt u¥of] ls u/]g / u¥of] eg] s'g laGb'df u¥of] eGg] s'/f cfof]un] kQf nufpg'k5{ .

275

!!=@ k|wfgdGqLsf] sfof{no / u[x dGqfnonfO{o cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gsf] kfngf x'g]u/L cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg'g /

dfgjclwsf/ sfg'gsf] uDeL/ pNnª\3gsf kL8sx¿, vf;u/L oL pNnª\3gdf ;aeGbf 7"nf] lhDd]jf/L jxg ug]{x¿, n] cfddfkmL jf Ifdfbfgaf6 kmfObf p7fpg gkfpmg\ eGg] s'/f lglZrt ug]{ .

o åGåsf] qmddf ePsf] elgPsf uDeL/ ck/fwx¿sf] cg';Gwfg ug{ ul7t ;/sf/L cfof]usf ljutsf k|ltj]bgx¿sf] klxrfg u/L ;j{;fwf/0f tyf ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg Gofo;DaGwL cfof]ux¿nfO{ pknAw u/fpg] .

o ;'/Iffkmf}hsf ;a} sd{rf/LnfO{ ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3Lo zflGt :yfkgf sfo{df dgf]gLt jf a9'jf ug'{cl3 pgLx¿sf] s7f]/ d"Nofª\sg lglZrt ug{ pkfox¿ cjnDag ug]{ .

o g]kfn k|x/Ln] åGå;Fu ;DalGwt ;a} hfx]/L bvf{:t sfg'gadf]lhd btf{ ug'{k5{ egL pgLx¿nfO{ :ki6 lgb]{zg lbg] .

o uDeL/ ck/fwsf] cf/f]k nfu]sf åGå;Fu ;DalGwt d'2fx¿ lkmtf{ ug]{ ;a} lg0f{o /2 ug]{ .

o bf]xf]/f] If]qflwsf/ tyf To:t}vfn] d'2fx¿nfO{ x]g{ ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg Gofo;DaGwL cfof]ux¿;Fu ;Dks{ sfof{no v8f ug]{ .

!!=# ;/sf/ / zflGt tyf k'glg{df{0f dGqfnonfO{o /fhgLlts bafaaf6 d'Qm tyf cGt/f{li6«o dfgjclwsf/;DaGwL

dfkb08sf] kfngf x'g]u/L :jtGq ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg Gofo;DaGwL cfof]ux¿sf] :yfkgf ug]{ .

o hg;d'bfo, ljz]iftM kLl8tx¿, ;Fusf] k/fdz{kZrft\ cfo'Qm tyf sd{rf/Lsf] :jR5 / kf/bzL{ 5gf]6nufot ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg Gofo;DaGwL cfof]ux¿sf] :yfkgf ug{ ;a} cfjZos sbd rfNg] .

o cbfntaf6 ul/g] d'2f lkmtf{n] ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg Gofo;DaGwL cfof]ux¿sf] To:tf d'2f cWoog ug]{ ltgsf] clwsf/nfO{ c;/ ug]{ 5}g eGg] s'/f lglZrt ug]{ .

276

o ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg Gofo;DaGwL k|To]s cfof]usf nflu k|efjsf/L ;fIfL tyf kLl8t ;+/If0f ;+oGqx¿sf] :yfkgf ul/g] s'/f lglZrt ug]{ .

o ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg Gofo;DaGwL cfof]usf] :yfkgf ug]{ ;a} sbdn] ljleGg n}ª\lus b[li6sf]0fnfO{ ;Ddfg tyf ;dfj]z ug]{ s'/f lglZrt ug]{ .

o zflGt tyf k'glg{df{0f dGqfnosf] åGåkLl8t ;xfotf sfo{qmddf of}g lx+;fsf kLl8tx¿nfO{ ul/g] ;xfotf klg ;+nUg ug'{k5{ .

o cGt/f{li6«o dfgclwsf/ sfg'gsf] 3f]/ pNnª\3g / cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg'gsf] uDeL/ pNnª\3gsf kLl8tx¿sf lglDt Goflos pkrf/ tyf kl/k"/0fsf] clwsf/;DaGwL cfwf/e"t l;4fGt / dfu{lgb]{zgadf]lhd kl/k"/0fsf of]hgfx¿ tof/ kfg]{878 .

!!=$ /Iff dGqfnonfO{o k|x/Låf/f ul/Psf s'g} klg cg';Gwfg tyf efjL ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg

Gofo;DaGwL ;+oGqnufot Goflos clwsf/Låf/f ul/Psf sf/afxLdf k"0f{ ¿kdf ;xof]u ug]{ .

o ;]gfsf af/]df cfPsf ph'/L;Fu ;DalGwt k|fKt ;a} hfgsf/L — o:tf ph'/Lsf kmn:j¿k ul/Psf] s'g} klg sf/afxLsf] k|s[lt, ;ª\Vof / To;sf] kl/0ffdnufot — ;fj{hlgs ug]{ .

!!=% ;+ljwfg;efsf ;b:ox¿nfO{o ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg Gofo;DaGwL cfof]ux¿sf] lgdf{0fsf nflu cfjZos

sfg'gsf] th{'df ug]{ / cGt/f{li6«o dfkb08x¿sf] k"0f{ ¿kdf kfngf x'g]u/L sfof{b]z pknAw u/fpg] . of] ;a} s'/f gful/s ;dfh tyf ;Dk"0f{ hgtf g} ;+nUg ePsf] k/fdzL{ k|lqmofdfkm{t\ x'g'kb{5 .

o cGt/f{li6«o dfgjclwsf/ sfg'g / cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg'gsf uDeL/ pNnª\3gdfly g]kfnsf cbfntx¿sf] If]qflwsf/nfO{ :jLsf/ ug]{ -jf cGo tl/sfn] lbg]_ sfg'g kfl/t ug]{ .

878 ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3 k|:tfj ^)÷!$& df s] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 eg] /fli6«o sfg'g tyf cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gcg';f/ k|To]s 5'§f5'§} 36gfsf kl/l:yltnfO{ Wofgdf /fv]/ / pNnª\3gsf] uDeL/tf;Fu ;dfg'kflts x'g]u/L kLl8tx¿nfO{ k"0f{ tyf k|efjsf/L kl/k"/0f pknAw u/fOg'k5{ h;df k|Toj:yfkg, Ifltk"lt{, k'g:yf{kgf, ;Gt'li6 tyf gbf]xf]l/g] s'/fsf] k|Tofe"lt kb{5g\ .

277

o oftgflj?4sf] dxf;lGw -Sof6_cg';f/ g]kfnL kmf}hbf/L sfg'gdf oftgfnfO{ kl/efiff ug]{ . cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gsf] of] cfb]zfTds dfGotfsf] pNnª\3gsf ;DaGwdf, Pp6} d'2fdf s;}nfO{ klg b'O{k6s d'2f rnfOFb}g eGg] l;4fGtsf] c;dembf/Laf6 sf/afxL /f]lsg gx'g] s'/f lglZrt ug]{ .

o :ki6tfnfO{ lglZrt ug]{ k|of]hgsf nflu ;+ljwfgsf] ;+zf]wg ul/g'k5{ h;n] ubf{ e"tnIfL gx'g] l;4fGtx¿n] o'4 ck/fw, dfgjtflj?4sf ck/fw, hfltxTof / cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg'g tyf dfgjclwsf/ sfg'gsf cGo uDeL/ pNnª\3gx¿sf nflu ul/g] cleof]hgsf] lj/f]wdf sfd ug{ g;s"g\ .

o ank"j{s a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{af6 ;a} JolQmsf] ;+/If0f;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o dxf;lGwcg';f/ g]kfnL kmf}hbf/L ;+lxtfdf ank"j{s a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{nfO{ ck/fwsf] ¿kdf kl/efiff ug]{ .

!!=^ dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nonfO{ o dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{no / ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg Gofo;DaGwL

cfof]ux¿sf aLrdf sfd ug]{u/L Pp6f ;Dks{ sfof{nosf] :yfkgf ug]{ .

o ljz]if cleof]Qmfsf] g]t[Tjdf Pp6f ljz]if cg';Gwfg tyf cleof]hg PsfOsf] :yfkgf ug]{ . oL ljz]if cleof]QmfnfO{ dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nodf /xL sfd ug]{ :jfoQtf x'g'k5{ / o; PsfOdf åGå;Fu ;DalGwt slyt uDeL/ ck/fwx¿sf] zL3| tyf k"0f{ cg';Gwfg ug{;Sg] bIf, lgikIf / tflndk|fKt sd{rf/L x'g'k5{ .

o dfgjtflj?4sf] ck/fw jf o'4 ck/fwsf tTjx¿sf] cfnf]sdf :jtGq ¿kn] jf ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg Gofo;DaGwL cfof]udfkm{t\ k|fKt hfgsf/Lsf] ljZn]if0f ug]{ .

278

!!=& GofokflnsfnfO{o k/dfb]zsf l/6 hf/L ug]{nufotsf sfo{dfkm{t\ k|x/Ln] hfx]/L bvf{:t

btf{ u/L cg';Gwfg ug'{kg]{ cfkm\gf lhDd]jf/Lsf] kfngf ug]{u/L lgu/fgLnfO{ hf/L /fVg] .

o u}/sfg'gL xTofsf k|j[lQ / ;DefJo dfgjtflj?4sf ck/fw tyf o'4 ck/fwsf] ¿kdf ltgsf a[xQ/ sfg'gL k|efjx¿sf] cWoog ug]{ .

o cbfnt / ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg Gofo;DaGwL cfof]ux¿sf aLrdf ;xof]usf :ki6 ljlw / dfWodx¿sf] ljsf; ug]{ .

!!=* g]kfn k|x/L sdfG8nfO{o åGåsf qmddf ePsf uDeL/ ck/fwsf cf/f]kx¿sf ;DaGwdf zL3|,

k"0f{ / lgikIf cg';Gwfg ug]{ .

o k|x/L clwsf/L ;+nUg ePsf cf/f]kx¿sf ;DaGwdfM slyt kL8sx¿sf] r]g ckm sdfG8eGbf aflx/ /x]sf clws[tx¿åf/f

cg';Gwfg ul/g'k5{ . :jtGq tyf lgikIf cg';Gwfg k"/f geP;Dd s;}sf] d[To' x'g]u/L

u}/sfg'gL zlQmsf] k|of]udf d'l5Psf JolQmx¿lj?4 ;]jfaf6 lgnDag h:tf tTsfn ljefuLo sf/afxL ug]{ .

o cfGtl/s ljefuLo cg'zf;gfTds sfo{ljlwx¿ kf/bzL{ ePsf] s'/f lglZrt ug]{ .

o sfuhkqsf] hfn;fhL tyf ;fIfLnfO{ 8/qf; b]vfpg]h:tf rfn' cg';Gwfgdf ul/Psf x:tIf]knufot u}/Goflos xTof;Fu ;DalGwt k|x/L sfo{ljlwx¿sf] pNnª\3g ug]{lj?4 ul/Psf] cfGtl/s cg'zf;gfTds sf/afxLnfO{ ;fj{hlgs ug]{ s'/f lglZrt ug]{ .

!!=( g]kfnL ;]gf tyf ;z:q k|x/L an sdfG8nfO{o ;a} bhf{sf sd{rf/Lsf] ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg Gofo;DaGwL ;

+oGqx¿nfO{ k"0f{ ;xof]u ug{] / ;a} ;Da4 b:tfj]h pgLx¿nfO{ pknAw u/fpg] s'/f lglZrt ug]{ .

o cg';Gwfgsf qmddf g]kfn k|x/LnfO{ sd{rf/L pknAw ;d]t u/fP/ cf/f]lkt u}/sfg'gL xTof;DaGwL k|x/Lsf] cg';Gwfgdf ;xof]u ug]{ .

279

o ;DefJo lrxfg tyf nf; ePsf 7fpFx¿sf] klxrfg ug{df ;xfotf ug]{ .

o åGå;Fu ;DalGwt u}/sfg'gL xTofdf ;+nUg ePsf] cf/f]k nfu]sflj?4 ul/Psf sf]6{ df;{n tyf cGo cg'zf;gfTds sf/afxLsf kl/0ffdx¿ ;fj{hlgs ug]{ .

o ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3Lo zflGt :yfkgf sf/afxLdf hfg] ;}lgs sd{rf/Lsf] 5gf]6 ljlw tyf efu lngaf6 /f]lsPsfx¿sf] gfd ;fj{hlgs ug{ .

o åGå;Fu ;DalGwt uDeL/ ck/fwdf d'l5Psf x'g;Sg] ;b:ox¿nfO{ :jtGq tyf lgikIf cg';Gwfgn] pgLx¿nfO{ cf/f]kx¿af6 ;kmfO glbP;Dd tTsfn lgnDag ug]{ .

!!=!) dfcf]jfbL g]t[TjnfO{o o; k|lqmofdf ;xof]u ug{ b:tfj]h tyf ;a} bhf{sf sd{rf/L

pknAw;d]t u/fP/ ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg Gofo;DaGwL cfof]ux¿ tyf Goflos lgsfox¿nfO{ k"0f{¿kdf ;xof]u ug]{ .

o åGå;Fu ;DalGwt cf/f]lkt uDeL/ ck/fwx¿sf ;DaGwdf k|x/Lsf] cg';Gwfgdf ;xof]u ug]{ .

o ;DefJo lrxfg tyf nf; ePsf 7fpFx¿sf] klxrfg ug{df ;xfotf ug{ .

o åGå;Fu ;DalGwt uDeL/ ck/fwsf cf/f]lkt kL8sx¿lj?4 ul/Psf cfGtl/s sf/afxLnfO{ ;fj{hlgs ug]{ .

o æhgGofo k|0ffnLÆåf/f lg0f{o ul/Psf 36gfx¿sf] ;a} pknAw clen]v ;fj{hlgs ug]{ .

280

!!=!! /fhgLlts bnsf g]t[TjnfO{o k|x/L, cleof]Qmf tyf Gofonon] u/]sf sf/afxLdf x:tIf]k gug]

{ ;fj{hlgs k|lta4tf hf/L ug]{ / k|x/L cg';GwfgnfO{ k|efljt kfg{ vf]Hg] jf ;xof]u gug]{ ;b:olj?4 pko'Qm sf/afxL u/L To;sf] ;fj{hlgs lgGbf ug]{ .

o ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg Gofo;DaGwL b'O{j6f cfof]usf lgdf{0fsf nflu cfjZos sfg'g tof/ kfg]{ / ltgnfO{ cGt/f{li6«o dfkb08adf]lhdsf] sfof{b]z pknAw u/fpg] h'g gful/s ;dfh tyf ;du| hgtf ;+nUg ePsf] k/fdzL{ k|lqmofsf] kl/0fd xf];\ .

!!=!@ /fli6«o dfgjclwsf/ cfof]unfO{o ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg Gofo;DaGwL ;+oGqx¿sf] lhDd]jf/L kfPsf ;

+:yfx¿sf] cg'udg k|lqmofdf ;+nUg x'g] .

o cfof]un] u/]sf u}/Goflos xTofsf ljutsf cg';Gwfgx¿sf lgisif{ tyf l;kmfl/;x¿ ;fj{hlgs ug]{ / kmf}hbf/L cleof]hg yfNg]nufot ;/sf/åf/f l;kmfl/;x¿sf] k"0f{ sfof{Gjog u/fpg k}/jL ug{ ;a} ;fwgsf] k|of]u ug]{ .

o ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg Gofo;DaGwL cfof]ux¿;Fu ;~rf/ tyf ;xof]usf] :ki6 ;DaGw :yfkgf ug]{ / pgLx¿nfO{ cg';Gwfgsf cfkm\gf k|ltj]bg tyf ;fdu|L pknAw u/fpg] .

!!=!# gful/s ;dfhnfO{o ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg Gofo;DaGwL cfof]ux¿sf] :yfkgf tyf

ltgnfO{ cfkm\gf] sfd ;'? ug{ rflxg] sfg'gnfO{ kfl/t ug{ k}/jL ug]{ .

o ltgsf sfdsf] gful/s ;dfhn] cg'udg ug{ ;dGjo ;+oGqx¿sf] :yfkgf ug]{ .

281

o uDeL/ cGt/f{li6«o dfgjclwsf/ tyf dfgjLo sfg'gsf] pNnª\3gsf nflu hjfkmb]xLtfsf] k|j4{gsf nflu dflg;df hgr]tgf hufO{ hgdtsf] lgdf{0f ug]{ .

!!=!$ ;~rf/dfWodnfO{o ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg Gofo;DaGwL ;+oGqsf sfo{sf] b}lgs ¿kdf ;dfrf/

5fKg sd{rf/L v6fpg], pbx/0fsf nflu, klqsfdf b}lgs :tDe tyf /]l8of]sf nflu cBfaLws ljj/0f pknAw u/fP/ .

o ;fdfGotof ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg Gofo tyf cfof]ux¿sf sfdsf af/]sf] ljZn]if0f;DaGwL hfgsf/L pknAw u/fpg] 6]lnlehg tyf /]l8of] sfo{qmdx¿ pNkfbg ug]{ .

o ;fIfLx¿sf] ;+/If0f u/]/ kLl8t, kL8faf6 afFr]sfx¿ tyf k|efljt ;d'bfox¿sf] ;xeflutfsf nflu ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg Gofo;;DaGwL sf/afxLnfO{ ;xh agfpg] .

!!=!% cGt/f{li6«o ;d'bfonfO{o ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg Gofo;DaGwL cfof]ux¿nfO{ cGt/f{li6«o

dfkb08adf]lhd :yfkgf ul/Psf] cj:yfdf tL cfof]u tyf ;Da4 sfo{qmdx¿nfO{ bL3{sfnLg / nlrnf] ;xof]u pknAw u/fpg] .

o u}/sfg'gL xTofdf ;+nUg ePsf] eGg] ljZj;gLo cf/f]k nfu]sf ;'/Iffkmf}hsf sd{rf/LnfO{ tL d'2fx¿ kof{Kt dfqfdf ;dfwfg geP;Dd tflnd sfo{qmd / ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3Lo zflGt :yfkgf ld;gaf6 lg/Gt/ cnu /fVg] .

o ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg Gofo;DaGwL sf/afxLx¿sf] lg/Gt/ cg'udg ug]{ .

282

!!=!^ kLl8tx¿nfO{o cflwsfl/s cg';Gwfgdf ;xof]u ug]{ / ;fIfLx¿sf] ;+/If0fnfO{ Wofgdf

/fvL ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg Gofo;DaGwL cfof]ux¿sf] sf/afxLdf ;xefuL x'g] .

o ;jf{lws v/fa ck/fwx¿sf nflu lhDd]jf/ JolQmx¿ ;+nUg ePsf k|tLsfTds d'2fx¿sf] cleof]hgdf ;3fp k'¥ofpg] .

283

kl/lzi6 ! — g]kfndf ;z:q åGåsf] ;do/]vf

g]kfndf ;z:q åGåsf] ;do/]vfn] ;z:q åGåsf] sfnqmlds k|jfxnfO{ k|:t't u/]sf] 5 . o;n] /fli6«o :t/df ePsf /fhgLlts ljsf;qmd tyf ;z:q åGådf k|efj kfg]{ lx+;fsf dxTTjk"0f{ 36gfx¿nfO{879 ;"rLs/0f u/]sf] 5 . åGåsf] s]xL P]ltxfl;s ;Gbe{ pknAw u/fpg o; ;do/]vfn] @)%@ ;fncl3 g]kfnsf] Oltxf;df dxTTjk"0f{ ;+j}wflgs tyf /fhgLlts 36gfsf] ;e]{If0f u/]sf] 5 .

!($(;]K6]Da/ !($( g]kfn sDo'lg:6 kf6L{ -g]skf_sf] u7g

!(%)h'nfO{ g]kfn / ef/tsf aLrdf zflGt tyf ldqtfsf] ;lGw, !($( df x:tfIf/

!(%!!(%! Km]a|'c/L & lbNnL ;Demf}tfdf x:tfIf/, h;n] /f0ff—g]kfnL sfª\

u|]; -g]sf_sf] ;+o'Qm ;/sf/sf nflu af6f] vflnlbof]!(%! Km]a|'c/L !%—!* /fhf lqe'jg lbNnLaf6 lkmtL{ . /f0ff zf;gsf]

cf}krfl/s ¿kdf cGTo / ;+o'Qm ;/sf/sf] :yfkgf !(%! clk|n !! g]kfnsf] cGtl/d zf;g ljwfg, @))& hf/L

!(%@!(%@ hgj/L @@—@# /Iffbnsf] ljb|f]x / sDo'lg:6 kf6L{dfly

k|ltaGw .

!(%^!(%^ clk|n !^ sDo'lg:6 kf6L{dflysf] k|ltaGw km'Ssf .

!(%(!(%( km]a|'c/L !@ /fhf dx]Gb|åf/f g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg,

@)!% hf/L .!(%( km]a|'= !*—clk|= # g]kfndf klxnf] cfdlgjf{rg ;DkGg . g]kfnL

sfª\u|]; b'O{ ltxfOeGbf a9L :yfgdf ljhoL

879 kfFr jf ;f]eGbf a9Lsf] d[To' ePsf]df To:tf lx+;fTds 36gfnfO{ ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . cGo tTjx¿n] 36gfnfO{ åGå;Fu ;DalGwt agfPsf]df, h:tf] ls kLl8tsf] klxrfg -h:t}, dxflg/LIfs s[i0fdf]xg >]i7_ cyjf 36gfsf] k|efj -h:t}, w/fk /fvL ul/Psf] z[ª\vnfa4 cfqmd0fdf klxnf] w/fk_ Tof]eGbf yf]/} d[To' ePsf 36gfx¿ klg ;dfj]z ul/Psf 5g\ .

284

!(%( dO{ @& g]kfnL sfª\u|];åf/f aLkL sf]O/fnfsf] g]t[Tjdf klxnf] lgjf{lrt ;/sf/sf] u7g .

!(^)!(^) l8;]Da/ !% /fhf dx]Gb|åf/f g]kfnL sfª\u|];sf] ;/sf/ avf{:t tyf

k|ToIf zf;g ;'? .

!(^!!(^! Hgj/L % /fhf dx]Gb|åf/f /fhgLlts bnx¿dfly k|ltaGw nufO{

lgb{nLo k~rfotL Joj:yfsf] ;'?jft, h'g ;g\ !(() -@)$^_ ;Dd sfod /Xof] .

!(^@!(^@ ;]K6]Da/ g]kfn sDo'lg:6 kf6L{sf] s]z/hª /

fodfemL ;d"xåf/f cfd"n kl/jt{gsf/L g]tfx¿ k'iknfn >]i7, t'n;Lnfn cdfTo / lxSdt l;+xnfO{ kf6L{af6 lgisf;g, h;n] kf6L{ ljefhgnfO{ cf}krfl/stf lbof] . ;f]xL jif{sf] dO{ dlxgfsf] dWolt/, k'ikn-fnsf] ;d"xåf/f s]Gb|Lo ;ldltsf bz g/d ;b:osf] lgisf;g .

!(^@ gf]e]Da/ * g]kfnL sfª\u|];sf g]tf ;'j0f{ zd;]/åf/f kf6L{n] ug{ vf]h]sf] ;z:q cfGbf]ng :yug .

!(^@ l8;]Da/ sDo'lg:6 kf6L{sf] cfd"n kl/jt{gsf/L ;d"xsf g]tf t'n;Lnfn cdfTo kf6L{sf] dxf;lrjdf lgo'Qm .

!(^@ l8;]Da/ !% g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)!( hf/L .

!(^#!(^# clk|n t'n;Lnfn cdfTo / k'iknfn cdfTosf] ;d"xdf

kf6L{ ljefhg .

!(^*!(^* dO{ ef/tsf] uf]/vk'/df kf6L{sf] dxflwj]zg u/L k'ikn-

fnåf/f gofF sDo'lg:6 kf6L{sf] :yfkgf .

!(&!!(&! dO{ ^ ;/sf/åf/f ;z:q sDo'lg:6 ljb|f]xsf] ¿kdf ;'? ul/Psf]

emfkf ljb|f]xsf] tTsfn bdg .

285

!(&! l8;]Da/ dgdf]xg clwsf/L, df]xgljqmd l;+x tyf lgd{n nfd-fåf/f ;]G6«n Go'lSno;sf] u7g .

!(&#!(&# dfr{ $ emfkf ;d"xsf ljb|f]xLx¿nfO{ h]n ;fbf{ xTof ul/

Psf] .!(&# h'g !) g]sfsf ;b:ox¿åf/f xjfO{hxfh ckx/0f u/L ef/t

laxf/sf] kmf/a];uGh nu]sf] .

!(&$!(&$ dfr{ !^ eLdgf/fof0f >]i7, o1axfb'/ yfkf / lul/hfk|;fb

sf]O/fnfnfO{ lj/f6gu/df ad k|xf/ u/L xTof ug]{ cleof]u nufOPsf] .

!(&$ l8;]Da/ !@ o1axfb'/ yfkfåf/f g]t[Tj ul/Psf] g]sf ;z:q ;d"xsf ;b:ox¿ cf]vn9'ª\ufdf kqmfp .

!(&%!(&% clk|n clvn g]kfn qmflGtsf/L sf]cl8{g];g sld6L -dfS;

{jfbL—n]lggjfbL_, h'g kl5 uP/ g]kfn sDo'lg:6 kf6L{ -PsLs[t dfS;{jfbL—n]lggjfbL_ aGof], sf] :yfkgf .

!(&% h'g clvn g]kfn sDo'lg:6 sf]cl8{g];g sld6Lsf] u7g ul/Psf] ;Dd]ngsf] ;dfkg . cGo :yfgLo sDo'lg:6 cfGbf]ngx¿nfO{ hDdf u/L kl5 g]skf -dfS;{jfbL—n]lggjfbL_sf] u7g .

!(&*!(&* l8;]Da/ @^ g]skf -dfS;{jfbL—n]lggjfbL_sf] u7g .

!(*)!(*) dO{ @ cfdhgtfsf] lj/f]wkl5, ;/sf/åf/f ax'bnLo k|0ffnLsf

nflu hgdt ;ª\u|xsf] 3f]if0ff, t/ of] k|:tfj r'gfjdf k/flht .

!(*#!(*# gf]e]Da/ df]xgljqmd l;+xåf/f rf}yf] dxflwj]zgaf6 cnu eP/

g]kfn sDo'lg:6 kf6L{ -d;fn_sf] u7g .

!(*%

286

!(*% gf]e]Da/ df]xgljqmd l;+xsf] g]skf -d;fn_af6 km'6]/ g]skf -dzfn_sf] u7g .

!(*(!(*( cu:6 g]skf -dfn]_sf] ;Dd]ngaf6 cGtl/d nIosf ¿kdf ;

+;bLo k|hftGqsf nflu sfd ug]{df ;xdlt .

!(()!(() km]a|'c/L ! g]kfnL sfª\u|]; / ;+o'Qm jfd df]rf{aLr Ps ;

+o'Qm ;dGjo ;ldltsf] u7g ePsf] 3f]k0ff .!(() km]a|'c/L !$ s§/ sDo'lg:6 ;d"xx¿åf/f ;+o'Qm /fli6«o

hgcfGbf]ngsf] u7g ePsf] 3f]if0ff .!(() km]a|'c/L !* g]kfnL sfª\u|]; / ;+o'Qm jfd df]rf{åf/f

hgcfGbf]ngsf] ;'?jft .!(() clk|n * hgcfGbf]ngkl5 /fhgLlts bnx¿df nufOPsf] k|

ltaGw km'Ssf .!(() clk|n !^ /fli6«o k~rfotsf] lj36g .!(() clk|n !( cGtl/d ;/sf/åf/f kbef/ u|x0f .!(() gf]e]Da/ ( g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& hf/L .!(() gf]e]Da/ @# g]skf -Pstf s]Gb|_sf] :yfkgf . o;df dzfn, rf}yf]

dxflwj]zg / g]skf -ls;fg ;ª\u7g_ ;+nUg .

!((!!((! hgj/L * g]skf -dfn]_ / g]skf -dfS;{jfbL_ ldn]/ g]kfn

sDo'lg:6 kf6L{ -PsLs[t dfS;{jfbL—n]lggjfbL_sf] lgdf{0f .

!((! dO{ !@ cfdlgjf{rgdf g]sfåf/f !!), Pdfn]åf/f ^( / ;+o'Qm hgdf]rf{ g]kfnåf/f gf} :yfgdf ljho xfl;n .

!((@!((@ km]a|'c/L Pstf s]Gb|÷;+o'Qm hgdf]rf{ g]kfn, g]skf -

d;fn_, g]skf -dfn]df_ / g]kfn sDo'lg:6 lnu ldn]/ ;+o'Qm hgcfGbf]ng ;ldltsf] u7g .

!((@ clk|n ^ sf7df8f}Fdf ;+o'Qm hgcfGbf]ng ;ldltåf/f cfof]lht lj/f]w sfo{qmddf k|x/Lsf] uf]nL nfuL s]xL JolQmsf] d[To' .

!((@ dO{ @*, #! :yfgLo lgsfosf] lgjf{rgdf g]sfåf/f cfwfeGbf a9L :yfgdf -%)=!$ k|ltzt_ ljho xfl;n .

287

!((#!((# km]a|'c/L Pdfn]sf] ;Dd]ngaf6 cfkm\gf] ljrf/wf/fsf] ¿kdf

hgtfsf] ax'bnLo hgjfb kfl/t .

!(($!(($ dO{ @@ ;+o'Qm hgdf]rf{ afa'/fd e§/fO{ / lg/~hg

uf]ljGb j}B u'6df ljefhg .!(($ cu:6 !) ;+o'Qm hgdf]rf{sf] afa'/fd e§/fO{ ;d"xåf/f

dWofjlw lgjf{rg alxisf/!(($ gf]e]Da/ !% g]kfnL sfª\u|];n] cfGtl/s ljb|f]xsf] Joj:yfkg

ug{ g;s]kl5 ePsf] dWofjlw lgjf{rgdf g]kfn sDo'lg:6 kf6L{ -PsLs[t dfS;{jfbL—n]lggjfbL_n] ;a}eGbf a9L ** :yfg lhTof] t/ ax'dt eg] Nofpg ;s]g .

!(($ gf]e]Da/ @( dgdf]xg clwsf/L k|wfgdGqL / dfwjs'df/ g]kfn pkk|wfgdGqL ePsf] g]skf -Pdfn]_sf] g]t[Tjdf ;/sf/ u7g .

!((%!((% dfr{ k"j{ g]kfn sDo'lg:6 kf6L{ -Pstf s]Gb|_sf 36sx¿ /

;+o'Qm hgdf]rf{ g]kfn ldn]/ g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_sf] u7g . kf6L{åf/f æg]kfndf ;z:q ;ª\3if{sf] /0fgLlt tyf sfo{gLltÆsf] cjnDag .

!((% ;]K6]Da/ g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_åf/f æhgo'4sf] P]ltxfl;s ;'?jftsf] of]hgfÆ cjnDag .

!((% cS6f]a/ cfkm\gf] ljrf/wf/fsf] k|j4{g ug{ dfcf]jfbLåf/f l;hf -?s'd / /f]Nkf lhNnfsf k|l;4 kxf8x¿ qmdzM l;:g] / hnhnf kxf8sf] gfdaf6 /flvPsf_ cleofgsf] ;'?jft .

!((% ;]K6]Da/ !! g]kfnL sfª\u|];, /fli6«o k|hftGq kf6L{ / g]kfn ;befjgf kf6L{sf] u7aGwg ;/sf/sf] g]t[Tj ub}{ z]/axfb'/ b]pjf k|wfgdGqL .

!((% gf]e]Da/ $ /f]Nkf, ?s'd / bfª lhNnfdf dfcf]jfbL ;dy{slj?4 k|x/Låf/f ck/];g /f]ldof] sf/afxL ;~rfng .

åGåsfnLg ;do

!((^!((^ km]a|'c/L $ afa'/fd e§/fO{åf/f g]t[Tj ul/Psf] ;+o'Qm

hgdf]rf{ g]kfnåf/f ;/sf/;dIf $) a'Fb] dfu k|:t't .

288

km]a|'c/L !& ;Dddf ;/sf/af6 ;sf/fTds hjfkm gcfP ;z:q ;ª\3if{ yfNg] r]tfjgL .

!((^ km]a|'c/L !@ g]kfn / ef/tsf k|wfgdGqLx¿åf/f gofF lbNnLdf dxfsfnL ;lGwdf x:tfIf/ .

!((^ km]a|'c/L !# g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_åf/f g]kfndf ;z:q ljb|f]xsf] ;'?jft / /f]Nkfsf] xf]n]/L, ?s'dsf] cf7la:sf]6 / l;Gw'nLsf] l;Gw'nLu9Lsf k|x/L rf}sLx¿dfly cfqmd0f . uf]vf{ lhNnfsf] Rofª\nLl:yt s[lif ljsf; a}ª\s lgo-Gq0fdf lnOPsf] / sf7df8f}Fl:yt k]K;Lsf]nf af]6\lnª km\ofS6«L tyf uf]vf{l:yt dgsfdgf l8l:6n/Ld-fly cfqmd0f . sfe|]l:yt bf}ntljqmd bf]ª ;"bvf]/ ePsf] eGb} pgsf] 3/ sAhf . kfFr lbgkl5 g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_sf dxf;lrj k|r08åf/f oL sf/afxLsf nflu lhDd]jf/L lnFb} k|]; jQmJo hf/L .

!((^ km]a|'c/L @& ?s'dsf] lkkndf k|x/Låf/f 5 dfcf]jfbL dfl/P . b'O{hgfnfO{ gnl;+x / hfh/sf]6df kl5 kqmfp ul/of] / dfl/of] .

!((^ clk|n @@—@( :j]R5frf/L y'gf;DaGwL ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3Lo sfo{;d"xsf cWoIfåf/f g]kfnsf] e|d0f .

!((^ dO{ ^ dfcf]jfbLåf/f k|x/LnfO{ nlIot u/L ?s'dsf] 6s;]/fdf klxnf] w/fk /flvPsf] . b'O{ k|x/Lsf] d[To' ePkl5 dfcf]jfbLåf/f b'O{ /fOkmn sAhf .

!((^ h'g—h'nfO{ g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_sf] s]Gb|Lo ;ldltsf] a}7skl5 hgo'4sf] bf];|f] of]hgf kfl/t . æof]hgfa4 ¿kdf u'l/Nnf o'4sf] ljsf; u/f}+Æ eGg] gf/f sfod .

!((^ l8;]Da/ !* ;+;b\åf/f oftgf Ifltk"lt{ P]g kfl/t .

!((&!((& hgj/L # dfcf]jfbLåf/f /fd]5fksf] a]yfgl:yt k|x/L rf}sL

cfkm\gf] lgoGq0fdf .!((& hgj/L * dfgjclwsf/ cfof]u P]g, @)%# g]kfnsf] ;+;b\åf/f

kfl/t .!((& dfr{ !@ /fk|kf, g]skf -Pdfn]_ / g]kfn ;b\efjgf

kf6L{x¿ ldn]/ ag]sf] gofF u7aGwg ;/sf/sf] k|wfgdGqLdf /fli6«o k|hftGq kf6L{sf nf]s]Gb|axfb'/ rGb lgo'Qm .

!((& clk|n ;z:q ljb|f]x;DaGwL cWoog u/L l;kmfl/; ug{ g]skf -Pdfn]_sf] tkm{af6 ;+;b\sf ;b:o k|]dl;+x wfdLsf] cWoIftfdf Ps sfo{bn u7g .

289

!((& dO{ !&, @^ :yfgLo txsf] lgjf{rg ;DkGg . g]skf -Pdfn]_åf/f %!, g]sfåf/f #) / /fk|kfåf/f !@=^ k|ltzt :yfgdf ljho xfl;n .

!((& dO{ @^ g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_sf] s]Gb|Lo ;ldltsf] a}7såf/f æu'l/Nnf o'4nfO{ ljsf;sf] csf]{ gofF prfOdf p7fcf}FÆ eGg] gf/f;lxt kf6L{sf] t];|f] of]hgf kfl/t .

!((& cS6f]a/ ^ /fk|kf, g]sf / ;b\efjgf kf6L{sf] gofF u7aGwg ;/sf/sf] k|wfgdGqLsf] ¿kdf ;"o{axfb'/ yfkfsf] lgo'lQm .

!((*!((* km]a|'c/L !# ljb|f]x ;'? ePsf] bf];|f] jflif{sf]T;jdf k|r08åf/f

g]t[Tjdf g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_sf] s]Gb|Lo ;}Go cfof]u u7g ePsf] cf}krfl/s 3f]if0ff .

!((* dfr{ % dxfsfnLdf x:tfIf/ ul/Psf] ljifonfO{ lnP/ g]skf -Pdfn]_df ljefhg .

!((* dfr{ @^ lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnf gofF k|wfgdGqLsf] ¿kdf lgo'Qm . dfn] / kl5 Pdfn]nfO{ ;dfj]z u/L dlGqd08nsf] lj:tf/ .

!((* dO{ @^ ljb|f]xaf6 ;jf{lws k|efljt lhNnfx¿df ætLj| ;'/Iff sf/afxLÆ -lsnf] ;]/f 6'_ gfds sf/afxL ;'? .

!((* h'g # kfFrv'jf b]p/fnL ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt -uflj;_df k|x/Låf/f kfFr dfcf]jfbL sfo{stf{nfO{ kqmfp u/L xTof .

!((* h'g % hfh/sf]6sf] nfxf uflj;l:yt Pp6f :s'ndf eO/x]sf] sfo{qmddf k|x/Låf/f x:tIf]k . Ps :jf:YosdL{, lzIfs / ljBfyL{x¿;lxt cf7hgf dfl/P .

!((* h'g !( k|x/Låf/f hfh/sf]6sf] bx uflj;af6 cf7hgfnfO{ kqmfp u/L lxdfg] hª\undf nuL dfl/Psf] .

!((* cu:6 % ?s'dsf] enfIfdf cfPsf] k|x/Lsf] u:tL 6f]nL dfcf]jfbL w/fkdf, h;df b'O{ k|x/L dfl/P . ;f]xL lbg To;} uflj;df k|x/Låf/f rf/ dfcf]jfbLsf] xTof .

!((* cu:6 g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_ s]Gb|Lo ;ldltsf] rf}yf] lj:tfl/t a}7s -Kn]gd_åf/f æcfwf/If]q lgdf{0fsf] lbzfdf cufl8 a9f}FÆ eGg] d"n gf/fsf] lgdf{0f / rf}yf] of]hgfaf/] lg0f{o .

!((* cS6f]a/ !( ?s'dsf] l;D6Ldf k|x/Låf/f kfFrhgf dfl/P .

290

!((* cS6f]a/ @^ g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_åf/f cfwf/ Onfsfx¿sf] lgdf{0f ub}{ o'4sf] /0fgLlts k|lt/Iff r/0fsf] rf}yf] r/0f -rf}yf] of]hgf_ ;'? ePsf] 3f]if0ff.

!((* gf]e]Da/ # l;Gw'nLsf] emª\ufemf]nLdf k|x/Låf/f kfFrhgf dfl/P .

!((* gf]e]Da/ ( bfªsf] xfk'/]df dfcf]jfbL lhNnf g]tf dfwj l3ld/]nufot k|x/Låf/f uf]nL xfgL ;ft dfcf]jfbLsf] xTof .

!((* gf]e]Da/ @( hfh/sf]6sf] bxf uflj;l:yt n'sf{ lgkfg]df k|x/Låf/f !@ hgfsf] xTof .

!((* l8;]Da/ !@ uf]vf{sf] 7'dL uflj;l:yt Pp6f 3/nfO{ 3]/fp u/L k|x/Låf/f cf7 dfcf]jfbL sfo{stf{sf] xTof .

!((* l8;]Da/ !( ?s'dsf] /Gdf dfOsf]6 uflj;df k|x/Låf/f kfFrhgfsf] xTof .

!((* l8;]Da/ @* uf]vf{sf] s]/faf/L uflj;df k|x/Låf/f gf}hgfsf] xTof .

!(((!((( hgj/L ! hfh/sf]6sf] vnª\uf ltldn]df k|x/Låf/f kfFrhgfsf]

xTof .!((( dfr{ # bfªsf] lr/f3f6l:yt k|x/L rf}sLdf dfcf]jfbL cfqmd0f

. ;ft k|x/L sd{rf/L tyf sDtLdf rf/ dfcf]jfbL dfl/P .!((( dfr{ % ;+;bLo r'gfjL cleofgsf] qmddf g]skf -Pdfn]_sf k|

ltlglw;efsf pDd]bjf/ ob' uf}tdsf] ?s'dsf] u/}nf uflj;df xTof . xTof x'g'cl3 tLgk6s;Dd pgnfO{ dfcf]jfbLåf/f aGbL agfOPsf] lyof] / /fhgLltdf gnfUg r]tfjgL lbOPsf] lyof] elgG5 .

!((( dfr{ !( clvn g]kfn hg;fF:s[lts ;ª\3sf ;ft dfcf]jfbL snfsf/sf] sfe|]sf] cgsf]6df k|x/Låf/f xTof .

!((( dO{ #, !& b'O{ r/0fdf cfdlgjf{rg ;DkGg . g]kfnL sfª\u|];n] !!) :yfg lhtL ax'dt xfl;n u¥of] eg] Pdfn]n] &! :yfg lhTof] .

!((( dO{ @@ uf]vf{ lhNnfsf] tfs'sf]6 ufpFdf dfcf]jfbLåf/f k|x/L rf}sLdf cfqmd0f . kfFr k|x/L clwsf/L tyf Ps dfcf]jfbL dfl/P .

!((( dO{ @& s[i0fk|;fb e§/fO{sf] g]t[Tjdf g]kfnL sfª\u|];sf] ;/sf/ u7g .

291

!((( h'g !$ hfh/sf]6 nfxfgl:yt k|x/L a];SofDkdfly dfcf]jf-bLsf] cfqmd0f . kfFr k|x/L sd{rf/L;lxt sDtLdf gf}hgf dfl/P .

!((( h'g @@ /f]Nkfsf] ejfªdf g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_sf] ;fF:s[lts ;d"xsf !! ;b:osf] k|x/Låf/f xTof .

!((( h'g @( hfh/sf]6 lhNnfsf] hufltk'/df dfcf]jfbL ePsf] cf/f]kdf 5hgf dfl/P .

!((( h'nfO{ @) hfh/sf]6sf] hufltk'/df k|x/Låf/f dfcf]jfbL lhNnf ;b:o OGb| cfrfo{;lxt 5hgfsf] xTof .

!((( cu:6 g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_sf] b'Jo{jxf/af6 kLl8tx¿sf] /fxtsf nflu tyf cfTd;dk{0f ug{ rfxg] dfcf]jfbL sfo{stf{x¿sf] k'g:yf{kgf ug]{ p2]Zon] ;'? ul/Psf] u0f]zdfg l;+x zflGt cleofgsf] sfof{Gjogsf nflu ? #) s/f]8 ah]6 5'6\ofOPsf] ;/sf/åf/f 3f]if0ff .

!((( ;]K6]Da/ * dfcf]jfbL j}slNks kf]ln6Ao'/f] ;b:o ;'/]z jfUn] -jf;'_ tyf Knf6'g sdfG8/ eLd;]g kf]v/]nsf] k|x/Låf/f uf]vf{sf] ufª\v'df xTof .

!((( ;]K6]Da/ @@ ?s'dsf] dxt ufpFl:yt k|x/L r]sKjfOG6dfly ePsf] dfcf]jfbL cfqmd0fsf] qmddf k|x/L gfoa pk/LIfs -8LP;kL_ 7"n] /fO{nfO{ dfcf]jfbLåf/f s}bL ag-fOof] . dfcf]jfbLn] pgsf] l/xfOsf] ;§fdf s]xL dfcf]jfbL aGbLx¿sf] l/xfOsf] dfu /fv] .

!((( ;]K6]Da/ @^ sfe|]sf] eLdvf]/L k|x/L rf}sLdfly dfcf]jfbLsf] cfqmd0f . tLg k|x/L sd{rf/L / b'O{ dfcf]jfbL dfl/P .

!((( cu:6 g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_sf] ljb|f]xsf] /0fgLlts k|lt/Iff r/0fsf] kfFrf} of]hgfsf] ;'?jft .

!((( l8;]Da/ ! ;z:q ljb|f]xnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ k|oTg:j¿k ;/sf/åf/f z]/axfb'/ b]pjfsf] g]t[Tjdf pRr:t/Lo ;xdlt lgdf{0f ;ldlt u7g .

!((( l8;]Da/ $ dfcf]jfbL g]tf lbg]z zdf{ k|x/Låf/f sf7df8f}Fsf] ag:ynLaf6 kqmfp .

!((( l8;]Da/ !$ /f]Nkf lhNnfsf] Oef{ª uflj;df k|x/Låf/f dfcf]jfbL tflnd s]Gb|df cfqmd0f, !! dfcf]jfbLsf] xTof .

!((( l8;]Da/ @) 8LP;kL 7"n] /fO{ l/xf . To;sf] nuQ} jl/i7 dfcf]jfbL g]tf b]j u'?ª l/xf .

292

@)))@))) hgj/L # h'Dnf lhNnfsf] /fxlnxL uflj;l:yt k|x/L rf}sLdfly

dfcf]jfbL cfqmd0f . gf}hgf k|x/L dfl/P .@))) hgj/L !$ c5fd lhNnf 9ª\s' uflj;sf] b'ª\ufnl:yt Pp6f :s'ndf

ePsf] ;fF:s[lts sfo{qmddf k|x/Låf/f uf]nL k|xf/, h;df gf}hgf dfl/P . pgLx¿sf nf; hnfOof] . dfl/g]dWo] ;fthgf lgbf]{if dflg; ePsf] s'/f k|x/Ln] kl5 :jLsf/ u¥of] .

@))) hgj/L @@ hfh/sf]6sf] lkk]df dfcf]jfbLsf] w/fkdf k/L 5 k|x/L dfl/P .

@))) km]a|'c/L !! Ps lghL sDkgLsf] :jfldTjdf /x]sf] tyf bf]nvfsf] lh/Ll:yt g]kfn k|x/Ln] k|of]u ug]{ u/]sf] x]lnsK6/df dfcf]jfbLåf/f cfuhgL .

@))) km]a|'c/L !% ;'v]{tsf] d}6f8fdf k|x/Låf/f kfFr dfcf]jfbL sfo{stf{sf] xTof .

@))) km]a|'c/L !( /f]Nkfsf] 3lt{ufpFl:yt Onfsf k|x/L sfof{nodfly dfcf]jfbLsf] cfqmd0f . kGw| dfcf]jfbL sfo{stf{ tyf Ps dfcf]jfbL dfl/P .

@))) km]a|'c/L @@ ?s'dsf] vf/f uflj;df k|x/Låf/f !* hgfsf] xTof tyf ufpFdf cfuhgL, sl/a #)) 3/ hn]/ Wj:t . tLg lbgcl3 /f]Nkfsf] 3tL{ufpFl:yt k|x/L rf}sLdf ePsf] dfcf]jfbL cfqmd0fdf k/L dfl/Psf !% k|x/L sd{rf/Lsf] xTofsf] abnfdf of] ul/Psf] h:tf] b]lvG5 .

@))) km]a|'c/L %—!$ u}/Goflos, u}/sfg'gL tyf :j]R5frf/L xTof;DaGwL ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3sf ljz]if k|ltj]bssf] g]kfn e|d0f .

@))) clk|n % ?s'dsf] 6s;f/fl:yt Onfsf k|x/L sfof{nodf dfcf]jfbL cfqmd0f, cf7 k|x/L sd{rf/Lsf] d[To' .

@))) clk|n !@ ;'v]{tsf] ;ª\u|fxL vf]nfdf dfcf]jfbLn] yfk]sf] w/fkdf k/L k|x/L u:tL 6f]nLsf 5hgfsf] d[To' .

@))) clk|n k|wfgdGqL hLkL sf]O/fnfåf/f /fli6«o ;'/Iff kl/ifb\nfO{ ;lqmo agfOof] . ;]gf kl/rfng;DaGwL lg0f{o ug'{ o;sf] ;+j}wflgs lhDd]jf/L xf] .

293

@))) dO{ @^ s}nfnLsf] pdf{ & l:yt Pp6f 3/df ;'/Iffkmf}hn] cfuf] nufpFbf kfFr dfcf]jfbL dfl/P . 5}6f}FnfO{ cfTd;dk{0f ul/;s]kl5 dfl/of] .

@))) h'g % ;+;b\df sfg'g kfl/t ePsf] nueu rf/ jif{kl5 /fli6«o dfgjclwsf/ cfof]usf] :yfkgf .

@))) h'g & hfh/sf]6sf] kfFrsl6of Onfsf k|x/L sfof{nodfly dfcf]jfbL cfqmd0f . P3f/ k|x/L sd{rf/L, b'O{ dfcf]jfbL / ;ft ;j{;fwf/0f dfl/P .

@))) h'g g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_sf] /0fgLlts k|lt/Iff r/0fsf] 5}6f}F of]hgf ;'?jft .

@))) h'nfO{ !& ;/sf/åf/f aFw'jf >d u}/sfg'gL tyf sd}ofx¿ d'Qm ePsf] 3f]if0ff .

@))) ;]K6]Da/ @$ 8f]Nkfsf] b'gfOdf dfcf]jfbLn] cfqmd0f u/L lhNnf k|x/L sfof{no, sf/fuf/, dfnkf]t sfof{no tyf cGo ;/sf/L k|lti7fgx¿ Pj+ Pp6f a}ª\s sAhfdf lnP . rf}w k|x/L sd{rf/L dfl/P / !@ ckxl/t eP, h;nfO{ kl5 5f]l8of] . dfcf]jfbL]n] xltof/ tyf gub sAhf u/] .

@))) ;]K6]Da/ @& ndh'ªsf] ef]n]{6f/ k|x/L rf}sLdfly dfcf]jfbLsf] cfqmd0f . cf7 k|x/L sd{rf/L tyf tLg dfcf]jfbL dfl/P . ;ft k|x/LnfO{ 3fOt] eP/ nl8/x]sf] a]nf uf]nL xfgL dfl/Psf] lyof] egL PDg]:6L OG6/g];gnn] k|ltj]bg u/]sf] 5 .

@))) cS6f]a/ 8f]Nkf lhNnfsf] b'gfOdf ePsf] dfcf]jfbL cfqm-d0fkl5 !^ lhNnf ;b/d'sfddf ;]gf /fVg] ;/sf/sf] lg0f{o .

@))) cS6f]a/ @& pkk|wfgdGqL /fdrGb| kf}8\ofn / g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_ s]Gb|Lo ;ldltsf ;b:o /jLGb| >]i7aLr cgf}krfl/s ;+jfb . jftf{sf] k"j{;t{sf ¿kdf ;/sf/åf/f y'lgPsf ;a} y'g'jfsf] l/xfO x'g'kg]{ dfcf]jfbLsf] dfu .

@))) gf]e]Da/ # dfcf]jfbL g]tfx¿ lbg]z zdf{ / lbgfgfy uf}tdnfO{ kqsf/x¿;dIf /fv]/ l/xfO, hxfF pgLx¿n] lx+;f Tofu u/] .

@))) gf]e]Da/ $ ;/sf/nfO{ jftf{sf] jftfj/0f lauf/]sf] cf/f]k nufpFb} ;+jfbsf] ;Defjgf ;dfKt ePsf] k|r08sf] 3f]if0ff .

294

@))) gf]e]Da/ @( sflnsf]6 sf]taf8fl:yt k|x/L rf}sLdf dfcf]jfbL cfqmd0f, !! k|x/L sd{rf/Lsf] d[To' .

@))!@))! hgj/L @@ ;z:q k|x/L an v8f u/L o;sf] ;~rfngsf] k|aGw ug]

{ dg;fon] ;/sf/åf/f ;z:q k|x/L cWofb]z, @)%& hf/L .

@))! km]a|'c/L # k|wfgdGqLnfO{ ;'/Iff lbFb} uO/x]sf] k|x/Lsf] uf8L ;'v]{tsf] 5};6\7Ldf dfcf]jfbL w/fkdf . kf-Frhgf k|x/L dfl/P . Gofokflnsfdfly cfqmd0f gug]{ cfkm\gf] gLlt g/x]sf] dfcf]jfbLsf] egfO .

@))! km]a|'c/L g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_sf] ef/tsf] k~hfadf bf];|f] /fli6«o dxflwj]zg ;DkGg . kr08ky ljrf/wf/fsf] cjnDag / kf6L{ cWoIfsf] ¿kdf k|r08 lgjf{lrt . blI-f0f Pl;ofnL dxf;ª\3sf] cjwf/0ff kfl/t .

@))! clk|n ! ?s'dsf] ?s'dsf]6 k|x/L rf}sLdf dfcf]jfbL cfqmd0f, #% k|x/L tyf cf7 dfcf]jfbLsf] d[To' .

@))! clk|n @ bf]nvfsf] d}gfkf]v/L Onfsf k|x/L sfof{nodf dfcf]jfbL cfqmd0f, kfFr k|x/L sd{rf/L / tLg dfcf]jfbL dfl/P .

@))! clk|n % b}n]v lhNnfsf] gf}d'n]÷6f]nLdf k|x/L SofDkdf dfcf]jfbL cfqmd0f, h;df #! k|x/L tyf 5 k|x/L dfl/P . c¿ @* k|x/Ln] cfTd;dk{0f u/] elgof] . s}bLdWo]sf cf7hgfnfO{ sfg'gL ljlw gk'¥ofO{ dfcf]jfbLåf/f xTof .

@))! clk|n ? $) s/f]8sf] ah]6 5'6\ofP/ ;/sf/åf/f PsLs[t cfGtl/s ;'/Iff tyf ljsf; of]hgf . o; of]hgfcg';f/ ljsf; ultljlwx¿df ;xof]u ug{ ;]gfsf] kl/rfng kb{5 .

@))! h'g ! /fhf jL/]Gb| / /fhkl/jf/sf cGo bz ;b:osf] /fhb/af/df xTof .

@))! h'g $ bLk]Gb| zfxsf] d[To'kl5 /fhf jL/]Gb|sf efO 1fg]Gb| zfx gofF /fhfsf] ¿kdf 3f]if0ff . d[To' x'g'cl3 bLk]Gb|nfO{ /fhf 3f]if0ff ul/Psf] lyof] .

@))! h'nfO{ ! blIf0f Pl;ofnL dfcf]jfbL kf6L{ / ;ª\u7gx¿sf] ;dGjo ;ldlt -sDkf];f_ u7g ul/Psf] 3f]iff0ff . blIf0f Pl;ofnL dfcf]jfbL kf6L{ / ;ª\u7gx¿sf] ;femf kmf]/dsf] ¿kdf o;sf] ;'?df @))! h'gdf u7g ul/Psf] lyof] .

295

@))! h'nfO{ ^ gofF /fhf 1fg]Gb|sf] hGdlbgdf tLgj6f 5'§f5'§} 7fpFsf k|x/L rf}sLdfly dfcf]jfbL cfqmd0f, nDh'ªsf] larf}/df @!, u'NdLsf] afdL 6S;f/df !) / g'jfsf]6sf] tf?sfdf !) k|x/Lsf] d[To' .

@))! h'nfO{ !@ /f]Nkfsf] xf]n]/Ll:yt k|x/L rf}sLdf dfcf]jfbL cfqmd0f, Pshgfsf] d[To' / ^( k|x/L dfcf]jfbLåf/f aGbL . To;a]nf lx/f;tdf ePsf ;Dk"0f{ dfcf]jfbL aGbLx¿dWo] cfwfnfO{ l/xf ug'{kg]{ pgLx¿sf] dfu .

@))! h'nfO{ !# klxnf]k6s dfcf]jfbLlj?4 ;]gf kl/rfng ug{ cfb]z . cl3Nnf] lbg /f]Nkfsf] xf]n]/Ldf aGbL agfOPsf k|x/L sd{rf/LnfO{ l/xf ug{ xf]n]/L tyf g'jfufpF uflj;df l;kfxL k7fOPsf] . s]xL lbgkl5 n8fOFdf efu glnO{ ;]gf lkmtf{ .

@))! h'nfO{ !( k|wfgdGqL lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnfsf] kbaf6 /fhLgfdf .

@))! h'nfO{ @# z]/axfb'/ b]pjf gofF k|wfgdGqL . afh'/f lhNnfdf tLgj6f k|x/L rf}sLdf dfcf]jfbL cfqmd0f, !% k|x/Lsf] d[To' .

@))! h'nfO{ @% ;/sf/åf/f o'4lj/fdsf] 3f]if0ff, h;nfO{ kl5 g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_n] :jLsf/ u¥of] .

@))! cu:6 !% ef/tsf] l;nLu'9Ldf ljleGg sDo'lg:6 kf6L{ / dfcf]jf-bLaLr ;+jfb .

@))! cu:6 #) ;/sf/ / g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_sf] klxnf] r/0fsf] jftf{ nlntk'/sf] uf]bfj/Ldf . o'4lj/fd cfrf/;+lxtfaf/] ;Demf}tf ;DkGg .

@))! ;]K6]Da/ !#, !$ alb{ofsf] 7fs'/åf/fdf ;/sf/ / g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_ jftf{ 6f]nLaLr bf];|f] r/0fsf] jftf{ .

@))! cS6f]a/ @$ @))! cu:6 @@ df ;z:q k|x/L an P]g, @)%* hf/L ePkl5 ;'?df dfcf]jfbL ljb|f]xsf] d'sflanf ug]{ p2]Zon] ;z:q k|x/L ansf] u7g .

@))! gf]e]Da/ !# t];|f] r/0fsf] jftf{ nlntk'/sf] uf]bfj/Ldf ;DkGg .@))! gf]e]Da/ @! ;/sf/sf] sf/afxLsf sf/0f ;+jfb ljkmn x'g nfu]sf]

egL g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_åf/f jQmJo hf/L .@))! gf]e]Da/ @# dfcf]jfbLåf/f k|x/L, ;]gf tyf cGo ;/sf/L ;+:yfdfly

z[ª\vnfa4 58\s] cfqmd0f . bfªdf, pgLx¿n] ;}lgs Aof/]s -uf]/vaxfb'/ u0f / eujtLk|;fb u'Nd_dfly wfjf af]Ng'sf ;fy} b'O{ k|x/L rf}sLdfly

296

cfqmd0f . b'j} kIf u/L nueu b'O{bh{g dfl/P . dfcf]jfbLåf/f xftxltof/ tyf gub klg sAhf .:ofª\hfdf, k'tnLahf/l:yt lhNnf k|x/L sfof{no / uN-ofªsf] k|x/L sfof{nodf dfcf]jfbL cfqmd0f, !$ k|x/Lsf d[To' . df]/ªsf] dhf/] k|x/L rf}sLdfly klg cfqmd0f .#& ;b:oLo ;+o'Qm qmflGtsf/L hgkl/ifb\ -o"cf/kL;L_ g]kfn u7g ePsf] 3f]if0ff . o;sf] g]t[Tjdf afa'/fd e§/fO{ / s]Gb|Lo hg;/sf/ cfof]hs ;ldlt .

@))! gf]e]Da/ @$ hgd'lQm ;]gf g]kfnsf] cf}krfl/s 3f]if0ff, cWoIf k|r08 o;sf] ;jf]{Rr sdfG8/ .

@))! gf]e]Da/ @% ;f]n'v'Da'sf] ;Nn]/Ldf ;]gf, k|x/L / ;/sf/L sfof{no tyf kmKn' Po/kf]6{dfly hgd'lQm ;]gfsf] cfqm-d0f, k|lhc tyf !! ;}lgs;lxt #$ hgfsf] d[To' .

@))! gf]e]Da/ @^ ;/sf/åf/f ;ª\s6sfnsf] 3f]if0ff . ;]gf kl/rfng eO{ dfcf]jfbLlj?4sf] sf/afxLdf ;'/Iffkmf}hsf] sdfG8 ;Dxfn]sf] .cftª\ssf/L tyf ljWj+zfTds ultljlw -lgoGq0f / ;hfo_ cWofb]z -6f8f]_, @)%* -@))!_ hf/L .bfr'{nfsf] uf]s'n]Zj/df dfcf]jfbL w/fkdf k/L 5 ;'/IffsdL{sf] Hofg uof] .sf7df8f}Fdf k|x/Låf/f hglbzf b}lgs / hgfb]z ;fKt-flxssf] sfof{nodf k|x/Låf/f wfjf . dfcf]jfbLk|lt ;xfg'e"lt /fVg] Ps bh{g kqsf/ kqmfp .

@))! gf]e]Da/ @* bfª lhNnf 3f]/fxLsf] auf{8Lsf] v]tdf sfd ul//x]sf !! lgz:q ls;fgx¿sf] ;'/Iffkmf}hsf sd{rf/Låf/f xTof .

@))! gf]e]Da/ #) /f]Nkf lhNnfsf] v'd]n uflj;—$ df a/fx k"hf dgfO/x]sf a]nf ;]gfsf] x]lnsK6/af6 uf]nL xfgL kfFr ;j{;fwf/0fsf] d[To' .

@))! l8;]Da/ & /f]Nkf /ª\s uflj;sf] /ftdf6]df b"/;~rf/ 6fj/sf] ;'/Iffy{ /x]sf zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfsf] SofDkdfly dfcf]jfbL n8fs'x¿sf] c;kmn cfqmd0f . ;q jf Tof]eGbf a9L dfcf]jfbL dfl/P .

@))! l8;]Da/ * ;Nofg lhNnfsf] sk'/sf]6l:yt b"/;~rf/ 6fj/sf] ;'/Iffy{ /x]sf zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfsf] SofDkdfly dfcf]jfbL n8fs'x¿sf] c;kmn cfqmd0f . t]O; jf Tof]eGbf a9L hgd'lQm ;]gfsf n8fs' dfl/P .

297

@))@@))@ hgj/L @# kfFry/sf] uf]k]6f/ k|x/L rf}sLdf dfcf]jfbLjfbL

n8fs'x¿åf/f c;kmn cfqmd0f . kfFr k|x/L sd{rf/L tyf 5 dfcf]jfbL sd{rf/L dfl/P . efu]sf sl/a !& dfcf]jfbLsf] vf]hL u/L k|x/Låf/f xTof .

@))@ km]a|'c/L % sfe|] es'G8]a]+;Lsf] Onfsf k|x/L sfof{nodfly dfcf]jfbL cfqmd0f . ;f]x| k|x/L sd{rf/L / Ps dfcf]jfbL n8fs' dfl/P .

@))@ km]a|'c/L !^ c5fd lhNnfsf] ;b/d'sfd dª\un;]gdf zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfsf] Aof/]s tyf lhNnf k|x/L sfof{nonufot ;a} ;/sf/L sfof{no / ;fFkm]au/ Po/kf]6{df dfcf]jfbL cfqmd0f . ;]gfsf %% hgf sd{rf/L, k|x/Lsf && hgf, k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/L tyf /fli6«o cg';Gwfg ljefusf clws[t;lxt rf/ ;/sf/L sd{rf/L / b'O{ ;j{;fwf/0f cfqmd0fdf dfl/P . aL; dfcf]jfbLsf zj 36gf:yndf klxrfg ul/Psf] / yk xtfxt ePsf] cfzª\sf . dfcf]jfbLåf/f xltof/ / a}ª\saf6 ? ^ s/f]8 n'l6Psf] . lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no, lhNnf cb-fnt, lhNnf k|x/L sfof{no / cGo ;/sf/L ejgx¿df dfcf]jfbLåf/f cfuhgL .

@))@ km]a|'c/L @! ;+;b\åf/f ;ª\s6sfnsf] tLg dlxgf Dofb yk . ;Nofgsf] zLtnkf6L k|x/L rf}sLdf dfcf]jfbL cfqmd0f, #) eGbf a9L k|x/Lsf] d[To' .

@))@ km]a|'c/L @$ sflnsf]6sf] ;'Gy/nL Po/kf]6{df ;]gfsf] x]lnsK6/ cjt/0f x'g vf]Hbf uf]nL k|xf/ ePsf] rf/ lbgkl5, zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfn] #% lgdf{0f dhb'/x¿nfO{ lt-gsf 5fk|faf6 l3;f/]/ lgsfnL xTof u¥of] elgG5 .

@))@ dfr{ !& /f]Nkfsf] u'Drfndf dfcf]jfbL tflnd sfo{qmddf ;/sf/L ;'/Iffkmf}hsf] cfqmd0f, $$ hgfsf] d[To' h;dWo] #( hgfsf] klxrfg . /]l8of] g]kfnaf6 ^% dfcf]jfbL bf]xf]/f] le8Gtdf dfl/Psf] ;dfrf/ k|;f/0f . dfcf]jfbL ;|f]tsf cg';f/, #) dfcf]jfbL tyf !^ ;j{;fwf/0f dfl/Psf .

@))@ dfr{ !( ;]gfsf sd{rf/Låf/f ?s'dsf] :ofnkfvfdf !$ ;j{;fwf/0f tyf dfcf]jfbL kqmfp / uf]nL xfgL xTof .s}nfnL nDsLl:yt Onfsf k|x/L sfof{nodf dfcf]jfbL cfqmd0f . cf7 k|x/L sd{rf/L tyf tLg dfcf]jfbL n8fs' dfl/P .

298

@))@ dfr{ @% kmufd uflj;df dfcf]jfbLåf/f 3/]n' lj:kmf]6s kbfy{ -cfO{8L_sf] lj:kmf]6gkl5, ;'/Iffkmf}håf/f v]tdf sfd ul//x]sf cf7 dlxnf tyf Ps k'?ifsf] xTof .

@))@ clk|n !) cftª\ssf/L tyf ljWj+zfTds ultljlw -lgoGq0f / ;hfo_ P]g, @)%* -6f8f_åf/f 6f8f] lj:yflkt .

@))@ clk|n !! bfªsf] ;tal/ofl:yt ;z:q k|x/L ansf] a];SofDk / ndxLl:yt k|x/L rf}sLdf dfcf]jfbL cfqmd0f . sl/a #^ k|x/L sd{rf/L, clwsf+z ;z:q k|x/L ansf, / sl/a !) dfcf]jfbL n8fs' dfl/P . tLg ;j{;fwf/0f klg dfl/P . To;kl5 kmls{/x]sf dfcf]jfbLx¿dfly bfª nf]x/kfgL uflj;sf] d'/sf6Ldf ;]gfn] u/]sf] cfqmd0fdf yk dfcf]jfbLsf] d[To' .

@))@ clk|n @# ;/sf/åf/f dfcf]jfbL g]tfx¿sf] 6fpsfsf] d"Nosf] 3f]if0ff / xltof/ a'emfpg]x¿sf nflu /sdsf] Joj:yf .

@))@ dO{ @ 8f]6Lsf] a5]{gdf dfcf]jfbL tflnd sfo{qmddf ;]gfsf] cfqmd0f . sl/a !% dfcf]jfbL tyf s]xL ;j{;fwf/0f dfl/P ./f]Nkfsf] ln:g]df hDdf ePsf dfcf]jfbL n8fs'x¿tkm{ hfFbf ;]gf;Fu em8k . ;f] em8kdf ;]gfsf kfFr sd{rf/L / 5 dfcf]jfbL n8fs' dfl/P .

@))@ dO{ & /f]Nkfsf] ufdl:yt ;}lgs SofDkdf dfcf]jfbL cfqm-d0f . ;'/Iffkmf}hsf &) eGbf a9L sd{rf/L / 5 lghf-dtL sd{rf/L dfl/P . 36gf:yndf hgd'lQm ;]gfsf #% n8fs'sf nf;sf] klxrfg .;ª\v'jf;ef r}gk'/l:yt ;z:q k|x/L a];SofDkdf dfcf]jf-bLsf] c;kmn cfqmd0f . aL;eGbf a9L dfcf]jfbL tyf rf/ k|x/Lsf] d[To' .

@))@ dO{ @@ k|wfgdGqL b]pjfåf/f k|ltlglw;efsf] lj36g / @))@ gf]e]Da/ !# sf nflu dWofjlw lgjf{rgsf] l;kmfl/; .

@))@ dO{ @^ ;+;b\ lj36g ug]{ k|wfgdGqL b]pjfsf] lg0f{olj?4, pgnfO{ g]kfnL sfª\u|];åf/f kf6L{ ;b:otfaf6 tLg jif{sf nflu lgnDag . b]pjf u'6åf/f kl5 ;ef u/L 5'§} kf6L{ g]kfnL sfª\u|]; -k|hftflGqs_sf] u7g .

@))@ dO{ @& ?s'dsf] vf/fl:yt ;}lgs SofDkdfly ul/Psf] dfcf]jfbL cfqmd0f ljkmn / dfcf]jfbLtkm{ 7"nf] Iflt . Ps ;j{;fwf/0f tyf ;]gfsf kfFr sd{rf/L dfl/P . ;'/Iffkmf}hsf cg';f/, hgd'lQm ;]gfsf @%) n8fs' dfl/P . dfcf]jfbLsf cg';f/, #% n8fs' dfl/Psf lyP .

299

yk tLg dlxgfsf nflu ;ª\s6sfn yk, b'O{ lbgkl5 o;sf] Dofb ;lsof] .

@))@ h'g !@ ;Nofgsf] bfdfrf}/df ;/sf/L ;'/Iffkmf}hsf] u:tLdfly dfcf]jfbLsf] cfqmd0f / %# dfcf]jfbL n8fs' / b'O{ ;j{;fwf/0fsf] d[To' . rf/ ;}lgs sd{rf/L dfl/g'sf ;fy} y'k|} 3fOt] eP .

@))@ h'g !(—@) a]nfotL ;/sf/åf/f g]kfnsf] ;z:q cfGbf]ngnfO{ lnP/ nG8gdf cGt/f{li6«o ;Dd]ngsf] cfof]hgf . ;g\ @))@ cS6f]a/ !! df To;sf] cg'jtL{ a}7s sf7df8f}Fdf a]nfotL ;+;bLo pkdGqL dfOs cf] a|fogsf] cWoIftfdf ;DkGg .

@))@ h'g @^ dfcf]jfbL s]Gb|Lo ;ldltsf ;b:o tyf dfcf]jfbL klqsf hglbzfsf ;Dkfbs s[i0f ;]g lx/f;tdf x'Fb} k|x/Låf/f dfl/P eGg] ;dfrf/ ;Dk|]if0f .

@))@ h'nfO{ * zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfåf/f klxnf] dfgjclwsf/ ;]nsf] :yfkgf / To;kl5 o:tf ;]nx¿ k[tgf tyf jflxgL d'Vofnox¿df :yfkgf .

@))@ h'nfO{ #! bf]nvfsf] sf6fs'6L uflj;df dfcf]jfbLdfly ;/sf/L ;'/Iffkmf}hsf] cfqmd0f . dfcf]jfbLsf] bfaLcg';f/, hgd'lQm ;]gfsf !% n8fs'sf] d[To' .

@))@ cu:6 @* ;ª\s6sfn ;lsof] .@))@ ;]K6]Da/ * l;Gw'nLsf] ledfg k|x/L rf}sLdf dfcf]jfbLsf] cfqm-

d0f, $( k|x/L / @@ dfcf]jfbL n8fs'sf] d[To' .@))@ ;]K6]Da/ ( c3f{vfFrL lhNnfsf] ;b/d'sfd ;lGwvs{df dfcf]jf-

bLsf] cfqmd0f, ;'/Iffkmf}hsf %* hgfsf] d[To' .@))@ cS6f]a/ # k|d b]pjfåf/f ;'/Iff cj:yfsf] sf/0f b]vfO{ dWofjlw

lgjf{rg !$ dlxgf kl5 ;fg{ l;kmfl/; . @))@ cS6f]a/ $ /fhfåf/f b]pjfnfO{ k|wfgdGqLaf6 avf{:t / ;Qf

cfkm"n] lnPsf] 3f]if0ff .@))@ cS6f]a/ !@ /fhfåf/f nf]s]Gb|axfb'/ rGbnfO{ k|wfgdGqLsf]

¿kdf dgf]gog .@))@ cS6f]a/ @& cf]vn9'ª\ufsf] ?Dhf6f/ ljdfg:yndf zfxL

g]kfnL ;]gf t}gfy u/L dfcf]jfbL cfqmd0f ljkmn kfl/Psf] . sl/a %) dfcf]jfbL n8fs' / ;]gfsf sdflG8ª SofK6]g;lxt b'O{hgfsf] d[To' .

@))@ gf]e]Da/ !$ h'Dnf lhNnfsf] ;b/d'sfd vnª\ufdf zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfsf] Aof/]s, lhNnf k|x/L sfof{no, ;/sf/L sfof{nox¿ tyf sf/fuf/dfly dfcf]jfbLsf] cfqmd0f . k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/L, #$ k|x/L sd{rf/L, ;]gfsf rf/

300

sd{rf/L, b'O{ s}bL, b'O{ lkog / rf/ ;j{;fwf/0f dfl/P . ;'/Iffkmf}hsf cg';f/, hgd'lQm ;]gfsf !)* n8fs' dfl/Psf lyP, oBlk %& j6f nf;dfq kfOPsf] lyof] . dfcf]jfbLsf cg';f/, !% n8fs' 36gf:yndf dfl/Psf lyP eg] !@ hgfsf] af6fdf Hofg uPsf] lyof] .Uff]vf{sf] tfs'sf]6 Onfsf k|x/L sfof{nodfly dfcf]jfbLn] cfqmd0f u/L s]xL ;do;Dd lgoGq0fdf lnPsf] .

@))@ l8;]Da/ # g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_ kf]ln6Ao'/f]sf] a}7s / æk'/fgf] ;Qfsf ;~rfnsx¿Æ;Fu jftf{ ug'{kg]{ lg0f{o .

@))@ l8;]Da/ % l;/xfsf] nxfgdf Onfsf k|x/L sfof{no / a}ª\sdfly dfcf]jfbL cfqmd0f . sl/a 5 k|x/L sd{rf/L tyf tLg dfcf]jfbL n8fs' dfl/P .

@))@ l8;]Da/ !* bfªsf] sf]Onfaf; Onfsf k|x/L sfof{nodfly dfcf]jf-bLsf] cfqmd0f, 5 k|x/L sd{rf/Lsf] d[To' .

@))@ l8;]Da/ @$ ;z:q k|x/L andf dfgjclwsf/ ;]nsf] :yfkgf .

@))#@))# hgj/L !^ k|x/L k|wfg sfof{nodf g]kfn k|x/L

dfgjclwsf/ ;]nsf] :yfkgf .@))# hgj/L @^ ;z:q k|x/L ansf dxflg/LIfs s[i0fdf]xg >]i7sf]

cfkm\gL >LdtL / cª\u/Ifs;lxt dfcf]jfbLåf/f xTof .@))# hgj/L @( ;/sf/ / g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_åf/f o'4lj/fdsf] 3f]if0ff .@))# dfr{ !# ;/sf/ / g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_åf/f @@ a'Fb] cfrf/;+lxt-

fdf x:tfIf/ .@))# clk|n @& ;/sf/ / g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_aLr klxnf] r/0fsf] cf}krfl/s

jftf{ sf7df8f}Fdf ;DkGg . o'4lj/fd cfrf/;+lxtfdf ;xdlt .

@))# dO{ ( bf];|f] r/0fsf] jftf{ sf7df8f}Fdf ;DkGg .@))# dO{ #) nf]s]Gb|axfb'/ rGbåf/f k|wfgdGqLsf] kbaf6 /fl-

hgfdf .@))# h'g $ nf]s]Gb|axfb'/ rGbsf] /flhgfdfkl5 ;"o{axfb'/ yfkf

k|wfgdGqLsf] ¿kdf dgf]gLt .@))# cu:6 % kfFry/sf] gfuL uflj;df ;'/Iffkmf}hsf #% sd{rf/L

af]s]/ uO/x]sf] u}/;}lgs 6«sd'gL dfcf]jfbLn] 3/]n' lj:kmf]6s kbfy{ lj:kmf]6g ubf{ rf/ l;kfxL, Ps k|x/L / Ps ;j{;fwf/0f dfl/P eg] cGo @# hgf 3fOt] .

301

@))# cu:6 !&—!( ;/sf/ / g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_aLr t];|f] r/0fsf] jftf{ afFs]sf] g]kfnuGh / bfª, k'/gwf/f uflj;sf] xfk'/]df ;DkGg .

@))# cu:6 !& /fd]5fksf] bf]/Dafdf b'O{ ;j{;fwf/0f / !& dfcf]jfbLsf] zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfåf/f xTof . pGgfO;hgfnfO{ kqmfp u/]kl5 k5fl8 xft afFw]/ nfOg} nufO{ uf]nL xfgL xTof ul/Psf] lyof] . /fli6«o dfgjclwsf/ cfof]uåf/f ul/Psf] Pp6f cg';Gwfgn] kLl8tx¿nfO{ u}/Goflos 9ª\un] dfl/Psf] lgisif{ lgsfn]sf] lyof], h;nfO{ g]kfnL ;]gfn] ;'?df lj/f]w u/]sf] lyof] . kl5, g]kfnL ;]gfn] æs]xL u}/sfg'gL xTofÆnfO{ :jLsf/ u/]sf] 5 .

@))# cu:6 @) dfcf]jfbL kf]ln6Ao'/f] ;b:o ;LkL uh'/]n lbNnLsf] r]GgO{df kqmfp .

@))# cu:6 @& dfcf]jfbLn] PskIfLo ¿kdf o'4lj/fd cGTo ePsf] 3f]if0ff .

@))# cu:6 @* sf7df8f}Fdf zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfsf s0f]{n ls/0f a:g]tdfly cfkm\g} 3/aflx/ uf]nL xfgL xTof / sg]{n /dLGb| s];L 3fOt] .

@))# cu:6 @( k"j{ u[xdGqL b]j]Gb|/fh sF8]ndfly uf]nL k|xf/ u/L 3fOt] agfOPsf] .

@))# ;]K6]Da/ ! ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3Lo dxf;lrj sf]kmL cGgfgnfO{ k|r08åf/f lr6\7L n]vL åGåsf] zflGtk"0f{ ;dfwfgk|lt cfkm\gf] k|lta4tf /x]sf] / ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3 / cGt/f{li6«o ;d'bfosf] ;+nUgtfsf nflu cg'/f]w .

@))# ;]K6]Da/ ( g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_åf/f g]kfndf PkmPd /]lxof]sf] ;'?jft .

@))# ;]K6]Da/ !& /f]Nkfsf] ejfªdf /x]sf tflnd Onfsfx¿df dfcf]jfbLdfly ;'/Iffkmf}hsf] cfqmd0f . ;'/Iff clwsf/Lsf bfaLcg';f/, ;oeGbf a9L dfcf]jfbLx¿ dfl/P eg] dfcf]jfbLx¿åf/f cfkm\gf ;fthgf n8fs'dfq dfl/Psf] bfaL . rf/ l;kfxL / Pshgf k|x/L dfl/P .

@))# ;]K6]Da/ !*—@) g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_åf/f b]zJofkL x8tfnsf] cfof]hgf .

@))# cS6f]a/ !) afFs]sf] s';'dl:yt ;z:q k|x/L a];SofDkdfly dfcf]jfbLsf] c;kmn cfqmd0f / pgLx¿tkm{ 7"nf] Iflt .

302

@))# cS6f]a/ !# bfªsf] efn'afFªl:yt ;z:q k|x/Lsf] SofDkdfly dfcf]jfbLsf] c;kmn cfqmd0f .;/sf/L ;'/Iffkmf}håf/f 8f]6Lsf] d'8e/fl:yt dfWolds ljBfno — hxfF lzIfs tyf ljBfyL{x¿ clgjfo{ ¿kdf dfcf]jfbL ;fF:s[lts sfo{qmddf pkl:yt ePsf lyP — df uf]nL k|xf/ . rf/ ljBfyL{ / 5 dfcf]jfbL dfl/P .vf]6fªsf] alS;nf uflj;df ;'/Iffkmf}håf/f kfFr dfcf]jfbLsf] d[To' .

@))# cS6f]a/ !$ c5fdsf] ;f]bf;f uflj;df ;'/Iffkmf}håf/f sDtLdf kRrL; dfcf]jfbL dfl/P .

@))# cS6f]a/ !% 8f]6L 3G6];]Zj/ uflj;sf] u}/f ufpFdf zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfsf sd{rf/L dfcf]jfbLn] yfk]sf] w/fkdf . aL;eGbf a9L ;}lgs dfl/Psf] dfcf]jfbLsf] bfaL .

@))# cS6f]a/ @& uf]vf{sf] Rofª\bLdf ;'/Iffkmf}h dfcf]jfbLn] yfk]sf] w/fkdf . P;kL ;"o{s'df/ >]i7;lxt rf/hgfsf] xTof .

@))# cS6f]a/ #! cd]l/sL km]8/n /lh:6/df k|sflzt Ps ;"rgfdf, cd]l/sL ;/sf/n] g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_nfO{ p;sf] /fli6«o ;'/Iffsf nflu vt/f ePsf] s'/f pNn]v . To;df gfsfaGbL nufpg] tyf ;DklQ /f]Ssf ug{;Sg] s'/f;d]tsf] pNn]v .s}nfnLsf] v}/fnf uflj;df ;'/Iffkmf}håf/f kfFr ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ kqmfpkl5 xTof .

@))# gf]e]Da/ @ aL/uGhsf] eLdsfnL k[tgfsf ;}lgs sd{rf/L k;f{sf] a]nfjf uflj;—* sf] afx'/L vf]nfdf dfcf]jfbLn] yfk]sf] w/fkdf k/L !# sf] d[To' / kfFrhgf 3fOt] .

@))# gf]e]Da/ % o'j/fh kf/;sf] cfjf;u[x lgd{n lgjf;aflx/ dfcf]jfbLn] /fv]sf] elgPsf b'O{j6f 3/]n' lj:kmf]6s kbfy{sf] lj:kmf]6g .

@))# gf]e]Da/ !@ j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu dfcf]jfbL kLl8tnfO{ lwtf] g/fvL C0f pknAw u/fpg] tyf ædfcf]jfbL k|efljtÆ tyf ljkGg ;d'bfosf nflu sf]6f pknAw u/fpg] ;/sf/L lg0f{osf] 3f]if0ff .

@))# gf]e]Da/ !% cGo tLghgf ;lxt ;xfos /yL ;fu/axfb'/ kf08]sf] dsjfgk'/df dfcf]jfbn] /fv]sf] w/fkdf k/L d[To' . åGåsf qmddf cfkm\gf] Hofg u'dfpg]x¿df pgL zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfsf ;a}eGbf pRr clwsf/L x'g\ .

@))# gf]e]Da/ @) Pdfn] dxf;lrj dfwjs'df/ g]kfn / dfcf]jfbL g]tfx¿sf] nvgpdf e]6 .

303

@))# gf]e]Da/ $ g]kfn k|x/L, ;z:q k|x/L an / /fli6«o cg';Gwfg ljefunfO{ zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfsf] o'lgkmfO8 sdfG8cGtu{t cf}krfl/s ¿kdf /flvPsf] .

@))# l8;]Da/ !& bfªsf] uf]a/lbxf uflj;—! sf] wfgvf]nfdf ;/sf/L ;'/Iffkmf}hsf sd{rf/L / Pp6f aVt/aGb uf8L dfcf]jfbLn] yfk]sf] w/fkdf k/L kfFr ;}lgs / kfFr k|x/Lsf] d[To' .

@))$@))$ hgj/L (—km]a|'c/L @g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_åf/f cf7j6f hg;/sf/ — du/ft,

tfdfª, e]/L–s0ff{nL /fHo, dw];, ;]tL–dxfsfnL /fHo, yf¿jfg, td'jfg / ls/fFt — sf] 3f]if0ff .

@))$ km]a|'c/L % k;f{ lhNnfsf dfcf]jfbL g]tfnufot !$ dfcf]jfbL sfo{stf{sf] ;'/Iffkmf}håf/f dsjfgk'/sf] ledfbdf xTof .

@))$ km]a|'c/L * ef/tLo ;'/Iffkmf}håf/f dfcf]jfbL g]tfx¿ dft[sf ofbj / ;'/]z cfn] du/ kqmfp u/L To;sf] ef]lnkN6 g]kfnnfO{ k|Tok{0f .

@))$ km]a|'c/L !% dfcf]jfbL kLl8t ;ª\3sf g]tf u0f]z lrjfnsf] dfcf]jfbL egL ljZjf; ul/Psf b'O{ ;z:q JolQmåf/f sf7df8f}Fdf xTof .

@))$ km]a|'c/L !& ;f]x| jifL{of d}gf ;'g'jf/nfO{ kqmfp u/L sfe|]sf] kfFrvfnl:yt jL/]Gb| zflGt sfo{ tflnd s]Gb|df nluPsf] / g]kfnL ;]gfsf clwsf/Låf/f oftgf lbOPsf] . pgsf] lx/f;td} d[To' eof] .

@))$ km]a|'c/L !( afFs]sf] k]bf/L ufpFdf dfcf]jfbL /x]sf] Pp6f 3/df ;'/Iffkmf}håf/f cfqmd0f . kfFr dfcf]jfbLsf] d[To' .

@))$ km]a|'c/L @) cf]vn9'ª\uf / ;f]n'v'Da' lhNnfsf] glhs kg]{ /0fgLlts 7fpF vf]6fªsf] P]+;]n'vs{df ;/sf/L ;'/Iffkmf}h / dfcf]jfbLaLr em8k . dfcf]jfbLsf a6flnog sdfG8/ tyf 8]k'6L sdfG8/;lxt sDtLdf ;ft n8fs'sf] d[To' . ;'/Iffkmf}hsf tkm{af6 tLghgfsf] d[To' .

@))$ dfr{ @ ef]hk'/ lhNnfsf] ;b/d'sfddf b"/;~rf/ 6fj/sf] ;'/Iffy{ vl6Psf ;/sf/L ;'/Iffkmf}hdfly dfcf]jfbLsf] cfqmd0f . 6fj/, lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no, lhNnf k|x/L sfof{no, /fli6«o jfl0fHo a}ª\s sfof{no / afn

304

dlGb/ ;a} Wj:t . ;'/Iffkmf}hsf sd{rf/L #) eGbf a9L / dfcf]jfbLsf @) eGbf a9L dfl/P .

@))$ dfr{ !@ ;g\ @))# cu:6 !& df ePsf] bf]/Daf 36gfaf/] cfkm\gf] cg';Gwfgsf lgisif{x¿sf] ;ªIf]kLs/0f ub}{ zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfåf/f jQmJo hf/L . jQmJodf bf]/Dafdf dfl/Psf dWo] s]xL u}/sfg'gL ¿kdf dfl/Psf] eP klg To;dWo] 7"nf] ;ª\VofnfO{ sfg'g;Ddt n8fOFsf] l:yltdf dfl/Psf] 3f]if0ff .

@))$ dfr{ @) DofUbLsf] a]gLdf dfcf]jfbL ljb|f]xLåf/f ;'/Iffkmf}hdfly 7"nf] cfqmd0f . k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/L / k|x/Lsf 8LP;kLnufot #& hgfnfO{ dfcf]jfbLåf/f aGws. pgLx¿nfO{ @))$ clk|n ^ df 5fl8of] . ;oeGbf a9L dfl/Psf] b'j} kIfsf] bfaL .

@))$ dfr{ @^ ædfgjclwsf/ tyf cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg'gsf] sfof{Gjogsf ;DaGwdf >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] k|lta4tfÆ ;/sf/åf/f k|sflzt .

@))$ dfr{ @( df]xg j}B …ls/0fÚ, g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_sf bf];|f] txsf g]tf tyf k"jL{ sdfG8sf g]tf, nfO{ ef/tsf] l;lnu'9Ldf k|x/Låf/f kqmfp .

@))$ clk|n !@ c5fdsf] ljgfosdf eO/x]sf] dfcf]jfbL ;fF:s[lts sfo{qmddf ;/sf/L ;'/Iffkmf}håf/f x]lnsK6/af6 cfqmd0f, ;fthgfsf] d[To' .

@))$ dO{ ( bf]nvsf] d}gfkf]v/Ldf ;'/Iffkmf}hsf] u:tL dfcf]jfbLsf] w/fkdf . ;]gfsf 5hgf, Ps k|x/L / 5 ;j{;fwf/0fsf] d[To' .

@))$ dO{ !) :yfgLo dfcf]jfbLsf wDsL / dfux¿n] ubf{ g]kfnsf] dWoklZrdf~hnsf 5 lhNnfdf cfkm\gf] sfd :yug u/]sf] 3f]if0ff ub}{ !) cGt/f{li6«o bftfåf/f ;+o'Qm jQmJo hf/L .

@))$ dO{ !( 8f]6L / 89]nw'/faLrdf kg]{ /fhdfu{sf If]qx¿ xu'N6] / 3G6]Zj/df dfcf]jfbL;Fusf] em8kdf 5 ;'/Iff sd{rf/Lsf] d[To' . ;'/Iffkmf}hsf] bfaLcg';f/, @) eGbf a9L dfcf]jfbLsf] d[To', oBlk pgLx¿sf nf; a/fdb ug{ ;lsPg .

305

@))$ h'g @ g]sf -k|hftflGqs_sf cWoIf z]/axfb'/ b]pjf k|wfgdGqLsf] ¿kdf dgf]gLt . kl5, Pdfn], /fk|kf / g]kfn ;b\efjgf kf6L{ ;/sf/df k|j]z .kf]ln6Ao'/f] ;b:o nf]s]Gb|axfb/ lai6 / s'naxfb'/ If]qLnufot 5 dfcf]jfbL g]tfx¿ ef/t laxf/sf] k6gfdf k|x/Låf/f kqmfp .

@))$ h'g !$ afFs]sf] v}/Lvf]nfl:yt /fhdfu{df dfcf]jfbLn] yfk]sf] w/fkdf ;'/IffsdL{ / ;'/Iffkmf}hsf @@ ;b:osf] d[To' .

@))$ h'g !& slknj:t'sf] lkk|fdf dfcf]jfbL / k|ltsf/ ;ldltaLr em8k . k|ltsf/ ;ldltsf kfFr sfo{stf{ dfl/P .

@))$ h'g !( bfªsf] uf]alb{gf uflj;df u:tL ul//x]sf ;z:q k|x/L ansf sd{rf/L dfcf]jfbLn] yfk]sf] w/fkdf k/L !$ hgf sd{rf/L / rf/ ;j{;fwf/0fsf] d[To' .

@))$ h'nfO{ % k;f{ lhNnf ax'/adfyf uflj;df dfcf]jfbLn] yfk]sf] w/fkdf k/L !@ k|x/L sd{rf/L / Ps ;j{;fwf/0fsf] d[To' .

@))$ h'nfO{ ^ ;Nofgsf] sflndf6L sfN5]sf] uFu6] If]qdf ;/sf/L kmf}h / dfcf]jfbLaLr em8k . b'j}tkm{ bzbz hgfsf] d[To' .b}n]vsf] 6f]nL uflj; ! df ;'/Iffkmf}håf/f 5 dfcf]jfbL dfl/P .

@))$ h'nfO{ !% ljleGg k|sf/sf dfgjclwsf/sf] k|j4{gsf nflu bL3{sfnLg /0fgLltsf] ¿kdf ;/sf/åf/f /fli6«o dfgjclwsf/ sfo{of]hgf k|f/De .

@))$ cu:6 #! g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_ s]Gb|Lo ;ldltsf] k|]; lj1lKtåf/f ljb|f]xsf] /0fgLlts k|Tofqmd0fsf] r/0f ;'? ePsf] 3f]if0ff .

@))$ cu:6 @$ l;Gw'kfNrf]ssf] r]x]/]df dfcf]jfbL / ;'/Iffkmf}haLr em8k . kfFreGbf a9L ;'/Iffkmf}hsf sd{rf/Lsf] d[To' .

@))$ cS6f]a/ !# ;/sf/åf/f km]l/ 6f8f] hf/L . b'O{ jif{sf nflu NofOPsf] 6f8f]sf] Dofb ;g\ @))) df ;lsof] .

@))$ gf]e]Da/ # gjnk/f;Lsf] x'd;]sf]6 uflj;df ;'/Iffkmf}håf/f 5 dfcf]jfbLsf] xTof .

@))$ gf]e]Da/ !^ dfcf]jfbLsf] aGbsf] qmddf dfcf]jfbLåf/f wflbªdf ;'/Iffkmf}hsf] 6«snfO{ w/fkdf kf/L cfqmd0f . sDtLdf zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfsf rf/ / hgd'lQm ;]gfsf Ps n8fs'sf] d[To' .

306

s}nfnLsf] kxndfgk'/sf] cdv}of hª\un If]qdf dfcf]jfbL / ;/sf/L kmf}haLr em8k . ;'/Iffkmf}hsf sDtLdf 5 sd{rf/L dfl/P eg] dfcf]jfbLsf b'O{j6f nf; kfOPsf] lyof] . n8fOFdf #% hlt dfcf]jfbLsf] d[To' ePsf] ;]gfsf] bfaL .

@))$ gf]e]Da/ @) ;]gfsf] dxfjL/ -/]Gh/_ a6flnogåf/f s}nfnLsf] kfGbf}+df dfcf]jfbL cfwf/ If]qdf cfqmd0f. bz l;kfxL / !^ dfcf]jfbL dfl/P . dfcf]jfbLx¿ ;of}+sf] ;ª\Vofdf dfl/Psf] ;]gfsf] bfaL .

@))$ gf]e]Da/ #) afa'/fd e§/fO{åf/f km/s dtsf] !# a'Fb] b:tfj]h kf6L{df k|:t't . km/s dtdf nf]stflGqs u0ftGq, /fhtGqsf] lj/f]w, ;fDojfbL ljrf/wf/fsf] JofVof / g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_ leq cEof;;DaGwL s'/f kb{5g\ .

@))$ l8;]Da/ $ slknj:t' / bfª lhNnfsf] l;dfgf ;'/fOgfdf kg]{ /fhdfu{df dfcf]jfbLåf/f yflkPsf] w/fkdf ;'/Iffkmf}hsf 5 ;'/IffsdL{sf] d[To' .

@))$ l8;]Da/ ^—!$ ank"j{s jf cg}lR5s ¿kdf a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{;DaGwL ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3Lo sfo{;d"xsf] g]kfn e|d0f .

@))$ l8;]Da/ !% c3f{vfFrLs] l;4wf/fdf dfcf]jfbL / ;'/Iffkmf}haLr em8k . sDtLdf @! ;'/IffsdL{ / 5 dfcf]jfbL dfl/P . b'j} kIfåf/f Pscsf{df cfkm\gf]eGbf csf]{kl§ a9L ;ª\Vofdf xtfxt ePsf] bfaL .

@))$ l8;]Da/ !^ b}n]v lhNnfsf] gf}d'n] uflj;sf] df}jf3f/Ldf ;'/Iffkmf}hsf] u:tL 6f]nLdfly dfcf]jfbLsf] cfqmd0f . ;q dfcf]jfbLsf] d[To' .ndh'ª afx'g8fF8fsf] le/k':t'gdf 6]lnkmf]g l/lk6/ 6fp/ :6];gsf nflu a;]sf] g]kfnL ;]gfsf] SofDkdfly dfcf]jfbLsf] cfqmd0f t/ cfqmd0f ljkmn . sDtLdf bz dfcf]jfbL dfl/P .

@))$ l8;]Da/ !( bf]nvfsf] nfFs'/L8fF8f uflj;—# sf] nfdf];fF3'—lh/L ;8s v08df u:tL ul//x]sf a]nf ;'/Iffkmf}hdfly dfcf]jfbLsf] cfqmd0f . ;'/Iffkmf}hsf sDtLdf bz sd{rf/L / tLg dfcf]jfbL n8fs' dfl/P .

@))$ l8;]Da/ @@ s}nfnL / alb{ofsf] l;dfgfdf kg]{ alnof uflj;sf] lr;fkfgLdf g]kfnL ;]gfsf sd{rf/Ldfly dfcf]jfbLsf] cfqmd0f . ;'/Iffkmf}hsf sDtldf kfFr sd{rf/L, Ps dfcf]jfbL / kfFr ;j{;fwf/0f dfl/P .

307

@))$ l8;]Da/ @# dfcf]jfbLn] ;'/Iff u:tLnfO{ w/fkdf kf/]kl5 ;]gfåf/f Ko'7fgsf] l;dfgfdf kg]{ c3f{vfFrLsf] l;4fy{ uflj;df u/]sf] xjfO{ cfqmd0fdf sDtLdf @@ dfcf]jfbL / b'O{ l;kfxLsf] d[To' .

@))%@))% hgj/L !& wgs'6fsf] e]8]6f/ uflj; #, kmnfd]6f/df

;'/Iffkmf}hn] dfcf]jfbLn] /fv]sf] cj/f]w x6fpg vf]Hbf gf} l;kfxL / kfFr k|x/Lsf] d[To' . Pshgf dfcf]jfbL dfl/P .

@))% hgj/L !( Onfdsf] k'jfvf]nfdf dfcf]jfbL / ;/sf/L ;'/Iffkmf}haLr em8k . sDtLdf 5 dfcf]jfbL / ;'/Iffkmf}hsf @# sd{rf/L dfl/P .

@))% hgj/L @) g]kfn / ef/tsf u[x;lrjåf/f cBfaLws g]kfn—ef/t ;'k'b{uL tyf cfk;L sfg'g ;xfotf ;lGwdf x:tfIf/ . of] ;g\ !(%# sf] ;lGwdf ul/Psf] ;+zf]wg lyof] .

@))% hgj/L @#—@^ al9/x]sf] dfgjclwsf/ pNnª\3gsf lrGtfx¿aLr ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3Lo dfgjclwsf/ pRrfo'Qm n'O; cfa{/sf] g]kfn e|d0f / g]kfndf pQm sfof{nosf] lkmN8 ld;g :yfkgfsf cfjZos sfof{b]zdf ;xdlt ug{ ;kmn .

@))% hgj/L @^ kj{t lhNnfsf] afh'ª uflj;df ;'/Iffkmf}hsf] uf8LnfO{ dfcf]jfbLn] w/fkdf kf/]kl5 pgLx¿;Fu em8k . ;'/Iffkmf}hsf sDtLdf kfFr sd{rf/L / Ps ;j{;fwf/0f dfl/P .

@))% hgj/L @* cg}lR5s jf ank"j{s a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{;DaGwL sfo{;d"xsf] k|ltj]bgdf g]kfndf ;g\ @))# / @))$ df ;+;f/d} ;a}eGbf a9L a]kQfsf gofF 36gfx¿sf] clen]vg ePsf] pNn]v .

@))% km]a|'c/L ! /fhf 1fg]Gbåf/f tLg dlxgfsf nflu ;ª\s6sfnsf] 3f]if0ff, z]/axfb'/ b]pjfsf] ;/sf/ avf{:t / dlGqkl/ifb\sf] cWoIfsf] x}l;otdf k|ToIf ¿kdf tLg jif{ zf;g ug]{ 3f]if0ff . /fhgLlts bnsf g]tfx¿ y'lgP jf 3/df gh/jGbdf /flvof] .

@))% km]a|'c/L @ dlGqkl/ifb\sf] u7g ug{ bzhgfnfO{ dlGqkl/ifb\df NofOof] . /fhfåf/f cWoIftf ul/Psf] dlGqkl/ifb\sf] klxnf] a}7sdf gofF ;/sf/sf] @! a'Fb] sfo{qmd kfl/t .

308

@))% km]a|'c/L % slknj:t' u0f]zk'/ uflj;sf b'O{hgfnfO{ dfcf]jfbLåf/f ckx/0fkl5 xTof, h;n] lx+;f 38\sfof] .

@))% km]a|'c/L ( s}nfnLsf] wgu9Ll:yt sf/fuf/df cfqmd0f u/L dfcf]jfbLåf/f sl/a !%) s}bL l/xf . zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfsf] bfaLcg';f/ kfFr k|x/L dfl/P eg] dfcf]jfbLsf] bfaLcg';f/ Tof]eGbf 7"nf] ;ª\Vofdf k|x/Lx¿ dfl/Psf lyP .

@))% km]a|'c/L !$ k~rfotL Joj:yfsf b'O{hgf k"j{ k|d sLlt{lglw lji6 / 8f= t'n;L lu/LnfO{ dlGqkl/ifb\sf] pkfWoIfsf ¿kdf lgo'Qm .

@))% km]a|'c/L !& slknj:t'sf] u0f]zk'/ uflj;df lj/f]w sfo{qmd lx+;fTds ePkl5 gf}hgfnfO{ dfl/of] eg] tLg zª\sf:kb dfcf]jfbLnfO{ ;}lgs Aof/]sdf nluof] . tL tLg zª\sf:kb dfcf]jfbLnfO{ le8df nu]/ 5fl8of] / l;kfxLsf ;fd'Gg] ltgsf] xTof ul/of] . To;sf] ef]lnkN6 c¿ 5 zª\sf:kb dfcf]jfbLnfO{ dfl/of] . slknj:t'df xTof tyf dfcf]jfbL;Fu ;DaGw ePsf] cfzª\sf ul/Psf JolQmx¿sf] 3/df Jofks cfuhgL ug]{ sfo{ hf/L . km]a|'c/L !& / @# sf] aLrdf #! hgfnfO{ dfl/of] / &)* 3/df cfuhgL ul/of] .

@))% km]a|'c/L @@ ef/t / a]nfotåf/f ;}lgs ;xof]u /f]Ssf .@))% km]a|'c/L @* alb{of df]xDdbk'/ uflj;sf] u0f]zk'/ ufpFdf

;/sf/L ;'/Iffkmf}h / dfcf]jfbLaLr em8k . tL;eGbf a9L dfcf]jfbL / b'O{ k|x/L dfl/P .

@))% dfr{ !% kf]ln6Ao'/f] ;b:o lbgfgfy zdf{;Fu} afa'/fd e§/fO{ / lghsL >LdtL lxl;nf odL g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_af6 lgisfl;t ePsf] ;dfrf/ . kl5, h'nfO{ !* df, sf/afxL lkmtf{ ul/Psf] / g]tfx¿nfO{ k'g:{yfkgf ul/Psf] k|r08åf/f v'nf;f .

@))% dfr{ !* g]kfn k|x/L, sf/fuf/ ;]jf / k|wfgdGqLsf] sfof{no;Fu ;DalGwt cfof]hgfsf nflu a]nfot ;/sf/n] lbFb} cfPsf] ;xof]u aGb .

@))% dfr{ #! lrlgofF ljb]z dGqL nL hfcf]l;ªåf/f sf7df8f}Fsf] b'O{lbg] e|d0f . cf]vn9'ª\ufsf] lvhL kmnf6] uflj;sf] d]n]df dfcf]jfbL;Fusf] em8kdf rf/ ;'/IffsdL{sf] d[To' . 36gf:ynaf6 b'O{ dfcf]jfbLsf] nf; a/fdb . yk nf;x¿ dfcf]jfbLaf6} x6fOPsf] ljZjf; ul/Psf] .

309

@))% clk|n & ?s'dsf] vf/fl:yt zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfsf] SofDkdf dfcf]jfbLsf] cfqmd0f / bf];|f]k6s klg 7"nf] Iflt . ;]gf tyf cGo cjnf]sgstf{sf cfwf/df, ;oeGbf a9L dfcf]jfbL dfl/Psf] ljZjf; ul/Psf] . of] ;ª\Vof %) dfq ePsf] dfcf]jfbLsf] bfaL . ;'/Iffkmf}hsf sDtLdf tLg sd{rf/L dfl/P .

@))% clk|n !) g]kfn ;/sf/ / dfgjclwsf/ pRrfo'Qm g]kfndf dfgjclwsf/ / cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg'gsf] kfngf ePsf] 5 5}g eGg] ;DaGwdf cg'udg, cg';Gwfg / k|ltj]bg ug{sf nflu o; sfof{nosf] lkmN8 ld;g :yfkgf ug{] sfof{b]zaf/]sf] ;Demf}tf ;DkGg . ;Demf}tfn] pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{nonfO{ u}//fHo kfqx¿;Fu ;+nUg x'g, k"j{ ;"rgfljgf ;a} y'gf:yn tyf ;f]wk'5 ul/g] 7fpFsf] kx'Frsf] / ljgf;'k/Lj]If0f y'g'jfx¿;Fu cGtjf{tf{ lng clwsf/ k|bfg u¥of] .

@))% clk|n @( ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3Lo dfgjclwsf/ pRrfo'Qm n'O; cfa{/åf/f pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{no—g]kfnsf] k|d'vsf] ¿kdf Oofg dfl6{g lgo'Qm .Dofb ;lsg' b'O{ lbgcl3 /fhfåf/f tLg dlxg] ;ª\s6sfnLg cj:yf km'Ssf .

@))% dO{ ^ pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{no—g]kfnåf/f g]kfndf cfkm\gf] sfof{nosf] :yfkgf / cfkm\gf] sfof{b]zsf] sfof{Gjog;DaGwL sfdsf] yfngL .

@))% dO{ ( blIf0f Pl;ofnL dfldnfsf lglDt cd]l/sL ;xfos ljb]z dGqL lqml:6gf /f]Ssfsf] g]kfn e|d0f .

@))% dO{ !^ pbok'/sf] n]vufpFsf] 6KnLdf dfcf]jfbL / ;'/Iffkmf}haLr le8Gt . sDtLdf ;'/Iffkmf}hsf gf} sd{rf/L dfl/P .

@))% dO{ @* nf]stflGqs cfGbf]ngsf nflu ;xfos jftfj/0fsf] lgdf{0f ug]{tkm{ ef/tLo ;/sf/ / /fhgLlts bnx¿;Fu a}7s ug{ afa'/fd e§/fO{ tyf s[i0faxfb'/ dx/fnfO{ ljz]if sfo{ef/ ;'lDkPsf] pNn]v ub}{ k|r08åf/f jQmJo hf/L .

@))% h'g ^ dfcf]jfbLåf/f lrtjgsf] df8Ldf Pp6f ofq' a;df ul/Psf] lj:kmf]6gdf #^ ;j{;fwf/0f / zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfsf tLg sd{rf/L u/L #( hgfsf] d[To' . To;afx]s, &@ hgf 3fOt] ePsf lyP h;dWo] clwsf+z ;j{;fwf/0f lyP .

310

@))% h'g !) Pp6f ;fj{hlgs a;df dfcf]jfbLn] u/]sf] cfqmd0fkl5 sfe|]sf] dª\un6f/ uflj;sf] gs]{ahf/df kg]{ ag]kf—alb{af; ;8s v08df ePsf] em8kdf b'O{ ;j{;fwf/0f, ;'/Iffkmf}hsf ;ft sd{rf/L / Ps dfcf]jfbLsf] d[To' .

@))% h'g !( vf]6fª lhNnfsf] ;b/d'sfd lbSt]ndf dfcf]jfbLåf/f ;/sf/L sfof{nox¿df cfqmd0f u/L Wj:t . kfFr k|x/L / tLg dfcf]jfbL dfl/P . ;f] cfqmd0fdf !$ j6f sfof{no Wj:t x'g'sf ;fy} ^) eGbf a9L s}bLnfO{ d'Qm ul/Psf] lyof] .

@))% h'g @% alb{ofsf] /fhdfu{sf] /Dafk'/ r]sKjfOG6df ePsf] em8kdf sDtLdf 5 dfcf]jfbL / ;'/Iffkmf}hsf Ps ;b:osf] d[To' . :yfgLo dflg;x¿ dfcf]jfbLn] %) eGbf sd nf; gnu]sf] cfkm"n] b]v]sf] bfaL ub{5g\ . dfcf]jfbLåf/f u'n]l/of, g]kfnuGh tyf /fhdfu{ x'Fb} 36gf:yn k'Ug] ljleGg 7fpFdf Ps};fy ad lj:kmf]6g .

@))% h'g @^ c3f{vfFrLsf] vfF8fdf dfcf]jfbL / ;'/Iffkmf}haLr em8k . ;'/Iffkmf}hsf sDtLdf !@ sd{rf/L / b'O{ dfcf]jfbL dfl/P .

@))% h'nfO{ !) ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3 dxf;lrjsf ljz]if ;Nnfxsf/ nVb/ a|flxdLåf/f g]kfnsf] åGå ;dfwfgdf d2t ug{ k|of;x¿nfO{ tLj|tf lbg 5lbg] e|d0f ;'? .

@))% h'nfO{ !* g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_sf g]tfx¿ afa'/fd e§/fO{, lbgfgfy zdf{ / lxl;nf odLlj?4sf] sf/afxL km'Ssf u/L k'g:yf{kgf ul/Psf] cWoIf k|r08åf/f 3f]if0ff .

@))% h'nfO{ @@ bfª uf]N6fs'/L uflj;—^ sf] sdnf vf]nfdf ;'/Iffkmf}hdfly dfcf]jfbLsf] cfqmd0f, ;ftsf] d[To' .

@))% cu:6 & sflnsf]6 lhNnf bfxf uflj;sf] lknLl:yt zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfsf] SofDkdf dfcf]jfbL cfqmd0f . ;]gfsf cg';f/, %% l;kfxL dfl/P eg] ^) hgfnfO{ ckx/0f ul/of] . dfcf]jfbLsf $! nf; a/fdb ul/Psf] s]xL :yfgLo afl;Gbfsf] bfaL . cgf}krfl/s If]q ;]jf s]Gb| -OG;]s_sf] jif{k':tssf cg';f/, ;'/Iffkmf}hsf ^* hgf / dfcf]jfbLsf @@ hgf ;f] cfqmd0fdf dfl/Psf . dfcf]jfbLåf/f g]kfnL ;]gfsf ^) hgf s}bLnfO{ cGt/f{li6«o /]8qm; ;ldlt -cfO{;Lcf/;L_;dIf @))% ;]K6]Da/ !$ df l/xf ul/of] .

311

@))% cu:6 @% g]skf -Pdfn]_sf] gjf}+ s]Gb|Lo ;ldlt a}7såf/f ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgdfkm{t\ nf]stflGqs u0ftGqdf hfg] lg0f{o .

@))% cu:6 @^ slknj:t'sf] v}/]Gb|k'/l:yt /fhdfu{df ;'/Iffkmf}h dfcf]jfbLsf] w/fkdf . kfFr l;kfxL dfl/P. y'k|} dfcf]jfbL klg dfl/Psf] ;]gfsf] bfaL .

@))% cu:6 @( kf6L{ ljwfgaf6 ;+j}wflgs /fhtGq x6fpg] g]kfnL sfª\u|];sf] lg0f{o . o;nfO{ kf6L{ dxflwj]zgaf6 cu:6 #! Dff ;dy{g .

@))% ;]K6]Da/ # g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_åf/f tLg dlxg] o'4lj/fdsf] 3f]if0ff, ;/sf/åf/f c:jLsf/ . o;nfO{ kl5 Ps dlxgf a9fOof] .

@))% cS6f]a/ /f]Nkfsf] r'gjfªdf a;]sf] g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_sf] s]Gb|Lo ;ldltsf] a}7s -r'gjfª a}7s_ åf/f nf]stflGqs u0ftGqsf] cjnDag .

@))% gf]e]Da/ @@ ;ft bn u7aGwg -P;kLP_ / g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_åf/f !@ a'Fb] ;dembf/L ePsf] 3f]if0ff .

@))% gf]e]Da/ @* k|Tofqmd0fsf] bf];|f] of]hgfsf ;DaGwdf s]Gb|Lo ;ldltåf/f ul/Psf] lg0f{o dfcf]jfbLåf/f ;fj{hlgs .

@))% l8;]Da/ @ g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_åf/f PskIfLo o'4lj/fd Ps dlxgf a9fOPsf] .

@))% l8;]Da/ #! g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_sf] PskIfLo o'4lj/fd ;lsg nfUbf ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3sf dxf;lrjåf/f ;/sf/nfO{ :jLsf/ ug{ tyf dfcf]jfbLnfO{ o'4lj/fd a9fpg cfXjfg . o'/f]k]nL ;ª\3åf/f klg To:t} vfnsf] jQmJo hf/L / ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3 jf csf]{ s'g} aflx/L ;+:yfnfO{ o'4lj/fd u/fO{ To;sf] cg'udg ug{ tyf zflGt k|lqmofnfO{ ;xh agfpgdf d2t k'¥ofpg cfXjfg .

@))^@))^ hgj/L @ g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_åf/f cfkm\gf] rf/dlxg] o'4lj/fdsf]

cGTo . ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3, o'/f]k]nL ;ª\3 / cGo lgsfox¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg ul/Psf] jQmJon] zflGtk|lt dfcf]jfbLsf] k|lta4tfaf/] cfZjf:t u/fpg vf]h]sf] .

@))^ hgj/L % g]kfnuGhsf] /fFemf ljdfg:yndf ;'/Iff a];SofDkdfly dfcf]jfbLsf] wfjf / ;z:q k|x/L ansf tLg sd{rf/Lsf] d[To' .

312

@))^ hgj/L !! s}nfnLsf] wgu9Ldf dfcf]jfbLn] k|x/L sfof{no, o'lgkmfO8 sdfG8sf] ;}lgs Aof/]s / ;/sf/L ejgdfly Ps;fy cfqmd0f u/]kl5 ;'/Iffkmf}h;Fu em8k .

@))^ hgj/L !@, !# tgx'Fsf] lrq] / cfdaf]6] If]q tyf :ofª\hfsf] lrq] e~Hofª If]qdf ;'/Iffkmf}håf/f cfqmd0f . /IffdGqfnoåf/f hf/L jQmJosf cg';f/, sDtLdf bz dfcf]jfbL dfl/P .

@))^ hgj/L !$ sf7df8f}Fsf] k|j]zlaGb' yfgsf]6sf] ;'/Iff r]skf]:6 tyf k|x/L yfgf / eQmk'/sf] blwsf]6dfly dfcf]jfbLåf/f Ps};fy cfqmd0f . yfgsf]6df P3f/ k|x/L tyf blwsf]6df Ps k|x/L dfl/P . nlntk'/ pkdxfgu/kflnsfsf] Rof;nl:yt j8f sfof{no tyf sf7df8f}{sf] af}4df 3/]n' lj:kmf]6s kbfy{ lj:kmf]6g .

@))^ hgj/L @) afFs] g]kfnuGhsf] zx/L If]qdf k|x/L rf}sL, ;'/Iff r]skf]:6 / eG;f/ sfof{nodf dfcf]jfbL cfqmd0f . sDtLdf 5 k|x/L dfl/P .

@))^ hgj/L @! lj/f6gu/ pkdxfgu/kflnsfsf] sfof{nodf dfcf]jfbLåf/f 3/]n' lj:kmf]6s kbfy{sf] lj:kmf]6g / uf8LnfO{ Iflt .dsjfgk'/sf] kmfk/af/L uflj;df dfcf]jfbL cfqmd0fkl5 ;'/Iffkmf}h / dfcf]jfbLaLr /ftel/ em8k . kfFr l;kfxL, Ps k|x/L, tLg ;j{;fwf/0f / @^ dfcf]jfbL u/L #% sf] d[To' .

@))^ hgj/L @@ g]kfn ;b\efjgf kf6L{sf :yfgLo g]tf tyf hgsk'/ gu/kflnsf d]o/sf pDd]bjf/sf xTof .

@))^ hgj/L @$ g]kfnuGhsf ;'/Iff rf}sLx¿df dfcf]jfbL cfqmd0f, b'O{ ;'/IffsdL{sf] d[To' .

@))^ hgj/L @& ef]hk'/sf] /fgLjf; uflj;sf] xt'jfu9Ll:yt zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfsf] a];dfly dfcf]jfbLsf] c;kmn cfqmd0fkl5 dfcf]jfbL / ;'/Iffkmf}haLr em8k . sDtLdf !! dfcf]jfbL / ;'/Iffkmf}hsf b'O{ sd{rf/Lsf] d[To' .

@))^ hgj/L #! /fhfn] cfkm\gf] xftdf ;Qf lnPsf] jif{lbg k'Ug] cl3Nnf] /ft kfNkfsf] tfg;]gl:yt ;/sf/L sfof{nox¿ / ;'/Iffkmf}hdfly dfcf]jfbL cfqmd0f .

@))^ km]a|'c/L ! /fhfn] cfkm\gf] xftdf ;Qf lnPsf] jif{lbgnfO{ æsfnf] lbgÆsf ¿kdf :d/0f ug{ ;ft

313

bnLo u7aGwgåf/f b]zJofkL lj/f]w sfo{qmd . /fhfaf6 6]lnlelhgdfkm{t\ ;Daf]wg .

@))^ km]a|'c/L %—!! dfcf]jfbLåf/f /fi6«JofkL aGbsf] 3f]if0ff, 7"nf /fhgLlts bnx¿åf/f ;dy{g . km]a|'c/L * df dtbfgkl5 aGb ;dfKt .

@))^ km]a|'c/L ^ pbok'/sf] ufO{3f6l:yt ;'/Iffa]; / sfe|]sf] kgf}tL gu/kflnsf sfof{nodf dfcf]jfbLsf] cfqmd0f . ufO{3f6df ;'/Iffkmf}hsf kfFr sd{rf/L dfl/P eg] kgf}tLdf sDtLdf b'O{ dfcf]jfbL, b'O{ ;'/IffsdL{ / Ps ;j{;fwf/0f dfl/P . To;}lbg cl3, nlntk'/sf] Ujfsf]{df 6\ofS;L rfns dfl/P .

@))^ km]a|'c/L & gu/kflnsf lgjf{rg x'g' Ps lbgcl3 wgs'6f lhNnf ;b/d'sfddf lhNnf tyf If]qLo k|zf;g sfof{no, g]kfnL ;]gfsf] jflxgL / ;a} ;'/Iff lgsfonufotsf sfof{nox¿df dfcf]jfbL cfqmd0f . sDtLdf b'O{ dfcf]jfbL / Ps l;kfxL dfl/P .

@))^ km]a|'c/L * 7"nf /fhgLlts bnx¿ tyf dfcf]jfbLåf/f alxisf/ ul/Psf] gu/kflnsfsf] lgjf{rg ;/sf/åf/f ;DkGg . g]skf -Pdfn]_sf Ps k|bz{gsf/LnfO{ bfªdf g]kfnL ;]gfåf/f xTof .

@))^ km]a|'c/L ( ¿kGb]xL, ;'gjn uflj;—$ /fdjfgk'/ If]qdf dfcf]jfbLn] /fv]sf] ;8s cj/f]w x6fpg uPsf] ;'/Iffkmf}hdfly dfcf]jfbL cfqmd0f . 36gf:yndf ;'/Iffkmf}hsf !&, ;j{;fwf/0fsf] Ps / dfcf]jfbLsf tLg u/L @! nf; kfOof] . cfkm\gf rf/ n8fs' d/]sf] dfcf]jfbLsf] bfaL 5 . ;'/Iffkmf}hsf !@ sd{rf/LnfO{ dfcf]jfbLn] ckx/0f u/L 5f8]sf] . ;'/Iffkmf}hsf rf/j6f uf8L Wj:t .

@))^ km]a|'c/L @* kfNkfsf] l6ª\uL/] / c3f{vfFrLsf] kF0f]gf uflj;sf] l;dfgfdf dfcf]jfbL / ;'/Iffkmf}haLr em8k. ;'/Iffkmf}hsf sDtLdf !@ sd{rf/L / !* dfcf]jfbLsf] d[To' .

@))^ dfr{ % Onfd lhNnf ;b/d'sfd ahf/df dfcf]jfbL cfqmd0f, ;/sf/L sfof{nox¿ Wj:t / aGbLx¿ d'Qm . Onfd lhNnfdf ;'/Iff u:tL 6f]nLdfly ePsf] cfqmd0fdf ;'/IffsdL{sf tLg, hgd'lQm ;]gfsf rf/ n8fs' / b'O{ ;j{;fwf/0f dfl/P .

@))^ dfr{ !! dfcf]jfbL / ;ft bnLo u7aGwgsf g]tfx¿sf] lbNnLdf a}7s / cfkm\gf ultljlwx¿sf] ;dGjo ug{ ;xdt .

314

u7aGwgn] /fi6«JofkL x8tfn tyf ;/sf/nfO{ c;xof]u ug]{ 3f]if0ff . u7aGwgn] u/]sf] ;fj{hlgs cfXjfgsf] hjfkmdf, g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_n] u7aGwgsf sfo{qmdx¿nfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ tyf gfsfaGbLnufotsf cfkm\gf ;a} sfo{qm lkmtf{ lng] s'/fdf ;xdt .

@))^ dfr{ !# cfTd;dk{0f ug]{ dfcf]jfbLx¿nfO{ gub k'/:sf/ lbg] p2]Zon] ;/sf/åf/f cfTd;dk{0f / k'g:yf{kgf gLltsf] 3f]if0ff .

@))^ dfr{ !$ dfcf]jfbLåf/f sf7df8f}F pkTosf / lhNnf ;b/d'sfdx¿sf] tLgxKt] gfsfaGbLsf] 3f]if0ff .g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_ s]Gb|Lo ;ldltsf ;b:ox¿ /jLGb| >]i7 / dl0f yfkf kf6L{af6 lgisfl;t .

@))^ dfr{ @) sfe|], 5q]afFem uflj;sf] bf/]uf}F8f If]qdf dfcf]jfbL / ;'/Iffkmf}hsf aLr em8k . ;'/Iffkmf}hsf !# sd{rf/L / hgd'lQm ;]gfsf Ps n8fs' dfl/P .

@))^ dfr{ @! wflbª, bf/]rf]s uflj;—$ sf] rf}tf/df dfcf]jfbLlj?4 ;'/Iffkmf}hsf] cfqmd0f . afO; dfcf]jfbLsf nf; a/fdb, oBlk :yfgLojf;Lx¿n] Tof]eGbf a9L nf; b]v]sf] atfP . ;f] 36gfkl5 zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfåf/f ul/Psf] sf/afxLn] rf}tf/faf6 ufpFn]x¿ lj:yflkt .emfkfsf] ljtf{df]8l:yt Onfsf k|x/L sfof{nodf dfcf]jfbL cfqmd0f, gf} k|x/L / tLg dfcf]jfbLsf] d[To' .

@))^ dfr{ @& l;Gw'kfNrf]ssf] 7f]skf{ uflj;sf dfcf]jfbLx¿ hDdf ePsf ljleGg efudf ;'/Iffkmf}hn] u/]sf] xjfO{ cfqmd0fdf Ps ;j{;fwf/0f / b'O{ dfcf]jfbL sfo{stf{sf] d[To' .

@))^ clk|n # clk|n % b]lv nfu' x'g]u/L l/ª/f]8leq ul/g] ;a} k|sf/sf ;fj{hlgs e]nf tyf lj/f]w sfo{qmddfly k|ltaGw . /fhgLlts g]tf tyf sfo{stf{ / dfgjclwsf/sdL{x¿sf] Jofks w/ks8 .lj/f]w sfo{qmdx¿nfO{ ;xh agfpg g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_åf/f sf7df8f}F pkTosfdf clk|n # b]lv ;}lgs o'4 PskIfLo ¿kdf clglZrtsfnsfnsf nflu aGb .

@))^ clk|n %, ^ ;nf{xLsf] dnª\ujfdf ;/sf/L sfof{no tyf ;'/Iffkmf}h / dnª\ujfnfO{ /fhdfu{;Fu hf]8\g] gu/ gjnk'/df /x]sf] ;]gfsf] Aof/]sdf dfcf]jfbL cfqmd0f . sDtLdf

315

kfFr k|x/L / kfFr dfcf]jfbL dfl/P . dnª\ujfdf k7fOPsf] g]kfnL ;]gfsf] x]lnsK6/ PdcfO{—!& nfO{ klg dfcf]jfbLn] cfqmd0f u/L emf/], !! l;kfxLsf] d[To' . k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/L, h]n ;'kl/j]Ifs / !( k|x/Lsf] dfcf]jfbLåf/f ckx/0f, / dfcf]jfbLnufotsf aGbLx¿ d'Qm .

@))^ clk|n ^, ( bf];|f] hgcfGbf]ng ;'? ug{ ;ft bnLo u7aGwgåf/f cfd x8\tfnsf] cfXjfg .

@))^ clk|n & a'6jnsf ljleGg ;'/Iff k|lti7fg / slknj:t'sf] tf}lnxjfl:yt lhNnf k|x/L sfof{no / ag sfof{nodf dfcf]jfbLsf] cfqmd0f . slknj:t' lhNnf sf/fuf/af6 !)^ s}bL eufOP . a'6jndf ;ft dfcf]jfbL / Ps ;j{;fwf/0f dfl/P eg] tf}lnxjfdf Ps l;kfxL, b'O{ k|x/L / Ps ;j{;fwf/0f dfl/P .

@))^ clk|n @# l;Gw'kfNrf]sdf ;'/Iff tyf ;/sf/L sfof{no / lhNnf c:ktfndfly dfcf]jfbL cfqmd0f . hgd'lQm ;]gfsf sDtLdf rf/ n8fs', Ps ;j{;fwf/0f / zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfsf Ps ;b:o dfl/P .

@))^ clk|n @$ /fhfåf/f ;lqmo e"ldsfaf6 /flhgfdf / k|ltlglw;efsf] k'g:yf{kgfsf] 3f]k0ff . ;ft bnLo u7aGwåf/f /fhfsf] lg0f{osf] :jfut .

@))^ clk|n @^ ;'?df zflGtk"0f{ lj/f]w sfo{qmd / sf7df8f}F gfsfaGbLsf] cfXjfg u/]kl5, g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_åf/f PskIfLo tLgdlxg] o'4lj/fdsf] 3f]if0ff .

@))^ clk|n @& lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnf k|wfgdGqL .@))^ clk|n @* k'g:yf{lkt k|ltlglw;efsf] klxnf] a}7s / ;

+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgsf nflu k|:tfj . g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_åf/f sf7df8f}Fsf] v'nfd~rdf cfd;efsf] cfof]hgf .

@))^ dO{ # dlGqd08nåf/f clglZrtsfnLg o'4lj/fdsf] 3f]if0ff, g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_sf g]tfx¿dfly hf/L ul/Psf] OG6/kf]nsf] /]8sg{/ gf]l6; x6fpg] k|lqmofsf] ;'?jft / km]a|'c/L * sf] gu/kflnsf lgjf{rgsf kl/0ffd cdfGo 3f]lift . lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltdf dgf]gog ul/Psfx¿sf] avf{:tL, bf];|f] hgcfGbf]ngdf dfl/Psfx¿sf k|To]s kl/jf/nfO{ ? !) nfv lbg] / bf];|f] hgcfGbf]ngdf ul/Psf Hofbltx¿sf] cg';Gwfg ug{ cfof]usf] u7g ug]{ lg0f{o .

316

@))^ dO{ !! dft[sf ofbj / ;'/]z cfn] du/lj?4 nufOPsf ;a} cftª\ssf/L cleof]ux¿ ;/sf/åf/f lkmtf{ / pgLx¿nfO{ gSv' lhn]af6 l/xf .

@))^ dO{ !* cfkm"nfO{ /fHosf] ;jf]{Rr lgsfo 3f]if0ff ub}{ tyf /fhfsf clwsf/x¿sf] s6f}tL ub}{ k|ltlglw;efåf/f gf}a'Fb] 3f]if0ff ;j{;Ddt ¿kdf kfl/t . cab]lv ;/sf/nfO{ g]kfn ;/sf/ elgg] / ;/sf/L lgsfosf gfdaf6 …>L % jf zfxLÚ eGg] zAbnfO{ x6fOg] . k|wfgdGqLåf/f g]t[Tj ul/Psf] kl/ifb\n] ;]gfsf] lgoGq0f / kl/rfng ug]{ . d'n'sn] ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg ;DkGg ug]{ . g]kfn wd{lg/k]If /fHo 3f]lift / lxGb'jfbL ;ª\u7gx¿åf/f o;sf] lj/f]w, vf;u/L t/fO{ If]qdf .

@))^ dO{ @^ ;/sf/ / dfcf]jfbLaLrsf] klxnf] r/0fsf] jftf{ uf]s0f{ l/;f]6{df ;DkGg . pgLx¿ @% a'Fb] o'4lj/fd cfrf/;+lxtfdf ;xdt .

@))^ dO{ #) dsjfgk'/, xfFl8vf]nf uflj;sf] rs/Ldf ePsf] cfd;efdf k|r08 / afa'/fd e§/fO{ ;fj{hlgs .

@))^ h'g !! u[xdGqL s[i0fk|;fb l;6f}nfsf] sf:sLsf] l;sn];df k|r08 / afa'/fd e§/fO{;Fu e]6 .

@))^ h'g !@ ;/sf/åf/f cftª\ssf/L tyf ljWj+zfTds ultljlw cWofb]z lkmtf{ . g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_åf/f nlntk'/sf] s'kG8f]ndf ;Dks{ sfof{nosf] :yfkgf .

@))^ h'g !% ;/sf/ / dfcf]jfbLaLr bf];|f] r/0fsf] jftf{ ;DkGg . ;f] cj;/df, lzv/ jftf{ ug]{, #! ;b:oLo o'4lj/fd cg'udg ;ldlt u7g ug]{, dfgjclwsf/ pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{nonfO{ dfgjclwsf/ cg'udgdf ;xfotf ug{ cg'/f]w ug]{ / gful/s ;dfhsf kfFr g]tfx¿af6 jftf{sf] cjnf]sg u/fpg] lg0f{o .

@))^ h'g !^ ;ft bnLo u7aGwg / g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_ cf7a'Fb] ;Demf}tfsf] lgisif{df . ;Demf}tfsf] 3f]if0ff ug{ cGo /fhgLlts bnsf g]tfx¿;Fu} k|r08 ;fj{hlgs . nId0fk|;fb cof{nsf] g]t[Tjdf cGtl/d ;+ljwfg d:of}bf ;ldltsf] u7g .

@))^ h'nfO{ @ dfcf]jfbL;Fu ;Dks{ gu/L hgd'lQm ;]gfsf] cg'udgsf nflu cg'/f]w ub}{ ;/sf/åf/f ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3sf dxf;lrjnfO{ kq k7fOPsf] .

@))^ h'nfO{ # dlGqd08nåf/f o'lgkmfO8 sdfG8sf] cGTo .

317

@))^ h'nfO{ @$ ;/sf/n] ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3sf dxf;lrjnfO{ dO{ @ df dfcf]jfbL xltof/ / ;]gfsf] dfq cg'udg tyf xftltof/af6 cnu ug{ ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3nfO{ cg'/f]w ug{ ;/sf/åf/f k7fOPsf] kqsf] lj/f]w ub}{ k|r08åf/f dxf;lrjnfO{ n]lvPsf] kq .

@))^ h'nfO{ @&–cu:6 # ;'kmfgf b] ld:t'/fsf] g]t[Tjdf cfPsf] ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3Lo d"Nofª\sg ld;gåf/f /fi6«;ª\3sf] ;Defljt ;xof]usf] k|s[ltaf/] 5nkmn ug{ g]kfnsf] e|d0f .

@))^ h'nfO{ @* g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_åf/f tLg dlxgfsf nflu o'4lj/fd a9fOPsf] .

@))^ cu:6 ( ;/sf/ / g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_åf/f /fi6«;ª\3sf] e"ldsfnfO{ lnP/ ePsf] c;xdltsf] cGTo / Pp6} a]xf]/fsf kfFra'Fb] cg'/f]w;lxt 5'§f5'§} kqx¿ /fi6«;ª\3nfO{ k7fOPsf .

@))^ cu:6 @% ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3sf dxf;lrjåf/f Oofg dfl6{gnfO{ cfkm\gf] lghL k|ltlglwsf ¿kdf lgo'Qm .

@))^ ;]K6]Da/ cflwsfl/s ¿kdf ;]gf / /fhtGqsf] ;DaGw tf]8\b} ;+;b\åf/f ;}lgs ljw]os, @)^# kfl/t . /fhfnfO{ ;]gfsf] ;jf]{Rr sdfG8/af6 x6fOof], k|wfg;]gfkltnufot ;a} jl/i7 clws[tsf nflu lglZrt ;dofjlw tf]lsof] / ;}lgs clwsf/Lx¿sf] 5gf]6 k|lqmofnfO{ nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] lgoGq0fdf NofOof] .

@))^ cS6f]a/ *—!@ ;/sf/ / dfcf]jfbL jftf{ 6f]nLaLr jftf{ ;DkGg .@))^ cS6f]a/ !#—!% g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_sf g]tfx¿ k|r08 / afa'/fd

e§/fO{sf] lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnf;Fu a}7s . bf];|f] a}7sdf z]/axfb'/ b]pjf / dfwjs'df/ g]kfnnfO{ klg ;dfj]z ul/of] .

@))^ cS6f]a/ @( g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_åf/f o'4lj/fdsf] Dofb yk tLg dlxgf a9fOof] .

@))^ gf]e]Da/ * ;ft kf6L{sf g]tfx¿ / g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_åf/f 5a'Fb] zflGt ;Demf}tfdf x:tfIf/ .

@))^ gf]e]Da/ @! g]kfn ;/sf/ / g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_sf aLr lj:t[t zflGt ;Demf}tf ;DkGg .

318

kl/lzi6 @ — cWoogljlw

!=! ;dLIff

;ª\qmd0fsfnLg Gofo ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L clen]v e08f/ -clen]v e08f/_ / g]kfnsf] åGå k|ltj]bgsf] tof/L pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{no—g]kfn / h]g]efl:yt ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3Lo dfgjclwsf/ pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{nosf sd{rf/L tyf k/fdz{bftfx¿af6 cfof]hgfsf] ¿kdf ;DkGg ul/Psf] lyof] . of] sfo{ a[xQ/ ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg Gofo k|lqmofdf k|f/lDes cEof;sf] ¿kdf ul/Psf] lyof] . eGg'sf] cy{ o; cEof;n] cbfntdf u|fXo x'g] k|df0fsf] vf]hL u/]g, a? o;n] uDeL/ 36gf;DaGwL ;fdu|L tyf ljj/0fx¿sf] ;ª\sng tyf ;+/If0f ug]{ / ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg Gofo k|lqmof /÷jf ;DefJo efjL cg';Gwfgsf nflu k|f/lDes laGb' pknAw u/fpg] sfd u/]sf] 5 . o; k|of;n] k|:tfljt ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg Gofo;DaGwL ;+oGq jf ;Defljt Goflos lgsfoåf/f oL ;DefJo lx+;fx¿sf ;DaGwdf ljrf/ljdz{ ug{ cfwf/e"ld pknAw u/fP/ k|f/lDes sbdsf] ¿kdf sfd u/]sf] 5 .

o; kl/lzi6df j0f{g ul/Psf] cWoogljlw clen]v e08f/ / g]kfnsf] åGå k|ltj]bg b'j}nfO{ ;ª\sng ug{ k|of]u ul/Psf] lyof] . d"ntM of] cWoogljlw ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg Gofo;DaGwL d'2fnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ åGåf]Q/ d'n'ssf nflu ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3 / ljz]ifu/L pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{noåf/f ljsf; u/L y'k|} d'n'sdf sfof{Gjog ul/Psf ;fwgx¿df cfwfl/t lyof]880 . uDeL/ pNnª\3gsf 5gf]6sf nflu Go"gtd dfkb08, k|df0fsf] cfjZos dfkb08, kL8s tyf ;d"xx¿sf] klxrfgdf Wofg lbg'kg]{ s'/fx¿, ;/f]sf/x¿sf] uf]kgLotf / ;fIfL ;+/If0fsf nflu ljlzi6 dfkb08x¿sf] ljsf; ul/Psf lyP . of] cWoogljlw tof/ ubf{ o;n] d'n'ssf] ;Dk"0f{ e"efu / @)%@ b]lv @)^# ;fn;Dd åGåsf] ;Dk"0f{ cjlw ;d]6\g], cGt/f{li6«o dfgjclwsf/ sfg'g tyf dfgjLo sfg'gsf ljZj;gLo tyf uDeL/ pNnª\3gx¿sf] dfq clen]vg tyf ljZn]if0f, hfgsf/L pknAw u/fpg] s'g} klg JolQmsf] ;'/Iffdf ;Demf}tf gug]{ / ;ª\slnt s'g} klg uf]Ko hfgsf/Lsf] pko'Qm 9ª\un] ;+/If0f ug]{u/L ul/Psf] lyof] .

880 OHCHR, Rule-of-Law tools for post-conflict states: Prosecution initiatives (United Nations, New York and Geneva, 2008.)

319

o; cfof]hgfnfO{ pknAw ;|f]tcGtu{t /x]/ k|fylds cg';Gwfg ug'{ ;Dej lyPg cyf{t 36gfx¿sf] Jojl:yt tYofGj]if0f jf 5fglag ug'{ ;Dej lyPg . t/, pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{no—g]kfnsf] Jofks lkmN8 cg'udgaf6 ;ª\slnt cfkm\gf kmfon / clen]vx¿ of] k|ltj]bg tyf clen]v e08f/df k|o'Qm hfgsf/Lsf nflu dxTTjk"0f{ ;|f]t ag] . To;afx]s, ljZj;gLo låtLo ;|f]tx¿sf cfwf/df s]xL uDeL/ pNnª\3gx¿sf] clen]vg ul/of]. csf]{ s'/f, kl/lzi6 ! df lbOPsf] åGå ;do/]vfn] uDeL/ pNnª\3g;Fu ;DalGwt k|j[lQsf] klxrfg / ljZn]if0fdf ;3fp k'¥ofpg] ;}lgs sf/afxL, em8k tyf /fgLlts ljsf;qmd h:tf k|d'v 36gfx¿sf] pNn]v u/]sf] 5 .

!=@ ;dfj]zsf nflu dfkb08

!=@=! uDeL/tfsf] Go"gtd dfkb08

o; cfof]hgfsf] Pp6f dfkb08 æ;jf{lws uDeL/Æ ck/fwx¿sf] dfq ;"rLs/0f ug'{ lyof] . o; k|of]hgsf nflu, yk cWoog ug{ ;lsg] kof{Kt ¿kdf uDeL/ k|s[ltsf 36gfx¿sf] klxrfg ug{ æGo"gtd dfkb08Æ k|of]u ul/of] . Go"gtd dfkb08 s'g} klg cy{df Pp6f ;6Ls ;fwg eg] xf]Og a? dfkb08x¿sf] Pp6f o:tf] ;d"x xf] h;sf cfwf/df s'g} vf; cf/f]lkt pNnª\3gnfO{ hf]lvG5 . Go"gtd dfkb08x¿ Ps csf{df cGt/lge{/ 5g\ / s'g} Pp6f dfq dfkb08 lg0ff{os ePsf] 5}g, oBlk s'g} Pp6f dfkb08n] dfq klg s'g} 36gf ;dfj]z ug]{ lg0f{onfO{ ;fy lbg ;S5 . oxfF k|of]u ul/Psf dfkb08x¿nfO{ tLg k|ju{df ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 .

-s_ ck/fwsf] k|s[ltM o; dfkb08n] s'g} JolQm jf k|zf;lgs lg0f{olj?4 ul/Psf] lx+;f cyjf ;DklQ hkmt h:tf :ojo+df s:tf] vfnsf] ck/fw xf] eGg] s'/fdfly ljrf/ ub{5 . o;n] JolQmlj?4sf] lx+;f -hLjg, oftgf_ lgtfGt ¿kn] ;DklQ jf cGo ef}lts ;fdu|LeGbf a9L uDeL/ x'G5 eGg] s'/fdf hf]8 lbG5 . o; k|ju{n] ;d]6]sf s'/fx¿nfO{ k|fyldstfsf qmddf o;/L lbOPsf] 5M

:j]R5frf/L ¿kdf hLjgsf] x/0f x'g gkfpg] clwsf/sf] pNnª\3gM h:t}, xTof, u}/sfg'gL xTof, 5n3ft, sTn]cfd / To:t} vfnsf 36gfx¿ .

JolQmut cv08tf -zf/Ll/s tyf dfgl;s_sf] clwsf/sf] pNnª\3gM h:t}, oftgf, anfTsf/, of}g lx+;f, uDeL/ zf/Ll/s jf dfgl;s xflg, cª\ueª\u, cdfgjLo jf To:t} vfnsf sfo{x¿ .

320

:jtGqtf tyf ;'/Iff / bf;tfdf a:g gkg]{ clwsf/sf] pNnª\3gM h:t}, a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{÷ckx/0f, :j]R5frf/L y'gf, hah{:tL lj:yfkg / To:t} vfn] 36gf .

;DklQ /fVg kfpg] tyf :j]R5frf/L ¿kdf o;af6 jl~rt x'g'gkg]{ clwsf/M h:t}, ;}lgs cfjZostf geO{ ;DklQsf] ljgfz, ;DklQ hkmt ug]{ tyf hah{:tL rGbf c;'nL .

-v_ ck/fwsf] tx M lnlka4 ul/Psf k|To]s cf/f]k Ps jf ;f]eGbf a9L kLl8tx¿;Fu ;DalGwt 5g\ . ck/fwsf] ;ª\Vof / kLl8tsf] ;ª\Vof b'j}dfly 36gfsf] ufDeLo{ :yfkgf ug{ ljrf/ ul/Psf] 5 . k|fyldstfsf] qmddfM

cg]sf}+ uDeL/ ck/fwx¿ ePsf] elgPsf 36gfx¿nfO{ uDeL/tfsf] txdf ;a}eGbf dfly /flvPsf] 5 .

To;kl5sf] txdf d[To', 3fOt] x'g]u/L ePsf 36gf, oftgf lbOPsf jf of}g ¿kdf cfqmd0f ul/Psf 36gf jf JolQm a]kQf jf lj:yflkt ePsf 36gf jf ;DklQ ljgfz ePsf 36gf kb{5g\ . hlt a9L kLl8t jf xtfxtLsf] ;ª\Vof eof] uDeL/tfsf] txdf Tolt g} dfly /flvPsf] 5 .

To;sf] pN6f] hlt yf]/} ;DklQ n'6lk6 jf ljgfz ul/of] uDeL/tfsf] txdf Tolt g} tn /flvPsf] 5 .

-u_ ck/fwsf] tl/sfM lglZrt k|j[lQ ePsf of]hgfa4 ¿kdf ul/Psf ck/fwx¿, Jofks k|s[ltsf ck/fwx¿, JolQmx¿sf] ljlzi6 ;d"xnfO{ lg;fgf agfO{ ul/Psf ck/fwx¿ -hf]lvddf k/]sf ;d"x, hftLo ;d"x, cflb_, hyfefjL /÷jf c;dfg'kflts ¿kdf ul/Psf cfqmd0fx¿ o:tf tTjx¿ x'g\ h;n] uDeL/tfsf] txdf 36gf¿nfO{ dfly /fVb5 .

oL dfkb08x¿dWo] ck/fwsf] k|s[ltnfO{ klxnf] dxTTj lbg] / hLjgsf] Iflt ePsf 36gf, zf/Ll/s tyf dfgl;s xflg, Ps jif{eGbf a9L ;do;Dd :jtGqfsf] x/0f / a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{nfO{ k|fyldstf lbg] lg0f{o ul/of] . To;afx]s, ;DklQ hkmt ul/Psf tyf bzhgf eGbf a9L JolQmnfO{ hah{:tL lj:yfkg ul/Psf eGg] cf/f]kx¿df ljz]if hf]8 lbOPsf] lyof], hxfF cf/f]kx¿ hLjgsf] Iflt ePsf, zf/Ll/s tyf dfgl;s xflg, Ps jif{eGbf a9L ;do;Dd :jtGqfsf] x/0f / a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{sf cf/f]kx¿;Fu;Fu} b]vf k/] .

!=@=@ hfgsf/Lsf] kof{Kttf tyf ljZj;gLotf

321

;dfj]z ug{ s'g 36gf kof{Kt dfqfdf uDeL/ lyP eGg] s'/fsf] lgwf{/0f ug]{afx]s, slyt 36gfaf/]sf] hfgsf/L kof{Kt dfqfdf k"/f tyf ljZj;gLo lyof] ls lyPg eGg] s'/f lgwf{/0f ug{ b]xfosf dfkb08x¿ k|of]u ul/Psf lyPM

Ps -jf a9L_ ;|f]tx¿n] b]xfosf] hfgsf/Lsf] clen]v /fv]sf 36gfx¿, h;n]M

322

-s_ åGå;Fu ;DalGwt sf/afxLnfO{ :ki6;Fu cf/f]k nufPsf] jf hgfPsf] 5, h'g k|dfl0ft ePdf cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg'g jf cGt/f{li6«o dfgjclwsf/ sfg'gsf] uDeL/ pNnª\3g ;/x x'g]5, /Ù-v_ b]xfosf rf/dWo] sDtLdf b'O{nfO{ ;dfj]z u/]sf] x'G5 M

-!_ kLl8t-x¿_sf gfd-@_ cf/f]lkt kL8s cfa4 ePsf] ;d"x-#_ :yfg, /÷jf -$_ ldlt

!=@=# ;|f]tx¿sf] ljZj;gLotf

36gf;Fu ;DalGwt hfgsf/L kof{Kt dfqfdf k"0f{ tyf ljZj;gLo ePsf] kfOPsf] cj:yfdf, ;|f]tsf] ljZj;gLotf / e/kbf]{kgfsf] k/LIf0fsf nflu 5fglag cufl8 a9\Yof] . ljZj;gLotfsf] 5fglagdf b'O{j6f s'/f x'Gy]M klxnf] s'/f, ;|f]ts} k/LIf0f, / bf];|f] s'/f, ;du|df ljrf/ ubf{ k|df0fsf] Go"gtd dfkb08nfO{ k"/f u¥of] ls u/]g eGg] .

;fdfGo k|:tfjgfsf] ¿kdf, cWoogljlw hlt a9L :ki6 / Jojl:yt eof] / :yfgLo :t/df hlt a9L ;fIfLsf aofg tyf ;a'b k|df0f ;ª\sng ul/of] Tolt g} a9L p4[t hfgsf/LnfO{ ljZj;gLotf k|bfg ul/Psf] lyof] . ;ª\u7g ;|f]tsf] ¿kdf ePsf] cj:yfdf, cWoogljlw tyf g]kfndf / cGt/f{li6«o ¿kdf To;sf] cj:yfnfO{ o:tf 36gfnfO{ clen]v ug{ nfu' cGt/f{li6«o dfkb08x¿sf] kfngf ePsf] 5 ls 5}g eGg] s'/f yfxf kfpg cWoog ul/Psf] lyof] . JolQm jf ;~rf/ h:tf cGo ;|f]tnfO{ Tof] ;|f]t, ltgsf] Oltxf;, ltgsf] clek|]/0ff tyf To:t} vfnsf tTjx¿sf ;DaGwdf pknAw hfgsf/Lsf] cfnf]sdf 5'§f5'§} 36gfsf cfwf/df d"Nofª\sg ul/Psf] lyof] .

!=@=$ k|df0fsf] dfkb08

323

xfnsf cGt/f{li6«o ljlwzf:q tyf o; cfof]hgfsf dfkb08x¿nfO{ ljrf/ ubf{, cjnDag ul/Psf] k|df0fsf] dfkb08 æzª\sf ug]{ dgfl;a cfwf/Æ /x]sf] lyof]881 . To;}cg';f/, s'g} vf; 36gf;DaGwL cg';Gwfg u/]kl5 / ;|f]t-x¿_sf] ljZj;gLotf / hfgsf/Lsf] kof{Kttfdfly ljrf/ u/]kl5, atfOPcg';f/ Tof] 36gf ePsf] lyof] eGg] zª\sf ug]{ ædgfl;a cfwf/Æ ePsf] 7flgPsf] cj:yfdf Tof] 36gfnfO{ clen]v e08f/df ;"rLs/0f ul/Psf] lyof] .

of] dfkb08 kmf}hbf/L cbfntdf NofOPsf] d'2fdf ck]Iff ul/Psf] eGbf sd 5 eGg] s'/fnfO{ :jLsf/ ul/Psf] 5 . t/, clen]v e08f/sf] / o; k|ltj]bgsf] k|of]hg ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg Gofo k|lqmofnfO{ ;xfotf pknAw u/fpg' cem vf;u/L ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg Gofo;DaGwL cfof]ux¿sf] sfo{ / of]hgf jf /fli6«o cbfnt;dIf d'2fx¿ Nofpgdf ;xfotf k'¥ofpg' xf] . k|df0fsf] of] dfkb08 o; k|of]hgnfO{ k"/f ug{ ;a}eGbf pko'Qm 7flgPsf] lyof] .

881 ICC Pre-Trial Chamber II Decision No.: ICC-)01/09, 31 March 2010 "Situation in The Republic of Kenya" p. 16, s'g} ck/fw ul/;lsPsf] jf x'Fb}5 eGg] æljZjf;sf] ljj]sk"0f{ jf dgfl;a dflkmssf] cf}lrTonfO{Æ cg';Gwfg ;'? ug{ cfjZos æcg';Gwfgdf cufl8 a9\g dgfl;a dflkmssf] cfwf/Æsf] cleof]hgfTds Go'gtd dfkb08 egL kl/efiff ul/Psf] .

324

!=# kL8sx¿sf] klxrfg

o; cfof]hgfsf nflu k|of]u ul/Psf] k|df0fsf] lgDg :t/nfO{ x]bf{, ePsf ck/fwx¿sf nflu JolQmut kmf}hbf/L lhDd]jf/L ;'emfpg o;nfO{ pko'Qm 7flgPsf] lyPg, g t :jR5 g} 7flgPsf] lyof] . t/, ;Dej eP;Dd, s'g} 36gfdf ;+nUg cf/f]lkt kL8sx¿sf] ;d"x cfa4tfsf] klxrfg ul/Psf] 5 . of] klxrfg k|dfl0ft geP;Dd lgbf]{if /xg kfpg] JolQmsf] clwsf/dfly s'g} klg x:tIf]k gu/L ul/Psf] 5 . o;} l;4fGtsf cfwf/df, kL8s, kLl8t tyf ;fIfLx¿sf] klxrfg ug]{ s'g} klg uf]Ko hfgsf/L pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{nosf] j]a;fO6df pknAw / ;fj{hlgs kx'Frdf /x]sf] clen]v e08f/af6 x6fOPsf] 5 . of] hfgsf/L ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3sf] gLlt / cEof;cg';f/, ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg Gofo ;+oGq / Goflos lgsfox¿nfO{ pknAw u/fOg] .

!=$ cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog tyf k/fdz{

pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{no—g]kfnn] o; of]hgfsf nflu kf/blz{tf tyf a[xt\ ;xof]u lglZrt u¥of] / cBfjlws hfgsf/L pknAw u/fpg, ;Nnfx lng tyf o;sf] k|of]usf nflu /0fgLltx¿ tof/ kfg{ zflGt tyf k'glg{df{0f dGqfno, /fli6«o dfgjclwsf/ cfof]u / gful/s ;dfhsf k|d'v ;b:ox¿;Fu lg/Gt/ ;Dks{df /Xof] .

;g\ @)!) km]a|'c/Ldf of] cfof]hgf ;'? ePnuQ}, pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{no—g]kfnsf k|ltlglw tyf cfof]hgf k|d'vn] cfof]hgf / o;sf p2]Zox¿ k|:t't ug{ zflGt tyf k'glg{df{0f dGqL /sd r]Dhf]ª;Fu cf}krfl/s e]6 u/] . To;kl5sf dlxgfx¿df, sfd cufl8 a9\b} hfFbf cfof]hgf 6f]nL dGqfnosf] ;x;lrj txdf ;do ;dodf ;Dks{df /Xof] . pbfx/0fsf nflu, clen]v e08f/sf] ;'?sf] k|f¿k pknAw ePkl5 To;af/] JofVof / k|bz{g ul/Psf] lyof] .

/fli6«o dfgjclwsf/ cfof]u, g]kfnl:yt s'6gLlts lgsfosf k|ltlglwx¿, PDg]:6L OG6/g];gn, ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg Gofosf nflu cGt/f{li6«o s]Gb| -cfO{;L6Lh]_, OG6g/g];gn sld;g ckm h'l/:6 tyf g]kfndf dfgjclwsf/ tyf Gofosf] If]qdf sfo{/t OG;]s, P8\ef]s];L kmf]/d / oftgf kLl8t ;/f]sf/ s]Gb| -l;leS6_ h:tf s]xL u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿;Fu klg a}7sx¿ ug'{sf ;fy} hfgsf/Lsf] cfbfgk|bfg ul/Psf lyof] .

325

cfof]hgfsf] qmddf, dfgjclwsf/ ;d'bfosf k|d'v JolQmTjx¿;Fu cGtjf{tf{ tyf k/fdz{x¿ ul/Psf lyP . oL k/fdz{sf tLgj6f p2]Zo lyP . ;'?jftL k/fdz{x¿df cfof]hgfaf/] hfgsf/L u/fpg'sf ;fy} ;xof]usf ;Defjgf, 5fglag ug]{ af6fx¿ tyf hfgsf/Lsf vf;vf; s'/fx¿ ;'/lIft /fVg] ;DaGwdf ljrf/ JoQm ug]{ sfd eof] . To;kl5sf k/fdz{x¿ yk hfgsf/L ;ª\sng ug{ ePsf lyP . cfof]hgfsf] cGTolt/, k|ltj]bg / clen]v e08f/sf] ;DefJo k|of]u Pj+ ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg Gofo;DaGwL Ph]G8fnfO{ cem cufl8 a9fpg]af/] oL ;d"x;Fu k/fdz{ eP .

cfof]hgfsf ;DaGwdf hfgsf/L lbFb}, ;'/Iffkmf}h -g]kfnL ;]gf, g]kfn k|x/L, ;z:q k|x/L an / /fli6«o cg';Gwfg ljefu_ / PsLs[t sDo'lg:6 kf6L{ -dfcf]jfbL_nfO{ kq k7fO{ hfgsf/L pknAw u/fP/ o; cEof;df ;xof]u k'¥ofpg cfdGq0f ul/Psf] lyof] . o; k|ltj]bgsf] clGtd tof/L ubf{sf] ;do;Dd, ;z:q k|x/L ann] dfq kqdfkm{t\ hjfkm k7fPsf] lyof] . lj=;+= @)^& c;f]h @$ ut] k7fPsf] ;f] kqdf, ;z:q k|x/L ansf dxflg/LIfsn] dfgjclwsf/sf] ;+/If0f, k|j4{g tyf ;Ddfgsf nflu cfkm\gf] k|lta4tf JoQm ug'{sf ;fy} o; cfof]hgfdf sfd ug]{ 6f]nL;Fu 5nkmn ug{ ;ª\u7g pknAw /x]sf] s'/f pNn]v u/]sf lyP .

326