Chapter 26 Section 1 Notes: Road to War

Introduction Video Clips to WWI Numbers Behind the Slaughter World War I: One Word Why are you here?

Underlying MAIN Causes:1. Militarism

a. Intense Industrialized Military Build Up (Doubled in Size)b. Equipped with Advanced Defensive Military Technologyc. False Confidence in Ability to Win Wars Quicklyd. Germany’s Build Up of Navy Stirs Trouble with Great Britain

2. Alliance System-Bismarck’s efforts to improve Germany’s diplomatic standing is upset by William II.

-Fires Bismarck and Fails to Renew Treaty with Russia.

a. Series of Treaties and Alliances for protection formed Two European Blocs

b. Triple Alliance: i. Austria, Germany, Italy

c. Triple Entente:i. Britain, France, and Russia

3. Imperialisma. Intensified Rivalries Between Nations

i. Moroccan Crisis1. Strained Relations with Great Britain2. Germany demanded same trading rights as France3. GB, France, and Russia collectively saw Germany as a threat

4. Nationalism: Intense Devotion to One’s Nation and National Causeb. Intensely Competitive With Other European Powersc. War was Acceptable Way of Proving One’s Nationd. Domestic Problems Were Ever Presente. Nationalism Video Clip

Mood of 1914-Intense Standoff-Eager to Act and Test Country’s Strength-Looking for a Foreign Event to distract from domestic problems

Immediate Cause: Crisis in Balkans (Powder Keg of Europe)- Austria annexes Bosnia-Herzegovina

-Prevent Serbia from growing and causing problems in Austria-Hungary-Serbia

- Backed by Russia (Protector of Slavic Peoples)- Viewed Austria as Oppressor

- Austria viewed Serbia as Cancer to Empire

SPARK: GAVRILLO PRINCEP ASSASSINATES AUSTRIAN HIER ARCH DUKE FRANZ FERDINAND

-Member of Black Hand- Serbian Nationalist Group

OUTBREAK-Austria accuses Serbia of Assassination

-Receives “Blank Check” from Germany (Unconditional Support)-Austria Declares War on Serbia July 1914-Russia Begins to Mobilize Forces-Germany Claims Russian Mobilization as Act of War

-Declares War on Russia and France, vice-versa

-Invades Belgium to get to France-Great Britain Declares War on Germany

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German Confidence in the Schlieffen Plan - Plan of War Against Two Fronts: Russia and France- France First

o Russia Takes Longer to Mobilize Forceso Defeat France, Through Belgium, Before Russia is Ready

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Section 2: WAGING TOTAL WAR in August 1914A New Type of War: Total War

Extremely violent and lengthy battles Incredible Military Technology outpaces Military Strategy

o World War I Technology Complete Mobilization and Devotion of Society to War Effort Loss of Civil Liberties and Freedoms Global War

o Included people and nations from Africa, N. America, Europe, Asia, Australia.

Western Front- Germany invades Belgium

o Belgians resisted, slowing German advanceo Great Britain Declares War on Germany

Possibly fearing German-Austro Alliance and Powero 20 Miles outside of Paris

British Mobilized Extremely Fast and helped Save France Counter Attack at Battle of the Marne saves Paris

o STALEMATE Both sides immediately dug in to hold position Trench Warfare ensued

https://mapshop.com/classroom/HISTORY/World-History/w77_WWI_WesternFront.gifTrench WarfareTrench Warfare: Over the Top Video Clip

- 400 unbroken miles on Western Front- 4 Year Defensive Struggle

o Barbed Wire, Mines, Machine Guns, Poison Gas, Tanks, Artillery, and Flame Throwerso Captain Manfred’s: Air Warfare Between Germans, British, and French

o Rats, Mud, Corpses, Water, Disease (Gangrene)

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The Story of the Western Front: Loss of Life Maximal, Territorial Gains Minimal o Ex: Battle of the Somme 1916

British Offensive Bombarded German Defense for 7 Days “Over the Top” race across no man’s land

German Defense

Hid in underground bunkers Result

20,000/40,000 Brits Died/Wounded in First Day 620,000 French and British Died 600,000 Germans Died British Victory: Gained 7 Miles

British Landscape Artist Paul Nash’s Depictions of World War I:

The Menin Road

We Are Making a New World

Wire

The War Widens Globally- Eastern Front

-More Mobile, still heavy losses-Germany Advanced 300 Miles into Russia-Germany exploited Slavic People and Land-Air Warfare on Eastern Front According to Baron Manfred Freiherr von Richthofen

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War Globalizes Italy joins the Allied Powers (France, GB, and Russia) Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria join Central Powers (Germany and Austria)

-Central Powers control Balkans-Armenian Genocide

-Ethnic Group overlapping Russia and Ottoman Territories-Supported and Welcomed Russia-Ottomans ordered mass deportation/murder of one million Armenians

British Gallipoli Campaign -Offensive to defeat Ottomans and open up aid to Russia- Hundreds of Thousands died on Both Sides

-Especially From Australia and New Zealand-Mission Failed

British Support Arabic Rebellion -Supported Hussein Ibn-Ali-Vague Promises of an Arabic State-Influential to the Demise of the Ottomans

U.S. Involvement - Neutral: “Europe’s Problem”- Unrestricted Submarine Warfare

-British and Germany Blockade Each Other-German U-Boats damage Sussex (Carrying U.S. Passengers)-German U-Boats sunk British Ship Lusitania (carrying 139 Americans)-Americans Angered-Sussex Pledge: Germans halt submarine warfare

Zimmerman Telegram o Germans return to unrestricted submarine warfareo Starve British before Americans effectively entero Zimmerman Telegram: Germany asks Mexico to Fight against U.S.o U.S. enters and Declares War on Germany