images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/AL/ChiltonCounty/Je… · Web viewEra 1/Chapter 5 – The Renaissance and Reformation (1300-1600 AD) Alabama Course of Study Objectives:

Era 1/Chapter 5 – The Renaissance and Reformation (1300-1600 AD)

Alabama Course of Study Objectives: 1 – Describe the developments in Italy in Northern Europe during the Renaissance period with respect to humanism, arts and literature, intellectual development, and advances in technology.3 – Explain the causes of the Reformation and its impact, including tensions between religious and secular authorities, reformers and doctrine, the Counter Reformation, the English Reformation, and wars of religion.

Essential Questions: 1) How did the Renaissance change the overall world view of man?2) How did the Reformation’s ideas lead to new religious thinking?3) What was the Renaissance and why did it start in Italy?4) What drove Martin Luther to write the 95 Theses and what was the outcome of that action?5) Compare and contrast Protestantism and Catholicism:

After you complete this outline, you should be able to: a. List three characteristics of the Renaissance.b. Explain the three estates of Renaissance society.c. Explain Renaissance education.d. Describe artistic contributions of the Renaissance.e. Describe Luther’s role in the Reformation.f. Describe religious changes in Switzerland, in England, and within the Catholic Church.g. Explain the social, economic and political changes that contributed to the rise of Florence and the ideas of Machiavelli.h. Identify artistic and scientific achievements of the "Renaissance man." i. Explain the main characteristics of humanism.j. Analyze the impact of the Protestant Reformation.

Describe the Counter Reformation and the role of the Jesuits.k. Describe the English Reformation.l. Assess the importance of the printing press.

Outline:I. The Renaissance (pp. 157-163)

A. The Italian Renaissance (pp. 157-158)1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

What were the characteristics of the Italian Renaissance?B. The Italian States (pp. 158-160)

1. 2. 3. Milan (p. 159)

a. b. c.

4. Venice (p. 159)a. b.

5. Florence (p. 159)a. b. c. d. e.

6. The Italian Wars (p. 160)a. b.

How did the Visconti and Stonza rulers become powerful in Milan?

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C. Machiavelli and the New State Craft (pp. 160-161)1. 2. 3. 4. Why was The Prince an important work on political power?

D. Renaissance Society (pp. 161-163)1. The Nobility (p. 161)

a. b. c. d. e.

2. Peasants and Townspeople (p. 162)a. b. c. d. e. f.

3. Family and Marriage (p. 163)a. b. c.

How was the Renaissance noble different from the medieval knight?_____________________________________________________________________________________________________At least three vocabulary terms you do not know with definitions:

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________Important terms, people, and places you should remember:

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________II. The Intellectual and Artistic Renaissance (pp. 164-169)

A. Italian Renaissance Humanism (pp. 164-165)1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Why is Petrarch called the father of the Italian Renaissance?

B. Vernacular Literature (p. 165)1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. What literary format does Chaucer use to portray English society?

C. Education in Renaissance (pp. 165-166)1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. How did a humanist education prepare a student for life?

D. The Artistic Renaissance in Italy (pp. 166-168)

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1. 2. New Techniques in Painting (p. 166)

a. b.

3. Sculpture and Architecture (p. 167)a. b. c.

How did Renaissance paintings differ from medieval paintings?

4. Masters of the High Renaissance (p. 168)a. b. c. d. e.

Name the three Italian artists most closely associated with the High Renaissance.E. The Northern Artistic Renaissance (pp. 168-169)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Why was Jan van Eyck’s use of oil significant?

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________At least three vocabulary terms you do not know with definitions:


_____________________________________________________________________________________________________III. The Protestant Reformation (pp. 171-175)

A. Erasmus and Christian Humanism (pp. 171-172)1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. How did Erasmus pave the way for the Reformation?

B. Religion on the Eve of the Reformation (pp. 172-173)1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. What was the modern devotion?

C. Martin Luther (pp. 173-175) 1. 2. 3. 4. The Ninety-five Theses (p. 173)

a. b.

5. A Break with the Church (p. 174)a.

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b. c. d.

6. The Rise of Lutheranism (p. 174)a. b. c.

How did Luther’s theory of salvation differ from what the Catholic Church believed was necessary for salvation?D. Politics and the German Reformation (pp. 175)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. How did the Peace of Augsburg influence the political and religious development of Germany?

____________________________________________________________________________________________________At least three vocabulary terms you do not know with definitions:


_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

IV. The Spread of Protestantism and the Catholic Response (pp. 177-183)A. The Zwinglian Reformation (pp. 177-178)

1. 2. 3. 4. What religious reforms were introduced in Zurich?

B. Calvin and Calvinism (pp. 178-179)1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. How did the Consistory enforce moral discipline in Geneva?

C. The Reformation in England (pp. 179-180)1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Why did Henry VIII form the Church of England?

D. The Anabaptists (pp. 180-181)1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Why were the Anabaptists considered to be dangerous political radicals?

E. Effects on the Role of Women (pp. 181-182)1. 2.

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3. What impact did the Protestant Reformation have on women?

F. The Catholic Reformation (pp. 182-183)1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. What was the relationship between the Jesuits and the pope?

Important Notes:

What are the major causes and major effects of the following historical points of reference in world history?1450 to 1750 The Renaissance The Reformation

The RenaissanceCauses The Crusades created renewed interest in classical cultures as scholars uncovered Roman and Greek writings, which revived

learning. Strategically located in the Mediterranean Sea and characterized by commercially strong city-states Italian trade flourished. Nobles and prominent families such as the Medici’s grew wealthy from the trade and used this wealth to patron the arts. By the end of the 15th century Renaissance ideas had spread from Italy to Northern Europe. Trade supported a growing population, which led to an increased demand for goods, which promoted more trade and then more

wealth.

Effects New intellectual ideas emerged that viewed man as a rational being. Writings and artwork focused more on worldly matters. Ideal of a “Renaissance Man”-one who had many areas of talent was promoted. Humanism-celebration of the individual in the here and now rather than the afterlife became important. Classical history of the Greeks and Romans was recovered and studied along with a reexamination of Roman architecture and

engineering. (Classicism) Unprecedented achievements in art, literature, and music Europeans begin to examine long held beliefs in many areas including science, religion, politics, art, education, and contact with non-

Europeans.

What was the political, intellectual, artistic, economic, and religious impact of the Renaissance?Impact of the RenaissancePolitical Italian city-states grew wealth as did prominent families, merchants and nobles. Machiavelli writes about political philosophy in The Prince and argues that the ends justify the means. Feudalism has declined, increasingly powerful kings consolidate power and wealth.

Intellectual Ideal of a “Renaissance Man”-one who had many areas of talent was promoted. Humanism-celebration of the individual in the here and now rather than the afterlife became important. Classicism- recovered and studied Greek and Roman writings. Efforts to introduce reason into theological debates results in the introduction of scholasticism in universities. Use of Latin in writing of scholars, lawyers and theologians, yet use of vernacular in literary works.

Artistic Unprecedented achievements in art, architecture, literature, and music.

Economic5

Growth of a middle class of professionals and merchants. Expansion of guilds as economic activists and organizers.

Religious Creation of the Christian Humanist movement-argued for religious reform of the church. Growing movement of individual piety brought about by individual study of the works of Christianity.

Growing secularism reflected in a concentration on living in the here and now as opposed to sole obsession about salvation as in the Middle Ages.

What was the relationship between Christianity, individualism, and growing secularism that began with the Renaissance? How did this relationship influence subsequent political developments? During the early 14th century southern Europe began experiencing a cultural and intellectual revival (the Renaissance) that later

spread to northern Europe. One of the features of this revival was a greater interest and understanding of Greco-Roman ideas and learning, which resulted in a more secular view of the world. Christianity was not abandoned or ignored and many artists of the time still concentrated on religious themes and subjects along with secular or worldly matters. Another key feature of the Renaissance was the cultural development of humanism. Humanism emphasized that an individual’s thoughts and deeds were to be celebrated and that life in this world had importance and worth. This ran counter to the religious view that humans were tainted by sin and that the afterlife was more important.

The Renaissance allowed for a questioning of religious ideas which later led to the Reformation, Scientific Revolution and eventually questioning the role of the king in the Enlightenment.

What are examples of how art, architecture, literature, music, and drama reflect the history of the cultures in which they are produced?ArtDavid and St. George by Donatello (c.1386-1466)David and Pieta by Michelangelo (1475-1564) Reflect realism, movement (contrapposto) and continued religious focus of early Renaissance art Revival of Greek idealism of human body

Mona Lisa by Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)portrait of Henry VIII by Hans Holbein (1497-1543) Reflects realism and individualism (humanism)

Last Supper by Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)The Wedding of the Virgin by Raphael (1483-1520) Shows use of linear perspective

School of Athens by Raphael (1483-1520)St. Peter’s Basilica –architect-in-chief Michelangelo (1475-1564) Examples of Greek/ Roman influences

LiteratureThe Book of the Courtier by Baldassare Castiglione Addresses the makeup of a perfect courtier, and later that of the perfect lady Remains the definitive account of Renaissance court life

The Praise of Folly by Desiderius Erasmus Example of Christian Humanist writing Satirical examination of pious but superstitious abuses of Catholic doctrine and corrupt practices in parts of the Roman Catholic

Church Reflects changes in thought about religion

Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer Tales and descriptions of the characters on a pilgrimage that presents critical portrait of English society at the time, and particularly

of the Church Reflects changes in thought about religion

The Prince by Niccolò Machiavelli Writing about political power reflects humanist influence Political treatise written by an Italian public servant and political theorist One of the first works of modern philosophy, in which pragmatic ends, as opposed to teleological concepts, are the purpose

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleological

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_philosophy

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_philosophy

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_service

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treatise

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Chaucer

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance

Julius Caesar by Shakespeare Example of the revival of classical themes Tragic play about the conspiracy against the Roman dictator Julius Caesar, his assassination and its aftermath.

Expression of the concerns about succession of leaders in England

What was the impact of the printing press on the Renaissance and the Reformation in Europe?Printing Press German inventor Johannes Gutenberg (1440) invented a printing press process that, with refinements and increased mechanization,

remained the principal means of printing until the late 20th century. The inventor's method of printing from movable type, including the use of metal molds and alloys, a special press, and oil-based inks, allowed for the first time the mass production of printed books, which facilitate the spread of ideas in Europe and an increase in literacy.

The Reformation Underlying Causes

Corruption in the Catholic Church Resentment of church wealth by nobles Catholic Church viewed as being more concerned about money and power Dysfunction of having rival popes in 1300’s Invention of printing press helped to spread new ideas/ increase literacy

Immediate Cause Sale of indulgences-offers of forgiveness sold by the Catholic Church to reduce a soul’s time in Purgatory Reform efforts started in 1517 when German monk, Martin Luther posted his Ninety-five Theses-list of grievances about the Catholic

Church

Effects Luther was excommunicated and with support of local German nobles was protected Eventually Luther and followers broke from the Catholic Church founding the Lutheran Church

Changes in Thought Luther introduced the idea of salvation by grace-only God’s grace brought salvation as opposed to observance of ritual, good works

and the power of the pope Protestant religious leaders allowed to marry Individuals could interpret scripture themselves Bible printed in common language Questioning of religious leaders paved the way for other changes that questioned political and social status quo

Other Reform Movements Started Calvinism started by French scholar John Calvin who established a theocracy in Geneva, Switzerland, promoted the doctrine of

predestination or idea that God had already determined from the beginning of time who would receive salvation. Anglican Church or Church of England started when Henry VIII declared England Protestant following his battle with the Pope to gain

a divorce from Catherine of Aragon. Counter Reformation or Catholic Reformation, was launched by those loyal to Roman Catholicism which led to the Council of Trent

where reforms to the Catholic Church were made, including creation of the Jesuits and reaffirmation of the Pope’s authority.

Religious Conflicts What started as a religious struggle became a political struggle between German nobles and the Church. Revival of the Inquisition, a court established in the 13th century to try cases of heresy, in an attempt to limit the spread of

Protestantism by destroying the opposition, was most active in Spain, Portugal, and Italy, and continued in Spain until the 19th century.From 1520-1640 religious wars were common in Western Europe, culminating in the Thirty Years War (1618-1648) which ended with territorial division between Catholic and Protestant Europe.

What was the political, intellectual, artistic, economic, and religious impact of the Reformation?Impact of the ReformationPolitical Political power of the Catholic Church diminished across Europe Monarchs who wanted the support of the Church to strengthen their power supported the Catholic Church Monarchs who resented the power of the Catholic Church chose to separate from the Church and supported Protestant reformers

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Caesar

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictator

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_Julius_Caesar

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespearean_tragedy

Henry VIII established the king of England as the head of the church and confiscated the wealth of the Catholic monasteries.

IntellectualIncreased literacy as Protestant faiths focused on individual pursuit of scriptural truthIndividuals could interpret scripture for themselves.Bible was printed in common language (vernacular).Questioning of Papal supremacy and church doctrine Jesuit missionaries brought back Chinese knowledge to Europe and idea of civil-service exams influenced European rulers.

ArtisticProtestant reformers emphasized that churches should be stark and should not be adorned with symbols of riches.

Economic Less money is sent to the Pope in Rome, wealth is left for investment in business and or for royal households.

Religious Martin Luther introduced the ideas of salvation by faith alone granted by God’s grace. No amount of penance, good works,

observing rituals or purchasing of indulgences could ensure salvation, only faith in God and his grace. Protestant faiths including the Church of England developed. Protestant religious leaders were allowed to marry. Counter-Reformation of the Catholic Church led to reforms in the Catholic Church-founding of the Jesuits, banning of the sale of

indulgences, Council of Trent clarified Catholic doctrine. Efforts of the Counter-Reformation stopped the southern spread of Protestant religions.

Discussion Question:1. How did the focus on the “individual” impact the role of religion?2. Describe humanism: 3. What was it and what impact did it have on religion? 4. What impact did it have on art and culture? Identify 2 humanist works of art.5. How did wealth and status lead to the growth of arts and literature?6. Who invented the printing press? Why was its invention significant?7. What was the importance of trade to the Renaissance?8. What was patronage? Name one famous patron during the Renaissance. Name one modern day patron?9. How and why did the Reformation lead to religious reform?10. Why did Martin Luther have a problem with indulgences?11. How did he show his dissatisfaction with the Catholic Church?12. For each denomination list below, detail when it was founded, who founded it, and what this religion believes in:

- Lutheran- Protestant- Calvinist

13. List each Renaissance contributor that we discussed in class below and his major contribution.14. What led to the rise of Florence?

a) social b) economic c) political

15. How are the following thinkers considered humanists? a) Petrarch b) Dante c) Erasmus

16. What was the impact of the Protestant Reformation a) social b) political c) religious d) intellectual e) technology f) economic

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17. How did the Catholic Church react to the Protestant Reformation a) Counter Reformation b) Council of Trent c) Role of the Jesuits.

18. What was the cause of the English Reformation? Results? 19. What role did the following play in the English Reformation?

a) Henry VIII b) Elizabeth I

20. Define each:

a. Urban societyb. secularc. mercenary

d. dowrye. Leonardo da Vincif. Niccolo Machiavellig. humanismh. frescoi. Petrarchj. Dantek. Michelangelol. Jan van Eyckm. Albrecht Durern. Christian humanism

o. salvationp. indulgenceq. Martin Lutherr. Desiderius Erasmuss. Edict of Wormst. Charles Vu. The Peace of Augsburgv. predestinationw. annulx. Ulrich Zwingliz. John Calvinaa. Henry VIIIbb. Ignatius of Loyola

Optional Choice Activities for Renaissance and Reformation (1300-1600 AD): Complete Chapter 5 Section 1 Assessment, p. 163, #3-7; Chapter 5 Section 2 Assessment, p. 169,#3-7; Chapter 5

Section 3 Assessment, p. 175, #3-7; and Chapter 5 Section 4 Assessment, p. 185, #3-7. Write questions and highlight answers.

Complete the Writing About History assignments on p. 163 #9, p. 169 #9, p. 175 #9, p. 183 #9. All writing assignments should be at least two paragraphs each, 6 to 8 sentences in each paragraph. Use proper grammar.

Complete the Chapter 5 Assessment and Activities Section on pp. 184-185, #1-21. Make sure to write all questions and highlight all answers.

Complete #25 on p. 185 of the Chapter 5 Assessment. Your autobiography must be at least three pages, typed, double-spaced, 12 font, correct grammar.

Complete the following activities from your book: Geography Skills p. 159, 167, 174, 181; History Through the Art p. 160, 163, 166, 168, 182; Eyewitness to History p. 170. Write all questions and highlight all answers.

Create flashcards for all the vocab words and definitions then add appropriate illustrations which depict the meaning of the word, be ready for me to quiz you. Create a song, rap or poem correctly using all the vocabulary words, record or perform it for the class.

Era 2/Chapter 6– The Age of Exploration (1400 – 1800 AD)

Alabama Course of Study Objectives:2 – Describe the role of mercantilism and imperialism in European exploration and colonization in the 16 th century, including the Columbian Exchange.

a. Describing the impact of the Commercial Revolution on European societyb. Identifying major ocean currents, wind patterns, landforms, and climates affecting European exploration.

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Essential Questions:1) What institutions were established in Central and South America before the introduction of the Europeans?2) How were the cultural institutions, government, and economies of the Mayans, Incas, and Aztecs similar and different?3) Why did the empires of the Americas fall?4) How was European exploration both beneficial and detrimental to the explored lands?

After you complete this outline, you should be able to:a. Explain the three main motives for exploration.b. Trace the development and decline of Portugal’s trading empire and Spanish exploration.c. Describe the impact of Europeans on the peoples of Africa.d. Describe traditional African political systems.e. Discuss the shift in power from Portuguese to Dutch in the control of the spice trade.f. Contrast the impact of Europeans on mainland states if Southeast Asia with their impact on the Malay world.g. Describe the four main political systems in Southeast Asia.h. Explain the rise and fall of the Olmec, Mayan, Aztec and Inca empires.i. Compare and contrast the culture of the Americas including government, economy, religion and the arts of the Mayans,

Aztecs and Incas.j. Assess the roles of explorers and conquistadors.k. Evaluate the Columbian Exchange and its global impact.l. Explain the role of the improved technology in European exploration.

Outline:I. Exploration and Expansion (pp. 189-195)

A. Motives and Means (pp. 189-191)1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

What does the phrase “God, glory, and gold mean? B. The Portuguese Trading Empire (pp. 191-192)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Why did Alfonso de Albuqurque want control of Melaka?C. Voyages to the America (pp. 192-194)

1. 2. The Voyages of Columbus (p. 193)

a. b. c.

3. A Line of Demarcation (p. 193)a. b.

4. Race to the Americas (p. 193)a. b.

Why did the Spanish and Portuguese sign the Treaty of Tordesillas?D. The Spanish Empire (p. 194)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

What was the impact of the Spanish settlement on the North Americans?

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E. Economic Impact and Competition (pp. 194-195)1. 2. 3. 4. New Rivals Enter the Scene (p. 194)

a. b. c. d. e. f.

5. Trade, Colonies, and Mercantilism (p. 195)a. b. c.

What products were sent from the Americas to Europe?_____________________________________________________________________________________________________At least three vocabulary terms you do not know with definitions:


_____________________________________________________________________________________________________II. African in an Age of Transition (pp. 197-200)

A. The Slave Trade (pp. 197-199)1. 2. 3. 4. Growth of the Slave Trade (p. 198)

a. b. c. d.

5. Source of Slaves (p. 198)a. b. c. d.

6. Effects of the Slave Trade (p. 199)a. b. c. d. e.

Describe the purpose and path of the triangular trade.B. Political and Social Structures (pp. 199-200)

1. 2. Traditional Political Systems (p. 199)

a. b. c.

3. Foreign Influence (p. 200)a. b. c. d.

What was the most common form of government throughout Africa? What other political systems existed?_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

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At least three vocabulary terms you do not know with definitions:


_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

III. Southeast Asia in the Era of the Spice Trade (pp. 201-204)A. Emerging Mainland States (pp. 201-202)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

How did Muslim merchants affect the peoples of Southeast Asia?B. The Arrival of Europeans (pp. 202-204)

1. 2. 3. A Shift in Power (p. 202)

a. b. c.

4. Impact on the Mainland (p. 203)a. b. c. d. e. f.

Why were Europeans so interested in Southeast Asia?C. Religious and Political Systems(p. 204)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

How did the Javanese style of kingship compare to the Buddhist style of kingship?_____________________________________________________________________________________________________At least three vocabulary terms you do not know with definitions:


_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

Important Notes:European Exploration Cause• The Crusades lead to more contact and interest in non-European civilizations; specifically India, the Spice Islands, and

China. The Portuguese were the first to attempt to create a more direct route not wanting to deal with Ottoman middlemen. Spanish (led by Christopher Columbus) attempt to find a different route as well and end up discovering the Americas (New World).

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Effects • Portugal built a trading empire throughout the Indian Ocean (and Brazil), while Spain conquered in the New World. • Trade in Africa shifted from Trans-Saharan to Trans-Atlantic as the Atlantic slave trade grew.

Columbian ExchangeCauses• Spanish explorers and colonists brought livestock, crops (sugar, coffee), and disease to the New World and New World

crops (potatoes, cassava, peanuts) were transported to Africa and Eurasia.

Effects • The increased production of New World crops led to global population changes (a boom in the Old World and a Native

American holocaust in the New World, because of diseases like small pox), as well as new economic theories like mercantilism.

• The importation of sugar into the New World fueled the Atlantic slave trade.

European Expansion Causes• Desire to share in the wealth generated in the Indian Ocean Trade complex • Not wanting to deal with Muslim middlemen on traditional land routes to the East led to exploration of alternate

routes by sailing around Africa and sailing west• God, Gold, Glory- hope to spread Christianity, want of economic gain, and quest for power• Advances in navigation, ship-building and use of gunpowder weapons • Wealth of European monarchs to sponsor exploration• Decline of Chinese exploration allowed for Europeans to take the forefront• According to mercantilism economic theory, Europeans needed colonies to achieve political power and economic

wealth.

Effects• Through the triangular trading network: raw materials from the colonies were transported to Europe, manufactured

goods were shipped to Africa, and slave were shipped to the Americas. • Facilitate rise of European power worldwide• Fostered competition between European powers • Growth of West African kingdoms trading slaves for guns• Growth of capitalism as accumulation of wealth became important not just ownership of land• Growth of a European middle class and commercial revolution in Europe• Trans-Atlantic slave trade provided labor in “New World”• Decimation of indigenous populations in “New World” by disease and war• Alteration of religion, art, music of the “New World” with introduction of African slaves and European influences• Spread of European languages, European customs and Christianity• Increased population in Europe supported by introduction of potatoes in Columbian Exchange• Spread of guns, print materials, and scientific knowledge• Europeans controlled transport of goods and key ports in Indian Ocean trade complex• Global trade network developed

What were the major political, economic, social, and cultural developments of the Maya, Inca, and Aztec civilizations? Maya• The Mayan empire extended over the Yucatan Peninsula, they built monumental architecture, and developed a (writing

system) language, a system of mathematics, and a religion. (technically a classical civilization).

Political developments• Mayan civilization established city-states ruled by one king on Yucatan Peninsula in 4th century BC and abandon the

cities around 800AD.

Economic developments• Extensive trade within Aztec Empire • Mayans cultivated maize• With no large animals most labor done by humans

Cultural developments• Polytheist

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• Kings claimed to be descended from gods • Large pyramids built as temples• Human sacrifice important religious practice (not large scale)

IncaPolitical developments• Large Incan empire built in the Andes mountains• System of government based on community cooperation and welfare• Large cities such as Cuzco and Manchu Picchu characteristic

Economic developments• Extensive trading along roads in the Andes• Quipu record keeping system used for census and harvest data• Breeding of llamas for wool and food• Terrace farming invented• Most labor done by humans

Cultural developments• Spoken language no written language used• Polytheist, using human sacrifices Leader considered descendent of the sun god `

Aztec• The Aztec, a nomadic tribe, pushed into the zone of sedentary agriculture and established an empire on the shores of

Lake Texcoco after 1325 A.D.

Political• Large Aztec empire based on tribute developed 14th century• Aztecs rule with kings/ priests• Aztecs created large urban centers and built extensive roads

Economic• Extensive trade route • Maize most important crop• Use of cacao beans as currency by Aztecs

Cultural• Religiously polytheist • Large pyramids built as temples• Human sacrifice important religious practice

How were the Inca and Aztec empires impacted by European exploration/colonization?The greatest impact of European exploration and colonization of the decimation of the Aztec and Inca populations succumbed to disease.

Europeans colonizers created a forced labor system, encomienda system, which was a way of forcing Native Americans to work as slaves. Eventually the Catholic clergy protested against the cruelty of the system.

What were the causes of European expansion from 1450 to 1750?Causes of European Expansion

• God, Gold and Glory• According to mercantilism economic theory, Europeans needed colonies to achieve political power and economic

wealth.• Asian goods such as pepper, ginger, cloves and nutmeg were very expensive, hence Europeans wanted to gain direct

access to these products and the trade routes.• Acquisition of knowledge from the Muslims and Chinese-sternpost rudder, triangular lateen sail, magnetic compass,

astrolabe and gunpowder• Wealth of European monarchs to sponsor exploration• Decline of Chinese exploration allowed Europeans to take the forefront

What was the impact of the Columbian Exchange on the Americas and Europe?14

Europe • New World crops like maize (corn), potatoes and tobacco disseminated throughout Europe (and Asia) causing the

population to grow.• Tobacco and cacao (chocolate) became luxury goods in Europe, as well as sugar from the New World.

Americas• The introduction of sheep, goats, cattle, and pigs increased the meat and milk supply and changed the diets of

Americans.• Horses provided labor and a new transport system that changed the lifestyles of Native Americans.• Coffee flourished in the New World environment and continues to be a cash crop for the region.• The Americas became a source for cotton.• Sugarcane production promoted the Trans-Atlantic slave trade.

What impact did the Atlantic slave trade have on West Africa and the Americas?West Africa • Strong trade kingdoms like Oyo, Benin, Dahomey, Kongo and Asante emerged as suppliers of slaves and gold to the

Europeans. (hence the Gold Coast of Africa)• In exchange for slaves, rulers in West Africa received muskets and gunpowder which helped them to consolidate

power.

Americas• Africans populated the plantations throughout colonial America and Latin America bringing their cultural heritage with

them.• A unique ethnic pattern emerged in the Americas, especially Latin America where Spanish and Portuguese descendents

intermarried with Africans (mulattos) and Native Americans (mestizos) and Africans and Native Americans intermarried (zambos).

What impact did the Ottoman Empire have on Eastern Europe and global trade?• Suleiman I the Magnificent (1520-1566) lead the Ottoman expansion into Eastern Europe, where Ottoman forces

reached the outskirts of Vienna by 1529. • Muslim enclaves emerged in Eastern Europe and lived peacefully with other ethnic and religious groups. • Christian boys from Eastern Europe were placed in strategic positions of the government (examples: janissaries),

educated and converted to Islam. • The Ottomans facilitated a large trade network that dominated in Istanbul, controlled overland trade routes, and the

Turkish fleet dominated the Mediterranean Sea until the end of the 16th century. • Wanting to avoid dealing with the Ottoman middlemen, Europeans choose to look for new trade routes to the

Indian Ocean complex.

How did human and physical geographic factors influence trade in the Indian Ocean?Indian Ocean Trade• Muslims, Indians and Malays participated in a thriving trade system in the Indian Ocean. Europeans inserted

themselves into an already established system, yet did not have products to trade, so they worked to control strategic ports and became middlemen in the system.

• The Dutch established a trading headquarter on the island of Java, on the Cape of Good Hope, and supplanted the Portuguese at the Strait of Malacca allowing them to control trade at these strategic points.

• The British and Dutch (and French) naval capabilities and more-free economic systems facilitate their growing presence in the Indian Ocean.

What were the major ideas in astronomy, mathematics, and architectural engineering that developed in the Maya, Inca, and Aztec civilizations?

Maya• Developed a solar calendar, a system of mathematics using the number zero, the most advanced writing system in the

ancient world, and pyramidsInca• Road system• Terrace Farming

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• Manchu Picchu

Aztec• Calendar, pyramids• Tenochtitlan

Study Guide Questions:

1. What does God, Gold and Glory mean? Give an example of how each was used as justification for expansion.2. Explain the causes that lead groups and nations to explore after the Renaissance.3. What new technologies emerged to make circumnavigation possible? List three and how they facilitated expansion.4. Why did Portugal begin to participate in overseas expansion? What made their expansion possible? Name one Portuguese

explorer and his success.5. Explain how the introduction of Europeans into new lands affected different populations.6. Draw a cause/effect chart. On the cause side, list three regions conquered by European settlers. On the effect side, identify

what happened to its native population as a result.7. What was the Triangle Trade? What continents participated and what goods were exchanged? 8. What was the Columbian Exchange? Was it a positive or a negative example of cultural diffusion? Why?9. What happened to the Native American population of the Americas as a result of expansion?10. Explain how the desire for expanding markets and increasing profits lead to colonization.11. What does balance of trade mean? How is it achieved?12. What is mercantilism is? What modern establishment did it lead to? 13. Who benefited from colonization? Why did they benefit? 14. Who suffered from colonization? What made them suffer?15. Describe Great Britain’s colonial system.16. What did the following do?

a) Zheng He a. significance b) Vasco da Gama a. significance c) Christopher Columbus a. significance d) Ferdinand Magellan a. significance e) James Cook a. significance f) Samuel de Champlain a. significance

17. How did improved technology influence European exploration? a) the astrolabe b) caravel c) compass

18. Define:a. conquistadorb. colonyc. mercantilismd. balance of tradee. Vasco de Gamaf. Christopher Columbusg. John Caboth. Amerigo Vespuccii. Francisco Pizarroj. Ferdinand Magellan

k. plantationl. triangular tradem. Middle Passagen. King Alfonsoo. Ibop. mainland statesq. bureaucracyr. Khmers. Dutch

Optional Choice Activities: Complete the Ch. 6 Section 1 Assessment #3-7 on p. 195, Section 2 Assessment #3-7 on p. 200, and the Section 3

Assessment #3-7 on p. 204. You must write all questions and highlight all answers. Complete the Writing About History assignments #9 on p. 195, #9 on p. 200, and #9 on p. 204. All writing

assignments should be at least two paragraphs of 6-8 sentences each and must correct grammar. Complete the Ch. 6 Assessment and Activities on pp. 206-207, # 1-21. You must write all questions and highlight all

answers.

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Complete the Writing About History Assignment on p. 207, #22. Your essay must be three pages typed, double-spaced, 12 font. Use correct grammar.

Create flashcards for all the vocab words and definitions then add appropriate illustrations which depict the meaning of the word, be ready for me to quiz you.

Create a song, rap or poem correctly using all the vocabulary words, record or perform it for the class.

Complete the following activities from your book (Write all questions and highlight all answers):o Geography Skills p. 190, 198, 203o Science, Technology, and Society p. 191o Opposing Viewpoints p. 192o Eyewitness to History p. 196

Era 3/Ch. 10:1-3 - The Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment (1500 – 1800 AD)

Alabama Course of Study Objectives:6 – Identify significant ideas and achievements of scientists and philosophers of the Scientific Revolution and Age of Enlightenment.

Essential Questions:1. How did the rise of Enlightenment ideas and their exchange challenge religious beliefs?

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2. How did the Scientific Revolution change people’s view of the natural world?3. How modern was the Enlightenment?

After completing this outline, you should be able to:a. Describe the scientific advances of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries and their impact on society.b. Identify and describe conditions that led to the Enlightenment.c. Explain new philosophies and the social changes that arose during the Enlightenment.d. Discuss how the Scientific Revolution gave Europeans a new way to view humankind’s place in the universe.e. Describe how eighteenth-century intellectuals used the ideas of the Scientific Revolution to reexamine all aspects

of life.f. Relate how people gathered in the salons to discuss the ideas of the philosophies.g. Discuss how Enlightenment beliefs were reflected in the art, music, and literature of the time

Outline:I. The Scientific Revolution (pp. 293-299)

A. Background to the Revolution (pp. 293-294)1. 2. 3. 4.

What changes in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries helped the natural philosophers develop new views?B. A Revolution in Astronomy (pp. 294-297)

1. 2. The Ptolemaic System (p. 294)

a. b. c.

3. Copernicus and Kepler (p. 295)a. b. c.

4. Galileo (p. 296)a. b. c. d. e. f.

5. Newton (p. 296)a. b. c.

Name the four great mathematicians who had a profound impact on astronomy.C. Breakthroughs in Medicine and Chemistry (p. 297)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

How did Versalius and Harvey disprove many of Galen’s theories?

D. Women and the Origin of Modern Science (pp. 297-298)1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

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What did Margaret Cavendish and Maria Winkelmann contribute to the Scientific Revolution?E. Descartes and Reason (pp. 298-299)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

What is the significance of Descarte’s principle of separation of mind and matter?F. The Scientific Method (p. 299)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

What are the characteristics of the scientific method?_____________________________________________________________________________________________________At least three vocabulary terms you do not know with definitions:


_____________________________________________________________________________________________________II. The Enlightenment (pp. 300-307)

A. Path to the Enlightenment (p. 300)1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

What was Newton’s main contribution to Enlightenment thought?B. Philosophes and Their Ideas (pp. 301-303)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Montesquieu (p. 302)

a. b. c. d.

6. Voltaire (p. 302)a. b. c.

7. Diderot (p. 303)a. b. c.

What were the major contributions of Montesquieu, Voltaire, and Diderot to the Enlightenment?

C. Toward a New Social Science (pp. 303-304)1. 2. Economics (p. 303)

a. b. c.

3. Beccaria and Justice (p. 304) a. b.

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What is the concept of laissez faire?D. The Later Enlightenment (p. 304)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

What were Rousseau’s basic theories as presented in The Social Contract and Emile?E. Rights of Women (p. 305)

1. 2. 3.

How did Mary Wollstonecraft use the Enlightenment ideal of reason to advocate rights for women?F. Social World of the Enlightenment (pp. 305-307)

1. 2. The Growth of Reading (p. 306)

a. b. c.

3. The Salon (p. 306)a. b.

What was the importance of the salons?G. Religion and the Enlightenment (p. 307)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

What are some of the central ideas of Methodism?_____________________________________________________________________________________________________At least three vocabulary terms you do not know with definitions:


_____________________________________________________________________________________________________III. The Impact of the Enlightenment (pp. 308-310)

A. The Arts (pp. 308-309)1. 2. Architecture and Art (p. 308)

a. b. c. d. e. f.

3. Music (p. 309)a. b. c. d. e.

4. Literature (p. 310)a. b.

What are the characteristics of the rococo style?

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_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

Important Notes:

What are the major causes and major effects of the following historical points of reference in world history?1750 to 1914• Scientific Revolution• The Enlightenment's impact on political revolutions

Scientific RevolutionCauses• Growth of universities created a place for examination of the physical world.• Renaissance and Reformation questioning of Church lead to questioning the nature of the universe.• Copernicus in 1543 published The Revolution of the Heavenly Bodies containing his presentation of the heliocentric theory.• Galileo in 1632 published Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief Systems of the World in Italian for a wider audience to read. The

work further gave proof to Copernicus’ theory that the sun was the center of the universe and not the earth.

Effects• Catholic Church doctrine brought into question by those proving the heliocentric theory.• Scientific method became the standard for intellectual pursuits.• Scientists like Tycho Brahe, Francis Bacon and Johannes Kepler expanded the use of scientific method.• Science was seen as a way to improve the human condition.• Deism (belief that God exists, but plays a passive role daily life) grew and promoted the idea of God as one who had set the

workings of the world in motion.• Isaac Newton published Principia (1687) and contributed greatly to scientific thought with laws of motion, theory of gravity,

calculus and Newtonian Physics.• Move to a scientific/secular worldview• Social thinkers were inspired to examine society in a scientific manner resulting in the Enlightenment.

What were the origins of the Scientific Revolution in 16th century Europe?

• With the invention of the printing press remarkable cultural growth followed in Europe. An increase in literacy and the Protestant Reformation created an environment of questioning long held medieval notions, including those about the nature of the universe. Questioning of Christian theology was followed by questioning about Church doctrine related to intellectual life, especially about the geocentric theory.

Early Scientific Thought – prior to the Scientific Revolution, scientific thought was based on:1. Religious teachings (Catholic church2. Magic3. Superstition4. Ancient Writings (Galen, Ptolemy, Aristotle)

Catholic Teachings1. Earth was flat2. Geocentric view – Earth was the center of the universe.

How did the Scientific Revolution impact scientific thinking?

• Use of the scientific method became the norm for modern scientific research.• The heliocentric theory became commonly accepted and medieval science was rejected.• Scientific and technological discoveries accelerated.

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What were the contributions of the following scientist?Copernicus• Copernicus proposed the heliocentric theory (the sun, not the earth, was the center of the solar system) in 1507, and that the

earth was really insignificant in the context of the universe. He hesitated to make his theories public because they conflicted with teachings of the Roman Catholic Church. His book, Revolution of the Heavenly Spheres, was published in 1543 after he died.

Galileo• In 1613, he proved Copernicus' theory that the sun was the center of the solar system. Galileo also developed the modern

experimental method. He proved that objects of different masses fall at the same velocity. He was one of the first persons to examine objects in the sky using a telescope. His views were not supported by the Roman Catholic Church and he was tried by the Inquisition (a court established by the Church) in 1616 for heresy. He was ordered to abandon Copernican theory in favor of the established Ptolemaic theory which stated that the Earth was the center of the solar system.

Isaac Newton• English mathematician and physicist who devised principles to explain universal gravitation, that all matter attracts other

matter. In 1687 he published Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy explaining these theories.• He adapted the ideas of Galileo Galilei into three laws of motion including "for every action there is an equal and opposite

reaction."• Instead of explaining natural occurrences as the actions of a powerful (and sometimes angry) God, Newton applied reason and

rationality to the natural phenomenon and showed how all matter was part of a whole.

Robert Boyle• English physicist and chemist who discovered the nature of elements and compounds, the basis of modern chemistry. His 1661

publication, The Skeptical Chemist, challenged established theories that the earth consisted of four elements (air, earth, fire and water) or just three (salt, sulfur and mercury). For Boyle, elements were the simplest forms of matter found only through scientific experiment.

The EnlightenmentCauses• Social thinkers expanded the examination of the physical world done by scientists and explored questions about the nature of

government and about the power and authority of rulers.• Social critics introduced the idea of a social contract to counter the idea of divine right and the absolutism of monarchs.

Effects• Idea that individuals had rights and liberties and that government should serve the interest of the people spread.• Independence movements in North and South American colonies were inspired by the ideas of the Enlightenment thinkers.• Some Enlightened monarchs adopted ideas of tolerance, justice and improvement for the lives of the people. • Ideals of the Enlightenment thinkers were incorporated in the founding documents of the United States

How did the 17th and 18th century European scientific advancements lead to the Industrial Revolution?• 17th century innovations in navigation and shipbuilding and gunpowder weapons ushered in the Age of Discovery and with that

knowledge about the world expanded for Europeans.• Early advanced like the mechanical reaper, plow and seeder helped increase agricultural output. Fewer famers were needed,

population grew and so too did the labor pool needed for industrialization in Europe.• 18th century inventions like the flying shuttle, spinning jenny coupled with water power moved fabric weaving from a domestic

cottage industry to a factory system of mills.• Application of steam power to industry and transportation was one of the most significant advances for industrialization.

Fathers of Enlightenment1. Francis Bacon – scientific method

Observation, hypothesis, test, conclusion = Scientific law if holds true2. Rene Descartes – truth reached through math and reason

What are the political philosophies of the following individuals?John Calvin• A founder of the Reformed branch of Protestant Christianity• Believed that God decided, before creating the world, who will and will not be saved (predestination)• Led efforts in Geneva to make the city a model Christian community.

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• Supported tight restrictions on individuals and social behavior by the scrutiny (and punishment) of citizens, the church and civil authorities

John Locke• A government’s power comes from the consent of the people and if government does not protect the rights of the people, they

are justified in rebelling. • Natural rights – life, liberty, property

Thomas Hobbes• Introduced the idea of a social contract where individual contract with a ruler to govern them. • Advocated for an all powerful ruler who would suppress the natural violent tendencies of people.

Voltaire• Free speech, religious toleration• Freedom of thought and expression

Charles de Montesquieu• Separation of Powers between different branches of government

Jean Jacques Rousseau• Expanded on the social contract theory, defining the social contract as an agreement by which people define and limit their

individual rights, thus creating an organized society.• Argued that the contract is made amongst the people according to the general will or majority rule of the people and that some

freedoms are limited for the general good of the community.• Individual rights, freedom, and equality

Thomas Jefferson• Life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness, based on John Locke’s natural rights.• Rebellion to restrain government and retain individual rights is acceptable.

William Blackstone• Influenced the common law legal system and individual rights based on the law.

Forms of Government1. Absolute Monarchy – king/queen, hereditary rule, no citizen participation2. Constitutional Monarchy – king/queen, shared power with legislature, some citizen participation3. Parliamentary Democracy – legislature is selected by the people, legislature selects the leader (prime minister)a. Prime Minister is appointed by the House of Commons – he is the majority leader in the House of Commons4. Presidential Democracy – citizens vote directly for the leader, source of authority for govt. is the people5. Dictatorship – one leader with absolute power; power usually achieved through force6. Theocracy – Religious leader runs the country; laws are based on religious teachings

Spread of enlightenment ideas1. Philosophers – books, pamphlets, essays2. Salons – gatherings in wealthy homes to discuss and debate enlightenment ideas3. Encyclopedie a. Denis Diderot edited 28 volumes covered everything known about science, technology, and history.b. Criticized the Catholic Church and governmentc. Banned by the Catholic Church and the French government

Enlightened Despots• Absolute Monarchs who implemented Enlightenment ideas in their counties• Fredrick II (Prussia), Catherine II (Russia), Maria-Theresa (Austria), Joseph II (Austria)

Study Guide Questions:1. What do Galileo, Copernicus, and Kepler have in common? Why did Galileo recant? What is the difference between Copernicus’ theory and Kepler’s theory? 2. Who developed the Scientific Method? Know the steps to the Scientific Method. 3. Know the accomplishments of the following scientists: Isaac Newton

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Anton van Leeuwenhoek Andreas Vesalius Rene Descartes

William Harvey Robert Hooke Francis Bacon

4. When did the Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment (Age of Reason) occur? 5. Know which philosophers influenced the Declaration of Independence, the US Constitution, and/or the

Bill of Rights. 6. Who were the great music composers of the Enlightenment? Who helped to develop opera? 7. How was the emphasis during the Scientific Revolution different from Medieval Period science? 8. Who believed people had the right to overthrow the government if the government was unjust? What is this theory called? 9. Why were salons important to the Enlightenment? Who ran these salons? 10. What is the art style of the Enlightenment called? From where did it draw inspiration? 11. Thomas Hobbes believed which type of government was best? Why? 12. How were the attitudes of the Renaissance and the Scientific Revolution similar? What was the emphasis of the

Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment? How was the emphasis during the Scientific Revolution different from Medieval Period science?

13. In what two areas of freedom was Voltaire particularly interested? 14. Identify five contributors to the Scientific Revolution and explain the significance their contributions.15. How were the Scientific Revolution and the church related? What impact did they have on one another?16. Complete the chart below:Philosopher Item he wrote Beliefs on human nature Role of governmentVoltaire

Locke

Hobbes

Montesquieu

Rousseau

Paine

17. Identify what country each declaration was written by, who inspired it, and give a 1-sentence summary of how it embodies the Enlightenment ideas.

Declaration of Independence: Declaration of Rights of Man and of the Citizen:

18. What did most enlightened philosophers believe the role of government to be? Where does government power come from?

19. Know the authors of: Principia Discourse on Method The Social Contract Leviathan Two Treatises on Government The Spirit of Law

20. What did Rene Descartes mean by “I think, therefore I am.”? 21. Know the author and story line of Don Quixote. Why is this book important? 22. Know who said the following:

“I disapprove of what you say, but I defend to the death your right to say it.”

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“government by the consent of the governed” “When the legislative and executive powers are united in one person, there can be no liberty.” “Without a powerful government, people would revert to the state of nature, and life would be

solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short.” “life, liberty, and property” “If I have seen further than others, it is by standing on the shoulders of giants.”

23. How did Enlightenment ideals encourage later rebellions against unjust governments? Where did these rebellions take place? 24. Be able to define the following:

a. geocentricb. Ptolemaic systemc. heliocentricd. universal law of gravitatione. rationalismf. scientific methodg. inductive reasoningh. Ptolemyi. Nicholas Copernicusj. Galileo Galileik. Isaac Newtonl. Cambridge Universitym. Robert Boylen. Margaret Cavendisho. Maria Winkelmannp. Rene Descartesq. Francis Baconr. philosophes. separation of powerst. deism

u. laissez fairev. social contractw. salonx. John Lockey. Montesquieuz. Voltaireaa. Denis Diderotbb. Adam Smithcc. Jean-Jacques Rousseaudd. John Wesleyee. Mary Wollenstonecraftff. rococogg. enlightened absolutismhh. Bachii. Handeljj. Mozartkk. Frederick the Greatll. Maria Theresamm. Catherine the Great

Optional Choice Activities: Create flashcards for all the vocab words and definitions then add appropriate illustrationswhich depict the meaning

of the word, be ready for me to quiz you. Create a song, rap or poem correctly using all the vocabulary words, record or perform it for

the class. Complete Ch. 10, Section Assessment 1, p. 290 #3-7; Ch. 10, Section Assessment 2, p. 307 #3-7; Ch. 10, Section

Assessment 3, p. 316 #3-7. Write all questions and highlight all answers. Complete the Ch, 10 Assessment and Activities pp. 324-325, # 1-22. Write all questions and highlight all answers. Complete the Writing About History Activities Ch. 10:1, p. 299 #9; Ch. 10:2, p. 306 #9; and Ch. 10:3, p. 316 # 9. Each

writing assignment must be at least two paragraphs, 6-8 sentences each. Complete the following activities from your book – write all questions and highlight all answers:

o Picturing History p. 294o Chart Skills p. 295o Picturing History p. 298, 301, 310o History Through Art p. 302, 303, 309o Geography Skills p. 306, 313, 314

Era 4/Ch. 7, 10:4, 11 – Absolutism and Revolutions (1550 – 1815 AD)

Alabama Course of Study Objectives:5 – Describe the rise of absolutism and constitutionalism and their impact on European nations.

a. Contrasting the philosophies of Thomas Hobbes and John Locke.b. Comparing absolutism as it developed in France, Russia, Prussia, and the reigns of Louis XIV, Peter the

Great, and Frederick the Great.c. Identifying major provisions of the Petition of Rights and the English Bill of Rights.

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7 – Describe the impact of the French Revolution on Europe, including political evolution, social evolution, and diffusion of nationalism and liberalism.

a. Identifying causes of the French Revolution.b. Describing the influence of the American Revolution upon the French Revolution.c. Identifying the objectives of different groups participating in the French Revolution.d. Describing the role of Napolean as an empire builder.

Essential Questions:1) What effect does absolute power have on those who rule and those who are ruled?2) How did the Enlightenment ideas and their exchange challenge religious and political beliefs of Absolutism?3) What were the common themes that accompanied each revolution and did each accomplish the goal of the revolution?4) How were the American and French Revolutions alike and different?5) Was the violence of the French Revolution justified?6) Was Napoleon Bonaparte’s impact more harmful or beneficial?7) How did American and French colonies achieve their independence?

After completing this outline, you should be able to:a. Describe the causes of the French Wars of Religion and explain how they were resolved.b. Explain the militant Catholicism of Philip II and its effects on Europe.c. List the causes and results of the Thirty Years’ War.d. Discuss the significance of the English Revolution and the Glorious Revolution.e. Explain absolutism in relation to Louis XIV, Ivan the Terrible, and Peter the Great.f. Distinguish between an absolute monarchy and a constitutional monarchy.g. Explain the significant movements in art, literature, and philosophy during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.h. Explain how the colonies of British North America were developing in ways that differed from their European mother

countries.i. Analyze why American colonies revolted against Great Britain and formed a new nation.j. Identify and explain the causes of the French Revolution.k. Explain how the French Revolution brought about the destruction of the old regime.l. Identify and explain the causes of the Reign of Terror.m. Identify and explain the Age of Napoleon.n. Identify and describe the rise and fall of Napoleon’s empire.

OutlineI. Europe in Crisis: The Wars of Religion (pp. 211-214)

A. The French Wars of Religion (pp. 211-212)1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

List the sequence of events that led to the Edict of Nantes.B. Philip II and Militant Catholicism (pp. 212-213)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

How important was Catholicism to Philip II and the Spanish people?C. The England of Elizabeth (pp. 213-214)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

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Why was Philip II confident that the Spanish could successfully invade England?_____________________________________________________________________________________________________At least three vocabulary terms you do not know with definitions:

___________________________________________________________________________________________________Important terms, people, and places you should remember:

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________II. Social Crises, War, and Revolution (pp. 216-221)

A. Economic and Social Crises (pp. 216-217)1. 2. 3.

Explain the causes for inflation in Europe in the 1600s.B. The Witchcraft Trials (p. 217)

1. 2. 3. 4.

What were the characteristics of the majority of those accused of witchcraft?C. The Thirty Years’ War (pp. 217-218)

1. 2. 3.

How did the Peace of Westphalia impact the Holy Roman EmpireD. Revolutions in England (pp. 219-221)

1. 2. The Stuarts and the Divine Right (p. 219)

a. b. c. d. e.

3. Civil War and the Commonwealth (p. 219)a. b. c.

4. The Restoration (p. 220)a. b. c. d.

5. A Glorious Revolution (p. 221)a. b. c.

Trace the sequence of events that led to the English Bill of Rights.



_____________________________________________________________________________________________________III. Response to Crisis Absolutism (pp. 223-229)

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A. France Under Louis XIV (pp. 223-226)1. 2. 3. 4. Richelieu and Mazarin (p. 224)

a. b. c.

5. Louis Comes to Power (p. 224)a. b.

6. Government and Religion (p. 225)a. b. c. d. e.

7. The Economy and War (p. 226)a. b. c. d.

8. Legacy of Loius XIV (p. 226)a. b.

What steps did Louis XIV take to maintain power?B. Absolutism in Central and Eastern Europe (pp. 226-227)

1. 2. The Emergence of Prussia (p. 226)

a. b. c.

3. The New Austrian Empire (p. 227)a. b. c.

Why was the Austrian monarchy unable to create a highly centralized, absolutist state?C. Russia Under Peter the Great (pp. 227-229)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Military and Governmental Changes (p. 228)

a. b.

7. Cultural Changes (p. 229)a. b. c.

8. St. Petersburg (p. 229)a. b.

Why was it so important that Peter the Great have a seaport on the Baltic?_____________________________________________________________________________________________________At least three vocabulary terms you do not know with definitions:


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_____________________________________________________________________________________________________IV. The World of European Culture (pp. 230-233)

A. Mannerism (pp. 230-231)1. 2. 3. 4.

What did the mood of El Greco’s paintings reflect?B. The Baroque Period (p. 231)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

How did baroque art and architecture reflect the seventeenth-century search for power?C. A Golden Age of Literature (pp. 231-232)

1. 2. England’s Shakespeare (p.232)

a. b. c. d. e.

3. Spanish Literature (p. 232)a. b. c. d. e.

When was the “golden age” of Spanish literature? Who set the standard for the playwrights?D. Political Thought (p. 233)

1. 2. Hobbes (p. 233)

a. b. c.

3. Locke (p. 233)a. b. c. d. e.

According to Hobbes, why was absolute power needed?_____________________________________________________________________________________________________At least three vocabulary terms you do not know with definitions:


_____________________________________________________________________________________________________V. Colonial Empires and the American Revolution (pp. 318-322)

A. Colonial Empires in Latin America (pp. 318-320)1. 2. 3. Economic Foundations (p. 319)

a. b. c. d.

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4. State and Church (p. 319)a. b. c. d. e.

How did the Portuguese and the Spanish profit from their colonies in Latin America?B. Britain and British North America (p. 320)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

What countries made up Great Britain in the 1700s? To whom does the term British refer?C. The American Revolution(p. 321)

1. 2. 3. The War Begins (p.321)

a. b. c. d.

4. Foreign Support and British Defeat (p. 321)a. b. c. d.

Why did foreign countries support the American cause?D. The Birth of a New Nation (pp. 321-322)

1. 2. 3. 4. The Constitution (p. 322)

a. b. c. d.

5. The Bill of Rights (p. 322)a. b. c.

What was the main difference between the articles of confederation and the Constitution?_____________________________________________________________________________________________________At least three vocabulary terms you do not know with definitions:


_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

VI. The French Revolution Begins (pp. 329-335)A. Background to the Revolution(pp. 329-331)

1. 2.

3. The Three Estates (p. 330)a. b. c.

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d. e. f. g. h. i. j.

4. Financial Crisis (p. 331)a. b. c. d. e.

What groups were part of the Third Estate?B. From Estates-General to National Assembly (pp. 331-332)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Why did the Third Estate object to each estate’s having one vote in the Estates-General?C. The Destruction of the Old Regime (pp. 332-335)

1. 2. Declaration of the Rights of Man (p. 332)

a. b. c. d. e.

3. The King Concedes (p. 333)a. b.

4. Church Reforms (p. 334)a. b.

5. A New Constitution and New Fears (p. 334)a. b. c. d.

6. War with Austria (p. 335)a. b.

7. Rise of the Paris Commune (p. 335)a. b. c.

What was the significance of the Constitution of 1791?_____________________________________________________________________________________________________



_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ VII. Radical Revolution (pp. 337-343)

A. The Move to Radicalism (pp. 337-339)

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1. 2. The Fate of the King (p. 338)

a. b. c. d.

3. Crises and Response (p. 338)a. b. c. d.

What were the differences between the Girondins and the Mountain?B. The Reign of Terror (pp. 339-342)

1. 2. 3. Crushing Rebellion (p. 340)

a. b. c.

4. The Republic of Virtue (p. 340)a. b. c. d. e. f. g.

Whom did the Committee of Public Safety consider to be enemies of the State?C. A Nation of Arms (p. 342)

1. 2. 3. 4. End of the Terror (p. 342)

a. b. c.

How did the French revolutionary army help to create the modern nationalism?D. The Directory (pp. 342-343)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Describe the Government that replaced that National Convention.



_____________________________________________________________________________________________________VIII. The Age of Napoleon (pp. 345-351)

A. The Rise of Napoleon (pp. 345-346)1. 2. Early Life (p. 345)

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a. b. c.

3. Military Successes (p. 346)a. b. c. d.

4. Consul and Emperor (p. 346)a. b. c.

What personal qualities did Napoleon possess that gained him popular support?B. Napoleon’s Domestic Policies (pp. 347-348)

1. 2. Peace with the Church (p. 347)

a. b. c.

3. Codification of the Laws (p. 347)a. b. c. d.

4. A New Bureaucracy (p. 347)a. b.

5. Preserver of the Revolution? (p. 348)a. b.

What was the significance of Napoleon’s Civil Code?C. Napoleon’s Empire (pp. 348-349)

1. 2. Building the Empire (p. 348)

a. b. c. d. e. f.

3. Spreading the Principles of the Revolution (p. 348)a. b.

What were the three parts of Napoleon’s Grand Empire?

D. The European Response (pp. 349-350)1. 2. Britain’s Survival (p. 349)

a. b.

3. Nationalism (p. 350)a. b.

Why did being a sea power help Britain to survive an attack by the French?E. The Fall of Napoleon (pp. 350-351)

1. 2. Disaster in Russia (p. 350)

a. b. c. d.

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3. The Final Defeat (p. 351)a. b. c. d.

Why did Napoleon invade Russia?_____________________________________________________________________________________________________



_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

Important Notes:

What were the causes, characteristics and consequences of the American and French Revolutions?American RevolutionCauses• Resentment over the imposition of new taxes on the American colonists -Stamp Act (1765) and the Tea Act( 1773)-who were

used to self government and felt they lacked representation in the British Parliament. “No taxation without representation.”• The colonial merchant middle class desired to better itself and wanted economic freedom from Britain’s mercantilist policies.• Within the colonies there was a growing sense of patriotism and a national identity.• Enlightenment philosophies influenced the leaders of the American Revolution.

Characteristics• Tensions between colonists and the crown rapidly deteriorated following the Boston Tea Party. War broke out on April 19, 1775

at Lexington and Concord. • In 1776 American colonists issued the Declaration of Independence, which reflected the role the Enlightenment had in the

American Revolution by including Locke’s ideas about natural rights. Jefferson adapted these to “life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.”

• After the Continental Army had suffered defeat after defeat, the French in 1777 committed monetary aid, weapons, ships and soldiers to the American cause.

• In 1781 French and American troops cornered the core of the British army and accepted the surrender of General George Cornwallis.

Consequences• The role of the Enlightenment was again evident in the ideas of the Enlightenment, such as separation of powers, checks and

balances and individual rights which were incorporated into the US Constitution. The founding fathers also included a Bill of Rights in the US Constitution modeled after the one created during the Glorious Revolution in England.• In the Bill of Rights the first amendment insures religious freedom and prohibits the establishment of a state religion. • The Glorious Revolution had also established the idea of a ruler following a written constitution that granted protection of the

people’s rights. The US Constitution establishing that the United States of America as a constitutional republic.

French RevolutionCauses• The wide social and economic gap between the Third Estate (peasants and commoners) the First Estate (the Catholic clergy) and

the Second Estate (the aristocratic nobility).• Economic recession, an unfair tax code, famine, and debt contributed to economic failure in France. • Absolute monarch Louis XVI’s inept leadership failed to address growing social and economic problems and his opulent lifestyle

reflected the wide social gaps in France. • A growing middle class was increasingly frustrated by not having any political power, yet had wealth and education.• Enlightenment ideas influenced thinking about fair government, equal treatment of citizens, civil rights and separation of

governmental powers.• Compared to the causes of the American

Characteristics• Louis XVI’s request for a meeting of the three French estates (the Estates General) created optimism for change among the

majority Third Estate. However it soon became apparent that the First and Second Estates would still retain power when all three estates were ordered to meet separately.

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• In a separate meeting of the Third Estate, a new assembly (the National Assembly) with a majority of members representing middle class was created. The assembly published a Declaration of Rights of Man and the Citizenin the summer of 1789 based on Enlightenment ideas and the American Declaration of Independence.

• On July 14, 1789 the French Revolution began in earnest when peasants stormed the Bastille, a political prison. Peasants also seized manors in an attempt to gain title to land and establish their equality under the law.

• In 1791 the National Assembly ratified a new constitution, establishing a constitutional monarchy in France. Peasants were freed from serfdom and the power of the aristocracy diminished as a result. A strong parliament was established which limited the power of the king.

• The invasion of Austrian and Prussian troops in support of monarchy and continued unrest led radical French leaders to call for a new government and a new constitution in the fall of 1792.

• Under the new constitution the monarchy was abolished and a new ruling body the National Convention was established to rule over the new French Republic and the power of the Catholic Church was severely curtailed.

• The National Convention moved quickly to imprison the royal family and in 1793 Louis XVI and his wife, Marie Antoinette were beheaded.

• In response to foreign threats to the new French republic the Committee of Public Safety was created, headed by Maximilien Robespierre and the constitution was suspended.

• In a claim that the committee was eliminating the enemies of the republic the Reign of Terror ensued. Between the summer of 1793-1794 between 30,000 and 50,000 people were killed, beheaded by the guillotine. Eventually the committee overthrew Robespierre ending the wholesale terror.

• Rule of France fell to a more moderate government known as the Directory which attempted to restore stability. • The Directory was overthrown in 1799 and power was seized by the popular military leader Napoleon Bonaparte.

Consequences• The French Revolution abolished the monarchy in France, yet a monarchy was reestablished for a time in the 19th century.• Under Napoleon’s reign France was modernized with a Civil Law Code (the Napoleonic Code), public education and a Bank of

France but was not considered democratic. • Napoleon restored relations with the Catholic Church.• One of the most profound effects of the French Revolution was the promotion of nationalism. • Both the American and the French Revolutions sparked revolutionary movements in Latin America.

American and French Revolution-Similarities• Revolutionary leaders in both were inspired by Enlightenment ideas• Both resulted in expanded political rights to more people• Both served to inspire other revolutions and independence movements

American and French Revolution Differences• American Revolution was an uprising against and imperial power, while the French Revolution was a revolt aimed at

creating social, economic and political changes within France• American Revolution lead to independence from the colonial power and the French Revolution resulted in profound political,

economic and social changes

What was the impact of Napoleon Bonaparte and the Napoleonic Wars on Europe and Latin America?Europe• Napoleon conquered Austria, Prussia, Spain, Portugal, and some kingdoms in Italy-replacing the monarchs before being

defeated in Russia and finally by the British at the Battle of Waterloo.• Britain and Russia were the only two nations not controlled by Napoleon.• Dissolved the Holy Roman Empire and recreated it as the Confederation of German States-forerunner to a unified Germany.• Nationalism grew amongst the European nation-states in response to the Napoleonic Wars.• 1804 Napoleon crowned himself Emperor of France. Autocrat in his rule, Napoleon modernized France but resisted granting

individual freedoms to the people. • Balance of power in Europe was tipped to France from 1805-1811. • After Napoleon’s defeat the Congress of Vienna met to reinstate the monarchies ousted by Napoleon, redraw the map of

Europe and restore a balance of power.• A conservative backlash characterized the early 19th century Europe as monarchs feared the changes unleashed by the French

Revolution.• During the later have of the 19th century some democratic reforms such as universal male suffrage were introduced in parts of

Europe.

Latin America• Napoleon’s invasion of Spain and Portugal weakened the authority of those counties in Latin America and leading to

independence movements in Argentina, Venezuela, and Mexico

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• When Napoleon conquered Spain he placed his broth Joseph Bonaparte on the Spanish throne. Spanish colonists did not feel loyal to Bonaparte and revolutionary leaders of Spanish descent in Latin America seized the opportunity.

• By 1825 the Latin American wars of independence were successful in liberating Mexico, Central America and South America from Spanish and Portuguese control.

• Napoleon’s appointed governor in Venezuela was replaced by Simon Bolivar, who led the independence wars in the northern regions of South America.

• In Argentina conflict between the French governor and the supporters of the Spanish crown created an opportunity for Jose de San Martin to lead a rebellion.

• Eventually Bolivar and Martin’s forces joined together and by 1825 the royalists were cleared out of Spanish South America.• When Napoleon conquered Portugal the king fled to Brazil and established his royal house there. After the end of Napoleon’s

reign the king returned to Portugal leaving his son Pedro in Brazil. In 1822 Pedro gave his support to Brazilians agitating for independence.

How did the American and French Revolutions influence the Latin American Revolutions?• The French colonial government in Haiti had sent men to fight in the American Revolution and they returned with ideas about

how to change Haitian society.• During the French Revolution civil war broke out between those who had fought in the American Revolution and the French

authorities. In the midst of this chaos a slave revolt occurred in 1791. French troops were sent to restore order in 1801, but those troops feel victim to yellow fever and the slave revolt ended in Haitian independence.

• Revolutionary leaders in Latin America, such as Simon Bolivar were inspired by the ideals of the Enlightenment and the successes of the American and French revolutions.

• In 1810 the French governor of Venezuela appointed by Napoleon was ejected from power and Simon Bolivar was appointed governor.

• All though Bolivar was part of the privileged creole upper class, influenced by the ideas of Rousseau he established a national congress and declared independence from Spain.

• Bolivar realized that the success of the revolt was dependent on the support of the mixed-race classes of Latin Americans. He promised to fight for rights for the lower classes and to emancipate the slaves.

• Bolivar hoped to create a united South America modeled after the United States, but regional animosities and geographic barriers kept this from happening.

How did the following ideas influence the political revolutions of this era?Separation of powers• Idea of independent and co-equal branches of government and a system of checks and balances derives from the work of the

French political and social philosopher, Baron de Montesquieu presented in The Spirit of Laws and influenced the American founding fathers to establish a government with three branches-legislative, executive, and judicial.

Checks and balances• Measures designed to prevent any one branch of government from dominating the others were incorporated in the newly formed government of the United States.

Liberty• A political philosophy proposing the idea that an individual has the right to act according to his or her own. Individual liberty was specifically ensured in the Bill of Rights.

Equality• An idea that each individual is subject to the same laws, with no individual or group having special legal privileges was reflected

in the Napoleonic Code of Laws, yet inequalities remained in both the United States and France.

Democracy• A political form of government characterized by either direct rule by the people (direct democracy) or by elected

representatives of the people (representative democracy).• Both the United States and France established republic forms of government.

Popular sovereignty• The concept that political power rests with the people who create and can alter and abolish government. The voice of the

people is heard through voting and free participation in government. Popular sovereignty is a characteristic of democratic government, and a basic principle of the American system of government.

Human rights36

• The inalienable rights of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness, as well as freedom of speech, religion, and the press. In the United States, these and other human rights are protected in the Bill of Rights.

Constitutionalism• An idea that the basic principles and laws of a government should be organized and administered through compliance with a

written or unwritten constitution. The constitution effectively restrains the powers of the government and guarantees certain rights to the people, both the French and the Americans created constitutions.

Nationalism• Strong identification of a group of individuals with a nation and belief that one’s nation is superior to other nation-states• Sometimes associated with the belief that an ethnic group has a right to statehood• Manifested in the identification of a national culture based on collective identities - common language, common religion,

common history• Sometimes reactionary, calling for a return to a national past, and sometimes for the expulsion of foreigners• Supported by the use of national flags, national anthems, and other symbols of national identity• Nationalism unified the French to resist the invasion of the Prussians during the French Revolution.• Nationalism unified the former British colonists to an allegiance to the newly formed United States.

What are the characteristics of the following political systems?• Theocracy – a government in which the ruler is viewed as a divine figure or the government is controlled by religious leaders.• Absolute monarchy – A king or queen who has unlimited power and seeks to control all aspects of society.• Democracy – A government controlled by its citizens, either directly or through representatives.• Republic – A form of government in which power is in the hands of representatives and leaders are elected by the people.• Oligarchy – A government in which power is in the hands of a few people – especially one in which rule is based upon wealth.• Limited Monarchy - A form of government in which a monarch acts as head of state within the perimeters of a constitution.

What is the impact of the political and legal ideas contained in the following documents?The English Bill of Rights• First government document to explain the individual rights of citizens• A document that clearly stated the limits of royal power

The Declaration of Independence• A document which outlined the grievances of American colonists and detailed their reasons for wanting independence.• Inspired the French to write the Declaration of Rights of Man and of the Citizen.• It encouraged other colonies to declare their independence (Mexican Independence) or state the grievances of their nation to

force change (French Revolution)

The U.S. Constitution• The document that explains the formation and laws of the United States government• A model for other governments that declared independence and wanted to create a democratic government (Mexico, Vietnam)

The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen• The French document that stated the revolutionary ideas of its citizens and included Enlightenment ideas and ideas from the US

Declaration of Independence.• Truly only applied to men and did not offer rights to women.

How have people participated in supporting or changing their government?• During the Age of Revolution, some participated by writing in support of the revolution, such as Thomas Paine and Jean Paul

Marat. • Some choice to be soldiers, such as George Washington, Simon Bolivar and Napoleon.• Leaders such as Thomas Jefferson and Robespierre took part in the political process.

How did William Wilberforce successfully shift political thought?Anti-Slavery Politician• As a member of the English Parliament he worked at ending the English slave trade.• He was vilified by pro-slavery forces• (1833) After his death, the Slavery Abolition Act was passed that freed all slaves in the British Empire

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Reformation of Manners (Morals)He became a prominent member of the "Clapham Sect," a group of devout Christians of influence in government and business. He wrote Practical View of the Prevailing Religious System of Professed Christians—a critique of Christianity that became a bestseller.

Discussion Questions:1. When is revolution justified? How did the revolutionaries in France justify their revolution? 2. Compare the American Declaration of Independence to the French Declaration of Rights of Man.3. Describe how the French Revolution was different from the American Revolution.4. Explain how the French Revolution, the Reign of Terror, and the First Republic led eventually to the rise of Napoleon. 5. Why did Napoleon’s Empire fail? 6. Describe the key European revolutions. How do nationalism and the reform of states relate to these European revolutions?7. How do Absolute monarchs gain and hold power during this era? What factors were there in place that led people to accept this idea or rule?8. What challenges did Emperor Charles V (also Charles I of Spain) face in running his empire?9. How did Spain rise and then decline under Phillip II?10. How did mercantilism influence the rise of absolutism in Europe?11. How did Louis XIII and Cardinal Richelieu strengthen the French monarchy?12. Why did other European countries step in to stop France and Spain from joining their monarchies? Who were these countries that stepped in?13. What led to the rise of absolutism in England? How did England benefit from this?14. What led to the first Stuart kings to clash with Parliament?15. What did England face under the rule of Charles II and James II?16. How did the Glorious Revolution transform England’s government?17. What led to absolutism in Russia and Central Europe? How did they benefit from absolutism? Suffer from it?18. How did Ivan IV’s rule change and what affects did this bring to Russia?19. What reforms did Peter the Great make in Russia?20. What reforms did Catherine the Great make? What challenges did she face?21. What made the monarchs of Central Europe and Russia different from those of Western Europe?22. What was the Thirty Years’ War and what happened as a result?23. How did Austria and Prussia benefit from the Treaty of Westphalia?24. What were the causes of the French Revolution?25. How did the French attempt to create a new nation following the revolution?26. What did the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen play a role in the end of French monarchial rule?27. What new government formed after the end of the monarchy?28. What changes did this new radical government make in French society and politics?29. How did the Reign of Terror come about after the execution of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette?30. Who was victimized during the Reign of Terror?31. After the Reign of Terror how did the National Convention attempt to stabilize France? What was the outcome?32. Who was Napoleon Bonaparte before he became ruler of France?33. What were Napoleon’s early military accomplishments and how did they enable him to rise to power?34. How was Napoleon able to take advantage of this situation in France to rise to power?35. How did Emperor Napoleon dominate Europe? 36. What political and social reforms did Napoleon implement into his empire?37. How did Napoleon’s actions inspire nationalism across Europe?38. Where and why did Napoleon face major disaster/defeat in his attempted conquest of Europe?38. What were Napoleons’ last military campaigns? What was the result of these?39. What was the ultimate fate of Napoleon after his defeat at Waterloo?40. What was the Congress of Vienna and what did it achieve?41. Explain two ways in which Philip II strengthened the power of the monarchy in Spain. 42. Explain the successes and failures of Louis XIV of France. Be sure to discuss two successes and two failures. 43. Explain three reasons why absolute monarchy failed in England during the rule of the Stuart Dynasty. 44. Describe three ways in which Peter I westernized Russia. 45. Do any of the kings or queens we studied in this unit deserve the title “great,” explain three reasons why or why not.

Define:a. militantb. armadac. Huguenotsd. Henry of Navarree. Edict of Nantes

f. King Philip IIg. William the Silenth. Elizabeth Tudori. inflationj. witchcraft

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k. divine right of kingsl. commonwealthm. James In. Puritanso. Charles Ip. Cavaliersq. Roundheadsr. Oliver Cromwells. James IIt. absolutismu. czarv. boyarw. Louis XIVx. Cardinal Richelieuy. Frederickz. William the Great Electoraa. Ivan IVbb. Michael Romanovcc. Peter the Greatdd. Mannerismee. baroqueff. natural rightsgg. El Greco

hh. William Shakespeareii. Thomas Hobbesjj. John Lockekk. federal systemll. Hanoveriansmm. Robert Walpolenn. estateoo. relics of feudalismpp. bourgeoisieqq. Louis XVIrr. Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizenss. factiontt. electoruu. coup d’etatvv. Jacobinsww. Committee of Public Safetyxx. Maximilien Robespierreyy. Reign of Terrorzz. Consulateaaa. nationalismbbb. Napoleon Bonaparteccc. Civil Codeddd. Duke of Wellington

Optional Choice Activities:

• Create flashcards for all the vocab words and definitions then add appropriate illustrations which depict the meaning of the word, be ready for me to quiz you.

• Create a song, rap or poem correctly using all the vocabulary words, record or perform it for the class.

Complete Chapter 7 Section 1 Assessment p. 214 #3-7; Chapter 7 Section 2 Assessment p. 221 #3-7; Chapter 7 Section 3 Assessment p. 229 #3-7; Chapter 7 Section 4 Assessment, p. 233 #3-7; Chapter 10 Section 4 Assessment p. 322 #3-7; Chapter 11 Section 1 Assessment p. 335 #3-7, Chapter 11 Section 2 Assessment p. 343 #3-7, and Chapter 11 Section 3 Assessment p. 351 #3-7. Write all questions and highlight all answers.

Complete Chapter 7 Assessment and Activity, p. 234 # 1-23 and Chapter 11 Assessment and Activity, p. 352 #1-19. Write all questions and highlight all answers.

Complete the Writing About History activities for Chapter 7 Section 1, p. 214 #9; Chapter 7 Section 2, p. 221 #9; Chapter 7 Section 3, p. 229 #9; Chapter 7 Section 4, p. 233 #9; Chapter 10 Section 4, p. 322 #9; Chapter 11 Section 1 Assessment, p. 335 #9; Chapter 11 Section 2, p. 343 #9; Chapter 11 Section 3, p. 351 #9. All activities must be at least two paragraphs each, 6 to 8 sentences for each paragraph, and use correct grammar.

Complete #28 of the Chapter 7 Assessment and Activities, p. 235. Your speech must be at least a page-and-a-half each. It must be presented to the class.

Complete #20 of the Chapter 11 Assessment and Activities, p. 353. Your essay must be two-typed pages, 12 font. Use correct grammar. Complete the following activities from your book – write all questions and highlight all answers:

o Geography Skills p. 213, 214, 217, 219, 227, 228, 319, 349o Eyewitness to History p. 215, 323, 336o Science, Technology, and Society p. 218o Picturing History p. 221, 226, 331, 334, 339, 346o History Through Art p. 231, 332, 343o Graph Skills p. 330

Era 5/Chapters 12:1, 4 and Chapter 13:1-2, 4 – Industrialization and Urbanization (1800 – 1914 AD)

Alabama Course of Study Objectives:9 – Describe the impact of technological inventions, conditions of labor, and the economic theories of capitalism, liberalism, socialism, and Marxism during the Industrial Revolution on the economics, society, and politics of Europe.

a. Identifying important inventors during the Industrial Revolution.b. Comparing the Industrial Revolution in England with later revolution in Europe.

10 – Describe the influence of urbanization during the nineteenth century in the Western World.

Essential Questions:1) How did the Industrial Revolution transform traditional ways of life?

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2) What were the major causes and effects of industrialization?3) How did scientific and technological advances impact industrialization?4) What was characteristic of the new economic theories developed in response to industrialization?5) What places and regions were historically significant during the time of industrialization?

After completing this outline, you should be able:a. Explain why coal and steam replaced wind and water as new sources of energy and power.b. Describe the growth of cities as people moved from the country to work in factories.c. Characterize the Industrial Revolution, which created a new interest in science and helped produce the realist movement.d. Describe the impact of the Industrial Revolution.e. Describe how romanticism emerged as a reaction to the ideas of the Enlightenment at the end of the eighteenth century.f. Describe how new sources of energy and consumer products transformed the standard of living for all social classes in

many European countries.g. Summarize how working-class leaders used Marx’s ideas to form socialist parties.h. Characterize the varied middle class in Victorian Britain and their belief in the principles of hard work and good conduct.i. Describe how innovative artistic movements during the late 1800s and early 1900s rejected traditional styles.j. Summarize how developments in science change how people saw themselves and their world.k. Describe the Second Industrial Revolution.l. Discuss the role played by inventive geniuses such as Guglielmo Marconi, Alexander Graham Bell, and Michael Faraday.m. Understand how the development of new ideas such as socialism, modern physics, and psychology affected people’s lives.n. Discuss important cultural developments between 1870-1914.

Outline:I. The Industrial Revolution (pp. 363-370)

A. The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain (pp. 363-365)1. 2. Contributing Factors (p. 364)

a. b. c. d. e.

3. Changes in Cotton Production (p. 364) a. b. c. d. e. f.

4. The Coal and Iron Industries (p. 365)a. b. c.

5. Railroads (p. 365)a. b. c.

6. The New Factories (p. 365) a. b.

How were adult and child factory workers disciplined?B. The Spread of Industrialization (pp. 366)

1. 2. Europe (p. 366)

a. b.

3. North America (p. 366)a. b. c. d.

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e. Why was the railroad important to the American Industrial Revolution?

C. Social Impact in Europe (pp. 367-370)1. 2. Growth of Population and Cities (p. 367)

a. b. c. d.

3. The Industrial Middle Class (p. 368)a. b. c.

4. The Industrial Working Class (p. 369)a. b. c. d. e. f. g.

5. Early Socialism (p. 370)a. b. c.

What type of working conditions did the industrial workers face? _____________________________________________________________________________________________________At least three vocabulary terms you do not know with definitions:

____________________________________________________________________________________________________Important terms, people, and places you should remember:

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________II. Culture: Romanticism and Realism (pp. 387-391)

A. Romanticism (pp. 387-389)1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.

How did the popularity of Ivanhoe reflect the interests of the nineteenth century?

B. A New Age of Socialism (pp. 389-390)1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

How did Darwin’s theory of natural selection influence the way in which people viewed the world?C. Realism (pp. 390-391)

1.

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2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

What factors helped to produce the movement known as realism?_____________________________________________________________________________________________________At least three vocabulary terms you do not know with definitions:


_____________________________________________________________________________________________________III. The Growth of Industrial Prosperity (pp. 397-401)

A. The Second Industrial Revolution (pp. 397-400)1. 2. New Products (p. 398)

a. b. c. d. e.

3. New Patterns (p. 399)a. b. c. d.

4. Toward a World Economy (p. 400)a. b.

Why did Europe dominate the world economy by the beginning of the twentieth century?B. Organizing the Working Classes (pp. 400-401)

1. 2. Marx’s Theory (p. 400)

a. b. c. d. e.

3. Socialist Parties a. b. c. d.

4. Trade Unions a. b.

How would you summarize Marx’s theory as expressed in The Communist Manifestpo?_____________________________________________________________________________________________________At least three vocabulary terms you do not know with definitions:


_____________________________________________________________________________________________________IV. The Emergence of Mass Society (pp. 403-410)

A. The New Urban Environment (pp. 403-404)1. 2.

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3. 4. 5. 6.

Why did cities grow so quickly in the nineteenth century?B. Social Structure of Mass Society (pp. 404-406)

1. 2. The New Elite (p. 405)

a. b.

3. The Middle Class (p. 405)a. b. c. d.

4. The Working Class (p. 406)a. b. c.

Name the major groups in the social structure of the late nineteenth century?C. The Experiences of Women (pp. 406-408)

1. 2. New Job Opportunities (p. 406)

a. b. c.

3. Marriage and the Family (p. 406)a. b. c. d. e. f. g.

4. The Movement for Women’s Rights (p. 407)a. b. c. d. e. f.

What was the basic aim of the suffragists?D. Universal Education (pp. 408-409)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Why did states make a commitment to provide public education?E. New Forms of Leisure (p. 410)

1. 2. 3.

How did innovations in transportation change leisure activities during the Second Industrial Revolution?_____________________________________________________________________________________________________At least three vocabulary terms you do not know with definitions:


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_____________________________________________________________________________________________________V. Toward the Modern Consciousness (pp. 418-423)

A. A New Physics (pp. 418-419)1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

How did Marie Curie’s discovery change people’s idea about the atom?B. Freud and Psychoanalysis (p. 419)

1. 2. 3. 4.

What is Freud’s theory of the human unconscious?C. Social Darwinism and Racism (p. 420)

1. 2. 3. 4.

What does the theory of Social Darwinism state?D. Anti-Semitism and Zionism (pp. 420-421)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Why did Jews begin to move to Palestine?E. The Culture of Modernity (pp. 421-423)

1. 2. Literature (p. 421)

a. b.

3. Painting (p. 421)a. b. c. d. e. f. g.

4. Architecture (p. 423)a. b. c.

5. Music (p. 423) a. b.

How did the Impressionists radically change the art of painting in the 1870s?_____________________________________________________________________________________________________At least three vocabulary terms you do not know with definitions:

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

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Important terms, people, and places you should remember:

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

Important Notes:

What are the major causes and major effects of the following historical points of reference in world history?1750 to 1914• The Scientific Revolution• The Industrial Revolution and its impact on the development of modern economic systems• European imperialism

Scientific RevolutionCauses• With the invention of the printing press remarkable cultural growth followed in Europe. An increase in literacy and the

Protestant Reformation created an environment of questioning long held medieval notions, including those about the nature of the universe.

Effects• Use of the scientific method became the norm for modern scientific research.• The heliocentric theory became commonly accepted and medieval science was rejected.• By the mid 1800’s scientific and technological discoveries accelerated. The most profound being the theory of natural selection

outlined by Charles Darwin in his publication On the Origin of Species (1859).• A more secular worldview in the West

Industrial RevolutionCauses• Scientific activity and inventions of the 1600’s set the stage for more practical applications of science.• An Agricultural revolution resulted from the use of new machines for seeding, plowing and reaping, which resulted in more

output and a need for fewer agricultural workers.• Passage of Enclosure Laws in England forced small farmers out of business, who moved to the cities creating a pool of labor. The Industrial Revolution is consider to have begun in England in the 1780's, starting with the application of steam power to coal mining and textile industries.• Loss of forests (used for building ships) led to increasing dependency on coal which resulted in increased use of coal and mechanization of the industry.• Political stability, available roads and canals, along with wealth for investment made England favorable for industrialization.

Effects• Economic shift from predominately agricultural based economies to industrialization and commerce.• Expansion of the middle class and inception of the working class.• Shift from land-based to money based economies and growth of capitalism.• Increased urbanization• Introduction and study of economic theories, including capitalism, socialism, and communism.• Increased mechanization and inventions became available to all.• Labor movements developed and eventually new legislation was passed to address rights of workers.• Expansion of civil liberties as lower classes and women demanded suffrage • Gender roles and family life was altered.• Serfdom and slavery ended.

How did the Industrial Revolution lead to political, economic, and social changes in Europe?Political Change• Labor movements formed to negotiate for better wages and working condition, which resulted in legislation that regulated work

hours, restricted child labor and increased safety standards in factories and mines.• Labor leaders also petitioned for an expansion of the franchise to all men, not just the aristocracy and the right to vote was

expanded for males.• Political parties supporting labor developed.• Women began to organize suffrage movements, but were not yet successful in gaining the right to vote.• Legislation was passed to address the deplorable living conditions in cities, the first police departments were created, and city

building codes were enacted.

Economic Change45

• As industry grew so did commerce and capitalism. • Appalled by the working conditions of factories a backlash against capitalism led to reform and new economic theories.• Discussions about how to address the inequities between industrialists and workers led to the inception of socialist and

communist economic theories.

Social Change• Power of the aristocracy decreased as the wealth of a growing middle class increased.• A working class developed.• Urbanization increase, as did the population of Europe as mortality rates declined.• After the 1840’s most Europeans experienced a general rise in standard of living yet the gap between upper and middle classes

and that of the working class remained.• Concerns related to social justice promoted the end of the slave trade and serfdom.

What were the effects of free enterprise in the Industrial Revolution? • Entrepreneurs were able to make capital investments to build factories.• A rising class of merchants, bankers, business professionals amassed wealth, while a working class labored for low wages-

resulting in unequal distribution of the profits from industrialization. • A consumer society emerged. • Working conditions in factories and mines were unsafe and unsanitary as profit was more important than improvement of

working conditions• Child labor was common early in the industrial revolution to keep the cost of labor low

What were the important changes in human life caused by the Industrial Revolution?• Economic shift from predominately agricultural based economies to industrialization and commerce.• Wage earners working for others became more common than owning one’s own source of income.• Transportation and communication technologies allowed for more global movement and cultural diffusion. • Population increases coincided with an increasing faith in science.• Pace of change in life increased.

How did the role of economics cause political change during the Industrial Revolution?• New economic theories were the basis of new socialist and communist political parties. • Increasingly government was more involved in the lives of citizens to provide economic supports such as social security in

Germany, to regulate industry such as the Factory Act in England, and to sometimes manage the economy.

What was the historical origin and characteristics of the free enterprise system?Origin• Economic system in which the factors of production are privately owned was first articulated by Adam Smith in his 1776 work,

The Wealth of Nations.

Characteristics• Supply, demand, and prices, not politics, determine the answers to economic questions of how, what, and for whom to produce.• Capitalism shares the characteristics of a free-enterprise system: economic freedom, voluntary exchange, private property,

competition and the profit motive. • The concepts of private property, negotiation, and cooperation were important developments in Western Europe and

contributed to the Industrial Revolution, particularly in Britain. • Capitalism resulted in great wealth for some in Western Europe, but could be cruel for those who lost in the free-market

system, such as the early working class. • Britain and the United States passed reforms that lessened the negative impact of capitalism and so remained capitalistic.

What was the historical origin and characteristics of communism?Origin• Communism evolved from the writings of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. In 1848, in the Communist Manifesto, they described a

form of socialism which depended on government or public ownership of resources, not private ownership. This system became known as communism and it appealed to politicians throughout Europe in the late 1800s and early 1900s.

• Influenced by Blanc's principle: "From each according to ability, to each according to need.” Marx and Engels argued for a workers’ revolution to overthrown the industrialists and take control of the means of production.

Characteristics• Political and economic system in which factors of production are collectively owned and directed by the state. • Theoretically, everything produced in a communist system is for the common good, hence communism fosters the idea of a

classless society in which everyone contributes equally toward a shared goal.

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• There is no private property, no voluntary exchange because the government owns and controls all resources and means of production, no economic freedom, and no profit motive.

• Communism offers security to the worker, and the state provides a range of public services. • No state has successfully implemented the pure scientific socialism Karl Marx envisioned with public ownership for public good.

What was the historical origin and characteristics of socialism?Origin• Inspired by the ideas of tolerance and egalitarianism from the Enlightenment, socialist reformers proposed that government

should regulate the economy to address the inequalities created by industrialization. • Robert Owen, a utopian socialist, who founded an industrial community in Scotland in 1800 and French political leader Louis

Blanc were prominent socialist reformers.

Characteristics• Economic system in which government owns some factors of production.• Interest in reforming substandard factory conditions and wages prompted workers and reformers to support socialism in the

early 1800’s with the beginning of the trade union movement.• Most of Europe’s economies eventually mixed capitalist and socialist ideas, in which the government and individuals owned

some means of production.

What generalizations can be made based on how economic freedom improved the human condition compared to communist command communities?

• Generally economic freedom in Europe resulted in competition to produce for a consumer society. New products mechanized labor or addressed medical needs thereby improving the human condition.

• Command economies failed to produce for the consumer instead producing for military readiness. The result was a lack of products that improved the human condition, such as medicines, small appliances, etc.

How did the roles of women, children and families change during the Age of Revolutions?• Industrialization brought many social changes to European families, where both women and children became part of the work

force. • Some women and children stayed in factory run boarding houses separated from their families.• Working class families worked in factories or mines to make ends meet and women worked for lower wages than men. • Young men and women moved away from home for work, managed their own incomes and lived less restricted lives.• Middle class families benefited financially from Industrialization and increasingly home and work life were very separate for this

social class.• Middle class women became consumers of manufactured goods and maintained households with domestic servants helping. • By the late 1800’s middle class women had a defined domestic sphere to manage and husbands were expected to be wage

earners for the family.

How did Queen Victoria influence this era?Queen Victoria • Victoria was the longest reigning British monarch and the figurehead of a vast empire. She oversaw huge changes in British society and gave her name to an age. Britain was evolving into a constitutional monarchy in which the monarch had few powers and was expected to remain above party politics. During her long reign she witnessed a revolution in British government, huge industrial expansion and the growth of a worldwide British empire.

What was the role of textile manufacturing and steam technology in initiating the Industrial Revolution? What was the role of the factory system and transportation technology in advancing the Industrial Revolution?Role of the Textile Industry• The textile industry was the first to mechanize. • 1733 John Kay invented the flying shuttle with sped up the weaving process.• 1764 John Hargreaves invented the spinning jenny allowing for massive amount of thread to be spun.• 1793 Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin which facilitated massive amounts of cotton to be processed in America for export to

textile mills in England.• Waterpower was applied to these inventions and the result was textile mills.

Role of Steam Technology• 1769 James Watt patented an improved steam engine, which was used to power industrial machines and adapted to

transportation uses.• 1807 Robert Fulton built the first steamship.

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• 1820 George Stephenson invented the first steam powered locomotive.

Role of the Factory System and Transportation Technology• Use of larger machines necessitated moving industry out of homes (domestic system) to larger building. • Factories originally needed to be located near water sources for power and for transportation needs.• Adapting the steam engine to use on boats and trains allowed for easier shipment of raw materials to factories and of finished

goods to markets.

Explain the roles of military, transportation, communication technology and medical advancements in initiating and advancing 19th century imperialism?Technologies• Modern ships powered by steam, modern rifles, machine guns, and long-range artillery gave western nations military advantage

over those they conquered. • Telegraph and railroads facilitated connections between imperial powers and the areas they conquered.

Medical Advances• Effective treatments for yellow fever and specifically the use of quinine to treat malaria allowed for colonization of tropical

areas. • Prior to the invention of quinine Europe explorers were unable to survive in interior Africa, so colonization was limited to the

coastlines until this medical advance was made.

What were the contributions of the following scientist and inventors?Marie Curie• Curie proved that radioactivity, when properly applied, was an effective treatment of some diseases. She worked to make x-ray

technology accessible in treating the wounded during World War I and then sought funding for a hospital and laboratory devoted to radiology, a branch of medicine that uses X-rays and radium to diagnose and treat disease, after the war. She died in 1934 of complications from exposure to radiation.

Thomas Edison• One of the greatest inventors of all time, received more than 1,300 patents for a range of items including the automatic

telegraph machine, the phonograph, improvements to the light bulb, a modernized telephone, and motion picture equipment. He concentrated on electrical inventions and opened his first "invention factory" in Newark, New Jersey, in 1870. In 1876 he opened his lab in Menlo Park and while there his workers developed and he patented the incandescent light bulb, a transmitter for the telephone, and the phonograph, his favorite invention.

Louis Pasteur• French chemist Louis Pasteur discovered that heat could kill bacteria which otherwise spoiled liquids including wine and beer.

He was the first to understand microscopic organisms and introduced the field of microbiology. He proved that the growth of bacteria resulted from germs in the air and not spontaneous generation. He applied the process of heating liquids to kill bacteria to other products including milk. The process is known as "pasteurization."

James Watt• Scottish engineer, James Watt created a steam engine which worked faster and more efficiently than earlier engines. Watt

engines were first used to operate water pumps, removing water from coal mines. Watt continued improving the engine, inventing a new type of governor to control steam pressure and engine speed and attaching a flywheel. The flywheel converted the power generated by the steam engine into useful energy to operate machinery. Watt's rotary steam engine became a principal power source in the Industrial Revolution.

Discussion Questions:1. Identify the key advancements that were part of the industrial revolution.2. What factors are needed for industrialization to occur?3. Why did the industrial revolution begin in England?4. How did the industrial revolution impact each of the following?

a. Urbanizationb. Environmentc. Factory systemd. Working conditionse. Childrenf. Unions

5. How did industrialization spread? How did it affect the rest of the world? 6. How has technology and exchange transformed societies and the human experience?

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7. Identify the important concepts in the following economic theories. How did each view the role of labor, producers, the market and government? What was the end goal of each of these theories? What impact did each theory have on Europe and the world? (developing a comparative chart may be a good idea.)

a. Capitalismb. Utilitarianism c. Socialismd. Marxisme. Laissez-faire

8. Identify at least three significant reforms to result from industrialization and explain how these reforms impacted the people and governments of Europe.

9. How did industrialization impact Europe’s democratization movement?10. Describe the home-rule movements in the British colonies around the world. Explain the similarities and reasons for differences

amongst these movements. How do these movements compare to the Latin American and European revolutions of the mid-19th Century?

11. Explain the effects of the following scientific advances: a. Communicationb. Assembly line productionc. Entertainmentd. Medicine

e. Evolution theoryf. Chemistry and physicsg. Social sciences

12. Describe the innovations that lead to the Agricultural Revolution.13. Compare and contrast pre-industrial society and post-industrial society.14. Identify why the Agricultural Revolution had to occur before the Industrial Revolution.15. List the improved farming methods and the inventors responsible for them.16. Describe the advantages that Britain had that allowed the country to industrialize first.17. Explain how industrialization changed the textile industry.18. Explain how transportation improvements changed lives and movement within a country.19. Describe the impact the factory system had on the lives of workers.20. List the benefits and the costs of industrialization.21. Explain how class tensions were affected by the Industrial Revolution.22. Describe the spread and impact of industrialization.23. Identify the various philosophies of economics, as a result of the Industrial Revolution, and the people responsible for them.24. Describe Karl Marx’s philosophy of human societies.25. Compare and contrast capitalism and communism.26. Be able to define the following:

a. capitalb. entrepreneurc. cottage industryd. puddlinge. industrial capitalismf. enclosure movementg. James Watth. Robert Fultoni. romanticismj. secularizationk. organic evolutionl. natural selectionm. realismn. Ludwig van Beethoveno. Louis Pasteurp. Charles Darwinq. Charles Dickensr. bourgeoisie s. proletariat

t. dictatorshipu. revisionistw. Thomas Edisonx. Alexander Graham Belly. Guglielmo Marconiz. Karl Marxaa. feminismbb. literacycc. Florence Nightingaledd. Clara Bartinee. psychoanalysisff. pogromgg. modernismhh. Marie Curieii. Albert Einsteinll. Sigmund Freudmm. symbolistsnn. Claude Monetoo. Pablo Picasso

Optional Choice Activities:• Create flashcards for all the vocab words and definitions then add appropriate illustrations

which depict the meaning of the word, be ready for me to quiz you. 49

• Create a song, rap or poem correctly using all the vocabulary words, record or perform it for the class.

Complete Chapter 12, Section 1 Assessment p. 370 #3-7; Chapter 12, Section 4 Assessment p. 391 #3-7; Chapter 13, Section 1 Assessment p. 401 #3-7; Chapter 13, Section 2 Assessment p. 410 #3-7; Chapter 13, Section 4 Assessment p. 423 #3-7. Write all questions and highlight all answers.

Complete the Writing About History on p. 370 #9; p. 391 #9; p. 401 #9; p. 410 #9; and p. 423 #9. All writing activities must be at least two paragraphs long, 6-8 sentences each. Use correct grammar.

Complete the Chapter 12 Assessment and Activities, p. 392 #1-10, 14, 16, 17, 21-22, and 25. Complete the Chapter 13 Assessment and Activities, p. 424 #1-10, 11-14, 17-18, 20-23, and 25. Write all questions and highlight all answers.

Complete the following activities from your book – copy all questions and highlight all answers: Picturing History – p. 365, 370, 390, 407 History Through Art – p. 391, 422 Science, Technology, and Society – p. 398 Graph Skills – p. 366 Chart Skills – p. 420 Geography Skills – p. 367, 399, 405 History Through Architecture – p. 388, 423 Eyewitness to History – p. 402

Era 6/Chapters 12:3, 13:3, 14, and 15 – Imperialism and Nationalism (1800 – 1914 AD)

Alabama Course of Study Objectives:11 – Compare European nationalism and Western Imperialism as forces of global transformation, including the unification of Italy and Germany, the economic roots of imperialism, imperialist ideology, European colonialism and rivalries, and United States imperialism.

a. Describing resistance to European imperialism in Africa, Japan, and China.

Essential Questions:1. How did nationalism affect ethnically diverse empires in Europe and Asia?2. Compare and contrast the effects of nationalism in China, the Middle East, and India.3. What was characteristic of European imperialism?4. What were the major causes and effects of imperialism?5. What places and regions were historically significant during the time of imperialism?

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After completing this outline, you should be able to:a. Report how the rise of nationalism contributed to the unification of Italy and Germany.b. Explain that while nationalism had great appeal, not all peoples achieved the goal of establishing their own national states.c. Describe the events that led to the unification of Italy and of Germany.d. Discuss how new political parties and labor unions challenged the governments of western Europe.e. Explain how international rivalries led to conflicts in the Balkans and World War I.f. Explain how, through the “new imperialism,” Westerners sought to control vast territories.g. Describe how colonial export policies exploited native populations and opened up markets for European manufactured goods.h. Discuss how Great Britain, France, Belgium, Germany, and Portugal placed virtually all of Africa under Europe rule.i. Report how native peoples sought an end to colonial rule.j. Discuss how British rule brought stability to India but destroyed native industries and degraded Indians.k. Identify Mohandas Gandhi, who advocated nonviolent resistance to gain Indian independence from Great Britain.l. Describe how colonial powers took over and ruled other territories.m. Discuss how Western nations imposed their values and institutions.n. Describe how nationalism gave subjects means for seeking their freedom.o. Describe how colonies provided raw materials and new markets for industrialized nations.p. Explain how Latin American countries served as a source of raw materials for Europe and for the United States.q. Explain that because land remained the basis of wealth and power, landed elites dominated Latin American countries.r. Summarize how Western nations increased their economic involvement with China.s. Discuss how the arrival of Westerners brought changes to the Chinese economy and culture.t. Describe how Western intervention opened Japan, an island that had been isolated for 200 years, to trade.u. Discuss the interaction between Japan and Western nations that gave birth to a modern industrial nation.

Outline:I. National Unification and the National State (pp. 378-385)

A. Breakdown of the Concert of Europe (pp. 378-379)1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

How did the Crimean War destroy the Concert of Europe?B. Italian Unification (pp. 379-380)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

How did Giuseppe Garibaldi contribute to Italian unification?

C. German Unification (pp. 380-381)1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13.

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What events led to the German unification?D. Nationalism and Reform in Europe (pp. 382-384)

1. 2. Great Britain (p. 382)

a. b. c.

3. France (p. 382)a. b. c. d. e.

4. The Austrian Empire (p. 383)a. b. c. d.

5. Russia (p. 383)a. b. c. d. e.

How was Great Britain able to avoid a revolution in 1848?E. Nationalism in the United States (pp. 384-385)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

How did the election of Andrew Jackson influence American politics?F. The Emergence of a Canadian Nation (p. 385)

1. 2. 3.

How did the British North America Act change the government of Canada?_____________________________________________________________________________________________________At least three vocabulary terms you do not know with definitions:


_____________________________________________________________________________________________________II. The National State of Democracy (pp. 411-416)

A. Western Europe and Political Democracy (pp. 411-413)1. 2. Great Britain (p. 412)

a. b. c. d.

3. France (p. 412)a. b. c.

4. Italy (p. 413)a.

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b. What is the principle of ministerial responsibility?

B. Central and Eastern Europe: The Old Order (pp. 413-414)1. 2. Germany (p. 413)

a. b. c. d.

3. Austria-Hungary (p. 414)a. b. c.

4. Russia (p. 414)a. b. c. d.

What was the role of the Duma in the Russian government?C. The United States and Canada (p. 415)

1. 2. Aftermath of the Civil War (p. 415)

a. b.

3. Economy (p. 415)a. b.

4. Expansion Abroad (p. 415)a. b. c. d.

5. Canada (p. 415)a. b.

Name the territories acquired by the United States in 1898.D. International Rivalries (pp. 415-416)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

What countries formed the Triple Alliance and the Triple Entente?

E. Crises in the Balkans (p. 416)1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Why were the Serbs outraged when Austria-Hungary annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina?



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_____________________________________________________________________________________________________III. Colonial Rule in Southeast Asia (pp. 429-434)

A. The New Imperialism (pp. 429-430)1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

What were four primary motivations for the “new imperialism?”B. Colonial Takeover in Southeast Asia (pp. 431-432)

1. 2. Great Britain (p. 431)

a. b.

3. France (p. 431)a. b. c. d.

4. Thailand – The Exception (p. 432)a. b.

5. The United States (p. 432)a. b. c. d.

What spurred Britain to control Singapore and Burma?C. Colonial Regimes in Southeast Asia (pp. 432-433)

1. 2. Indirect and Direct Rule (p. 433)

a. b. c. d. e. f. g.

3. Colonial Empires a. b. c.

Why did colonial powers prefer that colonists not develop their own industries?D. Resistance to Colonial Rule (pp. 433-434)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Explain three forms of resistance to Western boundaries.



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_____________________________________________________________________________________________________IV. Empire Building in Africa (pp. 436-442)

A. West Africa (pp. 436-438)1. 2. 3. 4.

Why did the slave trade decline in the 1800s?B. North Africa (pp. 438-439)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Great Britain was determined to have complete control of the Suez Canal. Why?C. Central Africa (pp. 438-439)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

What effect did King Leopold II of Belgium have on European colonization of the Congo River basin?D. East Africa (pp. 439-440)

1. 2. 3.

What was significant about the British Conference?E. South Africa (pp. 440-441)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

What happened to the Boers at the end of the Boer War?

F. Colonial Rule in Africa (pp. 441-442)1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

How did the French system of colonial rule differ from that of Great Britain?G. Rise of African Nationalism (p. 442)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

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7. 8.

Why were many African intellectuals frustrated by colonial policy?



_____________________________________________________________________________________________________V. British Rule in India (pp. 448-452)

A. The Sepoy Mutiny (pp. 448-449)1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

What were two effects of the Great Rebellion?B. Colonial Rule (pp. 449-451)

1. 2. Benefits of British Rule (p. 450)

a. b. c.

3. Costs of British Rule (p. 450)a. b. c. d. e. f.

How was British rule degrading to Indians?C. An Indian Nationalist Movement (pp. 451-452)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

What were two goals of Mohandas Gandhi?

D. Colonial Indian Culture (p. 452)1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

How did the nationalist movement parallel cultural developments in India?



_____________________________________________________________________________________________________VI. Nation Building in Latin America (pp. 453-459)

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A. Nationalist Revolts (pp. 453-455)1. 2. 3. Prelude to Revolution (p. 454)

a. b. c.

How did Napoleon’s wars affect Latin America?4. Revolt in Mexico (p. 454)

a. b. c. d. e.

5. Revolts in South America (p. 455)a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h.

How did the French Revolution affect Mexico?B. Difficulties in Nation Building (pp. 455-458)

1. 2. Rule of the Caudillos (p. 456)

a. b. c. d. e. f.

3. A New Imperialism (p. 457)a. b. c.

4. Persistent Equality (p. 457)a. b.

What were some of the difficulties faced by the new Latin American republics?

C. Political Change in Latin America (p. 458)1. 2. The United States in Latin America (p. 458)

a. b. c. d.

3. Revolution in Mexico (p. 458)a. b. c.

What was the United State’s role as colonial power?D. Economic Change in Latin America (p. 459)

1. 2. 3.

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4. What caused the growth of a middle class in Latin America?



_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

Important Notes: European ImperialismCauses• Industrialization created wealth and technologies especially new weapons used to conquer and colonize.• Industrialization created demand for raw materials and need for additional markets.• Nationalism feed competition between the European nations in a quest for land, and strategic sites for trade ports and naval

bases.• Missionaries hoped to convert other to Christianity.• Theories like social Darwinism supported the notion of European superiority and duty to civilize other societies and fostered

racism.

Effects• Imperialism is the domination by one country of the political, economic, or cultural life of another country or region.• Creation of a number of European empires which extended around the world• Drawing of political boundaries that divided tribal lands and/or placed tribal rivalries within the same political boundaries• Disruption of traditional cultures Spread of European culture, including widespread use of English and French and cultural diffusion from the colonies to Europe.• Building of railroads, dams, roads and infrastructure in colonial areas• Stripped colonial areas of resources• Increased nationalistic competition between European powers that intensified throughout the 19th century and resulted in World

War I• Colonial conflicts such as the Sepoy Mutiny, Boer War, Opium Wars, and Boxer Rebellion• Fostered a dependent status for the colonies that made post independence stability difficult.• Environment degradation as natural resources were extracted and depleted.• Large population in Europe migrated to colonies.• Long lasting resentments between the colonized peoples and the colonizers

What were the major political, economic, and social motivations that influenced European imperialism?Political Motivations• Nationalism feed competition between the European nations in a quest for land, and strategic sites for trade ports and naval

bases.• Technologically advanced militaries were able to easily conquer.

Economic Motivations• Industrialization created wealth and technologies especially new weapons used to conquer and colonize.• Industrialization created demand for raw materials and need for additional markets. Cotton and rubber were not produced in

European climate, so needed to import those for industrial output.

Social Motivations• Missionaries hoped to convert other to Christianity.• Theories like social Darwinism supported the notion of European superiority and duty to civilize other societies and fostered

racism. These views were summed up in Rudyard Kipling’s work the White Man’s Burden.

What were the major characteristics and impact of European imperialism?Characteristics• During the 19th century almost the entire non-Western world was controlled by European powers.• Africa was divided up amongst the European powers at the Berlin Conference in 1885 and colonization of the interior became

characteristic.

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• India originally colonized by the British East India Company fell under British imperial control after the Sepoy mutiny and became the crown jewel in the British Empire.

• China avoided outright colonization but was politically pressured by the British and western powers to gain trade concessions, making China a sphere of influence.

• Japan agreed to an open door policy of trade with the western powers and choice to emulate western industry and educational systems to avoid imperialism.

• The British generally interfered less with local customs and in comparison to the French who worked to assimilate colonial people into French culture.

• Some colonized areas such as Canada and Australia became white settler colonies, where native populations were eventually outnumbered by European (white) settlers.

Impact of European Imperialism• Creation of a number of European empires which extended around the world. • Drawing of political boundaries that divided tribal lands and/or placed tribal rivalries within the same political boundaries• Disruption of traditional cultures• Spread of European culture, including widespread use of English and French and cultural diffusion from the colonies to Europe.• Building of railroads, dams, roads and infrastructure in colonial areas• Stripped colonial areas of resources• Increased nationalistic competition between European powers that intensified throughout the 19th century and resulted in World

War I• Colonial conflicts such as the Sepoy Mutiny, Boer War, Opium Wars, and Boxer Rebellion• Fostered a dependent status for the colonies that made post independence stability difficult.• Environment degradation as natural resources were extracted and depleted• Large population in Europe migrated to colonies• Long lasting resentments between the colonized peoples and the colonizers

What places and regions of historical significance are related to this era and turning points in world history?• European Empires• Panama Canal• Suez Canal

How did human and physical geographic factors influence the opening of the Panama and Suez Canals?Opening of the Panama Canal• After the Spanish American War the United States realized the need for a shorter route between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans

as the navy would need to more quickly in times of war.• Maneuvers were made the US government to incite Panamanians to declare independence from Columbia and in the end the

United States gained control of the canal zone. • Panama Canal construction lasted from 1904-1914.

Opening of Suez Canal• By 1882 British control of the canal was consolidated with the purchase of stock from the Egyptian government• British wanted to control Mediterranean Sea to Indian Ocean trade.• British maneuvered to have nominal control of Egyptian government as a protectorate. • Ottoman Empire lost control of North Africa to British, French, Italy, and Spain.

Explain the roles of military, transportation, communication technology and medical advancements in initiating and advancing 19th century imperialism?Technologies• Modern ships powered by steam, modern rifles, machine guns, and long-range artillery gave western nations military advantage

over those they conquered. • Telegraph and railroads facilitated connections between imperial powers and the areas they conquered.

Medical Advances• Effective treatments for yellow fever and specifically the use of quinine to treat malaria allowed for colonization of tropical

areas. • Prior to the invention of quinine Europe explorers were unable to survive in interior Africa, so colonization was limited to the

coastlines until this medical advance was made.

Discussion Questions:1. Define Imperialism. Why did Europeans want to colonize Africa?2. Identify the key factors that made European colonization of Africa possible.

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3. Describe the impact of the Berlin Conference on both Europe and Africa.4. Who was King Leopold? What kind of ruler was he? Was he typical of European imperialists?5. Describe the different methods of imperial control over a colony. Describe and compare the effects the different methods of

colonial control had on colonizer and colonized.6. Where is the Suez Canal? Why was it built and why is important even today?7. How did European imperialism affect the Muslim lands in the Ottoman Empire, Egypt, and Persia? How did geopolitics affect

European imperialism.8. Why did Britain colonize India and why was it called the “jewel in the crown?” How did Britain control India?9. Describe the impact of colonialism on India and how the Indians responded.10. Explain the differences in Dutch, British, French and American imperialism in Asia and the Pacific Rim.11. Describe the Chinese response to foreign imperialism. Compare China’s economic, national and political systems to those of

European countries.12. How did Japan respond to Western imperialism? Describe the similarities and differences between European and Japanese

imperialism.13. Describe the geography of Africa.14. Describe Africa before and after European domination.15. Explain the motives for Imperialism.16. Identify European advantages in Imperialism.17. Identify African resistance to Imperialism.18. Describe the forms of Imperial control.19. Describe the importance of preserving African history.20. Identify who began the “scramble” for Africa and where.21. List the positive and negative impacts of colonial rule in Africa.22 List some of the difficulties and successes of creating new governments in Africa.23. What is the difference between ethnicity and race?24. What is a nation-state? Explain how the idea of nation-states has impacted the world from the 1900s to the present.25. What is New Imperialism? What was its purpose? How did it develop?26. Identify four countries that participated in the Scramble for Africa. List the modern African country that they conquered.27. What was the Berlin Conference and what was its goal? 28. Was the Berlin Conference successful – why or why not?29. What was the “White Man’s Burden”? What was the author’s point in writing this poem?30. Why were some African nations able to avoid being conquered? What nations were they?31. Define:

a. militarismb. Kaiserc. plebiscited. emancipatione. abolitionismf. secedeg. Giuseppe Garibaldih. Otto van Bismarcki. Queen Victoriaj. Czar Alexander IIk. British North America Actl. ministerial responsibilitym. Duman. Willliam IIo. Francis Josephp. Nicholas IIq. Queen Liliuokalanir. imperialisms. protectoratet. indirect rule

u. direct rulev. Commodore George Deweyw. annexx. indigenousy. Muhammad Aliz. David Livingstoneaa. Zulubb. sepoycc. viceroydd. Indian National Congressee. Mohandas Gandhiff. creolegg. peninsularehh. mestizoii. Monroe Doctrinejj. caudillokk. Jose de San Martinll. Simon Bolivarmm. Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna


which depict the meaning of the word, be ready for me to quiz you. • Create a song, rap or poem correctly using all the vocabulary words, record or perform it for

the class.

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Complete Chapter 12, Section 3 Assessment p. 385 #3-7; Chapter 13, Section 3 Assessment p. 416 #3-7; Chapter 14, Section 1 Assessment p. 434 #3-7; Chapter 14, Section 2 Assessment p. 442 #3-7; Chapter 14, Section 3 Assessment p. 452 #3-7; Chapter 14, Section 4 Assessment p. 459; Chapter 15, Section 1 Assessment p. 471 #3-7; Chapter 15, Section 2 Assessment p. 478 #3-7; Chapter 15, Section 3 Assessment p. 486 #3-7. Write all questions and highlight all answers.

Complete the Chapter 14 Assessment and Activities, p. 460 #1-21 and Chapter 15 Assessment and Activities, p. 489 #1-24. Write all questions and highlight all answers.

Complete the following activities from your book – write all questions and highlight all answers:o Geography Skills – p. 379, 380, 384, 412, 431, 437, 456, 466, 469, 484o History Through Art – p. 382, 486o Analyzing Political Cartoons – p. 413o Chart Skills – p. 430, 482o Eyewitness to History – p. 435, 487o Picturing History – p. 458, 459, 474, 475, 478, 480, 483, 485

Era 7/Chapter 16 – World War I (1914-1919)

Alabama Course of Study Objectives:12 – Explain the causes, including imperialism, militarism, nationalism, and the alliance system, and the consequences of World War I.

a. Describing the rise of communism in Russia during World War I.b. Describing military technology used during World War I.c. Identifying problems created by the Treaty of Versailles of 1919.d. Depicting geographic locations of world events before 1914 and 1945.

Essential Questions:1. Could World War I have been avoided?2. How did new military technologies make warfare more destructive?3. Did the allies plant the seeds for future problems in the peace settlement of 1919?4. If you had been living in Russia in 1917, would you have joined the revolution?

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After completing this outline, you should be able to:a. Name the members of the Triple Alliance and the Triple Entente.b. Summarize the causes of World War I.c. Describe the stalemate on the Western Front and events on the Eastern Front.d. Explain innovations in warfare.e. Explain what is meant by “total war” and its effects on society.f. Trace the fall of czarist Russia and the rise of the Communists.g. Explain the Allies’ victory.h. List the major provisions of the Treaty of Versailles.i. Discuss how militarism, nationalism, and a crisis in the Balkans led to World War I.j. Explain why Serbia’s determination to become a large, independent state angered Austria-Hungary and initiated hostilities.k. Report how the stalemate at the Western Front led to new alliances, a widening war, and new weapons.l. Summarize how governments expanded their powers, increased opportunities for women, and made use of propaganda.m. Explain how poor leadership led to the fall of the czarist regime in Russia.n. Relate how the Bolsheviks came to power under Lenin.o. Describe how communist forces triumphed over anti-Communist forces.p. Report how combined Allied forces stopped the German offensive.q. Explain how peace settlements brought political and territorial changes to Europe and created bitterness and resentment in

several nations.

Outline:I. The Road to World War I (pp. 499-502)

A. Nationalism and the System of Alliances (pp. 499-500)1. 2. 3. 4.

Did the growth of nationalism in the first half of the nineteenth century lead to increased competition or increased cooperation among European nations?

B. Internal Dissent (p. 500)1. 2.

According to some historians, how might internal disorder have been one of the cause of World War I?C. Militarism

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

What was the effect of conscription on events leading up to World War I?D. The Outbreak of War: Summer 1914 (pp. 501-502)

1. 2. The Serbian Problem (p. 501)

a. b. c.

3. Assassination in Sarajevo (p. 501)a. b.

4. Austria-Hungary Responds (p. 501)a. b. c.

5. Russia Mobilizes (p. 502)a. b.

6. The Conflict Broadens (p. 502)a. b. c. d.

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e. What was the Schlieffen Plan and how did it complicate the events leading to World War I?



_____________________________________________________________________________________________________II. The War (pp. 503-509)

A. 1914 to 1915: Illusions and Stalemate (pp. 503-505)1. 2. 3. 4. The Western Front (p. 504)

a. b. c.

5. The Eastern Fronta. b. c. d.

How did the war on the Eastern Front differ the war on the Western Front?B. 1916 to 1917: The Great Slaughter (pp. 505-506)

1. 2. Tactics of Trench Warfare (p. 505)

a. b. c.

3. War in the Air (p. 506) a. b. c.

Why were military leaders baffled by trench warfare?C. Widening of the War (p. 506)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

What caused the widening of the war?

D. Entry of the United States (pp. 507-508)1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Why did the Germans resort to unrestricted submarine use?E. The Home Front: The Impact of Total War (pp. 508-509)

1. 2. 3. Increased Government Powers (p. 508)

a. b. c.

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4. Manipulation of Public Opinion (p. 508)a. b. c. d.

5. Total War and Women (p. 508)a. b. c. d. e.

What was the effect of total war on ordinary citizens?



_____________________________________________________________________________________________________III. The Russian Revolution (pp. 514-519)

A. Background to Revolution (pp. 514-516)1. 2. 3. 4. Beginnings of Upheaval (p. 515)

a. b. c. d.

5. The March Revolution (p. 515)a. b. c. d. e. f.

Develop a sequence of events leading to the March Revolution.

B. The Rise of Lenin 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

What was Lenin’s plan when he arrived in Russia?C. The Bolshevik’s Seize Power (p. 518)

1. 2. 3. 4.

What was the impact of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk on Russia?D. Civil War in Russia (p. 518)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Who opposed the new Bolshevik regime?E. Triumph of the Communists (p. 518-519)

1.

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2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Why did the Red Army prevail over the White Army?_____________________________________________________________________________________________________At least three vocabulary terms you do not know with definitions:


_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

IV. End of the War (pp. 521 – 526)A. The Last Year of the War (pp. 521 – 523)

1. 2. 3. A New German Offensive (p. 522)

a. b. c.

4. Collapse and Armistice (p. 522)a. b. c.

5. Revolutionary Forcesa. b. c. d.

What happened within Germany after the Armistice?B. The Peace Settlements (pp. 523 – 525)

1. 2. Wilson’s Proposal (p. 523)

a. b. c. d.

3. The Paris Peace Conference (pp. 523-524)a. b. c. d. e. f. g.

4. The Treaty of Versailles (p. 524)a. b. c. d.

5. A New Map of Europe (p. 525)a. b. c. d. e. f.

6. War’s Legacy (p. 526)

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What clause in the Treaty of Versailles particularly angered the Germans?_____________________________________________________________________________________________________At least three vocabulary terms you do not know with definitions:


_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

Important Notes:

What are the major causes and major effects of the following historical points of reference in world history?1914 to the present• The world wars and their impact on political, economic, and social systems

World War ICauses• Causes of WWIM.A.N.I.A.C.S started WWIM. Militarism – glorification of war and the military

Competition for military power and strengtho Arms race – competition to build up armed forces and weaponso Standing armies – soldiers trained and ready to fighto Conscription – mandatory participation of civilians in the militaryo Increase in military spendingo Increasing influence of military in the government

Example: Germany expanded its navy, Britain soon followed with a bigger and better navy

A. Alliances – Partnership agreement to go to war in the event one country in the partnership is attacked. Aim was to discourage other countries from attacking members of the alliance

Triple Alliance o Germanyo Austria-Hungaryo Italy

Triple Ententeo Russiao Franceo Great Britain

N. Nationalism – Extreme love and devotion for one’s country

o determination of European nations to show power and strength Freedom from foreign rule

o France wants Germany to return Alsace and Lorraine lost in Franco-Prussian war

People of the same nationality wanted to form their own nation-stateo Pan-Slavism – Slavs had a long-term goal to develop their culture and unite into an empire

Serbian nationals wanting to unite Bosnia with Serbia Russia – protector of the Slavs

I. Imperialism – One country’s domination of the economic, political and social life of another country Competition for colonies – countries had some and wanted more, others had none and wanted some

o Economic growth – countries wanted to new markets to sell productso Power and prestige of expanding global empires

A. Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of AustriaSpark – immediate cause that creates a chain of diplomatic failures setting WWI in motion Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria assassinated

o Heir to the Austrian throne in Bosnia-Herzegovina (territory annexed by Austria, containing many Serbian-Slavs) o Black Hand – secret Serbian nationalists group with ties to the Serbian government

Gavrilo Princip - leader of the black hand assassinates Franz Ferdinand and his wifeC. Conflict in the Balkan Peninsula

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Large # of different religions, nationalities Russia and A-H wanted to colonize the Balkan Peninsula Called the “Europe’s powder keg” – waiting for an event that would start a major war

S. Series of diplomatic failures resulting in war Domino effect - chain or series of diplomatic failures resulting in war

o U. Ultimatum from A-H to Serbia fails. A-H declares war on Serbiao R. Russia, Protector of the Slavs, and France mobilize against Germany,o G. Germany declares war on France using the Schlieffan plan, going through neutral Belgiumo E. England, declares war on Germany for attacking neutral Belgium

The WarCentral Powers

Austria-Hungary Germany Ottoman Empire (Turks) Bulgaria

Allied Powers Great Britain Russia France Belgium Later – Japan, Montenegro Italy – initially remained neutral (felt A.H. and Germany had acted aggressively, rather than defensively), but later entered on

the side of the allies US joins (April 2, 1917)

Key Leaders during WWIWilliam II - Germany

o Emperor of Germany in World War I.o 1890, he broke off the old ties with Russia, causing Germany to have to fight a two-front war. This blunder led Germany to

defeat. Czar Nicholas II – Russia

o last czar of Russia, Absolute MonarchGeorge Clemenceau – France

o Prime Minister of France during WWIo Nicknamed ‘Tiger’ for his ruthless and bold leadership

Woodrow Wilson – USo the 28th President of the United Stateso At the outbreak of the WWI, he tried to maintain American neutrality as long as possible

David Lloyd George – Great Britaino Prime minister of England

Schlieffen Plan – war plan for Germany, created by Alfred von Schlieffen Germany had to fight a war on two fronts (east with France/Great Britain and west with Russia) Plan to reach Paris and defeat French in 6 weeks before Russia can mobilize, then attack Russia Problems encountered by Helmuth von Moltke – German commander

Heavily fortified areas in Belgium Strong resistance from France Russia mobilized quicker Britain attacked from the north

Battle of the Marne French and German troops collide in Marne (NE France) just outside of Paris French under Commander Joseph Jacques Joffre push German’s back 50 miles Results

o German’s forced to retreat signifying end to Schlieffen plano Establishes the western front

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Western Front:1. Stalemate – a state of deadlock where neither side gains an advantage2. Trench warfare - a type of armed combat in which the two opposing sides fight from trenches that face each other to protect soldiers from the onslaught of machine gun fire and other weaponry

A series of trenches stretched from the North Sea to Switzerland No man’s land – the desolate area that separated the two sides of trenches Barbed wire and land mines protected the area in front of each trench Attacks – soldiers charged “over the top” of their own trenches, through no man’s land to enemy trenches, facing heavily

artillery, machine guns, barbed wire, and land-mines Soldiers lived in the trenches for several weeks

o Disease, cold, mud, rats, rain3. War of Attrition – a war in which each side tries to wear the other side down by constant attacks.

Battle of Tannenberg 1st Battle on the Eastern Front Russia attacks Germany quickly and force Germany to divert troops away from France to fight on the Eastern front (End to

Schlieffen Plan) Russians defeated at Tannenberg – 30K killed, 92K imprisoned Signified the weakness of the Russian Army

Russian advantage: 15:1 ratio of Russian to German Soldiers (1 in 10 soldiers return from war) Russian weakness: least industrialized - lack of supplies, weapons, food

Eastern Front Fought in Russia More mobile than Western Front (ground too hard to dig trenches) Front much longer, covered more territory Battle lines moved often

New Weapons Machine guns – allowed one man to kill hundreds of men in seconds Poisonous gas – German army was first ever to used

o Chlorine gas – caused blindness, choking, vomiting, torn lungs, and deatho Mustard gas – most deadly, caused skin blisters, sore eyes, vomiting, internal and external bleeding, a long slow death

Tanks – allowed for movement across rugged terrain, eventually designed to cross trenches Airplanes – first used for reconnaissance work (spying), later in war to deliver bombs and fight enemy aircraft in they air Submarines – German u-boats destroyed warships, supply ships, and commercial and passenger ships

Battle of Verdun German surprise attack on French (under command of Henri-Phillippe Petain) at Verdun No clear winner One of the bloodiest battles of the War Both sides suffer casualties of more than 500K

Battle of the Somme British and French surprise attack against Germany No clear winner Both sides suffer casualties of more than 500K

Gallipoli Campaign Goal: To open a supply route to Russia British navy (under command of Winston Churchill) attacks Dardanelles strait controlled by Turkey to get control of only way to

get supplies to Russia Lack of planning and reinforcements causes Allies to withdraw

War on the Seas Great Britain blockade all ports under German control to stop supplies from reaching Germany Germany could only get goods through neutral countries Britain stopped ships carrying contraband (prohibited goods such as weapons and ammo) German’s use u-boats to blockade Great Britain and stop supplies from reaching allies

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U.S. Entry into the War Reasons did not enter in 1914

Policy of neutrality – policy of not choosing sides U.S. late entry – believed war was a European conflict and had nothing to do with the US Economic Reasons – keep trade open with both sides Reasons U.S. Enters – April 2, 1917

1. Lusitania – British passenger ship torpedoed by German u-boats; 1,200 die including 128 Americans2. Zimmerman note – message from Arthur Zimmerman (German Foreign Minister) to his ambassador in Mexico. Info.

Intended for Mexican President: Germany to reinstate unrestricted submarine warfare Germany wanted alliance with Mexico

Germany would help Mexico regain New Mexico, Texas and Arizona from the US, if Mexico would start a war with US to keep them “occupied” and out of the war in Europe

Mexico promised money Suggested Mexico get Japan involved in 2 front war against US

3. Un-restricted submarine warfare – German U-boats continue to sink American merchant ships

US prepares for WARTotal war – all of country’s resources going toward war effort – US prepared for War

o Government influences production of goods and services toward needs of the waro Unemployment drops – workers need to produce war goodso Food Rationing – meatless Monday, wheat-less Wednesday leaves more food for troopso Price controls on food and wageso Propaganda – intended to persuade people to support the war, make sacrifices, keep moral higho Women – join the workforce and special branches of the military; aided in getting women the right to vote in 1920

First US troops arrive in Europe in April 1918 under General John Pershing Fought primarily in France

First American army ever sent to Europe

Propaganda – ideas or rumors used to harm an opposing causeCommon objectives of Wartime Propaganda

1. Recruitment of Soldiers2. Financing the war effort3. Unify the country behind the war4. Conserve resources needed for war (steel, oil, food)5. Encourage participation in organizations that support the war

Common Propaganda Tools1. Demonization – portraying the enemy as evil, murderous, aggressive2. Emotional Appeal – play on people’s fear about war3. Name Calling – using labels to encourage hatred of the enemy (Huns, Commie’s)4. Patriotic Appeals – using patriotic symbols to appeal to national pride (Statue of Liberty, flags)5. Half-truth’s and lies – deception and twisting the truth6. Catchy Slogans - memorable phrases to create support (Remember the Maine)7. Evocative Visual Symbols – visual images that appeal to peoples emotions (i.e. Women, children, etc)8. Humor – using the enemy as the butt of jokes

End of war 2nd Battle of the Marne (July 1918)

o Ferdinand Foch puts 200K new U.S. soldiers intermixed with experienced soldierso Pushes German army out of France to German bordero German Generals tell Kaiser Wilhelm II war can’t be won

Austria-Hungary quits (Oct 1918) German soldiers revolt (Nov 1918) “ No more fighting” – Kaiser Wilhelm II abdicates Nov. 11 – Armistice day – Germans agree to end fighting

Effects of WWIo 9 Million soldiers deado 21 Million soldiers woundedo 13 Million civilians were dead of disease or starvation

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o Armenian genocide by Ottoman Turks – massacre of 500K-1M Armenians for their support in helping the Allieso Absolute Monarchies in Europe destroyedo Increased political and social instability

Woodrow Wilson’s (US President) 14 points – peace plan o Freedom of the seas and tradeo Arms limitationso End to secret allianceso Self-rule for all nationso No punishments to Germanyo League of Nations – an organization of world nations to settle future problems peacefully

Paris Peace Conference – delegates from 27 nations signed the Treaty of Versailleso “Big Four” - George Clemenceau (France), David Lloyd George (Britain), Vittorio Orlando (Italy), Woodrow Wilson, (US)o Central Powers not invitedo Each nation had differing goals, Wilson had to compromise on his 14 Pointso Five different Treaties signed with each of the Central Powers ( including a separate one with newly created Hungary)o Most Important – Treaty of Versailles with Germany

Treaty of Versailles – the treaty was a R.A.W. deal for GermanyR. Reparations were forced on Germany

o German war reparations – $33 BA. Allies Punish Germany - took German land/limit German military

o German army reduced, o German weapons - can’t manufacture or buy weapons, no airforceo German to return Alsace-Lorraine to Franceo France gets control of Saar Basin (rich in coal deposits)o Occupation of the Rhinelando Germany stripped of Colonies

W. War Guilt was forced on Germanyo Germany must sign “war blame” clause

New nations establishedo Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Poland

Yugoslavia created a united Slavic country on the Balkan Peninsula

Other nations not granted independenceo Ottoman Empire partitioned by France and Great Britain

mandates were created over territories in the Middle East (Palestine, Iraq, Lebanon, Syria) Arabs did not receive independence that G.B. had promised

o France and Great Britain did not give independence to colonies

How did the following effects of World War I politically impact world history?Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points• Introduced the idea of a League of Nation- an international body of nations working to avoid future wars• Argued that territorial/boundary changes should be based on “self-determination” of the group living with the territory• Ideas in Wilson’s Fourteen Points influence the future diplomatic relations between nations: ie freedom of the seas, free trade,

decolonization, arms reduction

The political and economic impact of the Treaty of VersaillesPolitical Impact• Germans surrendered on November 11, 1918. Peace negotiations began late in 1918 and continued into 1919. • Wilson conceded on his Fourteen Points to gain reluctant acceptance of the League of Nations by the European powers.• Lacking Congressional support for the treaty the United States never entered the League of Nations.

Changes in boundaries and the mandate system• The Austrian-Hungarian Empire was divided and reduced to Austria and Hungary as separate nations.• Former German and Russian territory was carved into new countries of Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Finland, Latvia,

Lithuania, and Estonia. This was done based on Wilson’s concept of self-determination or the idea that the people in a given territory are free to rule themselves.

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• Arab lands of Ottoman Empire were divided as mandates of Britain and France. Turks in Anatolia began war of independence for Turkey.

Economic Impact• Britain and France wanted to economically cripple the Germans. Extremely severe economic sanctions were placed on Germany

including paying for the damages of the war.• Germany was forced accept blame for the war by signing the war-guilt clause.

What is the significance of the League of Nations and the United Nations?League of Nations• In the Treaty of Versailles which followed WW I, an international association of countries was formed to keep peace among

nations and avoid another world war.

What were the effects of new military technologies in World War I?• Artillery, machine guns, modern rifles, and poisonous gases rendered traditional war tactics obsolete, eventually defensive

fighting was favored and trench warfare resulted in huge number of casualties.• Submarines were deployed as an effect naval weapon. • Trench warfare started to end when tanks and airplanes were introduced late in the war.

WWI different from other wars:o Number of casualtieso Use of new technologieso Scope of war – number of countries involved

Colonies participated in hopes of gaining their independence Asian and African colonies expected citizenship or independence Arabs wanting freedom from Ottoman Turks helped the British

o Amount of destruction

What motivated the mass murder of citizens in Armenia?• Armenian Christians lived in the Ottoman Empire. Some sought an independent Armenian state. • The Ottoman government began to disarm its Armenian citizens, fearing they might be sympathetic to Christian Russia. • Armenian political leaders, educators, writers, and clergy were jailed and then hanged or shot. • Turkish soldiers gathered over a million Armenian men, women, and children and sent them on death marches into the Syrian

desert. They used firing squads, burnings, drowning, poisons, and drugs against Armenian victims.

Russian Revolution:Poor leadership caused the Bolshevik R.E.V.O.L.T. in 1917

R. Rasputin’s influence over the CzarE. Every landless peasant demanded landV. Violence broke out over bread shortages and military defeatsO. Overthrow of provisional government was led by the BolsheviksL. Lenin promises “Peace, Land, Bread”T. Tzar’s Incompetence

Fall of the Tzar Rasputin – Mystic leader of the Romanov’s increasing influence Food and Fuel Shortages Mounting defeats in WWI Strikes and riots broke out across the country March Revolution – spontaneous uprising of working people and soldiers March 15, 1917 Czar Nicholas Abdicates (steps down)

Provisional Government1. Temporary Central Government2. Mostly made up of Middle Class Duma reps.3. Alexander Kerensky – Prime Minister4. Big Mistake: Didn’t withdraw from the war5. Challenged by Petrograd Soviet of Workers and Soldiers Deputies (Mensheviks & small number of Bolsheviks)

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Lenin1. Leader of the Bolsheviks2. Bolsheviks beliefs: small number of professional revolutionaries would lead a VIOLENT revolution against Aristocrats

(Noblemen & Lords), and Middle Class3. Promised: Peace, Land, and Bread

Bolshevik Revolution – Nov. 1917Leader – Vladimir LeninSlogan – “Peace (end war), Land (give more land to the peasants), Bread (food)”Coup d’état – sudden overthrow of the government by people from with the countrySocialist state – No private property, economic equality for all citizens (distribution of land to peasants, worker control of factories)*Based on the ideas of Karl Marx and Communism

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk – **Lenin wanted to concentrate on stabilizing their government and economy

Peace treaty between Germany and Russia, ending Russian participation in the WWI Russians lose much of western territory and 1/3 of population Germans get land from Russia Allows Germany to concentrate on western front

Civil WarRed Army (communists) vs. White Army (liberal democrats, moderate socialists, and royalists)Leon Trotsky – communist leader of the Red ArmyWhite Army defeatedLenin establishes communist control throughout Russia

What were the causes of the February (March) and October revolutions of 1917 in Russia? How did these events affect the outcome of World War I and the Bolshevik establishment of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics?Russian Revolution• Worker strikes, food shortages and huge losses in World War I culminate in 1917 causing Czar Nicholas II to abdicate the throne• A provisional government established and some liberal reforms were introduced Local soviets (councils of workers/peasants and soldiers) wanted Russia out of World War I, economic stability, and land reform• Political party that most attracted the soviets was the Bolsheviks, led by Vladimir Lenin• In the fall of 1917 Vladimir Lenin and his followers, most notably military leader Leon Trotsky, overthrew the provisional

government.• In March of 1918 the soviets signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, giving huge piece of land to Germany as a concession to leave

the fighting in World War I.• Czar Nicholas II and his family were executed in summer of 1918.

Discussion Questions:1. Identify and define the seven causes of World War I.2. Identify the two major alliances of WWI and the countries associated with each alliance.3. What impact did WWI have on the Russian economy?4. Define proletariat. Give an example from Russian society.5. Define bourgeoisie. Give an example from Russian society.6. What was Lenin’s goal? Where did he get his inspiration?7. What reforms did Lenin accomplish?8. Identify three ways in which the Treaty of Versailles punished Germany.9. How did nationalism and imperialism play a role in the start of WWI? 10. How, exactly, did the Alliance system cause one assassination at Sarajevo to start a world war? Describe the events of June to

August 1914. 11. The United States immediately proclaimed “neutrality.” How was this not completely true? How did propaganda affect the US

view of the war?12. Why was this war in a deadlock by late 1914? Describe the effect that the new weapons, both on land and sea, caused a virtual

deadlock.13. When and how did the US eventually get “sucked into” the war? Why were they a necessary addition to the Allies at that point?14. What factors caused the Bolshevik Revolution? How did it affect World War I? How did it affect the Soviet Union’s relationship

with the US, France, and Great Britain?15. How did the war end? What were the casualties (people killed? Wounded?) on all sides? What were the effects of the war?16. How were Wilson’s Fourteen Points and League of Nations IDEALISTIC, and why were they not able to work?17. How were the seeds of WWII planted at the end of WWI?

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18. What specific event in Europe started WWI? How did this event relate the main causes of the war?19. Who were the main 3 allies of the Triple Entente countries? Who were the main 3 allies of the Central Powers countries? 20. What was President Wilson’s original position on World War I when it first broke out in 1914?21. What four factors drew the U.S. into WWI? Explain each factor and how it affected our decision to enter into the war. 22. Explain why WWI was also known as the “Modern War” and give examples of technological advances. 23. How did World War I affect African-Americans? Provide specific examples 24. How did women participate in World War I? Provide specific examples 25. How did the government mobilize the economy for war? Provide specific examples 26. How did the federal government get Americans to support the war effort? 27. How did the government suppress individual rights? Provide specific examples 28. What did the Espionage and Sedition Acts do? 29. List some of President Wilson’s 14 Points that were NOT included in the Treaty of Versailles. 30. Identify and explain the 5 key provisions of the Treaty of Versailles. 31. Why did the U.S. Senate refuse to ratify the Treaty of Versailles?32. Define:

a. conscriptionb. mobilizationc. Triple Allianced. Triple Ententee. Archduke Ferdinandf. Emperor William IIg. Czar Nicholar IIh. General Alfred vonSchlieffeni. propagandaj. trench warfarek. war of attritionl. total warm. planned economiesn. Lawrence of Arabiao. Admiral Holtzendorff p. Woodrow Wilson

q. sovietsr. war communisms. Alexandrat. Grigori Rasputinu. Alexander Kerenskyv. Bolsheviksw. V.I. Leninx. Leon Trotskyy. armisticez. reparationaa. mandatebb. Erich von Ludendorffcc. Freidrich Ebertdd. David Lloyd Georgeee. George Clemenceau



the class. Complete the Chapter 16, Section 1 Assessment p. 503 #3-7; Chapter 16, Section 2 Assessment p. 509 #3-7; Chapter

16, Section 3 Assessment p. 519 #3-4; and Chapter 16, Section 4 Assessment p. 536 #3-7. Write all questions and highlight all answers.

Complete the Chapter 16 Assessment and Activities pp. 528-529 # 1-21. Write all questions and highlight all answers. Complete the Writing About History Activities: p. 502 #9, p. 509 #9, p. 519 #9, and p. 536 #9. Each activity should be

at least two paragraphs, 6-8 sentences each. Complete the following activities from your book – write all questions and highlight all answers:

o Geographic Skills – p. 500, 507, 517, 523o Eyewitness To History – p. 520

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Era 8/ Chapters 17:1, 4 - The Time After the War (1920-1939)

Alabama Course of Study:13 – Explain challenges of the post-World War I period.

a. Identifying causes of the Great Depression.b. Characterizing the global impact of the Great Depression.c. Identifying on a map changes in national borders as a result of World War I.

Essential Questions:1. What were the causes the Great Depression? What was it?2. How does the economy affect politics? 3. What forces drive an economy? When these forces fail, what impact does it have on individuals and societies?

After completing this outline, you should be able to:a. List the factors leading to the Great Depression.b. Discuss the response to economic hardships by Great Britain, France, Germany, and the United States.c. Summarize the developments in the areas of art, music, literature, and science.

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d. Explain why peace and prosperity were short-lived after World War I.e. Describe how a global economic depression weakened the Western democracies after 1929.f. Relate how radios and movies were popular forms of entertainment that were used to spread political messages.g. Summarize the new artistic and intellectual trends that reflected the despair created by World War I and the Great Depression.

Outline:I. The Futile Search for Stability (pp. 533-538)

A. Uneasy Peace, Uncertain Security (pp. 533-536)1. 2. A Weak League of Nations (p. 534)

a. b.

3. French Demands (p. 534)a. b. c.

4. Inflation in Germany (p. 534)a. b. c. d. e.

5. The Treaty of Locarno (p. 535)a. b. c. d.

Why was the League of Nations unable to maintain peace?B. The Great Depression (p. 536)

1. 2. Causes of the Depression (p. 536)

a. b. c. d.

3. Responses to the Depressiona. b. c. d. e.

What were the results of the Great Depression?

C. Democratic States after the War (pp. 537-538)1. 2. 3. 4. Germany (p. 537)

a. b. c. d.

5. France (p. 537)a. b. c. d.

6. Great Britain (p. 537)a. b.

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c. d.

7. The United States (p. 538) What did John Maynard Keynes think would resolve the Great Depression?



_____________________________________________________________________________________________________II. Cultural and Intellectual Trends (pp. 554-557)

A. Mass Culture: Radio and Movies (pp. 554-555)1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Why was the radio an important propaganda tool for the Nazis?B. Mass Leisure (p. 555)

1. 2. 3.

How did the “Strength through Joy” program help to support the Nazi Regime?C. Artistic and Literary Trends (pp. 556-557)

1. 2. 3. Art: Nightmares and New Visions (p. 556)

a. b. c. d. e. f.

4. Literature: The Search for the Unconscious (p. 557)a. b.

Why were artists and writers after World War I attracted to Freud’s theory of the unconscious?D. The Heroic Age of Physics (p. 557)

1. 2. 3.

How did Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle challenge the Newtonian worldview?



_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

Important Notes:

The U.S. Economy in the 1920’s• The United States was the #1 economic power in the world after WWI• Supplied War countries with food and resources• New consumer goods available (Vacuum Cleaners / Washing Machines)• Result: Lots of activity in stock market

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• Problems: The new wealth was not spread equally - 1% of population earned 19% of the money• Credit: arrangement by which a purchaser borrows money from bank or lender and agrees to pay it back• Credit usage increased dramatically – reach credit limits – can’t buy• Over production of U.S. goods

- Europe no longer needs anything - Surplus

• Prices in U.S. drop• Lay-offs (Unemployed can’t buy)• In October 1929, concerned investors began to sell off their stock• Black Tuesday: October 29, 1929, the day the United States stock market crashed.• The crash impacts everyone

The Depression Spreads• Great Depression: severe worldwide depression that followed the collapse of the U.S. stock market.

- Prices and wages fell - business activity slowed - unemployment rose

• Business’ couldn’t pay loans to banks…so banks failed.• People take out all of their savings from the bank• 9,000 banks collapse - $30 billion evaporates !• 90,000 business’ collapse• 25% unemployment; 25% work part-time; those employed take 40% pay cut• No unemployment benefits

- welfare & begging • The U.S. take money from Germany…perpetuates European collapses• Global trouble – people demand answers• Dictators surface• President Hoover does not react quickly enough – hopes economy will work itself out• Franklin Delano Roosevelt: The 32nd president of the U.S. Elected four times. Led the U.S. during major crises of the Great

Depression & WWII. • John Maynard Keynes: British economist; his theory stated that government could prevent economic downturns by deficit spending. Inspired Roosevelt’s New Deal policies.• Claimed government could spend money to improve the economy

– increase production – create new jobs

- citizens could make money & spend

The Worldwide Depression• Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act: a U.S. law that set high tariffs on imports to encourage Americans to buy products made in the U.S.

- Made U.S. goods cheaper to buy• Problem: Other countries respond increasing tariffs on U.S. products• Creates unrest around the world• The Depression devastates farmers• Dust Bowls • Political movements increase worldwide• Extremist groups emerge and gain popularity• Benito Mussolini takes control in Italy – Fascism

What were the international, political, and economic causes of the global depression?

• Overdependence on American loans for financing World War I and the rebuilding effort made Europe vulnerable to economic crisis in the United States, so when the US Stock Market crashed the effect was felt in Europe also.

• Foreign investors lost money in the US Stock Market crash. • Industrial and farming surpluses led to deflation-too much production so markets were saturated.• Poor banking management led to bank failures in the US and loss of credit sources for the Europeans. Without the ability to

borrow, Germany did not have the money to pay France- hence France didn’t have any money.

How did the United States, Germany, and the Soviet Union respond to the global depression?United States’ Response• Passed highest tariffs in history to protect US industry and block international trade.

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• Created the modern welfare state with the introduction of Social Security and unemployment insurance.• A massive government effort was made to create jobs through public works projects.• Turned to strong leadership and elected FDR to four presidential terms.

Germany’s Response• Stopped payment of reparations to France.• Printed money with lead to hyper inflation.• Weimar Republic which had been established after WW I was blamed for the economic problems and voters turned to strong

leadership in Hitler and the Nazi party.• A previously prosperous middle class rejected communism and moved towards fascist protection of business.• Hitler created employment and promoted nationalism by rebuilding for a military effort.

Soviet Union’s Response• Saw the depression as the failure of capitalism.• Prior to the depression very little industrialization had taken place in Russia, so the economy was not as integrated in the world

sphere and was not very affected by the great depression.• Soviet Union industrial output increased during the depression providing job opportunities.

Discussion Questions:1. What were causes of the Great Depression?2. How did buying on credit cause the economy to decline?3. Why did the banks fail, and how did the failure of banks affect people? 4. What were economic effects of the Great Depression? 5. What happened on October 29, 1929, and why did it happen? 6. What was “The Dust Bowl,” where did it happen, and what caused it? 7. What were effects of the Dust Bowl?8. How did people feel about President Hoover’s efforts to help the country during the Great Depression?9. What did President Roosevelt do to help the country during the Great Depression? 10. Explain the New Deal Programs below:

a. Social Security b. Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) c. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) d. Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)

11. What ended the Great Depression?12. How does what happened during the Great Depression/New Deal era relate to what is happening currently in our country?13. What was the difference between Herbert Hoover and FDR’s approach to the solution of the Great Depression?14. Define the following:

a. depressionb. collective bargainingc. deficit spendingd. Dawes Plane. Treaty of Locarnof. John Maynard Keynesg. Weimar Republic

h. Franklin Delano Roosevelti. New Dealj. surrealismk. uncertainty principlel. Salvador Dalim. James Joyce



the class. Complete the Chapter 17, Section 1 Assessment, p. 538 #3-7 and Chapter 17, Section 4 Assessment, p. 557 #3-7.

Write all questions and highlight all answers. Complete the following activities in the book:

o Geography Skills p. 535 – write questions and highlight answerso History Through the Art p. 556 – write all questions and highlight all answerso Writing About History p. 538, #9 and p. 557, #9 – At least two paragraphs for each.

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Era 9/ Chapters 17:2-3, 19 – World at War II (1939-1945)

Alabama Course of Study:14 – Describe the causes and consequences of World War II.

a. Explaining the rise of militarist and totalitarian states in Italy, Germany, the Soviet Union, and Japan.b. Identifying turning points of World War II in the European and Pacific Theaters.c. Depicting geographic locations of world events between 1939-1945.d. Identifying on a map changes in national borders as a result of World War II.

Essential Questions:1. What factors allowed the rise of totalitarian dictators like Mussolini and Hitler?2. What were the main causes of World War II?3. How were the allies able to defeat the dictators and win the war?4. What were the social, political, economic, religious, and intellectual, causes of WWI?5. How did the face of war change in WWII?6. What were the similarities and differences between the European and pacific theatres?7. What impact did the Holocaust have on the social consciousness of the global community?

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8. How did the end of WWII affect the political consciousness of the new global era?

After completing this outline, you should be able to:a. Examine the impact of the war on science, art, and social thinking.b. Discuss the rise of fascism in Europe and Asia. c. Describe the nature of totalitarianism and the police state that existed in Russia, Germany, and Italy and how they

differ from authoritarian governments.d. Explain the aggression and conflict leading to World War II in Europe and Asia.e. Describe the major conflicts and outcomes including Pearl Harbor, El-Alamein, Stalingrad, D-Day, Guadalcanal, the Philippines,

and the end of the war in Europe and Asia.f. Identify Nazi ideology, policies, and consequences which led to the Holocaust.g. Compare the military and diplomatic negotiations between the leaders of Great Britain (Churchill), the Soviet Union (Stalin), and

the United States (Roosevelt/Truman) from Teheran to Yalta and Potsdam and the impact on the nations of Eastern Europe.h. Explain allied Post-World War II policies including formation of the United Nations, the Marshall Plan for Europe, and

McArthur’s plan for Japan.i. Describe how Stalin, the leader of the Soviet Union, eliminated people who threatened his power.j. Explain why many Germans accepted the Nazi dictatorship while other Germans suffered greatly under Hitler’s rule.k. Identify the steps taken by Germany and Japan that led to the beginning of World War II.l. Describe the successes of Germany and Japan in the early years of war.m. List the major events of the last years of war.n. Explain the causes and results of the Holocaust.o. Explain the conditions of the peace settlement and the ways in which the peace settlement led to the Cold War.

Outline:I. The Rise of Dictatorial Regimes (pp. 540-546)

A. The Rise of Dictators (pp. 540-541)1. 2. 3. 4.

What is the goal of a totalitarian state?B. Fascism in Italy (pp. 541-543)

1. 2. 3. Rise of Fascism (p. 541)

a. b. c. d. e. f.

4. The Fascist State (p. 542)a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h.

How did Mussolini gain power in Italy?C. A New Era in the Soviet Union (pp. 543-544)

1. 2. 3. 4. Lenin’s New Economic Policy (p. 543)

a. b. c.

5. The Rise of Stalin (p. 543)a.

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b. c. d. e.

6. Five-Year Plans (p. 544)a. b. c. d. e.

7. Costs of Stalin’s Programs (p. 545)a. b. c. d. e.

What was Lenin’s new economic policy?D. Authoritarian States in the West (pp. 545-546)

1. 2. Eastern Europe (p. 545)

a. b. c.

3. Spain (p. 546)a. b. c. d.

How did Czechoslovakia maintain its political diplomacy?



II. Hitler and Nazi Germany (pp. 548-553)A. Hitler and His Views (pp. 548-549)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

What main ideas does Hitler express in his book Mein Kampf?B. Rise of Nazism (pp. 549-550)

1. 2. 3. 4.

Why was the Enabling Act important to Hitler’s success in controlling Germany?C. The Nazi State, 1933-1939 (pp. 551-553)

1. 2. 3. 4. The State and Terror (p. 551)

a. b. c.

5. Economic Policies (p. 552)a.

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b. c.

6. Spectacles and Organizations (p. 552)a. b.

7. Women and Nazism (p. 552)a. b.

8. Anti-Semitic Policies (p. 553)a. b. c. d.

What steps did Hitler take to establish a Nazi totalitarian state in Germany?



III. Paths to War (pp. 591-595)A. The German Path to War (pp. 591-594)

1. 2. 3. The First Steps (p. 592)

a. b. c. d. e.

4. New Alliances (p. 592)a. b.

5. Union With Austria (p. 592)a. b.

6. Demands and Appeasement (p. 593)a. b. c.

7. Great Britain and France React (p. 593)a. b. c.

8. Hitler and the Soviets (p. 594)a. b. c.

Where did Hitler believe he could find more “living space” to expand Germany?B. The Japanese Path to War (pp.594-595)

1. 2. 3. 4. War With China (p. 594)

a. b. c.

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5. The New Asian Order (p. 595)a. b. c. d. e. f.

Why did Japan want to establish a New Order in East Asia?



IV. The Course of World War II (pp. 596-604)A. Europe at War (pp. 596-599)

1. 2. 3. Hitler’s Early Victories (p. 597)

a. b. c.

4. The Battle of Britain (p. 597)a. b. c.

5. Attack on the Soviet Union (p. 598)a. b. c. d. e.

In the spring of 1941, what cause Hitler to delay his invasion of the Soviet Union? What halted the German advance once it had begun?

B. Japan at War (pp. 599-600)1. 2. 3. 4.

By the spring of 1942, which territories did Japan control?

C. The Allies Advance (pp. 601-602)1. 2. The European Theater (p. 600)

a. b. c. d. e. f.

3. The Asian Theater (p. 602)a. b. c.

Why was the German assault on Stalingrad a crushing defeat for the Germans?D. Last Years of the War (pp. 603-604)

1. 2. The European Theater (p. 603)

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a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h.

3. The Asian Theater (p. 604)a. b. c. d.

What was the “second front” that the Allies opened in western Europe?



V. The New Order and the Holocaust (pp. 606-611)A. The New Order in Europe (pp. 606-607)

1. 2. Resettlement in the East (p. 607)

a. b. c. d. e.

3. Slave Labor in Germany (p. 607)a. b.

What was Hitler’s vision for the residents of eastern Europe?B. The Holocaust (pp. 607-610)

1. 2. 3. The Einsatzgruppen (p. 607)

a. b. c.

4. The Death Camps (p. 608)a. b. c. d.

5. The Death Toll (p. 609)a. b. c. d. e.

6. Children in the War (p. 609)a. b. c. d. e.

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f. g.

What was the job of the Einsatzgruppen?C. The New Order in Asia (pp. 610-611)

1. 2. Japanese Politics (p. 610)

a. b. c.

3. Japanese Behavior (p. 610)a. b. c. d. e. f.

How did the Japanese treat the native peoples in occupied land?



VI. The Home Front and the Aftermath of the War (pp. 612-618)A. The Mobilization of People: Four Examples (pp. 612-614)

1. 2. 3. The Soviet Union (p. 613)

a. b. c. d.

4. The United States (p. 613)a. b. c. d. e. f.

5. Germany (p. 614)a. b. c. d. e. f. g.

6. Japan (p. 614)a. b. c. d.

How did World War II contribute to racial tensions in the United States?B. Frontline Civilians: The Bombing of Cities (pp. 615-616)

1. 2.

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3. Britain (p. 615)a. b.

4. Germany (p. 615)a. b. c. d.

5. Japan (p. 616)a. b. c.

Why were civilian populations targeted in bombing raids?C. Peace and a New War (pp. 616-618)

1. 2. The Tehran Conference (p. 617)

a. b.

3. The Yalta Conference (p. 617)a. b. c. d. e. f. g.

4. The Potsdam Conference (p. 618)a. b.

5. Was Crimes Trial (p. 618)a. b.

6. A New Struggle (p. 618)a. b.

Why did Stalin want to control Eastern Europe after World War II?



Important Notes:What was the historical origin and characteristics of fascism?Historical Origins• Fascism started in Italy in 1919 under the leadership of Benito Mussolini and survived until he was deposed during World War II. • The harsh peace imposed after World War I also contributed to the appeal of fascism in Germany.

Characteristics• A type of totalitarian government based on a militaristic political ideology that promotes extreme loyalty to the state and is

characterized by centralized dictatorial leadership and complete control of all aspects of life by the government.• Fascist leaders exploit social difference to maintain power; hence minorities and dissenters are often persecuted in these

governments if they speak out. • Fascism and Nazism are characterized by strong nationalist feelings.

What are the characteristics of totalitarianism?

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• Form of government based on an ideology of total control by the ruler or ruling party. Totalitarian governments seek to control all aspects of public and private life. Personal freedoms are severely limited through the use of secret police, censorship, and propaganda. In many totalitarian governments society’s resources and the means of production are controlled by the state. The state determines how goods and services are distributed.

• While both fascism and communism are examples of totalitarian systems, historically the two are hostile to one another.

World War IICausesRise of Dictators• European powers and the United States did little to intercede as dictators first amassed internal power in the 1920s and then

threatened republican governments in the 1930s.

Growing militarism• Militarism emerged and gained strength in Japan, Germany, and Italy as leaders sought to reverse the economic crises each

government experienced in the 1920s and 1930s.• In 1937 military leaders took control of Japan’s government and invaded mainland China. The Japanese committed horrible

atrocities in what became known as the Rape of Nanjing.

Failure to respond effectively to Aggression• While the League of Nations condemned Japan for invading Manchuria in 1931 it could not do little more than express displeasure,

nor did it act in 1935 when Hitler withdrew from the League and began rearming Germany.• Hoping to avoid another global conflict and economically depressed the European powers adopted a policy of appeasement, which

allowed for Hitler to rearm, occupy the Rhineland, annex Austria in the Anschluss, and seize the Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia.

Effects • Huge loss of life and massive destruction• 55-60 million died, over half of these being civilian deaths, in addition millions left homeless • Women remained in large numbers in the workforce in US and Europe• Economic boom and “baby boom” in US • push for scientific and technological innovation along with a space race• Push for civil rights movement in US• Japanese forced to demilitarize and establish a democracy, later rebuilt a capitalist economy and established strong economic ties

to the West

Total war• One quarter to one third of world’s production capacity was dedicated to war production• 61 nations eventually involved in the conflict• Large numbers of women entered the workforce to produce for the war effort• Governments again took control of industries to produce for the war and instituted rationing and price controls

How did totalitarianism emerge and what is characteristic of totalitarianism?Emergence• Benito Mussolini sought to unite Italians under fascism, a form of belligerent nationalism and became prime minister in 1922. • The harsh peace imposed after World War I also contributed to the appeal of fascism in Germany. Adolf Hitler became its leading

spokesman through the Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiter-Partei (later shortened to Nazi) which he led by 1921. By 1934 Hitler was effectively dictator of Germany.

• Following Lenin’s death in 1924 a struggle for power ensued and Joseph Stalin came to power in 1928. Stalin became a ruthless dictator who carried out a campaign against any threats to his power- the Great Purges of the 1930’s resulted in the execution of 5-7 million Soviet citizens. Millions were also exiled to labor camps (gulags).

Characteristics• Form of government based on an ideology of total control by the ruler or ruling party. Totalitarian governments seek to control

all aspects of public and private life. Personal freedoms are severely limited through the use of secret police, censorship, and propaganda. In many totalitarian governments society’s resources and the means of production are controlled by the state. The state determines how goods and services are distributed.

• While both fascism and communism are examples of totalitarian systems, historically the two are hostile to one another.

What were the roles of the following world leaders prior to and during World War II?Benito Mussolini

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• Mussolini was the founder of Fascism and leader of Italy from 1922 to 1943. He allied Italy with Nazi Germany and Japan in World War Two.

Adolf Hitler• Hitler appointed himself fuehrer in 1934 in Germany and began to remove opposition and threats. The Gestapo and SS

(Schutzstaffeln) combined to police Germany and aid in creating a German Reich in central Europe with the goal of extending control worldwide. World War II escalated when Churchill refused to let Britain fall to the Germans following the invasion of France in 1940. Hitler then invaded the Soviet Union in 1941 and launched the “Final Solution to the Jewish Question” in 1942. He committed suicide in a bunker in Berlin at war’s end. As many as 50 million died as a result of Hitler’s actions.

Hideki Tojo• Japanese prime minster during WWII. He held extreme right-wing views and was a supporter of Nazi Germany. Ordered the

attack on Pearl Harbor on Dec. 7, 1941 officially bring the US into WWII. After the fall of Saipan in July, 1944 he resigned from office and tried to commit suicide prior to being arrested by the US in 1945. He survived and after being nursed back to health was tried as a war criminal and executed in Dec. 1948.

Joseph Stalin• Stalin was the supreme ruler of the Soviet Union for a quarter of a century. His forced ndustrializatio of agriculture cost millions

of lives, while his programme of rapid ndustrialization achieved huge increases in Soviet productivity and economic growth but at great cost. Moreover, the population suffered immensely during the Great Terror of the 1930s, during which Stalin purged the party of ‘enemies of the people’, resulting in the execution of thousands and the exile of millions to the gulag system of slave labour camps. He oversaw the war machine that played a key role in the defeat of Nazism.

Franklin D. Roosevelt• In 1932 was elected president of the United States. He began the New Deal in the first 100 days after his inauguration. His

reforms, proposed to counteract the effects of the Great Depression. He strengthened government work programs. By 1939, Roosevelt transferred his efforts from the New Deal to a new diplomacy to counter the aggression of Adolf Hitler, Benito Mussolini, and Tojo Hideki. American support for Roosevelt was high, and he dominated the political scene for four terms, the most of any U.S. president.

Winston Churchill British statesman who led Britain through most of World War II. In 1940 he was appointed prime minister and resolved to lead

the people toward “victory at all costs; . . . for without victory there is no survival.” He planned many allied campaigns with U.S. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt. He predicted an “iron curtain” would separate the Communist Soviet Union from the west and warned of a Soviet threat.

What were the major causes and events of World War II?

German invasions of Poland and the Soviet Union• Wanting to avoid a two-front war Hitler and Stalin agreed to a Nazi-Soviet Pact, which promised the Eastern half of Poland to

the Soviet Union.• September 1,1939 German forces using their blitzkrieg (lightening war) military tactic invaded Poland. Soviet Union invaded in

the East.• Britain and France responded by declaring war on Germany.• In the summer of 1941 German troops moved into Greece to assist Italian troops. The Nazi-Soviet Pact had promised the

Balkans to the Soviet Union. Now that Germany had control of Greece they voided the agreement and proceeded to invade the Soviet Union in June of 1941. (Operation Barbarossa)

• German forces surrounded Leningrad, which remained under siege for over a year. • Eventually German forces reached the outskirts of Moscow, where Soviet defenses and winter conditions halted the German

offensive in the Soviet Union.

The Holocaust• Methodical plan orchestrated by Hitler to ensure German supremacy. It called for the elimination of undesirables from German

society. The Nazis first murdered non-conformists, political prisoners, homosexuals, the physically and mentally disabled, and non-Aryans (those who could not document a pure German ancestry). After a majority of these people were exterminated in gas vans, Hitler’s focus turned toward “the final solution of the Jewish question.” His anti-Semitism was rabid and it resulted in the execution of millions of Jews throughout Europe.

• Mass murder began in the Ukraine at Babi Yar but the system of digging mass graves was too slow and German soldiers protested too much. Instead the Nazis developed concentration camps to hold the prisoners, gas chambers to murder them, and ovens to cremate the bodies. Reports of the atrocities failed to inspire any country to oppose the heinous crimes. Not until the Allied troops marched into Germany in 1945 was the extent of the Holocaust confirmed.

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Japanese imperialism• 1930’s military leaders took control of Japan and promoted imperialism, wanting to build an Asian empire.• 1931 Japan invaded Manchuria establishing a colony there.• 1937 Japan invaded Mainland China. The Japanese committed horrible atrocities in what became known as the Rape of Nanjing,

where 250,000 Chinese were slaughtered in a few weeks time.• The German invasion of France in 1940 left French Indochina vulnerable. The Japanese invaded taking control of the rubber and

tin supplied there and needed for the war effort.

The attack on Pearl Harbor• December 7, 1941, Japanese forces launched a surprise attack on the US naval station at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii.• At the same time Japanese bombed and invaded US bases in the Pacific and the Philippines.• Brought the United States into the war in both the Pacific and Europe.

The Normandy landings• By 1943, Britain and the US were prepared to launch an offensive in Europe, first invading in Italy.• June 6, 1944 a combined English, American, and Canadian force landed on the French beaches of Normandy.• From this point Allied forces battled across northern France in the summer of 1944, eventually liberating France.

The dropping of the atomic bombs• On August 6, 1945, the first atomic bomb was dropped on the military-base city of Hiroshima. A total of 180,000 were killed or

missing. • A second bomb fell on the naval-base city of Nagasaki on August 9 with 80,000 killed or missing.

What were the effects of new military technologies?• Radar invented to detect planes.• Sonar used to locate submarines.• Rockets delivered high explosives long distances.• Jet aircraft moved supplies and launched bombs.• New landing craft used to storm beachheads.• Long-range submarines• Airplanes, tanks and new artillery allowed for offensive, rapid warfare.• Nuclear bomb was developed with the goal of ending the war, most destructive weapon invented.

Discussion Questions:1. Why and how did the world drift towards a second major war? Address the actions of Japan, German and Italy.2. Describe appeasement. Why did WWI, the League of Nations, the Great Depression and the Kellogg-Briand Pact together lead to the

appeasement policy?3. Why did Hitler want to take over European countries such as Austria, Czechoslovakia, and Poland? What was the motivation behind

the aggression of Italy and Japan?4. Describe the examples of the expansion of the Third Reich and why the Munich Conference is still seen today as the example of why

appeasement is a bad idea.5. Why did the Nazis and Soviets sign a non-aggression pact? In what ways does this agreement mirror the Schlieffen Plan from WWI?6. Describe how Hitler utilized the blitzkrieg strategy in both eastern and western Europe7. Describe the parallels between WWI and WWII in terms of the strategies and method of war?8. What should Hitler have learned from Napoleon, but clearly had not?9. Describe the Atlantic Charter and its importance in the future of the world.10. Why did Japan attack Pearl Harbor?11. Describe the turning point in the Pacific War.12. How did the allies go on the offensive?13. Why did the Nazis persecute Jews and other ethnic groups?14. How did Jews respond to the increases in Nazi violence ?15. Describe the purpose, methods and results of the “Final Solution” and how it is the ultimate example of genocide.16. What role did regular people play in the holocaust?17. In what ways can the Battle for Stalingrad be compared to the Battle of Midway?18. How did WWII affect the homefronts?19. Describe how the Allies were able to defeat Germany.20. Was the dropping of the atomic bomb necessary to end the war?21. Describe the results of WWII on Europe and Japan politically, socially and economically.22. What was the purpose for the Nuremberg Trials and what new judicial principle was created there?23. How does WWII compare to other wars in terms of technology, destruction, size and consequences?

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24. Identify cases of inhumanity during WWII, the reasons for them, and the reaction to them (Holocaust, Nanking, terror bombing, atomic bomb, etc.)25. Analyze both the Axis and Allied Alliances. Why did these countries cooperate and what conclusions can you draw about the nature of cooperation and conflict between countries?26. Why was the United Nations created? How was the UN different from the League of Nations that it replaced? Why did the UN succeed where the League of Nations failed?27. What is the legacy of World War II? How was the world forever changed by this conflict?28. Why is World War II considered a major turning point in history?29. Define:

a. totalitarian stateb. fascismc. New Economic Policyd. Politburoe. collectivizationf. Benito Mussolinig. Joseph Stalinh. Five-Year Plani. Francisco Francoj. Reichstagk. concentration campl. Adolf Hitlerm. National Socialist German Workers’ Partyn. Mein Kampfo. lebensraum p. Enabling Actq. Aryanr. Heinrich Himmlers. Nuremberg Laws

t. Kristallnachtu. appeasementv. demilitarizedw. sanctionx. Chaing Kai-sheky. blitzkriegz. partisanaa. Franklin D. Rooseveltbb. Douglas MacArthurcc. Winston Churchilldd. Harry S. Trumanee. genocideff. collaboratorgg. Reinhard Heydrichhh. mobilization

ll. kamikazejj. Albert Speerkk. General Hideki Tojoll. Cold War



the class. Complete Chapter 17, Section 2 Assessment p. 546 #3-7; Chapter 17, Section 3 Assessment p. 553 #3-7; Chapter 19,

Section 1 Assessment p. 595 #3-7; Chapter 19, Section 2 Assessment p. 604 #3-7; Chapter 19, Section 3 Assessment p. 611 #3-7; and Chapter 19, Section 4 Assessment p. 618 #3-7. Write all questions and highlight all answers.

Complete the following activities in the book – write all questions and highlight all answers:o Geography Skills – p. 541, 544, 593, 594, 599, 602, 608, 617o History Through Art – p. 546o Eyewitness to History – p. 547, 605o Picturing History – p. 549, 610, 613o Chart Skills – p. 552o Graphic Organizer Skills – p. 600o Then and Now – p. 615o Science, Technology, and Society – p. 616

Complete the Chapter 19 Assessment and Activities – pp. 620-621, #1-17. Write all questions and highlight all answers.

Complete the Writing About History writing activities – p. 546 #9; p. 553 #9; p. 595 #9; p. 604 #9; p. 611 #9; p. 618 #9. Each activity should be at least two paragraphs, 6-8 sentences each. Use proper grammar.

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Documents

images.pcmac.orgimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/AL/ChiltonCounty/Je… · Web viewEra 1/Chapter 5 – The Renaissance and Reformation (1300-1600 AD) Alabama Course of Study Objectives: