AP Psychology Final Exam Study GuideWhich philosopher is most well known for theorizing that the mind at birth is tabula rasa or a “blank slate”?a. Platob. John Lockec. Immanuel Kantd. René Descartese. Aristotle

In Wilhelm Wundt's experiments, participants were asked to press a key as soon as they were consciously aware of perceiving a sound. By asking participants to examine and report their conscious experiences, Wundt was making use of which of the following?a. structuralismb. empiricismc. tabula rasad. introspectione. functionalism

Introspection was the basic research tool used by ________ in order to study people's inner sensations and mental images.a. John Watsonb. Charles Darwinc. Edward Titchenerd. B. F. Skinnere. Mary Calkins

Arguments as to whether psychological differences between men and women result from biological or social influences most clearly involve a debate over the issue ofa. evolution versus natural selection.b. stage development versus continuous development.c. structuralism versus functionalism.d. behavior versus mental processes.e. nature versus nurture.

Lissette wonders whether personality differences between her African-American and Asian-American friends result from biological or cultural influences. In this instance, Lissette is primarily concerned with the relative contributions ofa. biology and cognition.b. nature and nurture.c. behavior and mental processes.d. conscious and unconscious thoughts.e. introspection versus structuralism.

Professor Reed attempts to assess the relative contributions of heredity and home environment on children's susceptibility to depression. Her research best illustrates the concerns of the ________ approach.a. psychodynamicb. biopsychosocialc. cognitived. humanistice. behavioral

Mrs. Alfieri believes that her husband's angry outbursts against her result from his unconscious hatred of his own mother. Mrs. Alfieri is looking at her husband's behavior from a(n) ________ perspective.a. evolutionaryb. behavioralc. psychodynamicd. biologicale. social-cultural

Which perspective is most directly concerned with how the physical properties of the brain influence behaviors and mental states?a. cognitiveb. social-culturalc. psychodynamicd. behaviorale. biological

In a class lecture, Professor Hampton emphasized the extent to which abnormal blood chemistry can contribute to psychological disorders. The professor's lecture highlighted a ________ perspective on psychological disorders.a. psychodynamic

b. humanisticc. biologicald. social-culturale. cognitive

The behavioral perspective is most likely to emphasize the importance ofa. cognition.b. observable responses.c. introspection.d. natural selection.e. self-esteem.

Dr. MacPherson believes that the way students organize and think about the information in their textbooks will strongly influence their ability to later remember and use what they have studied. Dr. MacPherson's ideas most directly exemplify the ________ perspective.a. social-culturalb. cognitivec. psychodynamicd. humanistice. biological

Dr. Kozak has concluded that the unusually low incidence of alcohol dependence among citizens of a small African country can be attributed to strong fundamentalist religious influences in that region. This belief best illustrates a(n) ________ perspective.a. humanisticb. evolutionaryc. psychodynamicd. biologicale. social-cultural

A theoretical perspective in psychology can be like a two-dimensional view of a three-dimensional object because each perspective isa. limited in its scope.b. likely to contradict other perspectives.c. based on assumptions shared by other perspectives.d. of little value for applied research.e. impossible to test scientifically.

Dr. Tiao conducts basic research on the effects of head injuries on people's problem-solving and abstract-reasoning skills. Which psychological specialty does her research best represent?a. developmental psychologyb. biological psychologyc. industrial-organizational psychologyd. clinical psychologye. personality psychology

Dr. Mills conducts research on why individuals conform to the behaviors and opinions of others. Which specialty area does his research best represent?a. cognitive psychologyb. social psychologyc. developmental psychologyd. clinical psychologye. industrial-organizational psychology

Alexandra is told that research supports the value of cosmetic surgery for boosting self-esteem. Belinda is told that the esteem-enhancing value of cosmetic surgery has been refuted by research. Both women would consider the findings to be common sense. This best illustrates the power ofa. random sampling.b. overconfidence.c. the hindsight bias.d. illusory correlation.e. the double-blind procedure.

Our tendency to believe we know more than we do illustratesa. naturalistic observation.b. illusory correlation.c. overconfidence.d. the standard deviation.e. placebo.

When you question whether anecdotal evidence can be generalized to all people, you are applyinga. overconfidence.b. the placebo effect.c. the hindsight bias.d. random assignment.e. critical thinking.

Dr. Roberts hypothesized that students in a classroom seating 30 would get higher course grades than students seated in an auditorium seating 300. In this example,a. Dr. Roberts has found a cause-effect relationship.b. Dr. Roberts has found a positive correlation between classroom size and course grades.c. the independent variable is the measurement of course grades.d. classroom size has been operationally defined.e. Dr. Roberts has demonstrated the importance of random sampling.

Which research method is typically used to examine one participant in depth, usually because the individual's situation/behavior is rare or unusual?a. surveyb. correlationc. experimentd. case studye. scientific method

Which of the following researchers used the case study method, carefully observing one exceptional individual in depth to reach conclusions that might be true of all of us?a. Jean Piagetb. James Randic. Jane Goodalld. William Jamese. John b. Watson

In 1953, H.M. underwent surgery to control his seizures. Doctors removed tissue from the hippocampus. As a result H.M.'s memory was severely impaired. Psychologists studied H.M.'s memory function until his death in 2008. Which research method did the psychologists utilize in this situation?a. naturalistic observationb. correlationc. surveyd. experimentatione. case study

The biggest danger of relying on case-study evidence is that ita. is based on naturalistic observation.b. may be unrepresentative of what is generally true.c. overestimates the importance of operational definitions.d. leads us to underestimate the causal relationships between events.e. relies mostly on correlational rather than causational evidence.Which research method would be most appropriate for investigating the relationship between the religious beliefs of Americans and their attitudes toward abortion?a. the surveyb. naturalistic observationc. the case studyd. experimentatione. random assignment

Which procedure helps to ensure that the participants in a survey are representative of a larger population?a. random assignmentb. replicationc. correlationd. naturalistic observatione. random sampling

After noting that a majority of professional basketball players are African-American, Ervin concluded that African-Americans are better athletes than members of other racial groups. Ervin's conclusion best illustrates the danger ofa. replication.b. hindsight bias.

c. the placebo effect.d. generalizing from vivid cases.e. randomly assigning variables.

To study the development of relationships, Dr. Rajiv carefully observed and recorded patterns of verbal and nonverbal behaviors among boys and girls in the school yard. Which research method did Dr. Rajiv employ?a. naturalistic observationb. replicationc. the surveyd. the case studye. experimentation

Correlational research is most useful for purposes ofa. explanation.b. prediction.c. control.d. replication.e. experimentation.

Which of the following statistical measures is most helpful for indicating the extent to which high school grades predict college grades?a. standard deviationb. meanc. mediand. correlation coefficiente. range

If psychologists discovered that wealthy people are less satisfied with their marriages than poor people are, this would indicate that wealth and marital satisfaction area. causally related.b. negatively correlated.c. independent variables.d. dependent variables.e. positively correlated.

If college graduates typically earn more money than high school graduates, this would indicate that level of education and income area. causally related.b. positively correlated.c. independent variables.d. dependent variables.e. negatively correlated.

If the correlation between the physical weight and reading ability of children is +0.85, this would indicate thata. there is very little statistical relationship between weight and reading ability among children.b. low body weight has a negative effect on the reading abilities of children.c. better reading ability is associated with greater physical weight among children.d. body weight has no causal influence on the reading abilities of children.e. weight is a causal variable dependent on reading ability.

Which of the following correlation coefficients expresses the weakest degree of relationship between two variables?a. –0.12b. +1.00c. –0.99d. +0.25e. –0.50

Which of the following correlations between annual income and education level would best enable you to predict annual income on the basis of level of education?a. +0.05b. –0.01c. +0.10d. +0.50e. –0.001

Following the scientific discovery that a specific brain structure is significantly larger in violent individuals than in those who are nonviolent, a news headline announced: “Enlarged Brain Structure Triggers Violent Acts.” The headline writer should most clearly be warned about the dangers ofa. perceiving illusory correlations.b. explaining events in hindsight.c. confusing correlation with causation.d. generalizing from unrepresentative samples.e. discerning order in random events.

Which of the following is the best definition of illusory correlation?a. a statistical relationship between two variablesb. a perceived but nonexistent correlationc. any independent variable that does not truly cause a dependent variabled. a scatterplot indicating the likelihood that a variable will or will not changee. a predication about the relationship between two variables

Because she had a serious traffic accident on Friday the 13th of last month, Felicia is convinced that all Friday the 13ths will bring bad luck. Felicia's belief best illustratesa. the illusion of control.b. illusory correlation.c. the hindsight bias.d. overconfidence.e. random sampling.

To minimize the extent to which outcome differences between experimental and control conditions can be attributed to placebo effects, researchers make use ofa. random sampling.b. the double-blind procedure.c. random assignment.d. operational definitions.e. replication.

In a study of the effects of alcohol consumption, some participants drank a nonalcoholic beverage that actually smelled and tasted like alcohol. This nonalcoholic drink was aa. dependent variable.b. replication.c. placebo.d. random sample.e. double blind.

Which of the following is true for those assigned to a control group?a. The experimenter exerts the greatest influence on participants' behavior.b. The research participants are exposed to all the different experimental treatments.c. The research participants are exposed to the most favorable levels of experimental treatment.d. The experimental treatment is absent.e. The operational definition is not applied to their variables.

When you read a bar graph, it is most important for you toa. understand the concept of the overconfidence effect.b. mentally transform the data into a scatterplot.c. identify the value of the standard deviation.d. note the range and size of the scale values.e. remember that correlation facilitates prediction.

During the past month, Henri and Sylvia each ate 10 candy bars, while Jerry ate 8, Tricia ate 6, and Tahli ate only 1. The mean number of candy bars eaten by these individuals wasa. 3.b. 5.c. 7.d. 8.e. 10.

Seven members of a boys' club reported the following individual earnings from their sale of cookies: $2, $9, $8, $10, $4, $9, and $7. In this distribution of individual earningsa. the median is greater than the mean and greater than the mode.

b. the median is less than the mean and less than the mode.c. the median is greater than the mean and less than the mode.d. the median is less than the mean and greater than the mode.e. the median is equal to the mean and equal to the mode.

During the last Central High School basketball game, the starting five players scored 11, 7, 21, 14, and 7 points, respectively. For this distribution of scores, the range isa. 7.b. 11.c. 12.d. 14.e. 21.

Professor Woo noticed that the distribution of students' scores on her last biology test had an extremely small standard deviation. This indicates that thea. test was given to a very small class of students.b. students' scores tended to be very similar to one another.c. mean test score was lower than the median score.d. students generally performed very well on the test.e. test was a poor measure of the students' knowledge.Coach Vroman attended a clinic to improve his basketball coaching skills. Afterward, he randomly assigned his seventh-grade players to two groups: Group 1 will be coached by the new method and Group 2 will be coached by his old method. He then measured their performance at one team practice to judge the effectiveness of the new coaching method. Which of the following might affect the statistical significance of his study?a. Approval from an Institutional Review Board (IRb. was not obtained before beginning his study.b. To determine the effectiveness of the new method, Coach Vroman must first find the median score of each

group.c. By testing only two groups, Coach Vroman's sample size may be too small and unrepresentative.d. Coach Vroman should wait until next year to test the incoming freshman because his sample was biased.e. A third variable, such as height, might affect the relationship between the two variables.

Your friend is taking her first psychology class. She comes to you saying, “I don't understand why we are studying the brain; I thought this was a psychology class.” Because of your background in psychology, your best response should bea. “It's been known since Aristotle's time that the brain is the center of intelligence and thought.”b. “Phrenologists established the importance of studying the physical brain to understand mental abilities.”c. “Science has demonstrated that Plato's belief in the heart as the origin of emotion is correct.”d. “Everything psychological is simultaneously biological.”e. “Being able to name the parts of the brain helps us understand the basis of behavior.”

The longest part of a motor neuron is likely to be thea. dendrite.b. axon.c. cell body.d. synapse.e. neurotransmitter

In transmitting sensory information to the brain, an electrical signal travels from the ________ of a single neuron.a. cell body to the axon to the dendritesb. dendrites to the axon to the cell bodyc. axon to the cell body to the dendritesd. dendrites to the cell body to the axone. axon to the dendrites to the cell bodyThe part of a neuron that transmits neural messages to other neurons or to muscles or glands is called thea. dendrite.b. synapse.c. association area.d. axon.e. cell body.

As you are reading this question, the cells in your eyes are firing in response to the light coming from this paper. Which type of neuron is carrying this message to the brain?a. interneuronb. sensoryc. presynapticd. motore. efferent

Prozac, a drug commonly prescribed to treat depression, prevents the sending neuron from taking in excess serotonin. Which process does this drug prevent from taking place?a. depolarizationb. reuptakec. the all-or-none responsed. an action potentiale. a refractory period

When Mr. Valdez thought his 1-year-old daughter had fallen down the stairs, his heartbeat accelerated, his blood pressure rose, and he began to perspire heavily. Mr. Valdez's state of arousal was activated by his ________ nervous system.a. parasympatheticb. sympatheticc. somaticd. sensorimotore. central

Stimulated digestion is to inhibited digestion as the ________ nervous system is to the ________ nervous system.a. somatic; autonomicb. autonomic; somaticc. central; peripherald. sympathetic; parasympathetice. parasympathetic; sympathetic

The knee-jerk reflex is controlled by interneurons in thea. action potential.b. spinal cord.c. resting potential.d. endocrine system.e. neurotransmitters.

The best way to detect enlarged fluid-filled brain regions in some patients who have schizophrenia is to use a(n)a. EEG.b. MRI.c. PET scan.d. brain lesion.e. X-ray.

Your ability to experience the physical pleasure of a hot shower is most likely to be disrupted by damage to youra. corpus callosum.b. angular gyrus.c. hippocampus.d. amygdala.e. thalamus.

The “little brain” attached to the rear of the brainstem is called thea. limbic system.b. corpus callosum.c. cerebellum.d. reticular formation.e. thalamus.

Ellen volunteers during her AP psychology class to try to balance a yardstick on her two fingers. While her eyes are open, she finds the task quite easy. However, when she closes her eyes, she finds the same task almost impossible. Which brain region relies on visual information in coordinating our voluntary movements?a. hypothalamusb. reticular formationc. thalamusd. amygdalae. cerebellum

Which neural center in the limbic system plays a central role in emotions such as aggression and fear?a. amygdalab. thalamusc. cerebellum

d. medullae. dendrite

When the cat's amygdala is electrically stimulated the cat prepares to attack by hissing and arching its back. Which division of the autonomic nervous system is activated by such stimulation?a. somaticb. parasympatheticc. centrald. sympathetice. sensorimotor

The secretions of the pituitary gland are most directly regulated by thea. reticular formation.b. hypothalamus.c. amygdala.d. cerebellum.e. thalamus.

Which region of the brain will a fMRI show as active when a person is looking at a photo?a. temporal lobesb. parietal lobesc. occipital lobesd. frontal lobese. association areas

While mapping the motor cortex, researchers Foerster and Penfield found thata. although the mind's subsystems are localized in specific brain regions, the brain acts like a unified whole.b. damage to a specific area in the left frontal lobe disrupted speech ability.c. body areas requiring the greatest control occupied the greatest amount of cortical space.d. if one part of the brain is damaged, the brain will compensate by putting other areas to work.e. our brain processes most information out of our awareness.

The cortical regions that are not directly involved in sensory or motor functions are known asa. interneurons.b. Broca's area.c. frontal lobes.d. association areas.e. parietal lobes.

Which brain area is primarily involved with controlling speech?a. sensory cortexb. angular gyrusc. association areasd. Broca's areae. hypothalamus

Which of the following best describes how the brain processes and controls language?a. Speech is such an important function of the brain that the right temporal lobe is devoted to it.b. Speech is primarily controlled in the occipital lobes, although association areas in the parietal lobes are also

involved.c. Subfunctions of speech (such as producing speech, reading aloud, and understanding speech) are processed

by different parts of the brain.d. Men and women process speech in different parts of the brain, determined primarily by genetics and early

environmental conditions.e. The brainstem processes the basic parts of speech and communicates with the frontal lobe's motor cortex.The localization of a function such as speech production to the right or left side of the brain is calleda. neurogenesis.b. lateralization.c. hemispherectomy.d. plasticity.e. reticular formation.

A failure to recognize that one's arm or leg is part of one's self is most likely to be associated with damage to thea. amygdala.

b. hypothalamus.c. right hemisphere.d. sympathetic nervous system.e. left hemisphere.

Deaf people who use sign language typicallya. demonstrate greater mathematical competence than hearing persons.b. process language in their left cerebral hemisphere.c. recognize facial expressions of emotion with their left rather than their right cerebral hemisphere.d. have a smaller corpus callosum than hearing persons.e. process language in the right hemisphere rather than the left.

Which brain structure might be most active when answering the question “What do the following words have in common: plane, butter, insect?”a. amygdalab. reticular formationc. brainstemd. left hemispheree. right hemisphere

Which kind of psychological researcher would be most interested in the research question, “Do people who lose most of their cerebral cortex in an accident still exhibit signs of consciousness?”a. behavioristb. developmental psychologistc. social-cultural researcherd. cognitive neuroscientiste. biopsychosocial researcher

Research into dual processing provides partial evidence for levels of consciousness similar to the levels first described by which psychologist?a. B. F. Skinnerb. Wilhelm Wundtc. Sigmund Freudd. Mary Calkinse. Edward Titchener

A segment of DNA capable of synthesizing a specific protein is called aa. gene.b. mutation.c. chromosome.d. hormone.e. neurotransmitter.

Put the following terms in order, from smallest to largest.a. chromosomes, genes, DNAb. genes, chromosomes, DNAc. DNA, genes, chromosomesd. DNA, chromosomes, genese. genes, DNA, chromosomes

Compared with identical twins, fraternal twins area. less likely to be the same sex and more likely to be similar in extraversion.b. more likely to be the same sex and more likely to be similar in extraversion.c. more likely to be the same sex and less likely to be similar in extraversion.d. less likely to be the same sex and less likely to be similar in extraversion.e. less likely to be the same sex and equally likely to be similar in extraversion.

Studies of identical twins who had been reared apart most clearly highlight the importance of ________ in personality development.a. natural selectionb. mutationc. adoptive relativesd. home environmentse. genetic predispositions

People have always responded so positively to Alyssa's good looks that she has developed a socially confident and outgoing personality. This best illustratesa. the impact of personality on gender identity.b. that ideas about gender and social roles are complementary.c. the interaction of nature and nurture.d. the reciprocal influence of norms and roles.e. the importance of nurture rather than nature.

Molecular behavior geneticists seek links between __________ and specific disorders.a. chromosomesb. proteinsc. genesd. environmente. behavior

Evolutionary psychologists emphasize that environmentally adaptive behaviors are those that have promoteda. reproductive success.b. personal happiness.c. cultural diversity.d. heritability.e. behavior genetics.

An evolutionary psychologist would be likely to suggest that human preferences for sweet-tasting foodsa. have hindered human reproduction.b. are genetically predisposed.c. correlate to climate conditions.d. vary widely across cultures.e. are not passed genetically to children.

Evolutionary psychologists would be most likely to predict that men will marry women who are ________ than they are.a. less wealthyb. less physically attractivec. more sexually experiencedd. youngere. more aggressive toward sexual rivals

Evolutionary psychologists have suggested that women prefer monogamy and men promiscuity in ensuring the survival of their genetic material. However, monogamous relationships can also be explained using an evolutionary perspective. This best illustrates which of the following criticisms of evolutionary psychology?a. Evolutionary psychology justifies traditional sexist attitudes.b. Evolutionary psychology undercuts moral responsibility for human behavior.c. Evolutionary psychology is based on a fatal flaw; just because a trait exists it doesn't mean it is adaptive.d. Evolutionary psychology works backward to propose an explanation; thus, any behavior can be explained.e. Evolutionary psychology assumes that human behavior has been stable long enough for it to evolve.

How have gender roles in the United States changed over time?a. Gender roles have changed relatively little when measured using objective surveys.b. Traditional masculine or feminine traits are not as significant in mate selection as they were in the past.c. Biological factors were once thought to influence gender roles, but recent research indicates that genes do

not influence gender roles.d. Gender roles for women discouraged aggressive behavior in the past, but now women and men have equal

rates of aggression.e. The rate of women's participation in traditionally male occupations has not changed significantly in the past

three decades.

Because she was listening to the news on the radio, Mrs. Schultz didn't perceive a word her husband was saying. Her experience best illustratesa. gate-control theory.b. choice blindness.c. gestalt.d. selective attention.e. opponent-process theory.

The ability to pay attention to only one voice at a time is calleda. gestalt.

b. change blindness.c. frequency.d. the cocktail party effect.e. sensory interaction.

Standing in the checkout line at the grocery store, Jerry kept looking at his watch to see the time. As a result, he failed to see that a store employee was being robbed by a person just in front of him. Jerry most clearly suffereda. place theory.b. inattentional blindness.c. sensory interaction.d. blind spot.e. feature detectors.

Which theory can best explain why people respond differently to the same stimuli?a. signal detection theoryb. frequency theoryc. opponent-process theoryd. the Young-Helmholtz theorye. bottom-up theory

Those who believe in the value of subliminal audiotapes would be wrong to claim thata. we can sometimes sense stimuli below our absolute threshold.b. subliminal stimuli can trigger priming.c. unconsciously processed information is unusually persuasive.d. imperceptibly brief stimuli can trigger a weak response.e. some information is processed automatically and we are not conscious of it.

Weber's law is relevant to an understanding ofa. absolute thresholds.b. difference thresholds.c. sensory adaptation.d. sensory interaction.e. parallel processing.

The constant quivering movements of our eyes enable us toa. focus the light on our retina.b. adjust the size of the pupil.c. minimize sensory adaptation.d. perceive speed more accurately.e. see in low levels of light.

Intensity is to brightness as wavelength is toa. accommodation.b. frequency.c. amplitude.d. hue.e. disparity.

Accommodation refers to thea. diminishing sensitivity to an unchanging stimulus.b. system for sensing the position and movement of muscles, tendons, and joints.c. quivering eye movements that enable the retina to detect continuous stimulation.d. process by which stimulus energies are changed into neural messages.e. process by which the lens changes shape to focus images on the retina.

The light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the rods and cones, is thea. fovea.b. optic nerve.c. cornea.d. retina.e. iris.

Which cells for visual processing are located closest to the back of the retina?a. ganglion cellsb. bipolar cells

c. rods and conesd. feature detectorse. occipital cells

Perceiving the color, motion, and form of a bird in flight illustratesa. serial processing.b. place theory.c. trichromatic theory.d. parallel processing.e. opponent-process theory.

Ms. Shields, a recent stroke victim, cannot consciously perceive the large book on the coffee table in front of her. Yet, when urged to identify the book, she correctly reads aloud the printed title on the book cover. Her response best illustratesa. subliminal perception.b. sensory adaptation.c. synaesthesia.d. blindsight.e. the McGurk effect.

According to the Young-Helmholtz theorya. the retina contains three kinds of color receptors.b. color vision depends on pairs of opposing retinal processes.c. the size of the difference threshold is proportional to the intensity of the stimulus.d. certain nerve cells in the brain respond to specific features of a stimulus.e. the optic nerve processes top-down stimuli.

The mechanical vibrations triggered by sound waves are transduced into neural impulses bya. hair cells.b. the eardrum.c. the oval window.d. the auditory cortex.e. the vestibular apparatus.

By amplifying soft sounds but not loud sounds, digital hearing aids producea. sensory interaction.b. compressed sound.c. subliminal stimulation.d. sensory compensation.e. feature detectors.

Which of the following best explains why we have difficulty locating sounds that are directly overhead?a. When the sound is directly overhead, it reaches both ears simultaneously.b. The hair cells along the basilar membrane do not fire when the sounds are directly overhead.c. The bones of the middle ear are all vibrating at different rates.d. The sound has become compressed and harder to hear.e. An individual neuron cannot fire faster than 1000 times per second.

A cochlear implant converts sounds intoa. decibels.b. electrical signals.c. air pressure changes.d. fluid vibrations.e. neurotransmitters.

The simultaneous stimulation of adjacent cold and warmth spots on the skin produces the sensation ofa. hot.b. cold.c. pressure.d. wetness.e. pain.

The ability to detect whether your body is in a horizontal or vertical position depends most directly ona. accommodation.b. sensory adaptation.

c. the vestibular sense.d. olfactory receptors.e. subliminal stimulation.

The semicircular canals are most directly relevant toa. hearing.b. kinesthesis.c. the vestibular sense.d. parallel processing.e. accommodation.

The classic gate-control theory suggests that pain is experienced when small nerve fibers activate and open a neural gate in thea. basilar membrane.b. semicircular canals.c. olfactory bulb.d. spinal cord.e. fovea.

Phantom limb sensations best illustrate that pain can be experienced in the absence ofa. sensory input.b. top-down processing.c. conscious awareness.d. parallel processing.e. figure-ground.

An integrated understanding of pain control in terms of mental distraction, the release of endorphins, and the presence of empathic caregivers is most clearly provided bya. perceptual constancy.b. opponent-process theory.c. a biopsychosocial approach.d. the visual cliff.e. the phi phenomenon.

The biopsychosocial approach to pain is likely to emphasize the importance of botha. top-down and bottom-up processing.b. frequency and place theories.c. kinesthesis and psychokinesis.d. telepathy and clairvoyance.e. opponent and process theories.

Many researchers believe that pleasing tastes attracted our ancestors to energy- or protein-rich foods that enabled their survival. Such researchers are most likelya. behavior geneticists.b. behaviorists.c. evolutionary psychologists.d. molecular geneticists.e. neuropsychologists.The sense of smell is known asa. subliminal stimulation.b. the vestibular sense.c. transduction.d. olfaction.e. the gustatory sense.

The area of the brain that receives information from the nose is directly connected with the limbic system. This connection may explain why smells are often involved in which of the following?a. pain sensationsb. altered states of consciousnessc. vivid memoriesd. subliminal perceptione. retinal disparity

Almost half the birds in the yard were brown cardinals and the rest were bright red cardinals, so Jimmy perceived them as two distinct groups of birds. This best illustrates the principle ofa. proximity.

b. closure.c. similarity.d. connectedness.e. disparity.

Which of the following is most helpful in perceiving the distance of objects far away from you?a. binocular cuesb. phi phenomenonc. perceptual constancyd. monocular cuese. continuity

The steadily increasing size of the retinal image of an approaching object is especially important for perceiving the object'sa. shape.b. motion.c. height.d. weight.e. color.

Knowing about the effects of the perceived distance of objects on their perceived size helps us to understanda. the Moon illusion.b. the McGurk effect.c. prosopagnosia.d. phantom limb sensations.e. parallel processing.

The Moon illusion can best be explained in terms of the relationship betweena. relative motion and relative height.b. perceived distance and perceived size.c. proximity and closure.d. atmospheric air pressure and diffusion of light waves.e. place theory and frequency theory.On a cloudy day, a yellow flower is likely to appear ________ it does on a bright sunny day.a. less colorful thanb. less yellow thanc. equally as yellow asd. more yellow thane. whiter than

After chicks were fitted with special lenses that visually displaced objects to the left, theya. quickly learned to compensate by pecking to the left of where the food appeared to be.b. only gradually learned to compensate by pecking to the right of where the food appeared to be.c. only gradually learned to compensate by pecking to the left of where the food appeared to be.d. never adapted to the visual distortion.e. immediately adapted and pecked successfully at the food.

After watching a scary television movie, Julie perceived the noise of the wind rattling her front windows as the sound of a burglar breaking into her house. Her mistaken interpretation best illustrates the influence ofa. perceptual set.b. binocular cues.c. perceptual adaptation.d. bottom-up processing.e. stroboscopic movement.

In 1972, a British newspaper published pictures of a “Loch Ness Monster.” Many people readily perceived photographs of a floating tree trunk as the partially submerged monster. This illustrates the powerful influence ofa. feature detectors.b. sensory adaptation.c. interposition.d. perceptual set.e. sensory interaction.

As Maria and her little brother looked up at the clouds, he exclaimed, “That one looks like a giant dinosaur!” Maria thought it looked more like a giant duck. Which of the following concepts best explains their different interpretations of the same ambiguous stimuli?

a. shape constancyb. context effectsc. perceptual setd. selective attentione. difference thresholds

To those throwing a very heavy rather than a light object at a target, the target is likely to be perceived asa. softer.b. slower moving.c. larger.d. farther away.e. more difficult.

Parapsychology refers to thea. study of phenomena such as ESP and psychokinesis.b. study of perceptual illusions.c. study of the phi phenomenon.d. direct transmission of thoughts from one mind to another.e. direct transduction of energy into neural impulses.

Which of the following is true of psychics who have worked with police departments in an effort to solve difficult crimes?a. They have demonstrated the value of clairvoyance.b. They have used telepathy to read the mind of the criminal.c. They have used precognition to forewarn the police of criminal acts.d. They have provided useful predictions using all their powers in 90 percent of the cases.e. They have reported visions that are no more accurate than guesses.

Psychologists are skeptical about the existence of ESP becausea. ESP researchers frequently accept evidence that they know is fraudulent.b. there is no way to scientifically test claims of ESP.c. many apparent demonstrations of ESP have been shown to be staged illusions.d. ESP experiments show the impact of ESP, but correlational studies do not.e. researchers have difficulty finding participants for ESP studies.

By 1960, the study of consciousness had been revived by psychologists' renewed interest ina. perception.b. emotion.c. socialization.d. mental processes.e. mental health.

Consciousness isa. the ability to solve problems, reason, and remember.b. the sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem.c. the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information.d. effortless encoding of incidental information into memory.e. our awareness of ourselves and our environment.

Those who emphasize that mood fluctuations may be indicative of seasonal affective disorder are highlighting the importance ofa. neuroadaptation.b. alpha waves.c. biological rhythms.d. narcolepsy.e. REM sleep.

When light strikes the retina, it signals the suprachiasmatic nucleus to alter ________ production by the pineal gland.a. melatoninb. serotoninc. acetylcholined. dopaminee. endorphin

The hypnagogic sensations of falling or floating are most likely to occur during which sleep stage?a. Stage 1

b. Stage 2c. Stage 3d. Stage 4e. REM

Fast and jerky movements of the eyes are especially likely to be associated witha. sleep spindles.b. dissociation.c. REM sleep.d. sleep apnea.e. NREM sleep.

Genital arousal is most likely to be associated witha. sleep apnea.b. REM sleep.c. Stage 4 sleep.d. sleep spindles.e. hypnagogic sleep.

Three hours after going to sleep, Shoshanna's heart rate increases, her breathing becomes more rapid, and her eyes move rapidly under her closed lids. Research suggests that Shoshanna isa. dreaming.b. entering the third stage of sleep.c. ready to sleepwalk.d. exhibiting a sleep spindle.e. experiencing a night terror.

Which of the following is evidence for cultural influences on sleep patterns?a. The sleep patterns of identical twins are usually similar.b. Brain waves are generally elevated and variable during REM sleep.c. Sleep patterns reflect differences in latent and manifest dream content.d. People in countries without electric lights generally sleep longer.e. Newborn babies spend more time in REM sleep than in NREM sleep.

Which of the following sleep disorders would be the most incapacitating for a commercial bus driver?a. night terrorsb. insomniac. sleepwalkingd. narcolepsye. sleep apnea

Sleep apnea is a disorder involvinga. the cessation of breathing during sleep.b. periodic uncontrollable attacks of overwhelming sleepiness.c. hypnagogic sensations of falling or floating weightlessly.d. the excessive use of sleeping pills or other sleep-inducing drugs.e. screams and panic during deep sleep.

Mr. Dayton occasionally stops breathing while sleeping. He wakes up to snort air for a few seconds before falling back to sleep. Mrs. Dayton complains that her husband snores. Clearly, Mr. Dayton suffers froma. sleep apnea.b. narcolepsy.c. insomnia.d. night terrors.e. aphasia.

According to Freud, the latent content of a dream refers toa. its accompanying brain-wave pattern.b. the previous day's events that prompted the dream.c. the sensory stimuli in the sleeping environment that are incorporated into the dream.d. its underlying but censored meaning.e. the story line of our dreams.

Under hypnosis, Mrs. Mohammed is encouraged by her therapist to vividly experience and describe the details of an argument she had with her father when she was a child. The therapist is employing a technique called

a. age regression.b. posthypnotic suggestion.c. paradoxical sleep.d. dissociation.e. posthypnotic amnesia.

In one study, both hypnotized and unhypnotized subjects were told to throw acid in a researcher's face. In this experiment, hypnotized peoplea. usually refused to engage in antisocial behavior.b. behaved in the same fashion as unhypnotized individuals.c. were easily influenced to act against their own will.d. experienced much more anxiety than unhypnotized individuals.e. often immediately awakened from the hypnotic state.

When subjected to a painful medical procedure without the benefit of an anesthetic, a hypnotized person is most likely toa. show physiological activation of the sensory cortex.b. exhibit a brain-wave pattern similar to that of Stage 4 sleep.c. have no sensory experience of the pain-producing procedure.d. be unable to remember anything that occurred during the procedure.e. demonstrate behaviors that indicate an NREM state.

Chemical substances that alter perceptions and moods are called ________ drugs.a. neuroadaptiveb. narcolepticc. psychoactived. hypnagogice. dissociative

After drinking three cans of beer, Akiva felt less guilty about the way he mistreated his wife and children. Akiva's reduced guilt most likely resulted from the fact that his alcohol consumption hasa. reduced his sexual desire.b. destroyed some of his brain cells.c. reduced his self-awareness.d. directed his attention to the future.e. increased his level of sympathetic nervous system arousal.

Nembutal, Seconal, and Amytal, drugs prescribed to reduce insomnia, area. barbiturates.b. amphetamines.c. opiates.d. mild hallucinogens.e. stimulants.

Why is it dangerous to combine alcohol with a sleeping pill?a. Alcohol and sleeping pills are stimulants; their combined action could lead to a heart attack.b. Alcohol and sleeping pills can both dehydrate the body, causing severe overheating, increased blood

pressure, and death.c. Alcohol and sleeping pills are depressants; their combined action reduces nervous system activity and can

lead to death.d. Alcohol and sleeping pills cause hallucinations that feel so real the person can experience severe panic or

harm himself or herself.e. Alcohol and sleeping pills both disrupt immediate memory formation, leading to severe impairment.

What is most likely to occur when the brain is repeatedly flooded with artificial opiates?a. The immune system is suppressed.b. The brain shrinks.c. The brain stops making dopamine.d. The level of serotonin is permanently decreased.e. The brain stops producing endorphins.

Adolescents are most likely to start smoking in order toa. gain social acceptance.b. trigger the release of lymphocytes.c. reduce their mental alertness.d. reduce their blood pressure.

e. gain decreased anxiety.

An altered state of consciousness in which people experience fantastic images and often feel separated from their bodies is most closely associated with the use ofa. heroin.b. cocaine.c. barbiturates.d. marijuana.e. LSD.

THC, the active ingredient in ________, is classified as a ________.a. marijuana; hallucinogenb. marijuana; stimulantc. cocaine; stimulantd. cocaine; hallucinogene. heroin; depressant

Regular users of ________ may achieve a high with smaller amounts of the drug than occasional users.a. alcoholb. morphinec. marijuanad. heroine. nicotine

Adopted individuals are more susceptible to alcohol dependence if one or both biological parents have a history of it. This indicates that alcohol dependence isa. psychoactive.b. an age regression.c. genetically influenced.d. a form of narcolepsy.e. dissociative in nature.

Like his father, Martin has been abusing alcohol for many years. Using the biopsychosocial approach in helping him understand his behavior, psychologists woulda. reduce his experiences with alcohol to his immediate sensations and feelings.b. focus on possible unconscious motivations for his alcohol abuse.c. examine additional psychological and social-cultural influences on his alcohol use.d. examine how significant life stressors may have influenced his alcohol use.e. explore how his peers may have influenced his attitudes and his alcohol use.

Mark's abuse of alcohol and other addictive drugs is influenced by genetic factors, by the ready availability of drugs in Mark's neighborhood, and by Mark's failure to accurately assess the risks associated with drug usage. An understanding of Mark's difficulties within the framework of multiple levels of analysis is most clearly provided bya. a dual-processing theory.b. the activation-synthesis perspective.c. a biopsychosocial approach.d. the neuroadaptation model.e. the cognitive-behavioral perspective.

By directly experiencing a thunderstorm, we learn that a flash of lightning signals an impending crash of thunder. This best illustratesa. operant conditioning.b. the law of effect.c. observational learning.d. classical conditioning.e. generalization.

The last time you came home after your curfew, your parents grounded you for the next two weekends. Ever since then you have been careful to come home on time. The change in your behavior is best explained bya. classical conditioning.b. observational learning.c. habituation.d. operant conditioning.e. latent learning.

If the sound of an electric can opener causes a child to salivate because it has previously been associated with the presentation of food, the child's salivation to the sound of the can opener is a(n)a. conditioned response.b. unconditioned response.c. conditioned stimulus.d. unconditioned stimulus.e. preconditioned stimulus.

Associating a conditioned stimulus with a new neutral stimulus can create a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus. This best illustratesa. shaping.b. spontaneous recovery.c. intermittent reinforcement.d. higher-order conditioning.e. extinction.

In classical conditioning, thea. neutral stimulus is presented before the unconditioned stimulus.b. unconditioned stimulus elicits the conditioned response.c. neutral stimulus elicits salivation.d. unconditioned stimulus is the same as the conditioned stimulus.e. unconditioned response produces the conditioned response.

Which of the following provides evidence that a CR is not completely eliminated during extinction?a. latent learningb. partial reinforcementc. spontaneous recoveryd. generalizatione. discrimination

The tendency for a CR to be evoked by stimuli similar to the CS is calleda. spontaneous recovery.b. conditioned reinforcement.c. latent learning.d. generalization.e. shaping.

Dogs conditioned to salivate to stimulation of the thigh also begin to salivate when stimulated on other body parts. This BEST illustratesa. spontaneous recovery.b. continuous reinforcement.c. latent learning.d. generalization.e. habituation.

After recovering from a serious motorcycle accident, Gina was afraid to ride a motorcycle but not a bicycle. Gina's pattern of fear best illustratesa. shaping.b. conditioned reinforcement.c. spontaneous recovery.d. discrimination.e. negative reinforcement.

Nikki has learned to expect the sound of thunder whenever she sees a flash of lightning. This suggests that associative learning involvesa. negative reinforcement.b. cognitive processes.c. spontaneous recovery.d. shaping.e. continuous reinforcement.

Animals most readily learn the specific associations that promotea. shaping.b. survival.c. extrinsic motivation.d. prosocial behavior.e. social interaction.

Garcia and Koelling's studies of taste aversion in rats demonstrated that classical conditioning is constrained bya. cognitive processes.b. biological predispositions.c. environmental factors.d. continuous reinforcement.e. latent learning.

In a series of experiments, men found women more attractive and sexually desirable when their photos were framed ina. black.b. yellow.c. violet.d. red.e. white.

Skinner developed a behavioral technology that included a procedure known asa. shaping.b. modeling.c. latent learning.d. intrinsic motivation.e. conditioned stimuli.

Shaping is a(n) ________ procedure.a. latent learningb. operant conditioningc. classical conditioningd. observational learninge. cognitive mapping

Which of the following is true of positive and negative reinforcers?a. Positive reinforcers decrease the rate of operant responding; negative reinforcers increase the rate of

operant responding.b. Positive reinforcers increase the rate of operant responding; negative reinforcers decrease the rate of

operant responding.c. Positive reinforcers increase the rate of operant responding; negative reinforcers increase the rate of operant

responding.d. Positive reinforcers have no effect on the rate of operant responding; negative reinforcers decrease the rate

of operant responding.e. Positive reinforcers increase the rate of operant responding; negative reinforcers have no effect on the rate

of operant responding.

Escape from an aversive stimulus is a ________ reinforcer.a. positiveb. negativec. secondaryd. partiale. delayed

Myron quit gambling after he lost more than a thousand dollars betting on horse races. This best illustrates the effects ofa. negative reinforcers.b. generalization.c. spontaneous recovery.d. punishment.e. secondary reinforcers.

B. F. Skinner believed that teaching machines could promote effective learning because they allow for botha. continuous reinforcement and latent learning.b. positive reinforcement and punishment.c. classical and operant conditioning.d. shaping and immediate reinforcement.e. observational learning and spontaneous recovery.

Compared with apartment dwellers whose landlords pay their electricity costs, those apartment dwellers who pay their own electric bills use less electricity. This most clearly illustrates that consumer electricity usage is influenced bya. operant conditioning.b. classical conditioning.

c. observational learning.d. spontaneous recovery.e. latent learning.

To modify your own behavior using operant conditioning principles, you shoulda. monitor and record the actual frequency of the operant behavior you wish to promote.b. formulate goals for behavior change that are a bit more ambitious than what you can actually accomplish.c. carefully observe and imitate the specific behaviors practiced by others who have successfully achieved your

goals.d. systematically reinforce the operant behavior you wish to promote with delayed rather than immediate

reinforcers.e. associate the desired behavior with an unconditioned stimulus.

The results of early research on biofeedback were surprising because they indicated that people could learn to control bodily functions regulated by thea. somatic nervous system.b. autonomic nervous system.c. cerebellum.d. frontal lobes.e. endocrine system.

A learned association between two stimuli is central toa. shaping.b. negative reinforcement.c. extrinsic motivation.d. classical conditioning.e. observational learning.

Operant conditioning involves a learned association betweena. two responses.b. two stimuli.c. two reinforcers.d. behavior and its consequence.e. unconditioned and conditioned stimuli.

Automatically blinking to an air puff is to ________ as raising your hand to answer a question is to ________.a. classical conditioning; operant conditioningb. immediate reinforcement; delayed reinforcementc. unconditioned response; conditioned responsed. discrimination; generalizatione. operant behavior; respondent behavior

After being classically conditioned to salivate to a tone, a dog continues to hear a tone but does not receive food; as a result, salivation will decrease, then disappear. A dog owner may use operant conditioning to train a dog to “sit” by presenting a treat each time the dog sits. However, the behavior may diminish if the treats are discontinued. Both examples illustratea. spontaneous recovery.b. generalization.c. discrimination.d. cognitive processes.e. extinction.

The tendency for children to imitate behaviors seen on television best illustrates the importance ofa. shaping.b. modeling.c. respondent behavior.d. immediate reinforcement.e. spontaneous recovery.

Rhesus macaque monkeys are more likely to reconcile after a fight if they grow up with forgiving older macaque monkeys. This best illustrates the impact ofa. observational learning.b. immediate reinforcement.c. spontaneous recovery.d. respondent behavior.e. shaping.

Mr. Zandee has stopped smoking because he wants to model healthy behavior patterns for his children. Mr. Zandee is apparently aware of the importance of ________ in his children's development.a. shapingb. observational learningc. generalizationd. delayed reinforcemente. spontaneous recovery

Christian and Maggie are concerned with teaching their children to act prosocially. Social learning psychologists would advise them toa. read self-help books to their children.b. begin prosocial modeling after the children turn 8 years old.c. make sure their own actions and words are consistent.d. keep their children isolated from antisocial models.e. avoid reinforcing their children for tasks they already enjoy doing.

The violence-viewing effect is especially pronounced when the observed violencea. causes visible harm.b. goes unpunished.c. seems unjustified.d. is committed by an unattractive person.e. is committed by children.

Desensitization and imitation are two factors that contribute toa. the law of effect.b. spontaneous recovery.c. the violence-viewing effect.d. instinctive drift.e. operant conditioning.

After prolonged exposure to television violence, viewers became more indifferent to violence when later viewing a brawl, whether on TV or in real life. This finding best illustratesa. latent learning.b. spontaneous recovery.c. extinction.d. instinctive drift.e. desensitization.

The process of retrieval refers toa. the persistence of learning over time.b. the organization of information into manageable units.c. getting information out of memory storage.d. conscious repetition of information to be remembered.e. the identification of information previously learned.

Automatic processing and effortful processing involve two types ofa. encoding.b. retrieval.c. interference.d. storage.e. repression.

During her psychology test, Kelsey could not remember the meaning of the term proactive interference. Surprisingly, however, she accurately remembered that the term appeared on the fourth line of a left-hand page in her textbook. Her memory of this incidental information is best explained in terms ofa. automatic processing.b. the serial position effect.c. the spacing effect.d. relearning.e. priming.

You are most likely to automatically encode information abouta. politicians' names.b. friends' birthdays.c. new phone numbers.

d. the sequence of your day's events.e. dates in a history book.

When first introduced to someone, Marcel effectively remembers the person's name by repeating it to himself several times. Marcel makes use of a strategy calleda. chunking.b. automatic processing.c. mnemonics.d. the serial position effect.e. rehearsal.

Recorded information played during sleep is registered by the ears but is not remembered. This illustrates that the retention of information requiresa. proactive interference.b. state-dependent memory.c. chunking.d. effortful processing.e. priming.Children can better remember an ancient Latin verse if the definition of each unfamiliar Latin word is carefully explained to them. This best illustrates the value ofa. iconic memory.b. semantic encoding.c. rosy retrospection.d. the peg-word system.e. long-term potentiation.

Which of the following questions about the word depressed would best prepare you to correctly remember tomorrow that you had seen the word on today's test?a. How well does the word describe you?b. Does the word consist of ten letters?c. Is the word written in capital letters?d. Does the word rhyme with obsessed?e. How many vowels are in the word?

To remember the information presented in her psychology textbook, Susan often relates it to her own life experiences. Susan's strategy is an effective memory aid because it facilitatesa. iconic memory.b. semantic encoding.c. automatic processing.d. proactive interference.e. the serial position effect.

When people are asked to recall a list of words they had earlier memorized, they often substitute synonyms for some of the words on the original list. This best illustrates the effects ofa. implicit memory.b. source amnesia.c. semantic encoding.d. memory decay.e. state-dependent memory.

When asked to recall a list of words including, “plump, crook, and child,” people frequently recalled “fat, criminal, and kid. ” This best illustrates the impact ofa. parallel processing.b. peg words.c. semantic encoding.d. echoic memory.e. mood-congruent memory.

The letters Y, M, O, M, R, E are presented. Jill remembers them by rearranging them to spell the word “MEMORY.” This provides an illustration ofa. chunking.b. the “peg-word” system.c. automatic processing.d. the spacing effect.e. the serial position effect.

Tim, a third-grader, learns the sentence “George Eats Old Gray Rats And Paints Houses Yellow” to help him remember the spelling of “geography.” Tim is usinga. a mnemonic device.b. the peg-word system.c. the spacing effect.d. priming.e. the serial position effect.

By creating an outline in which specific facts and theories are located within the larger framework of major topics and subtopics, Jasmine can remember much more of what she reads in her textbooks. This best illustrates the benefits ofa. implicit memory.b. the serial position effect.c. hierarchical organization.d. the spacing effect.e. parallel processing.

Which type of memory has an essentially unlimited capacity?a. echoic memoryb. short-term memoryc. long-term memoryd. iconic memorye. proactive memory

A baseball strikes Ashley in the head and she is momentarily knocked unconscious. The physical injury, though not serious, is most likely to interfere with Ashley's ________ memory.a. flashbulbb. implicitc. mood-congruentd. short-terme. echoic

The prolonged stress of sustained physical abuse may inhibit memory formation by shrinking thea. adrenal glands.b. hippocampus.c. pituitary gland.d. sensory cortex.e. frontal lobe.

Conscious memory of factual information is called ________ memory.a. proactiveb. proceduralc. explicitd. implicite. iconic

Although Mr. Yanagita has recently learned to play poker quite well, he cannot consciously remember ever having played poker. It is likely that he has suffered damage to hisa. brainstem.b. cerebellum.c. hypothalamus.d. hippocampus.e. motor cortex.

Which of the following best describes explicit memories?a. nondeclarativeb. processed by the cerebellumc. acquired through classical conditioningd. include memory for general knowledgee. accessed without conscious recall

Cerebellum is to ________ memory as hippocampus is to ________ memory.a. short-term; long-termb. long-term; short-termc. implicit; explicit

d. explicit; implicite. iconic; echoic

Memories are primed bya. repression.b. retrieval cues.c. retroactive interference.d. the serial position effect.e. source amnesia.

Rehearsal is to encoding as retrieval cues are toa. chunking.b. relearning.c. priming.d. repression.e. the spacing effect.

The discovery that words heard underwater are later better recalled underwater than on land best illustrates the value ofa. the serial position effect.b. echoic memory.c. the spacing effect.d. retrieval cues.e. implicit memory.

Lars was feeling depressed at the time he read a chapter of his history textbook. Lars is likely to recall best the contents of that chapter when he isa. depressed.b. happy.c. relaxed.d. unemotional.e. excited.

When Bryan's girlfriend broke up with him, he felt very down. As he sat in his bedroom, he thought about all of the other times his heart had been broken. Bryan's experience provides an example ofa. retroactive interference.b. implicit memory.c. mood-congruent memory.d. iconic memory.e. long-term potentiation.

In considering the seven sins of memory, misattribution is to the sin of ________ as blocking is to the sin of ________.a. retroactive interference; proactive interferenceb. distortion; forgettingc. proactive interference; retroactive interferenced. intrusion; distortione. priming; repression

The inability to recall which numbers on a telephone dial are not accompanied by letters is most likely due toa. encoding failure.b. the spacing effect.c. retroactive interference.d. source amnesia.e. retrieval failure.

Ebbinghaus discovered that the rate at which we forget newly learned information is initiallya. slow and subsequently stays slow.b. slow and subsequently speeds up.c. rapid and subsequently stays rapid.d. rapid and subsequently slows down.e. steady and subsequently speeds up.

Which of the following best explains why Ebbinghaus found the task of learning new lists of nonsense syllables increasingly difficult as his research career progressed?a. the spacing effectb. source amnesia

c. proactive interferenced. retroactive interferencee. misattribution

After learning the combination for his new locker at school, Milton is unable to remember the combination for his year-old bicycle lock. Milton is experiencing the effects ofa. encoding failure.b. source amnesia.c. retroactive interference.d. proactive interference.e. automatic processing.

Memory of your familiar old e-mail password may block the recall of your new password. This illustratesa. source amnesia.b. retroactive interference.c. the serial position effect.d. proactive interference.e. chunking.

Sigmund Freud emphasized that the forgetting of painful experiences is caused by a process that involvesa. source amnesia.b. retroactive interference.c. memory decay.d. retrieval failure.e. long-term potentiation.

Visualizing an object and actually seeing that object activate similar brain areas. This most clearly contributes toa. the serial position effect.b. proactive interference.c. imagination inflation.d. mood-congruent memory.e. parallel processing.

The psychologist Jean Piaget constructed a vivid, detailed memory of being kidnapped after hearing his nursemaid's false reports of such an event. His experience best illustratesa. implicit memory.b. proactive interference.c. source amnesia.d. mood-congruent memory.e. the self-reference effect.

Those who are eager to use hypnosis to facilitate eyewitness recollections of the details of a crime should first be warned of the dangers ofa. the self-reference effect.b. the misinformation effect.c. proactive interference.d. state-dependent memory.e. the spacing effect.

When we use the word “automobile” to refer to a category of transport vehicles, we are using this word as a(n)a. mental set.b. heuristic.c. concept.d. algorithm.e. phoneme.

To promote cognitive efficiency, concepts are often organized intoa. critical periods.b. algorithms.c. neural networks.d. category hierarchies.e. syntax.

In testing thousands of different materials for use as lightbulb filaments, Thomas Edison best illustrated a problem-solving approach known asa. the representativeness heuristic.b. trial and error.

c. functional fixedness.d. the confirmation bias.e. belief perseverance.

The confirmation bias refers to the tendency toa. search for information that supports our preconceptions.b. judge the likelihood of events on the basis of how easily we can remember examples of them.c. overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments.d. overestimate the degree to which other people share our beliefs.e. use heuristics instead of algorithms to solve problems.

Business managers are more likely to track the career achievements of those they once hired than the accomplishments of those they once rejected. This best illustratesa. the representativeness heuristic.b. functional fixedness.c. the framing effect.d. confirmation bias.e. belief bias.

Kevin so frequently uses threats to get his children to help with household chores that he fails to recognize that using rewards would be more effective in gaining their cooperation. Kevin's shortsightedness best illustratesa. the representativeness heuristic.b. critical periods.c. the availability heuristic.d. a fixation.e. confirmation bias.

Which of the following best illustrates functional fixedness?a. Wynona can't find a hammer and doesn't realize she could use her shoe to pound a nail into the wall.b. Every morning Tyson opens the school doors by pushing. While visiting a different school he tries to push

open the doors, but finds they must be pulled open.c. Madison carefully follows the directions printed on the box for making a cake.d. Micadyn's car won't start. The last time this happened she was out of gas, so the first thing she checks is the

gas gauge.e. A criminal investigator compares the license plate of a suspect with the partial license plate numbers

provided by witnesses.

The representativeness heuristic refers to our tendency toa. judge the likelihood of category membership by how closely an object or event resembles a particular

prototype.b. judge the likelihood of an event in terms of how readily instances of its occurrence are remembered.c. search for information that is consistent with our preconceptions.d. cling to our initial conceptions, even though they have been discredited.e. underestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments.

Judging the likelihood that things fall into a certain category on the basis of how well they seem to match a particular prototype refers to the use of thea. framing effect.b. availability heuristic.c. confirmation bias.d. belief perseverance phenomenon.e. representativeness heuristic.

The danger of using the representativeness heuristic is that it may lead us toa. make judgments in a very inefficient, time-consuming fashion.b. judge event likelihood solely on the basis of event memorability.c. disregard probability information that is relevant to our judgments.d. judge objects only in terms of their functional utility.e. base decisions solely on mathematical algorithms.

Our tendency to judge the likelihood of an event on the basis of how readily we can remember instances of its occurrence is called thea. framing effect.b. belief perseverance phenomenon.c. confirmation bias.

d. representativeness heuristic.e. availability heuristic.

State lottery officials send residents a facsimile of a contest-winning check for over $5 million to encourage them to imagine themselves as possible winners. The lottery promoters are most clearly exploiting the influence ofa. functional fixedness.b. belief perseverance.c. mental set.d. the availability heuristic.e. the representativeness heuristic.

Smokers with a greater fear of flying than of smoking's toxicity best illustrate that we often have a greater fear of risks that area. familiar.b. immediate.c. controllable.d. prototypical.e. memorable.

An unwillingness to give up our beliefs even when the evidence proves us wrong is calleda. the representativeness heuristic.b. trial and error.c. belief perseverance.d. confirmation bias.e. the availability heuristic.

Research findings suggest that the best advice to give people who want to avoid belief perseverance isa. “Try to justify your positions.”b. “Consider the opposite. ”c. “Don't draw hasty conclusions.”d. “Be as objective as possible. ”e. “Never show your emotions.”

When asked to indicate whether San Diego or San Antonio has more inhabitants, more German university students answered correctly than did American university students. This best illustrated the adaptive value of a(n)a. fixation.b. heuristic.c. algorithm.d. category hierarchy.e. mental set.

Spoken, written, or signed words and the ways they are combined to communicate meaning constitutea. algorithms.b. syntax.c. heuristics.d. language.e. phonemes.

How many phonemes are in the word “bats”?a. 0b. 1c. 2d. 3e. 4

The system of rules in a language that enables us to understand and communicate with others is calleda. an algorithm.b. telegraphic speech.c. grammar.d. a heuristic.e. morphemes.

During the earliest stage of speech development, infantsa. speak in single words that may be barely recognizable.b. begin to imitate adult syntax.

c. make speech sounds only if their hearing is unimpaired.d. make some speech sounds that do not occur in their parents' native language.e. use words that reflect the syntax of their parents' native language.

The ability to comprehend the meaning of speech is calleda. the representativeness heuristic.b. productive language.c. receptive language.d. intuition.e. framing.

At some point during the babbling stage, infants begin toa. imitate adult grammar.b. make speech sounds only if their hearing is unimpaired.c. speak in simple words that may be barely recognizable.d. lose their ability to discriminate sounds they never hear.e. use phonemes.

Noam Chomsky has emphasized that the acquisition of language by children is facilitated bya. an inborn readiness to learn grammatical rules.b. their ability to imitate the words and grammar modeled by parents.c. the learned association of word sounds with various objects, events, actions, and qualities.d. the positive reinforcement that adults give children for speaking correctly.e. operant and classical conditioning techniques.

Chomksy suggested that diverse human languages share aa. universal grammar.b. functional fixedness.c. outcome simulation.d. category hierarchy.e. confirmation bias.

Three-year old Lucy said, “Mommy goed to the store. ” Lucy's mistake best demonstrates thata. telegraphic speech may not necessarily be grammatically correct.b. children learn language through behavioral principles.c. learning theory does not adequately explain language acquisition.d. linguistic determinism impacts how language is acquired.e. young children think primarily in images.