Earth & Environmental Science Final Review Packet Name:___________________________

Part 1 - Scientific Method (Chapter 1, Lesson 2)1. Draw examples of the following types of graphs:

a. bar graph b. line graph c. pie chart

2. In what situations do you use each of the different types of graphs?a. bar graph b. line graph c. pie chart

3. Larry was told that a certain muscle cream was the newest best thing on the market and claims to double a person’s muscle power when used as part of a muscle-building workout. Interested in this product, he buys the special muscle cream and recruits Patrick and SpongeBob to help him with an experiment. Larry develops a special marshmallow weight-lifting program for Patrick and SpongeBob. He meets with them once every day for a period of 2 weeks and keeps track of how many marshmallows they can lift. Before each session Patrick’s arms and back are lathered in the muscle cream, while Sponge Bob’s arms and back are lathered with the regular lotion.

Which person is in the control group?What is the independent variable?What is the dependent variable?

4. What are controlled variables (a.k.a. constants”)? Why are they important to maintain?

5. What is the purpose of a control group?

Part 2 - Atmosphere, Weather, and Climate (Chapters 11-14, Holt Chapter 7, Lessons 6-17)

1. Rank these gases in order from highest to lowest concentration of earth’s atmosphere: carbon dioxide, oxygen, nitrogen, argon

2. Circle the words that best complete the sentence: Molecules in a substance with a high temperature move (fast or slowly), while molecules in a substance with a low temperature move (fast or slowly).

3. What are the three types of heat transfer? Give an example of each!

4. What molecule is important because it blocks harmful ultraviolet rays from the sun?

5. Describe what happens to temperature as you travel higher into the troposphere.

6. Describe what happens to air pressure as you travel higher into the troposphere.

7. In which layer of the atmosphere is the ozone layer found?

8. What would be the long term effect if the ozone layer were destroyed? *Remember what ozone blocks!*

9. What are condensation nuclei, and why are they important for cloud formation?

10. Define and draw a picture of orographic lifting. Be sure to label the windward side of the mountains and the leeward side.

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11. Which is more dense, warm air or cold air (circle one)?

12. Why does warm air rise at a front and cold air stays close to the ground?

13. Draw a convection cell. Label the high and low pressure arrows.

14. What is wind? What causes it?

15. The______________ Effect, where winds curve to their right in the northern hemisphere and left in the southern hemisphere, occurs due to the _______________ of Earth.

16. Draw a low pressure system and a high pressure system. Compare the weather.

17. Describe cumulonimbus, stratus and cirrus clouds.

18. Which layer of the atmosphere is weather found in?

19. Circle the words that best complete the sentence: Air always moves from (high or low) pressure to (high or low) pressure.

20. Write the characteristics and full names of the air masses with the correct source region below.

Full Name Symbol Forms Over Characteristics:Maritime polar mP Cold ocean Cool and humid

21. What is a front?

22. Describe the four types of frontsWarm Front Cold Front Stationary Front Occluded Front

How does it form

Associated Weather

Symbol

23. Which front will produce precipitation for the longer period of time?

24. Fill in the blanks using the following word blankwater vapor evaporation dew point latent

Fahrenheittemperature heat convection condensation coalesce

Heat and temperature are not the same________________ is a measure of how rapidly or slowly molecules move. In contrast, __________ is the transfer of energy that takes place because of temperature differences. Temperature can be measured in degrees Fahrenheit, degrees Celsius, or Kelvins. The most commonly used temperature scale in

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the United States is ___________________. The atmosphere’s temperature plays a role in the formation of rain. The first step in cloud formation is when liquid water on the earth’s surface under goes_________________ and turns into a gas. Now in the atmosphere, _____________________ turns from a gas back into liquid cloud droplets through ______________________ This process releases ______________ heat. Those cloud droplets ______________ together and eventually form drops big enough to fall from the sky as precipitation. The heat released goes on to fuel more________________ cells. ***Air must be saturated before condensation can occur. Saturation is the point at which the air holds as much water vapor as it possibly can. The

Use the diagram below to answer the following question. 25. Which is the process of water vapor changing to a liquid?

a. Condensation b. Convection c. Radiation d. Transpiration

26. What is the main energy source behind the water cycle? a. Earth’s internal core energy b. Sun’s radiation c. Moon’s gravitational attraction d. Radioactive decay of elements

27. Describe the formation of a thunderstorm. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate vocabulary words. No word will be used twice.

Vocabulary:Lift Updrafts Coalesce DowndraftsCooled Condenses Moisture LatentPrecipitation Convection Cell Warmer cools

In order for a thunderstorm to form, there must be abundant _______________in the lower atmosphere, a mechanism to ___________ the air, and the portion of the atmosphere through which the cloud grows must be_____________. Air can only rise if it is ____________ than the air around it. During the first stage of thunderstorm development, air rises vertically creating ___________ Moisture ____________ into cloud droplets, releasing________ heat. Those cloud droplets ___________and eventually form precipitation. During the mature stage, _______________ falls and cools the air around it. Cool air sinks creating ______________. Updrafts and downdrafts form a ___________________. During the final stage, downdrafts eventually __________ the area where the warm air was fueling the storm. Updrafts stop, and the storm rains out the rest of its precipitation.

28. Describe the formation of a tropical cyclone (hurricane). Fill in the blanks with the appropriate vocabulary words. No word will be used twice.

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Vocabulary:Coalesce Coriolis EffectTrade wind cells CondensesDry land WarmPrecipitation Convection CellLow Latent Heat

Tropical cyclones form near the equator over _______________ ocean water. Air is forced up due to disturbances that take place where the air from two _______________ converges. Water vapor gas in the air _______________ into liquid water releasing energy in the form of latent heat. Air that has been warmed by the release of latent heat rises creating_______________ pressure at the ocean surface. More air moves in to fill its place. As the air rises it cools. Water droplets in the air _______________ (come together). Bigger water drops fall from the sky as _______________. Cool air falls back down to the warm ocean surface. This whole cycle of energy transfer through the heating and cooling of air is called a _______________.Because the Earth is spinning on its axis, the _______________ causes the air of a tropical cyclone to rotate. Condensation releases more _______________, fueling the rotation of the cyclone faster and faster. The storm loses energy when it moves over either _______________ or cold water because it is cut off from its fuel source of warm water.29. What is the calm center of a hurricane called? 30. Where are the strongest winds in a hurricane located?

31. Different parts of the Earth receive more or less solar radiation. Fill in the latitudes for each of the following climate zones on the Earth.Tropics = Temperate = Polar =

32. Climates are classified based on average monthly__________________ and ______________________

33. What is the difference between weather and climate?

34. How does Earth’s orbit affect our climate?

35. Earth’s tropical regions receive more of the Sun’s energy than polar regions because they

a. contain a greater percentage of dry land. b. have more vegetation to absorb the Sun’s

energy. c. have a thinner atmosphere than the polar

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regions. d. receive a greater concentration of the Sun’s rays.

36. According to the map, which 2 climates are found closest to the poles? a. Tropical wet and dry b. Highlands and uplands c. Semiarid and arid d. Tundra and icecap

37. According to the map, what type of a climate do we have here in North Carolina? a. Tropical wet c. Dry- Arid b. Mild – Humid Subtropical d. Continental – Cool Summer

38. In what climate zone would we find the lowest human population density? a. Tropical wet c. Arid b. Humid subtropical d. Semiarid

39. What length of time is used to make climate normals (temperature and precipitation) for an area?

40. Biomes are areas on Earth with similar ________________, __________________, and _______________.

41. Match the following biomes with the climate they are found in. Draw a line linking the matching terms.

Biome: Climate:Tundra ContinentalDesert TropicalGrassland PolarTropical Rainforest MildDeciduous Forest Dry

42. What natural event can block solar radiation and have a short-term effect on climate?

43. Throughout geologic time, Earth’s climate has been:a. Warmer than the present c. the same as the presentb. Cooler than the present d. both A & B

44. Using the climatogram to the left, which month has the lowest precipitation in Wilmington, NC?

45. Approximately what temperature °F is the warmest average shown for this location?

46. Which is the independent variable in this climatogram?

47. Explain the natural greenhouse effect.

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48. What is the enhanced greenhouse effect?

49. How could planting trees help reduce global GHG concentration?

50. List 4 common greenhouse gases. Which two greenhouse gases are most abundant in the atmosphere?

51. Describe what has happened to levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere over the past 200 years.

52. Describe what has happened to global average temperatures over the past 200 years.

53. Describe at least 3 negative impacts of climate change.

54. What countries are most responsible for global increase in GHG emissions? Why?

55. As the ocean water gets warmer, what do you think will happen to the intensity and frequency of hurricanes? Why? (Think about the source of energy for hurricanes).

Part 3 - Hydrosphere Review (Chapters 9-10, 15-16, Holt Chapter 5, Lessons 18-23)

1. Water has a _______ specific heat - (its ability to conduct heat or cold compared to dry air). This causes it to heat up and cool down ____________.

2. How are coastal climates moderated by water (due to its high specific heat) compared to inland climates?

3. What is salinity? Describe its relationship to density.

4. What are processes that add salt to seawater? What are processes that remove salt from seawater?

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5. What causes surface ocean currents?

6. What is the closest ocean current to us in North Carolina?

7. Use each term just one to complete the passage: cold nutrients offshore trade-wind upwelling vertically

In addition to moving horizontally, ocean water moves ______________ The upward motion of ocean water is called ______________ Upwelling waters originate from the bottom of the ocean and are _________. Areas of upwelling exist mainly off the western coasts of continents in the _______________belts. The trade winds blow surface water ________________, and the surface water is replaced by upwelling deep water. Upwelling waters are rich in ________________, which support abundant marine biodiversity.

8. Explain how barrier islands like the outer banks form.

9. Label the picture with the following terms: infiltration, precipitation, evaporation, condensation, transpiration, runoff

10. What happens to water in urban areas when it flows down storm drains?

11. Define point source pollution. Give at least 1 example.

12. Define nonpoint source pollution. Give at least 1 example.

13. What is an abiotic factor? Give 2 examples of abiotic factors of water quality.

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Water moves downhill over the surface of the Earth & into the nearest body of water ________________

14. What is a biotic factor? Give an example of a biotic factor of water quality.

15. How is water quality measured in streams? Biotic Indexes - Monitors ____________ species that act as environmental “smoke

detectors”. Mayflies cannot tolerate pollution. Leeches can survive in polluted water.

Test for Dissolved Oxygen - Greater the DO = better environment for life. Factors that affect DO:

Temperature – cold water has __________ dissolved oxygen. Flow – faster moving water has ________ dissolved oxygen. Aquatic Plants – release oxygen through _______________________, so plants are

the main source of dissolved oxygen in water. Suspended Solids – describes stuff dissolved in water, _________ suspended

solids the more dissolved oxygen Measures of turbidity - Water clarity (cloudiness). Lower turbidity = better

quality water

16. Explain how man-made eutrophication works, step by step. What causes it and how can it lead to “dead zones?”

17. Where does our drinking water here in Onslow come from?

18. Does the total amount of water on earth ever change? Why or why not?

19. What % of all the water on the globe is fresh water? Is it all available for human use? If not, why not?

20. What is a watershed? What watershed are we a part of?

21. What are 3 reasons wetlands are vitally important?

22. Define and label the zone of groundwater

Surface Layer

______________

23. Water is stored underground in ______________ and can be tapped and

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_________________

________________

brought to the surface using __________. Natural places where groundwater comes to the surface are called zones of ______________.

24. How do humans and their water use habits influence freshwater availability and water quality?

________________ : When wells are over-used it lowers the water level, It can cause shallow wells to dry up.

_______________: When too much groundwater is pumped out of aquifer and the land starts to sink down.

_________________________ - Over-pumping groundwater can cause underground salt water to rise & contaminate wells, Occurs near coasts

____________________ - Pollution discharged from a single source, it usually comes from Factories (pipes), sewage treatment plants etc. It is easy to regulate because you can tell where it comes from. It can have harmful effects on drinking water supplies, recreation, fisheries & wildlife, if not well regulated.

____________________ - Pollution that can come from many sources. It often comes from surface run-off containing oil, road salt, fertilizers, pesticides, waste disposal, chemicals, etc., It is very difficult to regulate, because it comes from everywhere and everyone. It has have harmful effects on drinking water supplies, recreation, fisheries & wildlife.

______________________ - Organic matter builds up (decays & decomposes) in body of water, Accelerated when inorganic plant nutrients (phosphorus, nitrogen) enter water from sewage/fertilizer runoff – can cause algal blooms

25. What are the effects of population growth on water resources and what will they be in the future?

Part 4 - Rock Cycle, Weathering, Erosion, and Soils Review (Chapters 4- 7, Lessons 24-26)

1. What is the process by which rocks at the Earth’s surface break down and change?

2. Roots growing into a rock is an example of ________________ weathering.

3. Which activity demonstrates chemical weathering? a. Freezing of water in the cracks of a granite boulder b. Abrasion of a streambed by tumbling rocks c. Dissolving of limestone by carbonic acid d. Boulders falling from a cliff and shattering on the rocks below

4. The movement of weathered materials by wind or water is known as

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___________________.

5. How are deforestation and erosion rates linked?

6. Eroded materials are transported are finally dropped off in a process called _____________________.

7. How is humus or organic matter formed in soil?

8. Which of the following soil particles would likely cause the formation of micropores and have low permeability?

a. clay particles c.silt particles

b. sand particles d.Sand and gravel

True or False - If the statement is true, mark it with a T. If it is false, change the underlined word to make it true.

9. _____________ The smallest soil particles are clay particles. 10. _________ The texture of a soil affects its ability to retain water and support

plant life. 11. _____________ During the great depression, topsoil blew away in something

called the dustbowl. This was an example of chemical weathering. 12. ____________ Oxidized iron turns soil red. 13. ______________ Dissolution is a form of mechanical weathering. 14. ______________ - Sandy soils are the best soils for agricultural uses

15. Using the soil texture chart complete the table

16.

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Soil Sample

% Clay %Silt %Sand Texture

Example

20 60 20 Silt loam

1 10 40 50

2 30 203 10 204 20 20

16. Name the two types of igneous rock and how they are formed.

17. What is the relationship between the cooling rate of magma or lava and crystal size in the rocks that results?

18. Obsidian’s glassy texture indicates that it forms from molten material that cooled

a. slowly deep below Earth’s surface c. slowly on the earth’s surfaceb. quickly deep below the earth’s surface d. quickly on earth surface

19. What process form sedimentary rock?

20. A rock made of the shells of marine organisms should be classified as which of the following?

a. chemical sedimentary c. metamorphic rockb. organic sedimentary rock d. clastic sedimentary

21. What processes form metamorphic rock? How are metamorphic rock classified?

22. Marble is formed when limestone changes under high heat and high pressure. What type of rock is marble?

23. There is much more chemical weathering of rocks in tropical climates and much more mechanical weathering of rocks in colder climates. Think of a few reasons this happens.

24. How does the water cycle help drive the rock cycle?

25. What are the two main types of mineral extraction (mining)? Which one causes the most environmental degradation?

Part 5 - The Lithosphere (Chapters 17- 19, Lessons 27-31)

1. Match the layer of the Earth to the appropriate letter in the diagram:Inner Core, Crust, Outer Core, Mantle

2. Match the boundary type to the appropriate diagram.

Transform Boundary _________

Convergent Boundary _________

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Divergent Boundary __________ C

AB

3. Circle the words that best complete the sentences: Two plates collide and one goes under the other. The plate that subducts under the other is probably a (oceanic or continental) plate and it gets pushed under because it is (more or less) dense than the other.

4. The theory of __________ states that Earth's crust and ridged upper mantle are broken into plates that move at different rates and in different directions.

5. A place where two tectonic plates slide laterally past each other is called a _____________ boundary and is often associated with _____________ faults.

6. A place where two tectonic plates collide is called a _______________ boundary and is often associated with _______________ faults.

7. A place where two tectonic plates separate is called a _______________ boundary and is often associated with _______________ faults.

8. What were 3 pieces of Wegner’s evidence to support continental drift theory?

9. What type of boundaries do most volcanoes form? Where are most of these boundaries located?

10. Describe how tectonic plates can form mountains. Which type of plates collide to form mountains?

11. Draw a picture of each volcano in the box. Be sure to show the shape of the volcano (steep sides, gently sloping, etc.)

Shield Volcano Cinder Cone volcanoComposite/Stratovolcano

Type of lava:lava:Viscosity of lava:

Type of eruption:13

Type of eruption:Found: Found:

Type of lava: Viscosity of lava: Type of eruption:Found:

12. Fill in the following table.

Type of wave Direction of Motion# on seismograph (1st, 2nd, 3rd)

Primary (P Wave)

Secondary (S Wave)

Surface Wave

13. What is a large ocean wave that is generated by vertical motions of the seafloor during an earthquake called?

14. The Richter Scale is a logarithmic scale, meaning the numbers on it increase by a factor of ______ each step.

15. How many times larger is a magnitude 4 than a magnitude 1 earthquake on the Richter scale?

16. What type of instrument can measure the vibrations of an earthquake?

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17. What is a rating from the Richter scale based on? a. size of the largest surface wave b. wavelength between the waves c. damage from the largest secondary wave d. frequency of the primary waves

18. The depth of the ____________ can affect the amount of damage the earthquake causes.

True or False - If the statement is true, mark it with a T. If it is false, change the underlined word to make it true19. ___________ Secondary (S) waves are the type of seismic wave that are the last to

be recorded on a seismograph and cause the most damage in an earthquake. 20. ___________ The crust is the thickest layer of the Earth. 21. ___________ Movement in the inner core moves the plates of the Earth. 22. ___________ Basaltic magma has the lowest silica content and is the least

explosive. 23. ___________ When magma reaches Earth's surface it is called lava. 24. ___________ Oceanic plates are made of more dense basalt rock. 25. ___________ The focus is where an earthquake originates, usually deep

underground.

Part 6 - Astronomy Review1. What is a geocentric model of the solar system?

2.What is a heliocentric model of the solar system?

3.What is retrograde motion, and what did it tell astronomers? Draw it.

4. Explain why there are different seasons on Earth. What does it have to do with the tilt of the Earth? Draw a diagram.

5.Which planets are terrestrial? What does terrestrial mean?

6.Which planets are gas giants? Other names for these planets

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7. In the diagram, which point is at perihelion? Which point is at aphelion?

8. Kepler’s first law says that all orbits are __________________ shaped.

9. What does Kepler’s 2nd law say? Draw a picture.

10. What does Kepler’s 3rd law say?

11. Define the terms rotation and revolution. Draw a diagram for each term to demonstrate your understanding.

12. What is precession? What effect does it have on Earth?

13. What is nutation? What effect does it have on Earth?

14. Earth's tilt in combination with its orbit around the Sun causes the __________________. The phases of the Moon cause gravitational pull on the water in the oceans and cause ___________.

15. What is a neap tide? Diagram the 2 phases of the moon that correspond with a neap tide. (Show the location of the Sun, Moon, and Earth).

16. What is a spring tide? Diagram the 2 phases of the moon that correspond with a spring tide. (Show the location of the Sun, Moon, and Earth).

17. Circle the words that best complete the sentence: Recent observations show that the rate of expansion of the universe is (speeding up or slowing down).

18. What contains 99% of the mass in the solar system and controls the motion of the planets?

19. Describe how the Doppler effect allows us to “see” the movement of distant stars (red and blueshift).

20. What does barycenter mean? Draw a diagram to demonstrate the barycenter point between Earth and the Sun.

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