ekennedy.weebly.comekennedy.weebly.com/uploads/5/0/4/2/5042266/7.6.6_ev… · Web viewWord Cards. 36. settlement . a place where people have moved to and started a new town or village

Seventh Grade: Early World History SS070606Unit 6: Patterns of Adaptation: Reorganizing and Restoring Order After the Fall of Empires (500 CE – 1000 CE) Lesson 6

Graphic Organizer

Michigan Citizenship Collaborative Curriculum Page 1 of 17 Copyright © 2010-2014 by Oakland Schools September 18, 2014

The Vikings changed Europe

• Introduced Norse words into languages

• Forced European rulers to improve defenses and develop navies

• Took over and directly ruled certain areas

Europe changed the Vikings

• Vikings eventually adopted Christianity

• Growing centers of trade in Scandinavia

• Connections with developing European royalty

• Development of monarchies in Scandinavia


Word Cards

36settlement

a place where people have moved to and started a new town or village

Example: Jamestown was an early colonial settlement.

(SS070606)

37monastery

a complex of buildings and homes where monks, religious men involved in prayer and study, live and work

Example: The monks lived and studied in the monastery.

(SS070606)

38pillage

to rob and steal on a large scale using violence

Example: The enemy forces entered the village and began to pillage the homes.

39pagan

a follower of polytheistic or animistic religions

Example: Stonehenge is believed to have been built by pagans as a gathering place for spiritual reasons.

40longship

long, narrow ships used by Vikings, powered by oars and sails

Example: The warriors sailed in the longship to raid the villages.

41fjord

a long, narrow inlet with steep sides or cliffs

Example: The people who lived near the fjord fished and sailed upon the water there.

42



raid

a surprise “hit and run” style of attack by forces which do not intend to stay in or occupy the territory they have invaded

Example: The Vikings raided many areas in Europe.

(SS070606)



Student Handout #1 – Viking Timeline

Year Event Label each event as one of the following: Raid; Settlement; Conquest; Defeat; or Exploration

789 Vikings begin their attacks on England.

840 Viking settlers found the city of Dublin in Ireland.

844 A Viking raid on Seville (Spain) is defeated.

853 Vikings from Norway settle across Ireland.

860 Vikings attack Constantinople (Istanbul), center of the Byzantine Empire.

866 Vikings from Denmark establish a kingdom in York, England.

871 Alfred the Great (not a Viking!), becomes king of England and stops the Danish Viking advance in England.

886 Alfred makes an agreement with the Danes and divides England with them.

900 The Vikings raid along the Mediterranean coast.

911 The Viking chief Rollo is granted land by the Franks and founds Normandy in France. The descendants of these Vikings become known as Normans (men of the north).

941 Vikings attack Constantinople (Istanbul).

981 The Viking leader Erik the Red discovers Greenland.

986 Viking ships sail in Newfoundland waters off the coast of Canada, long before Columbus.

995 Olav I becomes King of Norway and declares it a Christian kingdom.

1000 Leif Eriksson, son of Erik the Red, explores the coast of North America.



1000 Norway is ruled by the Danes.

1010 Viking explorers attempt to found a settlement in North America.

1013 The Danes conquer England.

1015 Vikings abandon the Vinland settlement on the coast of North America.

1028 King Knut (Canute), king of England and Denmark, conquers Norway.

1042 Edward the Confessor rules England with the support of the Danes.

1050 The city of Oslo is founded in Norway and established as a major trade center.

1066 William, of Norman Viking descent, wins control of England. By this time, the Vikings have settled in many of the places they had raided, becoming residents in new places and changing in the process, and the age of the Viking raider and trader is over.

Look across the labels you placed next to each event. What sorts of patterns do you see? Were the Vikings successful? Were they settlers or raiders, or both? What general ideas can you form about the Vikings from this timeline? Write some of these ideas below:



Student Handout #2 - Viking Artifacts

Slide #

Description of objects on the slide

Inferences, or best guesses, you can make about Viking society

16 a)

b)

a)

b)

17

18

19

20

21

22 a)

b)

a)

b)





Student Handout #3A – Overview of the Vikings

Instructions: Read this overview article on the Vikings. Underline ideas you think are particularly important. Try not to underline everything! What are the BIG IDEAS about the Vikings in this article? After you read, you will summarize each of the 8 paragraphs in 15-20 words each, and then use these summaries to create one summary for the whole article.

1) The Vikings are an interesting, and often misunderstood, group of people who changed European history in important ways. They are often shown as barbaric warriors who killed anyone who got in their way, but of course, the truth is a bit more complicated than that.

2) Even so, the Vikings were indeed fierce warriors. They first came to historical attention in 793 with a brutal attack on a monastery, a center for religious study and worship run by Christian monks, in England. They killed many people and stole many valuable objects, and this was just the first in a long series of Viking raids on coastal towns across Europe, and even into Asia Minor (the area joining Europe to Asia where Constantinople was).

3) Monasteries actually made great targets for the Vikings. At this point in time, the Vikings were still pagans and hadn’t yet taken up Christianity, so Vikings didn’t feel bad taking money from monks. Monasteries weren’t well defended either, and monks had no weapons and weren’t warriors. Also, monasteries often had valuable treasures that they stored, things with religious meaning to Christians, but not to the Vikings. Monasteries also housed lots of people and so were good places to get food and other supplies. Vikings tended to target any place they could find with a combination of poor defenses and valuable goods.

4) Viking raiders were often the younger sons from farming families. First sons inherited the land, so younger sons had to find their own way to survive. At the same time, many Viking leaders competed with each other for followers, and one way to get followers was to gather wealth to buy their loyalty, and the easiest and quickest way to gather this wealth was to take it from someone else. Farming wasn’t too good in Scandinavia anyways, so it wasn’t hard to convince young men to go look for better land in other places. At the start of the Viking era, there was no central Viking ruler, no invasion plan, and no Viking “army.” There were many different Viking leaders across the span of Scandinavia looking to increase their wealth and power with raids, and they tapped into the many young Vikings looking for adventure and new lands.

5) The Vikings could be brutal, but their goal was not to kill everyone they met, but rather to find new places to live and trade, and also to take what they wanted, often by force. European towns on the coasts lived in fear of Viking raids, and sometimes tried to pay the Vikings not to attack. At the same time, some Vikings were traders and were looking for new products and markets. Others were



skilled artisans who worked in gold, silver, iron, and wood, making beautiful jewelry and other objects that could be traded. They did NOT, however, make or wear horned helmets!

6) One of the secrets to Viking success was the longship. Although farming opportunities were not great in Scandinavia, there were lots of opportunities for fishing and sailing. Scandinavia is surrounded by water and also full of fjords, long narrow inlets from the ocean or sea that travel inland for miles and miles. To travel, trade, and fish, the people of these lands had developed excellent ships and sailing skills over time. The longship was their masterpiece. These ships were light in weight, narrow, and fast. They were double-ended, meaning they could go both forwards and backwards. They were perfect for crossing the seas between Scandinavia and the European coast, and then for sailing up rivers inland to attack unsuspecting towns. Longships were propelled by long oars powered by strong Viking sailors, and in time the Vikings also used sails on these ships.

7) The first Viking raids were small and only made by a few daring groups, but over time, as more raids were successful, the number of raiders grew and even more longships were built to meet this demand. Viking raiders brought back slaves, new ideas, and new products to Scandinavia after their raids. Many Vikings in later years were converted to Christianity during their travels, often as part of treaty and truce agreements made with European powers.

8) The Vikings changed Europe, and they themselves were also changed, in this process. Christianity became the dominant religion in Scandinavia, and new trading and craft centers were developed that shifted the focus from raiding to trading. Local leaders were unified by more powerful kings, and united nations began to emerge over time as Viking leaders interacted with, and in some cases became, the leaders of mainland European nations as well as in the British Isles. Through this process, Scandinavia became more tied to Europe and it also began to function more like the kingdoms of Europe as well.

Now, on a separate sheet of paper, summarize each of the 8 paragraphs in 15-20 words. Try to focus in on the big picture for each paragraph. What is the larger, general idea beyond the details that they author wants you to take away?

Once you have a short summary for each paragraph, read across these summaries. Pull out the larger big ideas and summarize all of this information, again, using only 20-30 words this time, and no more than three sentences.



Student Handout #3B – Myths and History of the Vikings

The Vikings: Yale historian looks at the myths vs. the history

By Dorie Baker

March 8, 2013

Anders Winroth (Photo by Michael Marsland)

As a lead-up to the forthcoming History Channel series “Vikings,” Tom Ashbrook, host of NPR’s “On Point,” talked with a

foremost authority on the subject — Yale’s Anders Winroth — to de-mystify the legendary raiders of the North.

Winroth is professor and director of graduate studies in history. His most recently published book is “The Conversion of

Scandinavia: Vikings, Merchants, and Missionaries in the Remaking of Northern Europe” (Yale University Press, 2011). His

forthcoming volume, "A New History of the Viking Age,” will be published by Princeton University Press in 2014. YaleNews

spoke with Winroth recently about some of the issues raised in his “On Point” interview. The following is an edited

transcript.

Why does the Age of the Vikings start in 793 and end in 1066 ?

The 793 raid on the monastery at Lindisfarne on the northeast coast of England was the first Viking attack that was written

about, and it was a big shock to all of Europe. Alcuin, a great educator in Charlemagne’s court, was a particularly

influential person who wrote about it. We see the attack through the eyes of the victims, who spread the word that the

Vikings were bloody and violent. In fact, they were violent, but no more than anyone else at the time. Compared to

Charlemagne’s armies, the Vikings were amateurs. The Vikings were actually just looking for better places to live and

preferred not to kill or be killed for it.

We view the 1066 Battle of Hastings, where the Norman descendants of Vikings defeated the Anglo-Saxons and

established their own king (William I) in England, as the end of the age of the seafaring Vikings.


Now, on a separate sheet of paper, summarize each of the sections separated by the interview questions, and use only 15-20 words to summarize each question and answer. Try to focus in on the big picture for each one. What is the larger, general idea beyond the details that the historian wants you to take away?

Once you have a short summary for each paragraph, read across these summaries. Pull out the larger big ideas and summarize all of this information, again, using only 20-30 words this time, and no more than three sentences.


Did the Vikings leave any legacy?

The most important legacy they left us is our language. Norse words are so imbedded in modern English that we’re

unaware of them, while we’re more apt to notice the French and Latin derived words in our vocabulary. Roberta Frank in

the Yale English department came up with a paragraph that she allowed me to use in my book "A New History of the

Viking Age,” which — with the exception of articles and prepositions — is composed entirely of Norse-derived words. The

first sentence is:

The odd Norse loans seem an awesome window onto a gang of ungainly, rugged, angry fellows, bands of low rotten crooks

winging it at the stern's wake, sly, flawed “guests” who, craving geld, flung off their byrnies, thrusting and clipping calves

and scalps with clubs.

A monument to the Vikings in Hafsfjord, Norway, features three stone

swords.

Besides the English language, did they make any other lasting

contributions to Western civilization?

I often say the Vikings introduced the Western world to death and taxes. Their raids obviously killed a lot of people, and

when they attacked, Europeans realized they had to shape up to repel them. That meant kings had to raise money, and

after they got what they could from the Church, they had to start taxing the people. The Norse invaders were determined

to get what they wanted, and they continued to demand more and more both by threatening to strike and by kidnapping

and charging enormous ransoms. Churches became impoverished. In 994 they threatened to burn down the Canterbury

Cathedral unless the archbishop paid them off with a large sum of money. The archbishop, who a few decades earlier had

controlled the most wealth in England at the time, had already paid them so much that he had to borrow money from

another bishop.

Their constant threat also inspired kings to get their military organized.

Did they have any other economic impact?

The Vikings, who were as much traders as raiders, also helped Europe create money, which allowed commerce to take off.

In Russia they met up with Arab merchants who used silver coins (dirhams) to pay for the Vikings’ slaves and fur. Currency

was not a novel idea in western Europe, but there was a desperate lack of it, since gold and silver was rare. The Norsemen

introduced gold and silver from the rich Arab Caliphate. Bartering no longer needed to be the means of exchange.



Interestingly, schoolchildren on field trips in Scandinavia sometimes still find dirhams. Not long ago a boy found a trove of

16,000 coins, all made of silver that the Arabs had acquired in Afghanistan, at the easternmost point of their wide-

reaching empire.

Did the Vikings have a “softer side”?

The Vikings excelled in the decorative arts — embellishing functional objects like swords and runic inscriptions, and

crafting beautiful adornments, especially jewelry. Many Viking decorative motifs were adopted by the scribes who made

illuminated manuscripts in the Middle Ages.

The idea that the Vikings introduced “democratic government” to places where they settled is largely a Romantic myth,

but they did found the city of Dublin, among others.

It is also untrue that the Vikings were in any way more egalitarian toward women than the rest of the world at the time.

We often use — misuse? — the terms “Viking” and “Norman” interchangeably. Is there a difference?

Yes, the Normans were essentially the descendants of the original Vikings who settled in northern France and the Frankish

natives of the region.

In your “On Point” interview you suggest that those who became Vikings were losers in their own land,

because if they had succeeded as landowners and farmers, they would have stayed home. Is that right?

Not quite, but the Vikings were looking for opportunities that they didn’t have at home, and I think they were largely

younger brothers who wouldn’t inherit property.

So the Vikings really didn't wear horns on their helmets?

No. That was the invention of the costume designer for the first production of

Wagner’s “Ring Cycle” in 1876.

Click here to listen to Winroth’s “On Point” interview.

http://onpoint.wbur.org/2013/03/01/vikings

Source: http://news.yale.edu/2013/03/08/vikings-yale-historian-looks-myths-vs-history


http://news.yale.edu/2013/03/08/vikings-yale-historian-looks-myths-vs-history


Student Handout #4 – Primary Accounts of Viking Raids

Source on the Ravages of the Northmen in Frankland, c. 843 - 912

Below are a few passages taken from the Annals of St. Bertin, which show something of the character of the Northmen's part in early French history. St. Bertin was an abbey in France. This account was probably written by a group of monks living there.

From The Annals of St. Bertin, Summarize the events in this section

843 A.D. Pirates of the Northmen's race came to Nantes, killed the bishop and many of the clergy and laymen, both men and women, and pillaged the city. Thence they set out to plunder the lands of lower Aquitaine. At length they arrived at a certain island [the isle of Rhé, near La Rochelle, north of the mouth of the Garonne], and carried materials thither from the mainland to build themselves houses; and they settled there for the winter, as if that were to be their permanent dwelling-place.844. The Northmen ascended the Garonne as far as Toulouse and pillaged the lands along both banks with impunity. Some, after leaving this region went into Galicia [in Northern Spain] and perished, part of them by the attacks of the crossbowmen who had come to resist them, part by being overwhelmed by a storm at sea. But others of them went farther into Spain and engaged in long and desperate combats with the Saracens; defeated in the end, they withdrew.

845. then the other, came without meeting any resistance to Paris. Charles [the Bald] resolved to hold out against them; but seeing the impossibility of gaining a victory, he made with them a certain agreement and by a gift of 7,000 livres he bought them off from advancing farther and persuaded them to return. Euric, king of the Northmen, advanced, with six hundred vessels, along the course of the River Elbe to attack Louis of Germany. The Saxons prepared to meet him, gave battle, and with the aid of our Lord Jesus Christ won the victory. The Northmen returned down the Seine and coming to the ocean pillaged, destroyed, and burned all the regions along the coast.846. The Danish pirates landed in Frisia. They were able to force from the people whatever contributions they wished and, being victors in battle, they remained masters of almost the entire province.

847. The Northmen made their appearance in the part of Gaul inhabited by the Britons and won three victories. Noménoé [a chief of the Britons], although defeated, at length succeeded in buying them off with presents and getting them out of his country.853-854. The Danish pirates, making their way into the country eastward from the city of Nantes, arrived without opposition,



November Eighth, before Tours. This they burned, together with the church of St. Martin and the neighboring places. But that incursion had been foreseen with certainty and the body of St. Martin had been removed to Cormery, a monastery of that church, and from there to the city of Orleans. The pirates went on to the château of Blois and burned it, proposing then to proceed to Orleans and destroy that city in the same fashion. But Agius, bishop of Orleans, and Burchard, bishop of Chartres, had gathered soldiers and ships to meet them; so they abandoned their design and returned to the lower Loire, though the following year [855] they ascended it anew to the city of Angers.

855. They left their ships behind and undertook to go overland to the city of Poitiers; but the Aquitanians came to meet them and defeated them, so that not more than 300 escaped.856. On the eighteenth of April, the Danish pirates came to the city of Orleans, pillaged it, and went away without meeting opposition. Other Danish pirates came into the Seine about the middle of August and, after plundering and ruining the towns on the two banks of the river, and even the monasteries and villages farther back, came to a well located place near the Seine called Jeufosse, and, there quietly passed the winter

http://www.fordham.edu/Halsall/source/843bertin.asp1) What can we learn about the Vikings from these accounts?

2) Who is the source of these accounts and why does this matter?

3) Do you think this source provides a complete picture of the Vikings, or does he give a more one-sided account? Explain your answer.

4) What questions would you ask the author of this account if you could travel back in the past?


http://www.fordham.edu/Halsall/source/843bertin.asp




Student Handout #5 – Group Writing on the Vikings

You and your group are historical editors for a new TV show on Vikings. The producers of the show want this to be a historically accurate show. They bring you the plot description below and tell you that this is the overview of their first season. They want your feedback on how well this account represents the actual history of the Vikings.

Work with your team to analyze each piece of this storyline and identify all of the inaccurate ideas. Then re-write it so that it is more historically accurate. Feel free to add any details you want, but make sure they represent our current historical understandings of the Vikings. Finally, design a publicity poster you can use to advertise this show. Be sure that your poster uses images that represent the true history of the Vikings. Include at least five clearly identifiable details that you learned during this lesson.

Each person in your group needs to participate and contribute. Everyone needs to read the text and highlight or underline details you think are not accurate. Then share your ideas and come to agreement as a group. Different group members can take leadership in the following areas:

Research (looking back at readings to find additional details) Revision (correcting the inaccurate details below, or deciding which ones to cut completely) Writing up and including new details Illustration

Group Member Responsibilities

Names: Responsibilities:



What’s wrong with the account below?

Plot Overview:

The Viking king called his warriors to his capital from all the lands of the Vikings, and he ordered his vast army to attack and raid the other peoples of Europe.

The first two episodes show the king getting organized and gathering his army.

He made his soldiers drink blood from the skulls of their former victims to pledge their loyalty. The Viking soldiers gathered their war clubs and axes, put on their horned helmets, and set sail in their huge ships in a massive invasion force.

The next episode follows a particular band of Vikings as they swear their blood oath and set sail.

They sailed for weeks and weeks until they arrived on the shores of Europe where they looked for towns and villages to raid all across Europe, killing all the people they encountered as they tried to take over the continent. Raiding parties set off on foot into the mainland, and not even mountain villages were safe from the Vikings.

The fourth episode has the Vikings sailing for weeks. The fifth and sixth episode shows several bands launching coordinated attacks

across Europe.

In time, the Vikings conquered many lands and made the people there take up their pagan religion, and Europe entered the Dark Ages.

The last episode shows the Viking king forcing European leaders to convert to paganism and swear a blood oath to him.


Documents

ekennedy.weebly.comekennedy.weebly.com/uploads/5/0/4/2/5042266/7.6.6_ev… · Web viewWord Cards. 36. settlement . a place where people have moved to and started a new town or village