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Reusability assessmentPROGRESS webinar 3Life cycle assessment and reusability assessment of single-storey steel buildings21 May 2020

Petr HradilHeli Koukkari, Ludovic Fülöp

VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland

Picture credits: Paul Kamrath

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Design for deconstruction or reusability?

Example recommendations (Seppälä 2018)• regular distance between columns,• increasing natural loads,• braces as buckling support, braces for stiffening,• regular cross sections, regular load-bearing sheets,• regular material grade,• friction clamp connection for sandwich element detailing,• assembling columns from standard pieces,• base – and end plate connected with bolts to columns,• same cross section for diagonal bars,• “expendable” parts,• regular distance between inside columns,• and using screws as fasteners for load-bearing sheets.

Picture credits: Juha Seppälä

Design for optimum material use

Design for low embodied

carbonDesign for

deconstructionDesign for

reuse

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VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland

SelectedExisting methods

Picture credits: Paul Kamrath

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BRE Design for Deconstruction

Performance criteria

Elements inventory

Elements groups

Scoring per criteria and

element group

Overall score per element

group

Weighting factors

frame, foundation,

walls, ...

value 0, 0.5 or 1

environmental footprint

pre-defined

documentation, connections,

accessibility, ...

FrameFoundationExternal wallsGround floor, upper floor and ceilingCladdingFloor finishesWindows and doorsSanitary wareServices

Fixtures and fittingsProject documentation

Connections Accessibility

Reuse and recycling potential

Optimisation of deconstruction process

https://www.bregroup.com/buzz/design-for-deconstruction-helping-construction-unlock-the-benefits-of-the-circular-economy/

Picture credits: BRE Group

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Indicators, weighted scores

Components inventory

Component categories

Scoring per indicator and

category

Overall score per category

building services,non-structural building componentsnon-load-bearing components of the shellload-bearing components of the shell

several effort levels up to 100 points in total

pre-defined

ease of disassembly, scope of disassembly,

recycling and disposal plan

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DGNB Deconstruction and Disassemblyhttps://www.dgnb-system.de/en/buildings/new-construction/criteria/ease-of-recovery-and-recycling/

Picture credits: Paul Kamrath

Contribution to the sustainability goals

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Reusabilityindicator

Picture credits: Paul Kamrath

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Adapting common approachfor DfD assessment

Performance criteria

Criteria weighting

Components inventory

Clustering into groups

Individual scoring

Aggregated result

Groups weighting

e.g. pre-defined groups such as load-bearing components, roof, ...

value for each groupe.g. from 0 to 100%

e.g. environmental footprint

overall score e.g. from 0 to 100%

usually based on experts’ opinion

such as connections, ease of disassembly

pre-defined

Structure and envelope divided further according to the reuse scenario

One overall score for each reuse scenario

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Technical reusability index

𝑟 = #𝜌%𝑤%

𝑅 =∑𝑚%𝑟%∑𝑚%

Reusability indicator of the component

Weighting factor for each performance

category (%)Performance

assessment result (%)Performance assessment

very easy ri = 100%easy ri = 80%moderate ri = 60%difficult ri = 40%very difficult ri = 20%impossible ri = 0%

Performance categories

Deconstruction, handling, separation and cleaning, reuse of design, repurposing, alteration, quality control, geometry check

Reusability indicator of the building

Component mass (t)

Hradil, P., Talja, A., Ungureanu, V., Koukkari, H., Fülöp, L., Reusability indicator for steel-framed buildings and application for an industrial hall, ce/papers, Ernst & Sohn, Vol. 1, Issue 2-3, p. 4512-4521, 2018

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Performance checklistPerformance criteria

very difficult ri = 0.2

difficult ri = 0.4

moderate ri = 0.6

easy ri = 0.8

very easy ri = 1.0

Deconstruction Disassembly wi = 30%

Welded connections, high risk of damage during deconstruction

Welded connections between components with difficult access

Mostly welded connections between components

Bolted connections between components with difficult access

Easily accessible bolted connections between components

Separation Cleaning

wi = 10%

Machine cleaning/cutting needed to separate other materials

Hand tools for cleaning/cutting can be used to separate other materials

Bolted connections with difficult access for separation

Bolted connections need to be removed for separation

Free-standing components requiring no cleaning

Handling Manipulation

wi = 15%

Exceeding standard transport dimensions, prone to damage, requires special protection

Standard transport, prone to damage, requires special protection

Manipulation by crane, not damage sensitive

Small lifting devices

Manipulation by hand

Quality control

wi = 15%

No documentation, demanding environment, loading history is difficult to estimate, laboratory tests are needed

Laboratory tests are needed to check material properties

Documentation available, loading history known, on-site test needed to check material properties

Material documentation available incl. loading and maintenance history

Material documentation available Exploited in less demanding environment

Geometry checking

wi = 5%

Components would not pass geometry requirements without modification

Complex geometry 3D scanning required

Need to confirm positions of bolt-holes, etc.

Straightness and distortion check needed (lasers)

Straightness enough to confirm usability (wire, visual, etc.)

Redesigning (reuse of design documentation)

wi = 10%

No documentation, components would not fulfil the standard design requirements without modification

No documentation available, new design is required

Design documentation available

Detailed documentation available incl. loading and maintenance history

Designed to be reused, documentation and maintenance records in digital format

Repurposing

wi = 5%

Unique sizes and shapes, no other application possible

Possible to reuse for another purpose with some re-manufacturing

Limited possibility to use for another purpose

Possible to use for another purpose even outside the construction sector

There is a larger demand for another application than the original purpose

Alteration Modification

wi = 10%

Sizes are unique, reuse would require complete remanufacturing

Requires removal of welded parts

Requires addition and adjustment of bolt-holes

Requires only addition of new components

Requires no modification

Performance criteria

very difficult ri = 0.2

difficult ri = 0.4

moderate ri = 0.6

easy ri = 0.8

very easy ri = 1.0

Deconstruction Disassembly wi = 20%

Adhesive connections, high risk of damage during deconstruction

Rivet connections between components with difficult access

Rivet connections between components

Drilling screw connections between components with difficult access

Easily accessible drilling screw connections between components

Handling Manipulation wi = 5%

Exceeding standard transport dimensions, prone to damage, requires special protection

Standard transport, prone to damage, requires special protection

Manipulation by crane, not damage sensitive

Small lifting devices

Manipulation by hand

Separation Cleaning wi = 15%

Adhesive connections need to be removed for separation

Removal of joint sealing elements

Hand tools for cleaning/cutting can be used to separate other materials

Rivet connections need to be removed for separation

Separated Profiles requiring no cleaning

Redesigning wi = 15%

Components would not fulfil the standard design requirements without modification

New design is required, similar environmental conditions

Similar design required with different environmental conditions

Loading and maintenance history, same design required and similar environmental conditions

Designed to be reused, documentation and maintenance records in digital format

Repurposing wi = 5%

Elements with adhesive connections

Profiles with unique sizes and shapes, need to be cold formed

Profiles with limited possibility to use for another purpose

Possible to use for another purpose even outside the construction sector

There is a larger demand for another application than the original purpose

Alteration Modification

wi = 20%

Sizes are unique, reuse would require complete remanufacturing, Components are damaged (delamination or buckling of a layer of a sandwich panel e.g) and unusable

Requires removal of adhesive parts, difficult adjustment of rivet-holes

Requires addition and easy adjustment of screw-holes

Requires only addition of new components

Requires no modification

Adjustment Quality check wi = 10%

No documentation, demanding environment, loading history is difficult to estimate, laboratory tests are needed

Laboratory tests are needed to check material properties

Documentation available, loading history known, on-site test needed to check material properties

Material documentation available incl. loading and maintenance history

Material documentation available Exploited in less demanding environment

Recycling performance of materials wi = 10%

Components with high pollutant content, difficult separation of different materials

Components with low pollutant content,

Moderate separation of different materials

Easy separation of recyclable materials

Separated or free-standing recyclable materials and profiles

Stru

ctur

e

Env

elop

e

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Economic prospect

𝐸 =∑𝑚%𝑒%∑𝑚%

Reusability indicator of the building

Component mass (t)

𝑒 = 𝑃 𝑐/ ∩ 𝑐1 ∩ ⋯ 𝑛

Criteria (e.g. span, height, floor area)

Number of new buildings in the selected

area and time span

Reusability indicator of the component

Hradil, P., Fülöp, L., Ungureanu, V., Reusability of components from single-storey steel-framed buildings, Steel Construction, Design and Research, 12 (2), 2019.

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Case study3 pre-designed structures from PRECASTEEL project and 3 scenarios

Hot-rolled frame

Welded-tapered frame

Truss on columns

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Future development: Automated evaluation of BIM model

BIM

Building statistics

Performance criteria

Weighting factors

Components inventory

Clustering into groups

Scenarios generator

Individual checklist

Individual assessment

Scenarios assessment

Scenarios assessment

Results interpretation

manual input

manualinput

Criteria

mauanualinput

Layout, connections

pre-defined pre-calculated

r values e values

R value E value

Technical assessment Economic assessment

Components weights

Components weights

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Summary

• Reusability assessment method can be used for new and existing buildings to compare different designs or different end-of-life scenarios

• The method can support pre-deconstruction audits, material testing plan or lifecycle assessment

• It is possible to analyse BIM models with the reusability assessment methods

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AcknowledgementsProject PROGRESS has received funding from the Research Fund for Coal and Steel under grant agreement No 747847,

Ruukki Construction, Ramboll Finland, Peikko Group and Jernkontoret.

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Petr Hradil Ludovic Fülöppetr.hradil@vtt.fi ludovic.fulop@vtt.fi

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