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3/16/2016
1
Construction Fire Construction Fire Safety PracticesSafety Practices
Overview
1. Identify common causes of multifamily construction firesconstruction fires
2. Identify codes and standards that regulate fire safety during construction
3. Define the role of various parties in reducing the risk of construction fires
4. List steps that can be taken to reduce the risk of construction fires in multifamily occupancies.
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• The American Wood Council is a Registered Provider with The American Institute of Architects Continuing Education Systems (AIA/CES), Provider #
• This course is registered with AIA CES for continuing professional education. As such, it does not include content that may be deemed or construed to be an
• The American Wood Council is a Registered Provider with The American Institute of Architects Continuing Education Systems (AIA/CES), Provider # y
50111237.
• Credit(s) earned on completion of this course will be reported to AIA CES for AIA members. Certificates of Completion for both AIA members and non‐AIA members are available upon request.
approval or endorsement by the AIA of any material of construction or any method or manner ofhandling, using, distributing, or dealing in any material or product.
• Questions related to specific materials, methods, and services will be addressed at the conclusion of this presentation.
y50111237.
• Credit(s) earned on completion of this course will be reported to AIA CES for AIA members. Certificates of Completion for both AIA members and non‐AIA members are available upon request.
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What is your profession?
a) Architect/Engineera) Architect/Engineer
b) Building Code Official
c) Fire Official/Firefighter
d) Builder/Developer
e) Other
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• Fire Loss Data
• Codes and Standards
• Fire Safety Practices
• In 2014, NFPA publishedFires in Residential Properties, Other Than One‐ or Two‐family Homes, Under Construction or Undergoing Major Renovation—Multifamily dwellings
—Boarding and rooming houses
—Hotels and motels
—Residential board and care
—Other similar uses
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• Structures under construction represented one percent of fires and two percent of direct
dproperty damage
<1% <1%
Multi Family Fires
<1%
~3%
~3%
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$147,368$160,000
Average Loss Per Incident – Unconfined Fires
<1% <1%$35 412$40 000
$60,000
$80,000
$100,000
$120,000
$140,000
Multi‐Family Fires Under Construction 2007‐2011
<1%
~3%
~3%
$35,412
$0
$20,000
$40,000
All Multifamily Multifamily Under Construction
• No major trends• No major trends with regard to when fires occur—Month
Day of Week—Day of Week
—Time of day
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Radiated/Conducted from Hot Ash/Ember
Flame/Torch for Lighting
5%
Operating Equipment
12% Unclassified Heat from Power
Equipment12%
Spark, Ember, O h /U k
Smoking5%
5%
p , ,Flame from Operating Equipment
12%Unclassfied Hot or Smouldering
Object8%
Arcing12%
Other/Unknown29%
Radiated/Conducted from Hot Ash/Ember
Flame/Torch for Lighting
5%
Operating Equipment
12%
Unclassified Heat from Power
Equipment12%
Spark, Ember, O h /U k
Smoking5%
5%
Flame from Operating Equipment
12%Unclassfied Hot or Smouldering
Object8%
Arcing12%
Other/Unknown29%
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Cooking Equipment
Sh T l
Other14%
Equipment22%
Electrical Distribution/L
ighting
Shop Tools and Industrial Equipment
11%
7% $Loss
Heating Equipment
27%
Torch, Burner, Soldering Iron
13%
ighting13%
64% $Loss
11% $Loss
Number of Stories in Building vs. Number of Fires and $ LossUnconfined Fires
100
150
200
250
Number of Fires
20
30
40
$ Loss (Millions)
0
50
100
1‐2 3‐4 5‐6 7‐12 13+
# Stories
0
10
1‐2 3‐4 5‐6 7‐12 13+
# Stories
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Floor of Ignition vs. Number of Fires and $ LossUnconfined Fires
100150200250300
Number of Fires
20
30
40
$ Loss (Million)
050
100
# Stories
0
10
# Stories
Which of the following statements is true regarding fires in multi‐family buildings under constructionfires in multi family buildings under construction versus all multi‐family fires?
a) The number of fires is less than 1 percent
b)Civilian deaths is less than 1 percent
c) Civilian injuries is less than 1 percent
d)All of the above
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• Fire Loss Data
• Codes and Standards
• Fire Safety Practices
• NFPA 1 ‐ Chapter 16
• IFC ‐ Chapter 33• IFC ‐ Chapter 33
• NFPA 241Standard for Safeguarding Construction, Alteration, and Demolition Operations
Referenced by both model fire codesy
Originated in 1930
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• Essential code requirements relating to construction site fire prevention and pmitigation include:— Fire prevention program superintendent
— Pre‐fire plan (including fire reporting)
— Training
— Hot work/ignition control— Hot work/ignition control
— Access and water supply for firefighting
• Essential code requirements relating to construction site fire prevention and pmitigation include:— Standpipes
— Smoking and open flames
— Portable fire extinguishers
— Permits— Permits
— Use of temporary heating equipment
— Safe storage of chemicals
— Site security
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• NFPA 241, the IFC and OSHA all require a fireOSHA all require a fire protection/safety /prevention program for construction sites
• A program manager is also requiredalso required— FDNY has an excellent
model for program manager training
• The “Program” will include a Fire Safety Plan
• AHJs can prepare a model plan to give developers a head start
• Developers must customize plans for each site and jurisdiction
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Designated superintendent
Elements of a fire safety plan will likely include Waste material management Designated superintendent
Housekeeping
Hot work
Electrical equipment
Smoking
Food preparation
/ f
Waste material management
Storage of combustibles and building materials
Exposed combustible materials
Flammable liquids and gases
Waste / garbage chutes
Site security Open /waste fires
Temporary heating equipment
Plant equipment and vehicles
Fire access and water supply
Standpipes and fire equipment
Site security
Portable fire extinguishers
Fire reporting
Training
• IFC 3308.2: Develop and maintain pre‐fire plan
• NFPA 241:— Ensure training in the use of protection equipment
— Ensure presence and maintenance of protection equipment
— Supervise system for permitting hot work operations
— Perform self‐inspection program and maintain records
f— Manage impairment program for protection equipment
— Supervise removal of protective coverings on protection equipment when work in the area has been completed
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• 28 participant stakeholders, includingstakeholders, including— Local government code
and fire officials
— Builders
— Architects
— Insurerssu e s
— Nonprofit industry organizations
—Model code developers
• Improve compliance with current construction sitecurrent construction site requirements in model codes and standards through a joint effort of owners, contractors and code officials—Most notably, ensure that
required construction site fire safety plans are developed and implemented
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• The topic has been thoroughly studied for decades by governments, researchers and industry groups worldwide
• From Fire Data and Loss ReportsLoss Reports—Many causes of construction fires and contributing factors are predictable
—Fire preventionFire prevention methods are known
—Construction fires are typically preventable or controllable
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• The current body of technical knowledge gis sufficient to address the problem—No identified need for new researchfor new research
—When’s the last time you saw that come out of a study?
NFPA and ICC codes and standards are mostlystandards are mostly sufficient to regulate the problem
Exceptions:
1. Cooking, which 241 currently h dl lhandles only as temporary heating equipment
2. Temporary fire protection equipment (discussed later)
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If codes and standards are sufficient to regulate the gproblem…
Code compliancemust be lacking
• One way to view the loss data is “we’re doing 2007‐2011 Annual Averagesdata is we re doing something right”
• For 2007‐2011, fire loss represents less than 0.27% of the total value of multifamily residentialmultifamily residential construction
• Few injuries/ no fatalitiesAnnual Value of Construction
Annual Fire LossConstruction value source
— U.S. Census Bureau Building Permit Surveys
— New Privately Owned Housing Units
— Authorized Valuation for projects with 5 or More Units
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• Out of 830 reported fi ll l 380fires annually, only 380 grew to unconfined—Other 450 (54%) yielded <$1M in total losses
• If the 450 confined fires 2007‐2011If the 450 confined fires were not confined…
450 x $147,368 (avg. loss)
= $66M additional losses
• Smoking represents a small percentage of fires and firepercentage of fires and fire losses
Smoking5% of
UnconfinedFires
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• Hot work fires are too frequent and t picall res lt in major lossestypically result in major losses
Torch, Burner, Soldering Iron13% of Unconfined Fires
64% of Fire Loss
Which of the following was learned from fire data and loss reports?data and loss reports?
a) Fire prevention methods are known
b) Construction fires are typically preventable or controllable
c) More research is needed
d) All of the above
e) Answers a) and b) only
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• Fire Loss Data
• Codes and Standards
• Fire Safety Practices
• Codes and standards already prescribe the solution to preventingprescribe the solution to preventing or controlling most construction fires…we need to—Get better at functioning as a team
—Develop end‐user resources—Develop end‐user resources
—Distribute end‐user resources
—Embrace the use of quality fire safety plans
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• Improving construction site fire safety will i j i t ff t f d lrequire a joint effort of developers,
contractors, fire and building code officials, firefighters, and insurers
• “All boats sink when the lake goes dry”
• When onstr tion fires o r• When construction fires occur—Workers and firefighters are at risk
—Negative impact on community development
—Developers take a hitp
—Insurers take a hit
—Workers take a hit
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• Safe, affordable housing
• “Everyone goes home”Everyone goes home
• Robust economic development
• Finish on‐time and on‐budget
Which of the following require a fire safety protection program for construction sites?protection program for construction sites?
a)NFPA 241
b)International Fire Code
c)OSHA
d)All of the above
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• Develop materials to improve awareness of construction fires and to support fire prevention
imessaging
• Make materials informative and entertaining— Codes aren’t written to be of interest or understood by
developers or construction workers
— Better instructional materials are needed
• Bilingual+
• Use the permit process as a chance to provide information and arrange collaboration— Convey permit information to firefighters
— Arrange for firefighters to visit the site and meet the fire prevention manager
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• Codes don’t currently do a good job of allowing or addressing temporary fireallowing or addressing temporary fire protection for special hazard or interim protection—Fire sprinkler systems
—Fire alarm systems• Temporary pull stations
• Temporary detection
• Notification appliances?
• Change codes and standards to—Allow and address temporary fire protectionAllow and address temporary fire protection systems for special hazards
—Specifically regulate cooking, which 241 currently onlyhandles astemporary heatingtemporary heatingequipment
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I see nothing
I know nothing
I say nothing
“Failure”When enforcement is required to gain compliance
• Supplement enforcement by training and assigning building inspectors to enforce construction site fire safety— IBC Chapter 33 provides
When enforcement is required to gain compliance
p prequirements and authority
• They’re already onsite, but tend to focus on construction compliance inspections
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• Developers / contractors don’t tend to view code enforcement inspectors as “partners in safety”
• Compliance is temporary…until the
linspector leaves
Training and education should include which of the following to be more effective?following to be more effective?
a) Materials that improve awareness and support fire prevention messaging
b) Informative and entertaining materials
c) Bilingual material
d) All of the above
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www.Constructionfire safetyPractices.com
• Reducing the frequency of fires in buildings under construction will requirebuildings under construction will require changes in human behavior to change these attitudes about fire safety− “Didn’t know” (workers and management)
− “Didn’t care” (workers and management)
“ d ’ ” ( k )− “Didn’t prioritize” (workers, management, AHJ)
• Fire is no accident
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Ronny ColemanRonny [email protected]
• This concludes The American Institute of Architects Continuing Education Systems Course
QuestionsQuestions
American Wood [email protected]
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