Weebly · Web viewAs the early 19th century progressed, the nation of independent farmers began to give way to the early phases of the Industrial Revolution. As the nation expanded,

AP—United States HistoryUnit #4 – Discussion QuestionsChapters 7-11

Directions: Read the following chapters and be prepared to discuss the questions on the assigned days.

AP Standards: Period 4 [1607—1754]The new Republic struggled to define and extend democratic ideals in the face of rapid economic, territorial, and demographic changes.Key Concept 4.1 — The United States began to develop a modern democracy and celebrated a new national culture, while Americans sought to define the nation’s democratic ideals and change their society and institutions to match them.Key Concept 4.2 — Innovations in technology, agriculture, and commerce powerfully accelerated the American economy, precipitating profound changes to U.S. society and to national and regional identities.Key Concept 4.3 — The U.S. interest in increasing foreign trade and expanding its national borders shaped the nation’s foreign policy and spurred government and private initiatives.

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Discussion QuestionsAmsco – Chapter 7 – “The Age of Jefferson” (1800—1816)Norton PPT Notes – Chapter 9 – “Early Republic” (see Blog or Notes handout)

This chapter begins in 1800 with the election of Thomas Jefferson as president of the United States and the passing on of leadership to a new generation of Americans.

During his first term, President Jefferson attempted to win the allegience and trust of Federalist opponents by maintaining the national bank and debt-repayment plan of Hamilton.

The Louisiana Territory ecompassed a large and largely unexplored tract of western land through which the Mississippi and Missouri rivers flowed.

After the sweeping Democratic-Republican victory of 1800, the only power remianing to the Federalists was their control of the federal courts—especially the Supreme Court under Chief Justice John Marshall (appointed by Federalist President John Adams).

Jefferson won reelection in 1804, but his second term was marked by growing difficulties. Jefferson believed strongly in the precedent set by Washington of voluntarily retiring from the

presidency after a second term. The pressures leading to the War of 1812 involved nuetral rights at sea and the western frontier. The war with Great Britain ended with a status quo ante bellum—but would affect the development of

the United States throughout the 19th century.__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


Amsco – Chapter 7 – “The Age of Jefferson” (1800—1816)

1. Contextualization. Describe the domestic issues surrounding President Thomas Jefferson in both his first and second terms. On foreign issues, be sure to include the Barbary States, Embargo Act, the Chesapeake-Leopard Affair, and issues related to neutrality.

2. Contextualization. Describe the Louis and Clark Expedition (also known as the “Corps of Discovery”). Note: Use the Internet to research a map of the “Expedition” that shows the route taken. Copy and paste the map on the GoogleDoc for your review and cite the website.

3. Argumentation. To what degree did the United States enter the War of 1812 with Great Britain over the issue of freedom of the seas and neutral trade rights as opposed to issues on the frontier in western territories.

4. Compare and Contrast. Analyze those who supported the war with Britain and those opposed. Give examples from the textbook.

5. Contextualization. Explain the circumstances surrounding the purchase of Louisiana by the United States and the significance of the acquisition of the territory.

6. Contextualization. Explain how the Federalists were able to control the judicial system through the federal courts.

7. Argumentation. Describe the significance of the Marbury v. Madison (1803) case. How did the case increase the powers of the Supreme Court?

8. Contextualization. Explain the role of Aaron Burr regarding (1) Federalist Conspiracy, (2) the Hamilton-Burr Duel, and (3) Burr’s Trial for treason.

9. Contextualization. Explain the foreign and domestic policy of President James Madison.

10. Argumentation. List the eight results found on “The War’s Legacy” (p. 142) – include this list as part of the response for the question. Read ahead in Chapter 8 of Amsco and make an argument that “nationalism” was the most significant effect of the end of the War of 1812.

*NOTE: Bring a copy of the completed questions to class on the assigned day.

Due Date: _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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Discussion QuestionsChapter 8 – “Nationalism and Economic Development” (1816—1848)Norton PPT Notes – Chapter 10 – “Nationalism and Sectionalism” (see Blog or Notes handout)Norton PPT Notes – Chapter 12 – “The Dynamics of Growth” (see Blog or Notes handout)

This chapter begins with the election of James Monroe to the presidency and the beginning of his two terms as president lasting from 1817 to 1825.

Following the end of the War of 1812 with Great Britain, the United States was catapulted into the “Era of Good Feelings” due to the a feeling of optimism, goodwill, and nationalism.

This period in United States history included a period of cultural and economic nationalism and the rise of new leaders.

Henry Clay’s “American System” helped grow the eocnomy and connect the United States through a series of private, state, and federal funding in the nation’s infrastructure.

Supreme Court Chief Justice John Marshall continued to expand the powers of the national government and the rights of property against those who advocated more “states’ rights”.

By the mid-1820s, the population west of the Appalachian Mountains nearly doubled and power begane to shift to the west as new states were admitted to the Union.

The Missouri Compromise of 1820 would preserve the sectional balance between northern and southerns states.

Foreign affairs during this era would test the diplomatic skills of President James Monroe as a series of agreements and treaties weres signed between the United States and Great Britain and Spain.

As the early 19th century progressed, the nation of independent farmers began to give way to the early phases of the Industrial Revolution.

As the nation expanded, so did the population, transportation (e.g. canals, steamboats, railroads), and industry (e.g. the factory system, the rise of corporations, and mechanical inventions).

In the Southm the invention of the “cotton gin” created commercial agriculture and the expansion of slavery into western states.

Specialization, growth of cities, industrialization, and the development of modern capitalism led to the “Market Revolution” and a growing sense of interdependence.

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Amsco – Chapter 8 – “Nationalism and Economic Development” (1816—1848)

1. Interpretation. To what degree was the period shortly after 1812 through the early 1820s—a time of exceptional political unity.

2. Contextualization. Compare and contrast the economic and social systems of the northern, western, and southern regions. Note: Create a Venn Diagram of these three regions comparing each region’s economic and social systems.

3. Contextualization. Re-create the list of six Supreme Court cases from 1820 to 1821 (p. 154)—including the Marbury v. Madison Case. Explain the ways in which each of these cases increased the power of the federal government at the expense of the states.

4. Continuity and Change. Explain how the proposed “American System” (protective tariffs, Second National Bank, and internal improvements) by Henry Clay changed the economic structure of the American economy in the 19th century.

5. Contextualization. Explain how western states enhanced their limited political influence on Congress and explain how the issue of slavery affected the region (with a significant discussion on the causes and effects of the Missouri Compromise of 1820).

6. Contextualization. Identify and explain the factors that led to the Monroe Doctrine of 1823 and its significance on national foreign policy.

7. Contextualization. Analyze the reasons for westward expansion during the presidencies of Madison and Monroe.

8. Causation. Explain how the invention of the cotton gin led to the expansion of slavery in the South.

9. Argumentation. Analyze the factors which led to a national economy including (1) mechanical inventions, (2) the rise of corporations, (3) the factory system, (4) labor, and (5) rise of unions.

10. Contextualization. Define the “Market Revolution” and explain its effects on women, economic mobility, and slavery.


Due Date: _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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Discussion QuestionsAmsco – Chapter 9 – “Sectionalism” (1820—1860)Norton PPT Notes – Chapter 10 – “Nationalism and Sectionalism” (see Blog or Notes handout)Norton PPT Notes – Chapter 12 – “The Dynamics of Growth” (see Blog or Notes handout)Norton PPT Notes – Chapter 15 – “The Old South” (see Blog or Notes handout)

This chapter begins with the a quote from Daniel Webster, “The East, the West, and the stormy South all combine to throw the whole ocean into commotion, to toss its billows to the skies, and disclose its profoundest depths.”

During the early 19th century, the North was divided into two subregions—(1) the Northeast including New England and Middle Atlantic states and (2) the Old Northwest which stretched from Ohio to Minnesota.

This region was bound by transportation routes and rapid economic growth based on commercial farming and industrial innovation.

Originally, the Industrial Revolution centered in textiles—by the 1830s, northern factories were producing a wide range of goods.

By the 1830s, the Old Northwest was tied together with other northern states by military campaigns by federal troops that drove Indians from the region and the building of canals and railroads that established common markets between the Great Lakes and East Coast.

From 1830 to 1860, approximately 4 million immigranst migrated to the United States from Northern Europe (primarily Ireland and Germany) and led to the rise of Nativism (native-born Americans who reacted strongly against their arrival).

The states that permitted slavery formed a distinctive region—the Old South with agricultur as the foundation of the economy which included the production of tobacco, rice, sugarcane, and cotton.

Slavery (referred to as the “peculiar institution) was a dominant economic condition found in the South.

By the mid-1800s, the region known as the “West” was found west of the Mississippi River to California.

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Amsco – Chapter 9 – “Sectionalism” (1820—1860)

1. Contextualization. Describe the labor force, the rise of urbanization in North, and African American life in the North during the first half of the 19th century.

2. Causation. Analyze the reasons for rapid immigration growth in the United States from 1820 to 1860. Include details on the increase of Irish and German immigration as well as the rise of Nativism during this period.

3. Contextualization. Analyze the impact of “King Cotton” on the development of political, economic, and social systems in the South.

4. Contextualization. Describe slavery in the South in terms of (1) population, (2) economics, and (3) slave life.

5. Argumentation. Explain why Southerners came to defend slavery or the “peculiar institution”

6. Contextualization. Explain the life of “Free African Americans” in the South during the first half of the 19th century.

7. Contextualization. Discuss the life of “White Society” in the South during the first half of the 19th century.

8. Contextualization. Describe the life of those in West including (1) American Indians, (2) Mountain Men, and (3) white settlers on the frontier.


Due Date: _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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Discussion QuestionsAmsco – Chapter 10 – “The Age of Jackson” (1824—1844)Norton PPT Notes – Chapter 11 – “The Jacksonian Impulse” (see Blog or Notes handout)Norton PPT Notes – Chapter 15 – “The Old South” (see Blog or Notes handout)

This chapter begins with the emergence of popular politics in the 1820s and the presidency of Andrew Jackson from 1829 to 1837.

The changing politics of the Jacksonian years paralleled complex social and economic changes. Between 1824 and 1840, politics moved into middle- and lower-class—with several factors

contributing to the spread of democracy including new suffrage laws, changing political parties and campaigns, improved education, and increases in newspaper circulation.

Andrew Jackson ran for president in 1824, but lost the election of John Quincy Adams in what his supporters called a “corrupt bargain.”

In 1828, Jackson won the presidency handily carrying every state west of the Appalachians—his reputation as a war hero and man of the western frontier accounted for his victory more than the positions he took on the issues of the day.

Jackson was a different kind of president from any of his predecessors as he became the symbol for the emerging working class and middle class (the so-called “common man”).

During his presidency, Jackson presented himself as the representative of all the people and the protector of the common man against abuses of power by the rich and the privileged.

Issues such as the Peggy Eaton Affair, Indian Removal, Trail of Tears, Nullification Crisis, and the war against the Second Bank of the United States.

Supporters of Jackson were called Democrats which harked back to the old Democratic-Republican Party of Thomas Jefferson.

During Jackson’s Second Term, issues such as the removing of the Second Bank of the United States brough about “Pet Banks” and the Specie Circular led to the Panic of 1837.

The Presidential Election of 1836 brought President Martin Van Buren to office as the financial crisis plagued his entire presidency—at the same time the Whig Party initiated the second two-party system.

The Presidential Election of 1840 was won by William Henry Harrison—but his presidency ended after 30 days in office.

Amsco – Chapter 10 – “The Age of Jackson” (1824—1844)


1. Contextualization. Explain how the “spoils system” and the “rotation of officeholders” held to the Jacksonian politics of the 1830s.

2. Argumentation. To what degree, and in what ways, did the political system become more democratic during the 1820s through the 1840s than in first two decades of the 19 th century.

3. Contextualization. Describe the Presidential Election of 1824 and the outcome of the election.

4. Comparison. Compare and contrast the beliefs of the Democratic Party with those of the Whig party. Note: Copy the “Democrats and Whigs in the Age of Jackson” graphic organizer and place as part of the response to this question.

5. Continuity and Change. To what degree, and in what ways, was the Whig Party reflective of the old Federalist Party—in terms of agenda and constituency?

6. Continuity and Change. Under the presidency of Andrew Jackson, how did the power of the presidency increase between 1829 and 1837?

7. Contextualization. Describe the three primary issues associated with Jackson’s presidency: (1) Indian Removal Act, (2) Nullification Crisis, and (3) Jackson’s war on the Second National Bank.

8. Contextualization. Analyze the Presidential Election of 1840 and the Presidencies of William Henry Harrison and John Tyler.


Due Date: ___________________

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Discussion QuestionsChapter 11 – “Society, Culture, and Reform” (1820—1860)Norton PPT Notes – Chapter 13 – “American Renaissance: Religion, Romanticism & Reform” (see Blog or Notes handout)

This chapter begins with an introduction of the reform movements of the Jacksonian Era and following decades leading to the start of the Civil War.

Religious revivals swept through the United States during the early decades of the 19 th century. The Second Great Awakening began among educated people such as Reverand Timothy Dwight and

Presbyterian minister Charles G. Finney Writers such as Ralph Waldo Emerson abd Henry David Thoreau questioned the doctrines of

established churches and the business practices of the merchant class an argued for a new way of discovering one’s inner self through nature.

Antebellum communal experiments reflected the diversity of the reform ideas of the time. The democratic and reforming impulses of the Age of Jackson expressed themselvs in painting,

architecture, and literature. Reform movements evolved during the Antebellum Era using moral persuassion, ermons, pamplets,

and political action. Public education, temperance, public asylum, and women’s rights reforms helped promote changes

in the way the American public began to change as well as seek democratization in society during this period.

Opponents of slavery ranged from moderates who proposed gradual abolition to radicals who demanded immediate abolition without compensating their owners.

The Antebellum reform movements were largely found in the northern and western states with little impact on the South.


Amsco – Chapter 11 – “Society, Culture, and Reform” (1820—1860)

1. Contextualization. Analyze the impact of the Second Great Awakening in inspiring various reform movements and explain the revivalism in New York, Baptists, Methodists, and the Mormon Church.

2. Contextualization. Explain the reasons for the success of the following reform movements of the mid-19th century: temperance, public asylums, and public education.

3. Contextualization. Analyze the divisions within, and the impact of the antislavery movement on American society. Include discussion on the American Colonization Society, American Antislavery Society, and Liberty Party.

4. Contextualization. Explain the significance of the Transcendentalist movement and its leaders Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau. How did Brook Farm support the Transcendentalist ideal?

5. Contextualization. Describe the significance of Frederick Douglass, David Walker, and Henry David Garnet in the abolitionist movement.

6. Argumentation. Identify the “communal experiments” of the Antebellum period. To what degree, and in what ways, did utopian community ideals influence American society?

7. Contextualization. Describe the arts, literature, and architecture of the “Age of Jackson” and explain its significance on society during this period.

8. Continuity and Change. Analyze the changes in the roles of women in the Antebellum Era. Include the “cult of domesticity”, leaders in the women’s rights movement, and significance of the Seneca Falls Convention.


Due Date: ___________________

Documents

Weebly · Web viewAs the early 19th century progressed, the nation of independent farmers began to give way to the early phases of the Industrial Revolution. As the nation expanded,