Week 1: Introduction

HNDIT11023 – Computer Hardware

Module Code

HNDIT11023 Module Title

Computer Hardware

Credits 3 Lectures 01

Hours

GPA/NGPA GPA Lab/Tutorial 04

Semester S1 Module Type

Core compulsory

Module Objective• To understand the history and evolution of the computers• To assemble / disassemble hardware components of a PC• To install / configure hardware components and drivers• To troubleshoot hardware problems. • To develop skills to maintain hardware components and

PC. • To choose proper/most suitable hardware components

for a given purpose.• To prepare a technical specification of a PC for a given

purpose.

Learning Outcomes• At the end of the module the student will be able to

– Describe the history and the development of the computers.– Describe the functions of each hardware components / devices.– Assemble / disassemble hardware components.– Install and configure device drivers.– Evaluate the performance metrics of the hardware components /

devices– Apply necessary security mechanism to protect hardware

components.– Configure BIOS.– Prepare a technical specification of a computer/device for a given

purpose.– Choose a most suitable hardware among available choices for a

given purpose.

Assessment and Weighting

• Assignments and tutorials 50%• Structured Paper 50%

Computer Hardware

• Computer hardware refers to the physical parts or components of a computer such as themonitor, mouse, keyboard, computer data storage, hard drive disk (HDD), system unit (graphic cards, sound cards, memory, motherboard and chips), etc. all of which are physical objects that can be touched.

A Short History of Computing

Ancient History

Abacus

• 3000 BCE, early form of beads on wires, used in China

• From semitic abaq, meaning dust.

Table Abacus 100,000 ------------------------------------- 50,000 --------------------------------------- 10,000 -------- --- ----------------------- 5,000 --------------------------------------- 1,000 ------------------------------------- 500 ----------------------------------------- 100 ---------------------------------- 50 --------

------------------------------- 10 ------------------------------------------ 5 ------------------------------------------ 1 ---------------------------------------

Chinese Swan Pan

The Middle Ages

Charles Babbage (1791-1871)

Difference Engine

Science Museum’s Reconstruction

• Difference Engine Number 2 (1847 to 1849) constructed according to Babbage’s original drawings (minor modifications)

• 4,000 parts• 7 feet high, 11 feet long, 18 inches deep• 500,000 pounds

Science Museum Recreation (Doron Swade, Curator)

Analytical Engine

Ada Augusta Byron, 1815-1852

• born on 10 December 1815.• “world’s first programmer”

Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer

• 1st large scale electronic digital computer• designed and constructed at the Moore School

of Electrical Engineering of the University of Pennsylvania

Inspiration and Perspiration Unite

• 1943 Mauchly and Eckert prepare a proposal for the US Army to build an Electronic Numerical Integrator– calculate a trajectory in 1 second

• May 31, 1943 Construction of ENIAC starts• 1944 early thoughts on stored program computers by

members of the ENIAC team• July 1944 two accumulators working

Accumulator(28 vacuum tubes)

ENIAC at Moore School, University of Pennsylvania

Early Thoughts about Stored Program Computing

• October 1944 Army extends the ENIAC contract to include research on the EDVAC and the stored-program concept

• Spring 1945 ENIAC working well• June 1945 First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC:

Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer

British Efforts

Manchester Mark I (1948)

Manchester Mark I (1948)

• Freddy Williams and Tom Kilburn• Developed an electrostatic memory• Prototype operational June 21, 1948 and machine to

execute a stored program• Memory: 32 words of 32 bits each• Storage: single Williams tube (CRT)• Fully operational: October 1949• Ferranti Mark I delivered in February 1951

EDSAC

• Maurice Wilkes, University Mathematical Laboratory, Cambridge University

• Moore School Lectures• Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator,

EDSAC operational May, 1949• J. Lyons Company and the LEO, Lyons Electronic

Office, operational fall 1951

National Physical Laboratory

• Automatic Computing Engine (ACE)• Full version of ACE at NPL, 1959

Mainframe Computers

John Mauchly leaning on the UNIVersal Automatic Computer

Remington Rand UNIVAC• 43 UNIVACs were delivered to government

and industry • Memory: mercury delay lines: 1000 words of

12 alphanumeric characters• Secondary storage: metal oxide tape• Access time: 222 microseconds (average)• Instruction set: 45 operation codes• Accumulators: 4• Clock: 2.25 Mhz

IBM 701 (Defense Calculator)• Addition time: 60 microseconds• Multiplication: 456 microseconds• Memory: 2048 (36 bit) words using

Williams tubes• Secondary memory: – Magnetic drum: 8192 words– Magnetic tape: plastic

• Delivered: December 1952: IBM World Headquarters (total of 19 installed)

Second Generation (1958-1964)

• 1958 Philco introduces TRANSAC S-2000– first transistorized commercial machine

• IBM 7070, 7074 (1960), 7072(1961)• 1959 IBM 7090, 7040 (1961), 7094 (1962)• 1959 IBM 1401, 1410 (1960), 1440 (1962)• FORTRAN, ALGOL, and COBOL are first standardized

programming languages

Third Generation (1964-1971)

• April 1964 IBM announces the System/360– solid logic technology (integrated circuits)– family of “compatible” computers

• 1964 Control Data delivers the CDC 6600• nanoseconds• telecommunications• BASIC, Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code

Fourth Generation (1971- )

• Large scale integrated circuits (MSI, LSI)• Nanoseconds and picoseconds• Databases (large)• Structured languages (Pascal)• Structured techniques• Business packages

Digital Equipment Corporation

(Mini-computers)

PDP-8, first mass-produced Mini

PDP-11 (1970)

Microcomputers

Intel

• Noyce, Moore, and Andrew Grove leave Fairchild and found Intel in 1968– focus on random access memory (RAM) chips

• Question: if you can put transistors, capacitors, etc. on a chip, why couldn’t you put a central processor on a chip?

• Ted Hoff designs the Intel 4004, the first microprocessor in 1969– based on Digital’s PDP-8

Microcomputers

• Ed Roberts founds Micro Instrumentation Telemetry Systems (MITS) in 1968

• Popular Electronics puts the MITS Altair on the cover in January 1975 [Intel 8080]

• Les Solomon’s 12 year old daughter, Lauren, was a lover of Star Trek. He asked her what the name of the computer on the Enterprise was. She said “ ‘computer’ but why don’t you call it Altair because that is where they are going tonight!”

Altair 8800 Computer

Generations of Computers(Summary)

Each generation of computers is characterized by major technological development that fundamentally changed the way computers operate, resulting in increasingly smaller, cheaper, more powerful and more efficient and reliable devices

1) First Generation (1940-1956)

• The First Generation of Computer was built using Vacuum Tube and Valves as major Component. The Valve and Vacuum tubes are electron tubes, which were invented in 1906 by Frenchman lee-de-forest.

• The main feature of Computer are as follows:• Used Vacuum tubes• Very large size, unreliable and slower than other generation.• Most data were entered in the form of Punch card.• Operation System was used in term of Millisecond• They have very short Lift Span.• They have Limited Programming Capabilities.• Produce a lot of Heat• They were Difficulty to Maintain• Eg: UNIVAC-I, ENIAC, EDVAC, IBM 650, BURROUGHS 220.

First Generation ……..

1st Generation computer made by Vacuum tubes

Punch cards

2) Second Generation (1956-1963)

• This Computer used Transistor and Diodes instead of vacuum tubes as Main electronic Components. Transistors were Developed by Englishman William Shockley .

• The main feature are as follows• Use transistor and diodes• 1000 vacuum tubes were replaced with 1 Transistor• Smaller in Size than first generation• Operating Speed increase to Microsecond• Produce less amount of Heat than first generation• Machine dependent High level Language• More Reliable, Efficient, Higher accuracy than 1st Generation computers• IBM 1400 series and 7000 series, Control Data 3600, General Electric 635, and

Honeywell 200.

Second Generation ……..

3) Third Generation (1964-1971)

• The Computer which used IC are called Third Generation of Computer. An IC Contain 100 of Electronic Component Eg: Transistor, Capacitor's , register's etc.

• The important features of these Computers are as follows• IC were Used• Processing Speed Increase to Nanosecond• Monitor, Keyboard were Introduce as data output and Input Devices respectively.• Operating System to control input and output.• More reliable and better performance , Semi- Conductor used as Primary Storage.• Computer become Portable.• Operating System were used.• The size of Computer rapidly decrease Compare to Second Generation Computer.• Eg: IBM System/360, ICL 2800, IBM 370, Burroughs 5700, Digital Equipment PDP-

8 Series, etc.

Third Generation ……….

4) Fourth Generation (1971-till now)

• Fourth Generation Computer used Large Scale Integrated (LSI) and Very Large Scale Integrated (VLSI). Accommodate 1000's of Component are in Single Chip. The Microprocessor used in these Computers.

• The major feature of this Generation of Computer is as follows• Computer's are highly reliable and totally accuracy.• The Operating Speed increase to Picoseconds and MIPS (Million of Instruction Per Second).• Micro Computer were Introduced• Magnetic Disk and Optical Instrument device Become Common for a Mass.• Hard and sophisticated programs are used• Audio respond terminals were made• Word processing and e-mail system were introduced• Multi-processing, Multi-media and multi-tasking is Possible.• Smallest Computer Called Desktop, Laptop and Palmtop were introduced.• Eg: IBM-PC, DEC 10, IBM 4341, IBM System/370, BURROUGHS B7700, HP3000, Apple 2,

Apple Macintosh, Cray X-MP

Fourth Generation ………

5) Fifth Generation (Present, future)

• This Computer are set Under Development. The Computer Which will use AI (Artificial Intelligence ) and use Bio- Chip as memory device Created by User are called fifth generation .

• The main feature of Computer are as follows• They will be Intelligent• They use Super Conductor Technology• They will be Capable of Parallel Processing• Because of use of Super Conductor Material like Bio-Chip speed

will be very high.• Large Subset of Natural Language like English, Japanese etc will

be used and make more user friendly.

Fifth Generation ……..

FIFTH GENERATION COMPUTERS

Fifth generation computers are in developmental stage which is based on the artificial intelligence. The goal of the fifth generation is to develop the device which could respond to natural language input and are capable of learning and self-organization. Quantum computation and molecular and nanotechnology will be used in this technology. So we can say that the fifth generation computers will have the power of human intelligence.

CHARACTERISTICS

• 1) The fifth generation computers will use super large scale integrated chips.

• 2) They will have artificial intelligence.• 3) They will be able to recognize image and graphs.• 4) Fifth generation computer aims to be able to solve highly

complex problem including decision making, logical reasoning.• 5) They will be able to use more than one CPU for faster

processing speed.• 6) Fifth generation computers are intended to work with

natural language.