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8/22/2019 (Week 4 and 5) Interpersonal Relationship
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INTERPERSONAL
RELATIONSHIPS (IR)
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The concept of IR
It is a relatively long-term association
between two or more people
This association may be based on emotions
like love and liking, regular businessinteractions, or some other type of social
commitment.
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Healthy and unhealthy relationship
Research on IR focuses on those
relationships that are close, intimateand interdependent (i.e., the behavior
of each affects the outcomes of the
other)
The concept of IR
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Close relationship is always related to
love, trust, commitment, caring,
stability, attachment, meaningful and
significant
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Majority of work on relationship has
focused on taking the pulse of therelationship (the assessment of
interrelated but distinct concepts, such as
quality, stability, happiness andcommitment)
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Types of Relationship
IR take place in a great variety of
contexts, such as family, friends,
marriage, work, clubs andneighborhoods.
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Interpersonal relationships include kinshipand family relations in which people
become associated by genetics or
consanguinity. These include such roles as father,
mother, son, or daughter.
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Relationships can also be established by
marriage, such as husband, wife, father-in-law, mother-in-law, uncle by marriage, or
aunt by marriage.
They may be formal long-termrelationships recognized by law and
formalized through public ceremony, such
as marriage orcivil union.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-term_relationshiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-term_relationshiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceremonyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceremonyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-term_relationshiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-term_relationshiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-term_relationshiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-term_relationshiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage8/22/2019 (Week 4 and 5) Interpersonal Relationship
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They may also be informal long-termrelationships such as loving relationships
or romantic relationships with or without
living together.
In these cases the "other person" is often
called lover, boyfriend, orgirlfriend.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Living_togetherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boyfriendhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girlfriendhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girlfriendhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boyfriendhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Living_togetherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love8/22/2019 (Week 4 and 5) Interpersonal Relationship
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Friendships consist of mutual liking, trust,
respect, and often even love and
unconditional acceptance. They usually
imply the discovery or establishment ofsimilarities or common ground between
the individuals
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friendshiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friendship8/22/2019 (Week 4 and 5) Interpersonal Relationship
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Internet friendships and
pen-pals may take place at
a considerable physicaldistance.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_friendshiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pen_palhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pen_palhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pen_palhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pen_palhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_friendship8/22/2019 (Week 4 and 5) Interpersonal Relationship
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Brotherhood and sisterhood can refer to
individuals united in a common cause or
having a common interest, which mayinvolve formal membership in a club,
organization, association, society, lodge,
fraternity, orsorority.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brotherhoodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisterhoodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clubhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voluntary_associationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lodgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraternityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sororityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sororityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraternityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lodgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voluntary_associationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clubhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisterhoodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brotherhood8/22/2019 (Week 4 and 5) Interpersonal Relationship
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Partners or co-workers in a
profession, business, or common
workplace also have a long term
interpersonal relationship.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Businesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Businesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profession8/22/2019 (Week 4 and 5) Interpersonal Relationship
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Soulmates are individuals intimately drawn
to one another through a favorable
meeting of minds and who find mutual
acceptance and understanding with one
another.
Soulmates may feel themselves bonded
together for a lifetime and hence may
become sexual partners, but notnecessarily.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soulmatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meeting_of_mindshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_partnershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_partnershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meeting_of_mindshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soulmate8/22/2019 (Week 4 and 5) Interpersonal Relationship
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Platonic love is an affectionaterelationship into which the sexual
element does not enter, especially in
cases where one might easilyassume otherwise.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platonic_lovehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platonic_love8/22/2019 (Week 4 and 5) Interpersonal Relationship
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RELATIONSHIP PROCESS
COGNITIVE PROCESS
AFFECTIVE PROCESS
DISPOSITIONAL INFLUENCES
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COGNITIVE PROCESS
All relationships begin with two
people who are strangers to each
other
Impression formation of strangers is
of great consequence for
understanding relationships
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Our mind begins processing clues tothe strangers nature (e.g. persons
appearance)
Over time and many interactions, wemay come to know the person well
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Knowing another person
How we come to know another
person can be viewed as the process
by which we learn to accurately
predict how that person
Over time we may know some people
better than they know themselves
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ExpectanciesThe beliefs we hold about the
probable behavior of other people
and the probable occurrence ofother future events
Influence most human behavior
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Social expectancies vary along 4
dimensions1. Certainty
- the subjective level of probability
associated with the occurrence of thefuture event
2. Accessibility
the ease and speed with which the
expectancy comes to mind
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3. Explicitness
- refers to whether or not the individual is
consciously aware of holding the
expectancy
4. Importance-refers to the extent to which the expectancy
is relevant to the individuals needs, motives
or values
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Consciousness and the Minds
Activities The principal mission of cognitive
psychology is to understand the
psychological structure of the humanmind and the processes by which it
operates.
Typically, we are aware of only a few ofproducts of the minds work when they
appear in consciousness.
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William James (1890) characterized
consciousness as the ultimate mystery
for psychologists to solve.
Cognitive psychologists now know that
intuition, gut feelings, chemistry and vibes
are manifestations of the workings of the
extraordinary efficient and powerful humanmind
Consciousness and the Minds
Activities
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Processing Social Information
Dual Process theories
How we process, store, and
access information about other
people
(see Figure 3.1)
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Automatic/Associate
Mode
Controlled/Rule-based
Mode
Unintentional Intentional
Uncontrollable Controllable
Inaccessible to
awareness
versus Accessible to
awareness Efficient (requires little
attention)
Effortful (requires
attention)
Accesses long term
memory system
Accesses long-term
and short-termmemory systems
Figure 3.1: Features of the Two Modes of Processing Social Information
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Automatic/Associative Information
Processing and Regularities in the Social
Environment
3 memorysystems
SHORT-TERM
Holds the objects
in system long
enough to work
on them
SENSORY
To register andbriefly retain
incoming information
from the sense
LONG-TERM MEMORY
Hold information we have stored for
long periods of time
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Long-term memory is also called asassociative memory system (Smith &
Decoster, 2000)
The associative memory system maypossess another important feature that
has many implications for relationship
phenomena
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Phase 1:
From the time they hatched,
baby chicks were fed corn on a
medium gray platter placed
next to a light gray platter.
Phase 2:
After a short while, the chicks
ignored the light gray platter
and quickly headed toward the
medium gray one at feeding
time.
Phase 3:
The experimenter removed the
light gray platter and replaced it
with a dark gray one. The
hungry chicks approached the
dark gray platter over the one
that had always held their
dinner
Figure 3.2: Kohlers (1929) experiment
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Controlled/Rule Based Information It is associated with conscious decision-
making and problem solving.
Often apply rules and strategies we have
learned or trying to learn.
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Fast-learning memory system
Integrate the slow learning, short term,
long-term and associative memory
system
Allows to remember a single occurrence
of an event
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Dual process theorists of social cognitionbelieved that we use the more demanding
and effortful controlled/rule based
processing under two conditions:
1. When we are highly motivated to make
accurate predictions about anothers behavior
2. When we have time to engage in effortful
processing
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FIRST IMPRESSIONS AND RELATIONSHIP
The first impressions are critical to the
relationship for at least 2 reasons:
1. Will determine whether there will be
subsequent interactions
2. If the interaction continues, the partners first
impression of each other will influence the
nature of their future interactions
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AFFECTIVE PROCESS
Emotions effect the relationships with
others
Emotions Feelings that generally have bothphysiological and cognitive elements that
influence behavior
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BASIC EMOTIONS
(anger, fear, disgust, surprise, joy, sadness)
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Close relationships are the setting
in which humans most frequently
experience intense emotion, bothpositive and negative
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The Function of Emotions
Preparing us for action
A link between events in our environment
and our responses
Shaping our future behavior
Act as reinforcement
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The Function of Emotions
Helping us to interact more effectively
with others
Act as a signal to observe, allowing
them to better understand what we are
experiencing and to predict our future
behavior
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THEORY OF EMOTIONS
James-Lange theory of emotion
Cannon-Bard theory of emotion Schachter- Singer theory of
emotion
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James-Lange theory of emotion
James and Lange proposed that we
experience emotions as a results of
physiological changes that produce
specific sensations.
In turn, these sensations are interpreted
by the brain as particular kinds of
emotional experiences
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Emotional
Stimulus
Physiological
Arousal
Experienced
Emotion
Figure 3.3 : James-Lange theory of emotion: The emotional stimulus
(e.g., hearing footsteps behind you in a dark alley)
produces physiological arousal (e.g., increased heart
rate), which then produces an experienced emotion (e.g.,fear)
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Cannon-Bard theory of emotion
The major trust of the theory is to rejectthe view that physiological arousal aloneleads to the perception of emotion.
Instead, the theory assumes that bothphysiological arousal and the emotionalexperience are produced simultaneouslyby the same nerve stimulus, which
Cannon and Bard suggested emanatesfrom the brains thalamus
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Emotional
Stimulus
PhysiologicalArousal
Experienced
Emotion
Figure 3.4:
Cannon-Bard theory of emotion: The emotional stimulus (e.g., hearing
footsteps behind you in a dark alley) activates the thalamus. The thalamus
sends 2 messages at the same time: 1 message to the cortex, which produces
an experience emotion (e.g., fear), and 1 message to the hypothalamus
autonomic nervous system, which produces physiological arousal (e.g.,
increased heart rate)
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Schachter- Singer theory of emotion
Focus on the role of cognition
They proposed that emotion has 2
components which are physiological
arousal and cognitive label
The cognitive label is like the channel
switch: It dictates which emotion will be felt
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Emotional
Stimulus
Physiological
ArousalCognitive Label
Experienced
Emotion
Figure 3.5: Schacter-Singer theory of emotion.
The emotional stimulus (e.g., hearing footsteps behind you in a dark alley
produces physiological arousal (e.g., increased heart rate) and a cognitive
label, which produces an experienced emotion (e.g., fear)
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DISPOSITIONAL INFLUENCES
Certain dispositional properties (e.g.,
depression) of individual can influence the
both the quantity and quality of his or herinterpersonal relationships he or she forms
with others.
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The interaction between 2 persons is
influenced by their properties and
situation
Interaction = f (Situation, properties
of A, properties of B)
(Rusbult & Van Lange, 2003)
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Maleness and Femaleness
The attributes of maleness and
femaleness both biological sex and
psychological gender are associatedwith a variety of relational
experiences and outcomes
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Examples: Emphatic Accuracy : women > men
Coping behavior : womenmen
Self-Disclosure and Intimacy : womenmen Physical and verbal aggression: men> women
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Theoretical Explanations for Sex
Differences
Two general categories
1. Social factors
Sex differences in social behavior
because of social learning andsocialization
2. Biological or genetic influences
Differential male and female biology,including neurotransmitter activity and sexhormone levels.
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Personality traits, chronicaffective states, needs or motives,
and interpersonal belief systems
also seem to play a role inrelationship initiation and
maintenance
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BEHAVIOR
Broadly defined as covert responses
and overt responses that are
observable and measurable
A behavior is considered observable
when it can be seen and measurable
when it can be counted
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Human behavioris influenced by
Culture
Attitudes
Emotions
Values
EthicsAuthority
Rapport
Persuasion
Coercion
Genetics
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Behavior doesnt automatically or
inevitably follow internal
processes such as thought and
feelings Human behavior depends on
meaning
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One important type of meaning
links an action to goal
A goal is an idea of somedesired future state
A goal tells you how to pursueand uphold your values
Goal, Plans, Intentions
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A persons goals reflect the influence
of both inner processes and culturalfactors
Culture sets out a variety of possiblegoals, and people choose among
them depending on their personal
wants and needs and also on theirimmediate circumstances
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Pursuing goals includes planningand carrying out the behaviors to
reach goals.
Both conscious and automaticsystems help in the pursuing
goals.
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People have goal hierarchies;
some goals are long term andsome are short