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Last Week
• Vowels may be described in terms of phonology, phonetics, acoustics and audition.
• There are about 20 phonological choices for vowels in English. • The Cardinal Vowel system can be used to describe the quality of
any vowel in any language. • Vowel quality can be described using terms such as front-back,
open-close, rounded-unrounded, short-long, monophthong-diphthong.
• The source-filter model of vowel production explains the acoustic form of vowels
• The frequency response of the vocal tract pipe used for vowels can be characterised using the frequencies of the first few formants.
• Formant frequencies for a given phonological vowel vary across speakers, even of the "same" articulation.
2
Minimal Pairs
• pin, bin, din, tin, kin, gin, chin
• coat, goat
• sum, sun, sung
• whip, rip, lip, yip
• fin, thin, sin, shin
• vat, that, hat
• baize, beige
• pass, parse
4
Consonant Choices in English
• pen, spin, tip • but, web • two, sting, bet • do, odd • cat, kill, skin, queen, thick • go, get, beg • fool, enough, leaf • voice, have, of • thing, breath • this, breathe • see, city, pass • zoo, rose • she, sure, emotion, leash • pleasure, beige • ham
• chair, nature, teach • gin, joy, edge • man, ham • no, tin • singer, ring • left, bell • run, very • we • yes • what (some accents, e.g. Scottish) • loch (Scottish)
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Place
Place Articulation
Bilabial Both lips
Labiodental Lower lip and upper teeth
Dental Tongue tip and teeth
Alveolar Tongue tip on teeth ridge
Palatal Tongue blade on hard palate
Velar Tongue body on soft palate
Glottal Vocal folds in larynx
7
Manner
Manner Articulation
Plosives Complete obstruction, explosive release
Nasals Complete obstruction, nasal port open
Affricates Complete obstruction, fricative release
Fricatives Partial obstruction causing turbulence
Approximants No obstruction
9
Voice
Voice Articulation
Voiced Vocal fold vibration, or rapid restart of vibration at plosive release
Voiceless No vocal fold vibration, or delayed restart of vibration at plosive release
11
Bilabial Alveolar Velar
Voiced Plosive bin b din d give g
Voiceless Plosive pin p tin t kin k
Nasal sum m sun n sung ŋ
Plosives & Nasals
14
Fricatives & Affricates
Labiodental Dental Alveolar Palato-alveolar
Glottal
Voiced Fricative
vim v this ð zing z measure ʒ
Voiceless Fricative
fin f thin θ sin s shin ʃ hit h
Voiced Affricate
gin dʒ
Voiceless Affricate
chin tʃ
15
Approximants
Labial-velar Alveolar-retroflex
Alveolar-lateral
Palatal
Voiced wasp w wrong r long l yacht j
16
Acoustics of Approximants
Approximant articulations create vocal tract tubes similar to vowels and their acoustics are thus also similar to vowels
18
Frequency Frequency Frequency
Am
plit
ud
e
Res
po
nse
Am
plit
ud
e
Source Filter Vowel
Vowel Acoustics
19
Acoustics of Fricatives
Fricative articulations create a narrow constriction at some point along the vocal tract tube. Turbulence is generated at the constriction and shaped largely by the tube forward of the
constriction.
24
Frequency Frequency Frequency
Am
plit
ud
e
Res
po
nse
Am
plit
ud
e
Source Filter Fricative
Fricative Acoustics
27
Frequency Frequency Frequency
Am
plit
ud
e
Res
po
nse
Am
plit
ud
e
Source Filter Fricative
Fricative Acoustics
28
5 10 15 20
-10
010
20
30
40
50
/h/
Channel
Energ
y (
dB
)
5 10 15 20
-10
010
20
30
40
50
/ʃ/
Channel
Energ
y (
dB
)
5 10 15 20
-10
010
20
30
40
50
/s/
Channel
Energ
y (
dB
)
5 10 15 20
-10
010
20
30
40
50
/θ/
Channel
Energ
y (
dB
)
5 10 15 20
-10
010
20
30
40
50
/f/
Channel
Energ
y (
dB
)
Average fricative spectra 0-10kHz
29
h ʃ s
θ f
Acoustics of Plosives
Plosives have a closing phase, closed phase and release phase. At release a short burst of turbulence occurs which is shaped by adjacent vocal tract cavity resonances.
p t k
32
Freq
Time
F2
F1
vowel transition stop-gap
burst
transition vowel
[b] = voiced, unaspirated
35
Weak larynx buzz dying out
[ph] = voiceless, aspirated
Freq
Time
F2
F1
vowel transition stop-gap
burst
transition vowel
Aspiration
36
Plosive Place
37
b d g
Place cues to plosives include: spectral shape of burst and movements of formants going into and out of stop
Summary
• Phonological choices can be determined by finding minimal pairs
• There are about 24 consonant choices in English which can be classified according to their typical articulation
• Consonants are described using the Voice-Place-Manner system
• Approximants and Nasals have similar acoustics to vowels
• The source of energy for fricatives is turbulence generated at or near the constriction. Fricative spectra vary according to size of cavity forward of the constriction
• Plosives have a series of events: closing, hold, burst, opening, and optional aspiration. Place cues for plosive are related to the spectrum of the burst and the formant transitions
• Voice Onset Time is an important voicing cue for plosives
39
PALS1004 Remaining Sessions
Lectures
Mon 19 Feb – Lecture
Mon 26 Feb – No lecture
Mon 5 Mar – No lecture
Mon 12 Mar – No lecture
Mon 19 Mar - Lecture
Laboratory classes
Wed 21 Feb – Lab class
Wed 28 Feb – Lab class
Wed 7 Mar – Lab class
Wed 14 Mar – Lab class
Wed 21 Mar – Lab class
40
Course handouts and lecture slides will be available on Moodle as usual