Week Of 4/1/13- 4/12/13Mrs. TateD110 biology

4-1-13 Monday

( 5th and 6th only)

Start working on the evolution web-quest.

4-2-13 Tuesday

( 5th and 6th only)

Start working on the evolution web-quest ( DUE TOMORROW IF YOU DID NOT FINISH AT THE START !)

4-3-13 Wednesday Demonstrate an understanding of the structure and function of DNA/RNA; understand that there is evidence that supports evolution. 5TH/6TH PERIOD TURN IN YOUR WEBQUESTS!1.Bell Ringer 47: EOC SE 6A practice questions ( 8 min)2.Complete Stations 1-7 ( and turn work into the tray).3.Closure: Reminder List

Reminders: Extra Credit #3 posted on website ( due 4/9/13)

You control the outcome of your grade….you determine if a zero remains a zero ( take care of them or keep that failing grade of a zero)

Check the daily calendar board. ( know the due dates for homework/daily work and when you will have a quiz or a test) evolution test next Tuesday.

4-4-13 Thursday Students should be able to demonstrate an understanding of how changes in DNA results in mutations and explain and illustrate the processes of replication, translation, and transcription. ( review old SE’s)

1.Turn in Station Rotation ( 1-7) 2.Bell Ringer 48 ( EOC 6B and 6C ) 3.Copy down vocab ( its due for grading 4-8-13) 4.Relating science to life – DID YOUR CLASS EARN A FREEBIE????- IF NOT EOC BOOK CHAPTER: EVOLUTION

Reminders: Extra Credit #3 posted on website ( due 4/9/13) Vocabulary Homework due 4-8-13You control the outcome of your grade….you determine if a zero remains a zero ( take care of them or keep that failing grade of a zero)

Check the daily calendar board. ( know the due dates for homework/daily work and when you will have a quiz or a test) Evolution Test Next Tuesday!

Chapter 18- Classification ( homework due date 4-8-13Taxonomy Binomial Nomenclature KingdomPhyla ( phylum) ClassOrder Family Genus Species Taxon Derived ancestorsCladogram Phylogeny

DomainArchaea BacteriaEukaryaEubacteriaArcheabacteriaProtista FungiAnimaliaPlantae

4-5-13 T. G .I. Friday Students should be able to demonstrate an understanding of how organisms are classified. 1.Bell Ringer 49 ( while you are working on this, I will walk around and check your evolution place mats/notes) 2.Classification Engage/Explain 3.Kingdom Matrix Worksheet 4.Closure: reminders

Reminders: Extra Credit #3 posted on website ( due 4/9/13) Vocab Homework due 4-8-13 ( chapter 18 terms)

You control the outcome of your grade….you determine if a zero remains a zero ( take care of them or keep that failing grade of a zero)

Check the daily calendar board. ( know the due dates for homework/daily work and when you will have a quiz or a test) Evolution Test Next Tuesday!

Name each cell as prokaryotic or eukaryotic. Then label the similarities and differences.

Bacteria Cell (Prokaryotic)

Plant Cell (Eukaryotic)

Review Cell Theory•All living things are composed of cells•Cell are the basic unit of structure and

function in living things.•New cells are produced from existing

cellsWhat are some differences between plant and animal cells?

Classification of Living ThingsChapter 18

http://analyzer.depaul.edu/astrobiology/kingdoms.jpg

Engage : Classification

REMEMBER

______________ total of all the living things in an ecosystem

___________ population of organisms that share similar characteristics and can breed with each other

BIODIVERSITY

SPECIES

Biologists have identified and named over______________ species so far.

Estimates = between 2-100 million species yet be discovered

1.5 million

http://www.millan.net 

WHY CLASSIFY?Identifies and names organisms

Groups organisms in a logical manner

_______________ = branch of biology that names and groups organisms

TAXONOMY

Naming and organizing animals into groups with biological significance helps make sense of relationships.

BIRD . . . ?

Image from: http://www.flagsplus.com/flags/21778_bird_collage.jpg

An animal with feathers

A good classification system: places organisms in a group with other organisms that are similar

A good classification system: Uses names that are _________

Can _____ as new data is discovered

Shows _____________ of organisms

UNIQUE

CHANGE

RELATIONSHIPS

Common names can vary

Example: puma, catamount, mountain lion, cougar . . . are all names for same animal

Image from: http://www4.d25.k12.id.us/ihil/images/Cougar.jpg

By using a universally accepted scientific name, scientists can be sure they are discussing the same organism

Common names vary

ChipmunkStreifenhornchen (German)Tamia (Italian)Ardilla listada (Spanish)

Image from: http://www.entm.purdue.edu/wildlife/chipmunk_pictures.htm

Common names can be misleading

Sea cucumber sounds like a plant but… it’s an animal!

Ex: A jellyFISH isn’t a fish, but a seaHORSE is!

Image from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jellyfish

Image from: http://www.alaska.net/~scubaguy/images/seacucumber.jpg

Common names can be misleading

In the United States,BUZZARD refers to a vulture.

In the United Kingdom,BUZZARD refers to a hawk

http://www.camacdonald.com/birding/HoodedVulture(HM).jpg

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Buteo_buteo_5_%28Marek_Szczepanek%29.jpg

By mid 19th century, scientists recognized that using common names was confusing.

Scientists agreed to use ____________ to give a single name to each species.

Latin and Greek

EXAMPLE: RED OAK Quercus foliis obtuse-sinuatis setaceo-mucronatis

Names too hard and long to remember!

“oak with deeply divided leaves with deep blunt lobes bearing hair-like bristles”

Different scientists described differentcharacteristics.

PROBLEMS:

Carolus Linnaeus comes to the rescue!

Swedish botanist who devised a new classification system

This system is still used today!(1707-1778)

Image from: http://www.medusozoa.com/images/linnaeus.jpg

Linnaeus’s SystemOrganisms are grouped in a hierarchy of 7 different taxonomic levels OR ____________

Each organism has a two part scientific name

= _________________________

TAXONS

BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE

Kingdom (broad)Phylum

ClassOrder

Family Genus

Species (specfic)

Kids PreferCheeseOverFriedGreenSpinach

Linneaus System of Classification

KingdomPhylum

Class Order

Family Genus

Species

Animalia

Chordata

Mammalia

Carnivora

Felidae

Panthera

leohttp://www.vetmed.wisc.edu/dms/fapm/personnel/tom_b/2004-lion.jpg

BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE(2-name naming system)

1st name = _______________•Always capitalized

2nd name = _________________–Always lower case

Both names are ______________ or written in ____________.

GENUS NAME

SPECIES NAME

UNDERLINED ITALICS

GENUS = group of closely related species

GENUS = Ursus (Includes many kinds of bears)

SPECIES = unique to each kind of bearhttp://www.macecanada.com/images/bears/kodiak_bear.gifhttp://students.cs.byu.edu/~tole/Virtual%20Zoo/polar-bear.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Black_bear_large.jpg

Ursusarctos

Ursusmaritimus

Ursusamericanis

Binomial nomenclature

Humans

Homo sapiens

Homo sapiens

Image from: http://www.earlylearning.ubc.ca/images/photo_baby.jpg

MODERN EVOLUTIONARY CLASSIFICATION18-2

In a way, organisms determine who belongs to their species by choosing with whom they will __________!

Taxonomic groups are “invented” by scientists to group organisms with similar _______________.MATE

characteristics

BUT. . . which characteristics are MOST IMPORTANT?

Should a dolphin be grouped with fish because it has fins and lives in water?

OR with mammals because itbreathes air and makes milk for its young?

Look at these 3 organisms:

LIMPETCRAB

BARNACLE

http://greatescapetravel.com/album/MAUI2001/pages/molokini_kona_crab.htmlhttp://nearctica.com/ecology/habitats/barnacle.jpghttp://siena.earth.rochester.edu/ees207/Gastropoda/

Judging by appearances you would probably put limpets and barnacles together in a group and crabs in a different group.

BUT LOOKS can be deceiving!

BIOLOGY by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishers© 2006

LIMPET

CRAB

BARNACLE

Look more closely!

Limpet and barnacle larvae are very different.

Barnacles have jointed limbs. Limpets DON’T !

Barnacles have a segmented bodyLimpets DON’T !

Barnacles have an exoskeleton that molts.Limpets DON’T !

LIMPET

CRAB BARNACLE

Look more closely!

Crab and barnacle larvae are very similar

Barnacles have jointed limbs. So do CRABS !

Barnacles have a segmented bodySo do CRABS !

Barnacles have an exoskeleton that molts.So do CRABS !

LIMPET SNAIL

http://siena.earth.rochester.edu/ees207/Gastropoda/

Limpets have an internal anatomy more like snails, which are MOLLUSKS.

Because of these characteristics, scientists have concluded that barnacles are more closely related to crabs than to MOLLUSKS

BOTH crabs and barnacles have been classified as CRUSTACEANS

Image from: Biology by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing ©2006

MODERN TAXONOMYGrouping organisms based on their evolutionary history =_____________________Evolutionary classification

MODERN TAXONOMYThe study of an organism’sevolutionary history

= phylogeny

____________is a system of classifying organisms that considers only characteristics that are “new evolutionary innovations”.

Characteristics that appear in recent parts of a lineage but not in its older members

= __________________

CLADISTICS

Derived characters

Derived characters can be usedto construct a diagram thatshows evolutionary relationshipsamong groups of organisms

= ________

cladogram

Image from:http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/images/clip0075.jpg

Derived charactersappear at branchesof the cladogramshowing where theyfirst arose.

Cladograms helpscientists understandhow one lineagebranched fromanother

Image from: Biology by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing ©2006

All of the classification methods discussed so far are based on physical similarities and differences.

Even organisms with very different anatomies can share common traits.

EX: All living things use ______________to pass on information and control growth.

DNA and RNA

http://sbchem.sunysb.edu/msl/dna.gif

GENES of many organisms show remarkable similarity at the molecular level.

Similarities in DNA can be used to help determine classification and evolutionary relationships between organisms.

http://sbchem.sunysb.edu/msl/dna.gif

Humans have a gene that codes for a protein that helps our muscles move called __________

Researchers have found a gene in yeast that codes for a myosin protein, that enables internal cell parts to move.

MYOSIN

http://universe-review.ca/I11-32-yeast.jpg

Similarities in DNA can be used to help show evolutionary relationships and how species have changed.

Images from: Biology by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing©2006

African vulture American vulture Stork

Traditionally these first two were classified together in falcon family.Storks were put in a separate family.

American vultures have a peculiar behavior. When they get overheated, they urinate on their legs to cool off

Images from: Biology by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing©2006

African vulture American vulture Stork

The only other bird that does this is the STORK.

DNA comparisons showed more similarities between American vulture and stork DNA than DNA from the two kinds of vultures suggesting a more ______________________ between storks and American vultures

Images from: Biology by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing©2006

African vulture American vulture Stork

recent common ancestor

MOLECULAR CLOCK

Comparisons of DNA can also be used to mark the passage of evolutionary time

A model that uses DNA comparisons to estimate the length of time that two species have been evolving independently

= ________________

____________ occur all the time and cause slight changes to the DNA code.

Degree of _________is an indication of how

long ago two speciesshared a common ancestor

Mutations

dissimilarity

Image from: Biology by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing©2006

Different genes accumulate mutations at different rates so there are many molecular clocks “ticking”.

http://www.kahlert.com/web/images/tech_clock.gif

Allows scientists to time different kinds of evolutionary events, like using different hands on a clock.

Kidspiration by RiedellSource: see end of show

4-8-13 Monday Biology – students should understand the different characteristics of kingdoms. 1.Bell Ringer # 50 ( I will check vocabulary homework as you work on your bell work) – EOC 8A practice questions (1-3) 2. Matrix Review/Clean-up/ 18-3 Notes 4. 18 1-3 worksheets ( work with your desk-mate ONLYClosure ( reminders)

Reminders: Evolution Test tomorrow.

Extra credit assignment #3 due tomorrow

Vocabulary test this week over chapter 18 terms

Classification test this Friday

18-3 Ref. Fig. 18-12

Domains are more inclusive and larger than kingdoms. The three domains are: Eukarya ( protists, fungi, plants, and animals), Bacteria ( organisms from kingdom Eubacteria), and Archaea ( organisms from kingdom Archaeabacteria) Characteristics of each kingdom pages 458-461

Archaea and Bacteria Domains Archaea Domain: Archaea are prokaryotic cells which are typically characterized by membranes that are branched hydrocarbon chains attached to glycerol by ether linkages. The presence of this ether containing linkages in Archaea adds to their ability of withstanding extreme temperature and highly acidic conditions. Extreme halophiles - i.e. organisms which thrive in highly salty environment, and hyperthermophiles - i.e. the organisms which thrive in extremely hot environment, are best examples of Archaea.Bacteria Domain: Even though bacteria are prokaryotic cells just like Archaea, their membranes are made of unbranched fatty acid chains attached to glycerol by ester linkages. Cyanobacteria and mycoplasmas are the best examples of bacteria. As they don't have ether containing linkages like Archaea, they are grouped into a different category - and hence a different domain. There is a great deal of diversity in this domain, such that it is next to impossible to determine how many species of bacteria exist on the planet.

Eukarya Domain Eukarya Domain: As the name suggests, the Eukaryote are eukaryotic cells which have membranes that are pretty similar to that of bacteria. Eukaryote are further grouped into Kingdom Protista (algae, protozoans, etc.), Kingdom Fungi (yeast, mold, etc.), Kingdom Plantae (flowering plants, ferns, etc.) and Kingdom Animalia (insects, vertebrates, etc.). Not all Eukaryotes have a cell wall, and even if they do they don't contain peptidoglycan as bacteria do. While cells are organized into tissues in case of kingdom Plantae as well as kingdom Animalia, the presence of cell walls is only restricted to the members of kingdom Plantae.

Domains continued….

Each of these three domains of life recognized by biologists today contain rRNA which is unique to them, and this fact in itself forms the basis of three-domain system.

While the presence of nuclear membrane differentiates the Eukarya domain from Archaea domain and Bacteria domain - both of which lack nuclear membrane, the distinct biochemistry and RNA markers differentiate Archaea a nd Bacteria domains from each other

Reading for knowledge….

Characteristics of each kingdom pages 458-461 of Chapter 18 in your biology book.

4-9-13 Biology Agenda - Place your belongings ( except for a writing utensil ) on the lab tables and grab your journals!

Biology: demonstrate an understanding of the mechanisms of evolution and the evidence that supports it; understand how a dichotomous key works.1.Dichotomous Keys ( explain ( notes) and explore ( practice)- 20 min2.Test: Evolution ( 30 minutes) – 2 minutes per each question (when you finish continue to work on your dichotomous key worksheet ) Turn worksheet into tray

Reminders:

extra credit due today.

Classification test Friday

Chapter 18 vocabulary quiz tomorrow

journal check today!

How do we determine the identity of something (like the name of a butterfly, a plant, or a rock)?

A _______________ is a series of questions which leads to the identification of an item.

Dichotomous means “divided into two parts.” There, dichotomous keys will always provide two choices in each step.

For Example:Question 1: Is the person ______ or female?Question 2: Does the person wear glasses or not?Question 3: Is the person wearing blue jeans or not?etc.

dichotomous key

male

4-10-13 Wednesday Biology: Demonstrate an understanding of how organisms are classified within science; understand how to use a dichotomous key. Today’s Agenda 1.Dichotomous Key Project Over view. ( 5 min)2.Chapter 18 vocabulary quiz ( 15 min) 3. Kingdom Dichotomous Key Station Rotation ( 15 minutes per each station) - which means you should complete TWO rotations today.---Use your own paper 4. Reminders/Clean up room ( 5 min)

Reminders: Zeros remain zeros until YOU handle it! Grades will be fully updated by 8 pm tonight. Check skyward and if you are failing, HANDLE YOUR BUISNESS!

Classification Test this Friday ( hope you study every evening)

I will except extra credit assignment #2 until next Friday, #3 by this Friday.

Your project will be due next Wednesday ( 4/17/13)