Welcome! Please get out objectives #21-25 for a stamp. Add new insights with a different colored pen!

Let’s set the stage!Brainstorm: Niger vs. NetherlandsWhy are developing nations growing

and developed nations shrinking?

Demographics continued:Finding solutions/stabilizing populations

Slowing population growth – addressing underlying issues

The big 5:◦Better nutrition◦Better sanitation◦Better health care◦Girl’s education◦Women’s economic opportunities

Family Planning program components

Information about birth control/contraception

Family planning program components

Information about spacing/timing of children◦ At least two years◦ Allows mother to

recuperate◦ Infant gets attention

Information about nursing◦ Antibodies passed

to infant◦ Reduces mother’s

fertility

Family Planning Program components

Basic health care – vaccinations

Importance of clean water

Nutrition◦ Prenatal◦ Infant and child

Two countries, two strategies

India – World’s first family planning program

China – One family one child policy

India’s program

1952Family planning componentsSterilizations no longer emphasizedEmphasis on education on birth

control, health care

Why only a boy? Are these not girls?

English translation: For a healthy family, wait three years before your second child. You can get these family-planning methods from government health workers, hospitals, and health centers for free.

So why isn’t it working better?Limited success: extreme

poverty, low status of women, program inefficiencies

Two countries, two strategies

TFR – 2.51.5% growth rateIMR 50Life expectancy

65/63Literacy 74%/88%Woman’s death in

childbirth 230/100,000

Married by 18 yrs: 47%

TFR – 1.5.5% growth rateIMR 17Life expectancy

77/72Literacy 99%/99%Woman’s death in

childbirth 38/100,000

Married by 18 yrs: --

China – one family, one child

Incentives to one child families

Birth of second child revokes incentives

Intensive family planning

Exceptions

China’s Drop in TFRGrassroots

movementWomen’s

education and economic opportunity

Focus on sanitation, nutrition, health care

One child prosperous life

It is better to marry and have children later

Humanitarian and societal concerns regarding China’s policy

Male to female ratioLittle Emperor Syndrome/4-2-1

problem

“China has too many bachelors” by Tyjen Tsai Jan 2012

“China's "one-child" population policy has resulted in a number of unique demographic events and transitions, including an imbalance of the sex ratio at birth. Millions of "extra" boys have been born: Already, 41 million bachelors will not have women to marry. If nothing is done to change this trend, Poston noted, by 2020 there will be 55 million extra boys in China.”

The sex ratio at birth in several countries today is out of balance, due to four factors: rapid fertility transition, son preference, available technology to determine the sex of the fetus, and physical and cultural ease of access to abortion. The rapid pace of fertility transition has given China little time to change a cultural norm of favoring sons.

A sex ratio at birth of 105 males for every 100 females is average. There are slight differences in trends and patterns, by year, by age of mother, live birth order, and race/ethnicity of the mother. "The reason you need 105 boys—and this is perhaps a demographic universal—is because of the longevity, the survival advantage that women have," Poston said. "So by the time they marry, there's a balance." The sex ratio at birth in China is 120 males per 100 females.

“Little emperor syndrome” or the4-2-1 problem

Long-term care for the elderly, traditionally provided at home in China by adult children (especially by daughters-in-law), will become increasingly less feasible in coming decades when parents of the first generation of the one-child policy start reaching old age and retiring. These singletons will face the need to care for two parents and often four grandparents without siblings with whom to share the responsibility, a problem sometimes referred to in China as the "4-2-1 problem."

Slowing population growth – addressing underlying issues:How do India and China compare?

The big 5:◦Better nutrition◦Better sanitation◦Better health care◦Girl’s education◦Women’s economic opportunities