WELCOME!

Take any seat!We will have assigned seats tomorrow.

Mr. Baker Rm. 107E

toAnatomy and

Physiology

any student with schedule issues can see a counselor in room 193

• Schedule issues are:1. I have a hole in my schedule2. I am scheduled in a course I have already taken

and passed3. I failed the pre-requisite course

• Schedule issues are not: 1. I don't want this class anymore.2. I don't want to be in this teacher's class.

Classroom Mechanics

• Randomizers• Paperwork Flow• Assignment types• Syllabus• Letters Home• Dissections

TARDY POLICY

Your butt is in your seat by the time the bell finishes ringing.

What is considered on-time?

http://workoutsforhome.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/thumbs_up_large.png

Please take a moment to locate your Butt and Your Seat

http://www.totallygeeze.com/2012/04/glutesignoring-them-is-more-than-pain.html http://www.seatingzone.com/products/thumbs/3700BR_thumb_522.jpg

&

If the bell rings and you are:• Just entering the room.• Walking to your seat.• Near but NOT in your seat.• Sharpening your pencil.• In someone else’s seat.• ANYTHING other than sitting PROPERLY in YOUR seat.

http://blogs.discovery.com/.a/6a00d8341bf67c53ef0147e386287a970b-800wi

What is considered “tardy”?

Warm-Ups

• Most days we will have them. You will have 3 minutes from the start of class to complete them.

• They will mostly be a review of the material we covered the previous day.

• These will be useful for you to study with.• I will spot check this for a weekly grade.

Intro to Anatomy & Physiology

What is this class about?

• Write down a description or definition of Anatomy

• Write down a description or definition of Physiology.

• Take about 1 min.

Introduce yourself to a person near by.

• Compare your answers!• Are they similar? Different? Who has a better

description.• Come to an agreement on a final definition for

each.• Take 1 min.

Share!

• What were your descriptions?

http://www.umm.edu/graphics/images/en/15845.jpg

Anatomy: the study of the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another

Anatomy vs. Physiology

http://www.pinktentacle.com/images/anatomy_godzilla.jpg

Anatomy vs. Physiology

Anatomy:Naming and describing the shape and location of a structure.

You can talk about the Anatomy of just about anything.

• Gross/Macroscopic: Large easily observable structures.– i.e. The heart, Bones

• Microscopic anatomy: Structures requiring a microscope or magnifying device to see– i.e. Tissues, Cells

Topics in Anatomy

• Physiology: the functioning of the body’s structural machinery (how the body parts work and sustain life)

Anatomy vs.

Physiology

http://www.uml.edu/SHE/PT/Programs/Exercise-Physiology.aspx

Structure determines what functions can take place!

Anatomy/Physiology are inseparable

Understanding the shape and structure of something can tell you something about how it functions!

So why are you taking this course?

• Find a new partner and introduce yourself!• Get to know their name.• Why they are taking the course.• What do they plan to do with the information

they get here?

• Take 3 minutes.

Introductions!

Body Outline Sheet.

Warm-Up 1/21/15

1. What is anatomy?2. What is physiology?3. How much of your grade are tests worth?

Levels of Structural Organization• Chemical level- Atoms combine to form

molecules such as water, sugar, and protein.

Levels of Structural Organization• Cellular level- Cells, the smallest unit of all

living things.

Levels of Structural Organization• Histological level- Simple organisms can be

single cells. Complex organisms such as humans have tissues. Groups of similar cells that have a common function. 4 Basic types.

Levels of Structural Organization• Organ level- Composed of two or more tissue

types that performs a specific function. Allows for extremely complex processes.

Levels of Structural Organization• Organ system level- Groups of organs that

cooperate to accomplish a common purpose.

• Subdivisions based upon the operations of specific organ systems

• Examples:– Renal physiology (urine production and kidney

function) – Neurophysiology (nervous system)– Cardiovascular physiology (operation of heart and

blood vessels)

Topics in Physiology

System Functions

• provides a protective barrier for the body, contains sensory receptors for pain, touch, temperature!

Integumentary System

• protects major organs, provides levers and support for body movement

• Blood cells formed within bones

Skeletal System

• Moves bones and maintains posture!

• PRODUCES HEAT

Muscular System

• Processes sensory information and initiates reactions.

Nervous System

• SECRETES HORMONES THAT REGULATE GROWTH, REPRODUCTION, AND METABOLISM

Endocrine System

Transports nutrients, chemical messengers, gases and wastes in blood!

Cardiovascular System

Returns fluid to cardiovascular system, detects, filters, and eliminates disease causing organisms!

Lymphatic System

Adds oxygen to the blood and removes carbon dioxide from blood.

Respiratory System

Breaks down food into units that can be absorbed by the body

Digestive System

Removes wastes, maintains body fluid volume, pH and electrolyte levels.

Urinary/Excretory System

• PRODUCES SEX CELLS AND HORMONES

Reproductive System

Male

Female

Review Chart as Class

System Failure

• Gave 20 min to complete the chart. About 80% were finished at end.

• Didn’t do system failure discussion. Didn’t have time. Keep a note as a time filler in the future on this unit.

What would happen if these systems stop working?

• Address each system and discuss the physiological result if the system were to not function.

• Link this to the idea that they all have to work together to keep an individual alive and maintain homeostasis.

Cards

Card sortingHand them a sheet to fill out. Function.

And Organs involvedIdentifying organs (use book)

Review as class

Card Sorting activity working with a partner. Turn around.

Have 5 min.Then review as class.

• This is actually good because the descriptions are not verbatim. So the need to understand the functionality to do this well.

• Then have them Identify the organs associated with each system in their book.

• Integumentary• Skeletal • Muscular• Lymphatic• Circulatory• Respiratory

•Nervous•Endocrine•Digestive•Urinary•Reproductive

• Schedule• Video is it anatomy or physiology?• Review organs in systems• Homeostasis• Muscleman.• Recap.• If time do card sorting or name game.

Warm-Up 1/22/15

1. What would happen if your urinary system stopped working?

2. What functions are associated with lymphatic system?

3. What is an organ?

ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY

Maintaining Life

http://marketmatch.blogspot.com/2012/04/6-degrees-of-kevin-bacon.html

Our body requires interdependence of all body cells. No organ works in isolation. All organs work together to promote the well-being of the entire body

Each organ systems make major contributions to specific functional processes…

Homeostasis• Ability to maintain a relatively stable internal

conditions even though the outside world is continuously changes. The word roughly translates to “unchanging”.– Homeo- The same or similar– Stasis = Standing still

Is “unchanging” a good term for life? Why or why not?

Dynamic equilibrium

• Homeostasis is better described as a dynamic equilibrium.

• Internal conditions will change and vary, but always within relatively narrow limits.

• What are some ways your body maintains homeostasis?• How does it do this?• What occurs when your body cannot maintain

homeostasis?

Homeostatic Control Mechanisms

• Communication is key!• Nervous system and endocrine systems are

critical!• Use electrical and blood-borne hormones,

respectively as information carriers.• But all homeostatic control mechanisms have

at least three components.

• Receptor: Type of sensor that monitors and responds to changes in the environment, called stimuli, by sending information (input) to the control center.

• Information flowing from the receptor to the control center is known as the afferent pathway.

Homeostatic Control Mechanisms

Homeostatic Control Mechanisms

• Control center determines the level (set point) at which a variable (the factor or event being regulated) is to be maintained.

• Analyses information received and determines response.

Homeostatic Control Mechanisms

• Effector provides the means for the control center’s response (output) to the stimulus.

• Information flowing from control center to the effector is the efferent pathway.

• The results of the response then feedback to influence the stimuli either shutting it off, or speeding it up.

Feedback Mechanisms

• Most homeostatic control mechanism are negative feedback mechanisms. They try to shut off or reduce the intensity of the original stimulus.– Example: A thermostat in your house!– You have a thermostat in your body. In the

hypothalamus. Triggers fevers and sweating.

Feedback Mechanisms

• Positive feedback tries to increase the original disturbance and push the variable farther from the original point. Relatively rare in the body.– Examples: Microphone feedback– Blood clotting, contractions during labor.

• ReceptorControl Center: afferent pathway• Control CenterEffector: efferent pathway

Pathways

Muscleman Case Study

• What is a testable hypothesis?• How do you design an experiment? What are

the parts?

• Groups of 2-3• Complete on separate sheet of paper, answer

in complete sentences, ensure that all group member’s names are on the paper.

Warm-Up 1/26

1. What are the three parts of a feedback loop?2. What is homeostasis? Why is it important?3. What is the difference between positive and

negative feedback loops?

Agenda:Warm-upVideoMuscleman Case study

Warm Up 1/27/15

1. What is Trenbalone?2. Testicular shrinkage due to Trenbalone

administration is an example of what type of feedback?

3. Testicular shrinkage due to Trenbalone is due to its DIRECT interaction with what structures?

The Language of Anatomy

If I told you to drive to the intersection and take a left. Which direction would you go?

• To limit confusion, correct anatomical position is always assumed regardless of the position a person is currently in. This gives us a reference point.

Correct Anatomical Position

• Standing erect, facing directly forward, feet pointed forward and slightly apart, and arms hanging down at the sides with palms facing forward.

• Note: when talking about right/left, you are talking about the patients right or left side, not your own.

Directional Terms• Used to explain exactly where one body structure is

in relation to another. Allows for more effective communication.

• Describes the location of one part of the body in relation to another.

Relative Positions

• Superior (cranial): Toward the hear end or upper part of a structure or the body; above.

• Inferior (Caudal): Away from the hear end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below.

• Anterior (ventral): Toward the front of the body; in front of

• Posterior (dorsal): Toward the backside of the body; behind

• Medial: toward the midline of the body; on the inner side of

• Lateral: away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of

• Intermediate: Between a more medial and a more lateral structure.

• Proximal: closer to the point of attachment to the trunk

• Distal: farther from the point of attachment to the trunk

• Superficial: toward or at the body surface

• Deep: away from the body surface; more internal

Masking Tape ActivityAnd Horror Story.

Warm-Up 1/28/15

1. Name a structure distal to the knee.2. Name a region inferior to the sural region.3. What is a region medial of the axillary

region?

Body planes and sections - cut into sections along a flat surface called a plane

(also called XS – cross section)

(also called coronal)

Body planes

• Body is 3D

• Can be split into three planes

• Sagittal• Coronal• Transverse

Sagittal Plane

• Plane splitting the body into two parts (left and right)

• Sagittal section is a cut made longitudinally along the body

• If it splits into two equal parts = midsagittal

Coronal Plane

• Plane which splits body into anterior and posterior section

• Ie. Facelift

Transverse Plane• Separates body along

horizontal plane

• Also called a cross section

• Will divide an organism into superior and inferior parts

Body Cavities

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Scheme_body_cavities-en.svg

Cavities

• Opening within body which protects internal organs, and allows transfer of materials/information

• 2 Divisions– Dorsal– Ventral

Dorsal Cavities

• Made up of two smaller cavities

• 1) Cranial Cavity – holds and protects brain

• 2) Spinal Cavity – column which runs through vertebra and protects spinal chord

Ventral Cavities Thoracic Abdominopelvic

Ventral Cavities

1) Thoracic – chest area (holds heart, lungs, and diaphragm)

2) Abdominopelvic – lower torso (holds digestive and reproductive organs)

Bovine Pleural Cavity Collapsed Lung in Pleural Cavity

Pleural cavity is the space containing the lungs

Pleural cavity

Mediastinum Space in the thoracic cavity between the pleural cavities.Contains the pericardial cavity which contains the heart.

Pericardial Cavity

Abdominopelvic

• Contains:• Abdominal cavity• Pelvic cavity

Imaging Technology Reading And TableReview as class.

What's in the MRIMRI safety.

Short StoryIncorporate the following terms into a story describing your

describing your worst nightmare.Underline the term(s) in the story.

• Superior• Inferior• Anterior• Abdominal Cavity• Dorsal• Pelvic Cavity• Medial• Oral Cavity• Lateral

• Proximal• Distal• Superficial• Deep• Skeletal System• Cardiovascular System

Warm Up 1/29

1. What body cavity contains the brain?2. What cavity contains the heart?3. In what cavity would you find the intestines?

Unit 1 Test Next Friday.

What Body Plane are these in?

• We are composed of matter. Energy is the mover of all matter.

• Energy: the capacity to do work. Can be stored or in action– Kinetic: energy in motion– Potential: stored or inactive energy

Basic Chemistry

• Chemical: stored in bonds (ATP)• Electrical: movement of charged particles• Mechanical: moving matter• Radiant/Electromagnetic: travels in waves

Forms of energy

Atomic Structure

•Atoms are made up of 3 subatomic particles:

•Protons: positive charge•Neutrons: neutral charge•Electrons: negative charge

• Most atoms combine with other atoms to form a molecule. Molecules can be a combination of the same atoms or different atoms

Combining atoms

• Result of atoms sharing electrons.

• Stable and Strong.

Covalent Bonds

• Slightly positive charge on Hydrogen bound to other atoms is attracted to negative charge on another atom.

• Relatively weak.• Holds water molecules together.

Hydrogen Bonds

• Chemical reactions involve making and breaking bonds between atoms.

• Number of atoms remain the same but appear in new combinations.

Reaction types• Synthesis- When two or more atoms or molecules

combine to forma a larger more complex molecule.– A + B => AB– Bonds formed– Anabolic (constructive)– Requires energy

Reaction types• Decomposition- when a molecule is broken down

into smaller molecules or atoms.– AB => A + B– Bonds broken– Catabolic (destructive)– Energy released

Reaction types• Exchange reaction- involve both synthesis and

decomposition. – AB + C => A + BC– AB + CD => AD + CB– Bonds formed and broken

Webquest

Warm-Up 1/30

1. What type of bonds are stronger, hydrogen or covalent?

2. Where do humans gain potential chemical energy from?

3. What type of reaction is the most important, catabolic or anabolic?

• Found as long carbon chains• 4 main types (called macromolecules)

– Carbohydrates– Lipids– Proteins– Nucleic Acids

Organic Compounds

Macromolecule Types

Monomer Polymer

• Sugars and Starches• Made of C, H, O• Generally contain H:O ratio of 2:1, same as

water.• Hydrated Carbon• C6H12O6

Carbohydrates

• Types classified according to size:–Monosaccharide–Disaccharide–Polysaccharide

• Monosaccharide: one sugar unit• Simple sugar• Composed of 5-7 carbon atoms• Glucose (blood sugar) most important type. Other

sugar types are converted to glucose before the body can use them.– Examples:

• Fructose• Galactose• Ribose• Deoxyribose

Carbohydrates

glucose

• Dissacharide: two sugar unit–Example:

• Maltose (glucose + glucose)• Sucrose (glucose + fructose)• Lactose (glucose + galactose)

Carbohydrates

glucoseglucose

• Polysaccharide: many sugar units– Example: – Starch (glucose storage in plants)– Glycogen (animal starch in muscles and liver)

Carbohydrates

glucoseglucose

glucoseglucose

glucoseglucose

glucoseglucose

• All lipids are insoluble in water.

• Contain C, H, O• Types:

–Triglycerides–Phospholipids–Steroids

Lipids

• Composed of 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids• Body’s most concentrated source of usable energy.

Triglycerides

H

H-C----O

H-C----O

H-C----O

H

glycerol

O

C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3

=

O

C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3

=

fatty acidsO

C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH =CH-CH2 -CH

2 -CH2 -CH

2 -CH3

=

• Saturated fatty acids: single bonds; solid at room temperature

• Unsaturated fatty acids: double bonds; liquid at room temperature

Fatty Acids

O

C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3

=

saturated

O

C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH=CH-CH2 -CH

2-CH2 -CH

2 -CH3

=

unsaturated

Triglycerides• Animal Fat• Tristearin: C57H110O6

Warm Up 2/3/15

1. What is the difference between a monomer and a polymer?

2. What is the technical term for the monomers of a starch molecule?

3. What is the most important carbohydrate in the human body?

• Composed of 1 glycerol and 2 fatty acids.• Has a Phosphate group rather than a 3rd fatty acid.• Makes up the plasma membrane

Phospholipids

Steroids• Flat molecules made of interlocking rings• Most important: Cholesterol• Raw material for human steroids• Examples:

– Vitamin D– Sex hormones– Cortisol– Bile salts

• Amino acids (20 different types) bonded together by peptide bonds

Proteins (Polypeptides)

• All amino acids have the same basic structure and vary only in their “R” group.

• Humans have 20 different “R” groups.

Every protein in your body is simply written in the alphabet of Amino acids in the same way

that every written work of the English language, whether it is Shakespeare or baking instructions

are just different arrangements of 26 letters.

• Change one letter in a word and a sentence can change its meaning.–Flour => Floor

• Or stop making sense–Flour => Fluur

• Proteins are the same.• Change an amino acid and they can

change function, or stop working entirely.

Categories of proteins

• Structural- bind structures together and provide strength in certain body tissues.

• Example:– Collagen- Found in bones, cartilage

and tendons. It is the most abundant protein in the body.

Categories of proteins

• Functional- do things rather than just form structures. Mediate virtually all biological processes.

• Examples:– Antibodies– Hormones– Enzymes

Enzymes• Hydrogen bonds important for maintaining

structure, but are easily broken.• Excess heat and pH can break these bonds.

Enzymes• When three dimensional structures are destroyed

the proteins are said the be denatured and can no longer perform their physiological roles

A denatured paperclip.

Enzymes

• Function depends on structure.• Most importantly the active site where they

interact with other molecules. Highly specific.

Enzymes

• Enzymes are as biological catalysts, increasing the rate of a chemical reaction.

• Enzymes not changed during reaction so are reusable.

• Control rate and type of reactions that can occur.• Many enzymes end with –ase suffix.

• Highly specific! May only control ONE reaction.

• Nearly all end in –ase. Beginning of word characterizes its function/substrate (Ex. Hydrolase- adds water during a chemical reaction)

Enzymes

Warm Up 2/4

1. What does the term denatured mean with regards to a protein?

2. What type of bonds are critical to a protein’s shape but are easily broken?

3. What is the name of bonds that hold amino acids together?

• Two types:– Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)-double helix– Ribonucleic acid (RNA)-single

• Nucleic acids are composed of long chains of nucleotides

Nucleic Acids

• Nucleotide Structure:–Phosphate group–Pentose sugar (5-Carbon)–Nitrogenous bases:

• Adenine (A)• Thymine (T) DNA only• Uracil (U) RNA only• Cytosine (C)• Guanine (G)

Nucleic Acids

Nucleotide

OO=P-O O

Phosphate Group

CH2

O

C1C4

C3 C2

5

Sugar(deoxyribose)

NNitrogenous base (A, G, C, or T)

ATP

Base PairingC-GT-A

P

P

P

O

O

O

1

23

4

5

5

3

3

5

G C

T A

P

P

PO

O

O

1

2 3

4

5

5

3

5

3

2 step process “Central Dogma”

• Transcription (DNA to RNA)• Translation (RNA to Amino Acid sequence)

Transcription TranslationDNA RNA Protein

• A gene is a functional segment of DNA that provides the genetic information necessary to build a protein

ATGACCGAGAATTCCACGTCCGCCCCTGCGGCCAAGCCCAAGCGGGCCAAGGCCTCCAAGAAGTCCACAGACCACCCCAAGTATTCAGACATGATCGTGGCTGCTATCCAGGCCGAGAAGAACCGCGCTGGCTCCTCGCGCCAGTCCATTCAGAAGTATATCAAGAGCCACTACAAGGTGGGTGAGAACGCTGACTCGCAGATCAAGTTGTCCATCAAGCGCCTGGTCACCACCGGTGTCCTCAAGCAGACCAAAGGGGTGGGGGCCTCGGGGTCCTTCCGGCTAGCCAAGAGCGACGAGCCCAAGAAGTCAGTGGCCTTCAAGAAGACCAAGAAGGAAATCAAGAAGGTAGCCACGCCAAAGAAGGCATCCAAGCCCAAGAAGGCTGCCTCCAAAGCCCCAACCAAGAAACCCAAAGCCACCCCAGTCAAGAAAGCCAAGAAGAAGCTGGCTGCCACACCCAAGAAAGCCAAAAAACCCAAGACTGTCAAAGCCAAGCCGGTCAAGGCATCCAAGCCCAAAAAGGCCAAACCAGTGAAACCCAAAGCAAAGTCCAGTGCCAAGAGGGCCGGCAAGAAGAAGTGA

One of the shortest human genes. ~585 base pairs. Encodes a Histone protein.

Human salivary amylase

A three dimensional structural model of stem bromelain

END.