Welcome to AP Chemistry

What is AP Chemistry? It is several things Equivalent of 1 year college inorganic

chemistry class A class that will prepare you for a test

– May 2 @ 7:45 Hard work Now let’s work

Significant figures Meaningful digits in a MEASUREMENT Exact numbers are counted, have

unlimited significant figures If it is measured or estimated, it has sig

figs. If not it is exact. All numbers except zero are significant. Some zeros are, some aren’t

Which zeroes count? In between other sig figs does Before the first number doesn’t After the last number counts iff it is after the decimal point the decimal point is written in 3200 2 sig figs

3200. 4 sig figs

Doing the math Multiplication and division, same

number of sig figs in answer as the least in the problem

Addition and subtraction, same number of decimal places in answer as least in problem.

More Preliminaries

Scientific Method

Metric System

Uncertainty

Scientific method. A way of solving problems Observation- what is seen or measured Hypothesis- educated guess of why

things behave the way they do. (possible explanation)

Experiment- designed to test hypothesis leads to new observations, and the cycle goes on

Scientific method. After many cycles, a broad, generalizable

explanation is developed for why things behave the way they do

Theory Also regular patterns of how things behave

the same in different systems emerges Law Laws are summaries of observations

Scientific method. Theories have predictive value. The true test of a theory is if it can

predict new behaviors. If the prediction is wrong, the theory

must be changed. Theory- why Law - how

Observations

Hypothesis

Experiment

Law

Theory(Model)

Prediction

Experiment

Modify

Metric System Every measurement has two parts Number Scale (unit) SI system (le Systeme International) based

on the metric system Prefix + base unit Prefix tells you the power of 10 to multiply

by - decimal system -easy conversions

Metric System Base Units Mass - kilogram (kg) Length- meter (m) Volume – cubic meter (m3) Time - second (s) Temperature- Kelvin (K) Electric current- ampere (amp, A) Amount of substance- mole (mol)

Prefixes giga- G 1,000,000,000 109

mega - M 1,000,000106

kilo - k 1,000 103

deci-d 0.1 10-1

centi- c 0.01 10-2

milli- m 0.001 10-3

micro- m 0.000001 10-6

nano- n 0.000000001 10-9

Deriving the Liter Liter is defined as the volume of 1 dm3 gram is the mass of 1 cm3

Mass and Weight Mass is measure of resistance to

change in motion Weight is force of gravity. Sometimes used interchangeably Mass can’t change, weight can

Uncertainty Basis for significant figures All measurements are uncertain to

some degree Precision- how repeatable Accuracy- how correct - closeness to

true value. Random error - equal chance of being

high or low- addressed by averaging measurements - expected

Uncertainty

Systematic error- same direction each time

Want to avoid this Better precision implies better accuracy you can have precision without accuracy You can’t have accuracy without

precision

Dimensional Analysis

Using the units to solve problems

Dimensional Analysis Use conversion factors to change the units Conversion factors = 1 1 foot = 12 inches (equivalence statement) 12 in = 1 = 1 ft.

1 ft. 12 in

2 conversion factors multiply by the one that will give you the

correct units in your answer.

Examples 11 yards = 2 rod 40 rods = 1 furlong 8 furlongs = 1 mile The Kentucky Derby race is 1.25 miles.

How long is the race in rods, furlongs, meters, and kilometers?

A marathon race is 26 miles, 385 yards. What is this distance in rods, furlongs, meters, and kilometers?

Examples

Science fiction often uses nautical analogies to describe space travel. If the starship U.S.S. Enterprise is traveling at warp factor 1.71, what is its speed in knots?

Warp 1.71 = 5.00 times the speed of light speed of light = 3.00 x 108 m/s 1 knot = 2000 yd/h exactly

Apothecaries (druggists) use the following set of measures in the English system:

20 grains ap = 1 scruple (exact) 3 scruples = 1 dram ap (exact) 8 dram ap = 1 oz. ap (exact) 1 dram ap = 3.888 g 1 oz. ap = ? oz. troy What is the mass of 1 scruple in grams?

Examples

Examples The speed of light is 3.00 x 108 m/s.

How far will a beam of light travel in 1.00 ns?

Temperature and Density

Temperature A measure of the average kinetic

energy Different temperature scales, all are

talking about the same height of mercury.

Derive a equation for converting ºF toºC

0ºC 32ºF

0ºC = 32ºF

100ºC 212ºF

100ºC = 212ºF

0ºC 32ºF

0ºC = 32ºF

100ºC 212ºF0ºC 32ºF

100ºC = 212ºF0ºC = 32ºF

100ºC = 180ºF

100ºC 212ºF0ºC 32ºF

100ºC = 212ºF0ºC = 32ºF

100ºC = 180ºF1ºC =

(180/100)ºF1ºC = 9/5ºF

ºC

ºF

ºC

ºF

(0,32)= (C1,F1)

ºC

ºF

(0,32) = (C1,F1)

(120,212) = (C2,F2)

Density Ratio of mass to volume D = m/V Useful for identifying a compound Useful for predicting weight An intrinsic property- does not depend

on what the material is

Density Problem An empty container weighs 121.3 g. Filled

with carbon tetrachloride (density 1.53

g/cm3 ) the container weighs 283.2 g. What is the volume of the container?

Density Problem A 55.0 gal drum weighs 75.0 lbs. when

empty. What will the total mass be when filled with ethanol?

density 0.789 g/cm3 1 gal = 3.78 L 1 lb = 454 g