Welcome to Biology 1010Cby

Dr. Joseph Silver

who are all of you?

tell me&

fill out the from

general studiesnursing

high school studentsjob change

others

for whatever reason youneed or want to pass

the class

together we can make sure that you

all get what you need

who am I?

Dr. Joseph Silver

family - research - teaching – businesstravel – fun

I have one multifaceted job to do!

safe environmentunderstanding environment

class time conducive to learningteacher responsive to student needs

what you need to do

-read the chapters before you come to class-ask questions in class to expand your

knowledge-if you do not understand ask about it in

class- read the lab instructions before you come

to the lab

listen in class - if you spend your time trying to write down all that is said or shown

you will miss more than you will get

-if you have a problem let me or someone else know

solve the problem before it gets too late

Ask for help

-fill out student information sheet

-answer questions about homework assignments

-answer questions about tests and labs

every time we meet I get to speak about and answer questions about a topic which I chose to

study because I was interested in the subject matter

I want every class to be a fun class as well as a class in which you get to learn and understand the

material

my job is to present the material in a way that you can understand the material and overcome any

misunderstandings after having read the textbook

my hope is that class time will be a good review for all of you but it never happens

you are no longer in high school!!!!we expect more from you

we expect complete sentenceswe expect complete thoughts

please reread what you will hand in as homework

copying words from a book is not an indication of learning

THIS IS AN EXAMPLE FROM LAST YEARChapter 10 & 11 (due December 4 ): Using any and all scientific concepts and terms from

any chapter in the textbook and other sources - describe the processes, importance, and

uniqueness, of cell division and meiosis. Include controls, feedback, problems, importance of the

process, and how these processes provide support for Darwin’s theory of chemical,

physiological and structural changes over time leading to speciation. Cite the internet and other resources you use to complete this

assignment.

Chapter 1

what does it mean to be alive?how is life organized?

why evolution is considered the unifying biological theme.

how do scientists advance knowledge?Darwin’s work as an example of science inquiry

the cell theory

what does it mean to be alive?

you have 1 or more cellsyou have ordered complexity

you respond to your environmentyou grow and reproduce

you take in energy to do work you are able to maintain an internal constant

environment

you interact with other organisms and the environment in ways which influence

survival and as a consequence the future gene pool

how are living things organized?

See figure1.3 page 2 and 3

King Paul Came Often For Great Spaghetti

Scientific Method

know the stepsknow the function of each step

know what scientists do with the information

and know that this is not the only way science advances

a young man was fishing with some friendshe saw

a dark brown fish swim from a very shady part of the stream

tothe sunny middle of the stream

andas it moved into the sunny area it became much

lighter

why do you think this happened?

how did it happen?

a few years later the not so little boydid some experimentshe took a bunch of fish

put them in a large tankpart of the tank was in the shade

and part was in bright lightthen

he took the eyes out of ½ of the fishand

what do you think he did?

what do you think were the results?

the fish without eyescontinued to change

from light to darkand dark to light

when they moved from sunny to shady

and shady to sunny just like the ones with eyes!!!???

so what is the conclusion? what does he do as a scientist?

he made observationsformed a hypothesis

designed an experimentgathered the data

came to a conclusiondiscussed the resultspublished the results

thenhe reformed his hypothesis based on his

observations

he decided that the stimulusfor skin color change wasa change in temperature

as the fish went from shady to sunny areas

so

the experiment was redonewith more blind fish

moving from cool areas to warmer areasand

warm areas to cool areasand

each area had the same amount of light

nothing happenedskin color did not change

so he used the same blind fish

and redid the first experimentand all of the blind fish

changed their color as they wentfrom shady to sunny and sunny to

shady

sohe concluded that it was

not temperaturethat the fish were responding to

and that it wasthe difference in light intensity

but how are blind fishseeing light?

how could this be?how could blind fish tell dark from light

areas?

In fish the third eye

does nor come all the way to the surface

butlies just beneath the skull

so

some india ink + jello (gelatin)injected into the porous skulland covered the whole headso no light could penetrate

the skull

he redoes the same experimentsand

when the skull is covered with thick black india ink

what do you think happens?

the fish no longer change skin color

when they go from light to darkor dark to light

andwhen you scrape away

the India ink from the areaabove the third eye

they act like normal fish

and change color when the movefrom light to dark and dark to light

even without their lateral eyes

observations led to a hypothesis -experiment – data – conclusion – failure

led to – new hypothesis – new experiment – more failure

led to new hypothesis – new data – finally success

observationshypothesis (prediction)

experimentdata

resultsconclusion

publish

new hypothesisnew experiments

scientific knowledge does not only grow by experiments and the scientific method

many new ideas come from observations and reasoning

Darwin’s theory of natural selectionwas the result of many observations

(reading, talking, seeing, thinking, drawing, writing)

leading to a new theory

let’s learn the meanings of some words

accurate vs preciseobjective vs subjectivedeductive vs inductive

dependent vs independent variablesapplied vs basic research

scientific theory vs scientific law

the correct answer to a problem is 8.4

you answer 13.4424, 13.2689 13.1436, 12.929, 13.4166

you are very precise (exact) but wrong

your friend answers 8.35, 8.41, 8.39, 8.42your friend is very accurate

(show bulls eye example on board)

when a scientists interjects their personal feelings or desires into their conclusions of

an experimentthey are being subjective

when a scientists uses or presents the results of inquiry exactly as they are the

scientist is being objective

Carol is a college studentCarol eats pizza

all college students eat pizza

Is this always true – NOthis is INDUCTIVE REASONING

BUT

Inductive Reasoningcan lead to general principles

an enzyme is found in an embryothe same enzyme in found in different

embryosthe enzyme is not found in non embryos

thenyou can conclude that this enzyme has a

role inembryonic development

all men are mortalTom is a manTom is mortal

is this always true = YESthis is deductive reasoning

you are 14 years old you do not want to go to school today

so you drink some warm water and you tell your

mom that you have a fever and are too sick to go to school

your mom takes your temperature and says you do have a fever and gives you 2 Tylenol pills

then

she comes back in 30 minutes and you are still warm so she gives you 2 more Tylenol

YOUdrink some warm water your mom sees that you still have a fever and goes to get more

TylenolYOU

do not want to destroy your liver so you quickly drink some cool water and tell your mom that you are fine and you are getting

dressed and going to school

independent variable = the thing in an experiment that you can change (Tylenol)

dependent variable = the thing you cannot change but you measure (fever)

basic research = doing whatever to discover new ideas or truths about science

applied research = using the new ideas to come up

with new stuff like a washing machine, cell phone, something which

humans can use

scientific law = something which we know from multiple observations and have not come up with anything to disprove the law. You can

describe the law but you cannot explain why it happens. You know what is going to happen. You can quantify it. But, you really cannot come up

with an experiment to show why it happens.

scientific theory = something we know from multiple experiments or testing and for which

we have a mechanism which explains the theory. New evidence can change the theory. It

is an accepted hypothesis.

Charles Robert DarwinBorn 1809 - Died 1882

rich family - Wedgewood China - minister school

medical school – drifter – good artist - 5 year trip – a way for a 22 year old to get

away from his parents – H.M.S. Beagle – job to collect, draw and

record observations about the plants and animals he observed at the many places

visited

Darwin’s books provided an explanation for the

role of sexual reproductive success as the mechanism

for a natural process resulting in a

populations change over time

humans have been doing artificial selection for thousands of years.

humans have made cats, dogs, cows, corn, chickens, oranges, and many other plants

and animals by controlling which animals had offsprings

and which plants had sex to provide the desired characteristics

what Darwin did was use the observations he made in the field and what he knew

farmers and animal and plant breeders were doing and what he had read to come up with

the idea of natural selection.

human breeders can change a species in a few generations by choosing which

organisms sexually interact with each other

natural selection provides a mechanism

by which plants and animals will change over time to produce organisms

which are so different from their ancient ancestors

that they can be considered a new species

Darwin could not understand why as he travelled around the world he saw very different plants and animals in identical

environments

birds on a rocky wind blown island off the coast of Australia, Africa, or South America

need the same tools to survive. But, what he saw were animals which did not look like

animals on similar islands but animals which looked like animals on close by islands or

close by mainland.

Darwin concluded that what he was seeing was 1)the result of an animal from one environment moving into a new environment and 2)changing slowly over time through sexual reproduction to

become 3) more adapted to the new environment and 4) more sexually successful in the new different environment

the changes in color, anatomy, size, physiology, and more over time produced a very different

organismor

an organism can change in its present environment to become more successful (pass on its genes=

have more sex)

sexual success is the result of an organism being able to successfully

compete for food

for shelterfor a mate

to avoid predationto avoid disease

how could all of this happen accidentally?

remember he did not know about

genes, chromosomes, DNA, or meiosisBUT

he did know about artificial selection

SOwhat is so special about

sexual reproductionthat leads to

changes in every generation?

Darwin had read Thomas Malthus’s book in which he described the fact

that the human and other organism populations

grow geometrically while food supplies grow arithmetically

Malthus concluded that a lack in the food supply will result in

wars over human food as well as

competition for food among other animals

Darwin also knew of George Cuviers workwhere he compared fossils found

in different layers andconcluded that the same animal appeared

to be found in different layersbut slightly changed

andthe deeper the rock the more different

the organism seemed to be fromthe modern animal

Darwin had also read Charles Lyell’s workPrinciples of Geology

-Lyell had travelled to many places-he found sea shells in the rock layers

15,000 feet up at the top of Mt. Vesuvius-he helped dig many of the canals

found in England and saw in the rock layersthe same changes reported by Cuviers in France

-Lyell concluded that the earth had to be very old

and that very slow changes had taken place and that they were still taking place

-he referred to this slow process as uniformitarianism

there are still people today who believe thatthe earth is about 5000 years old

buteven many years before Darwin

people understood that the earthhad to be very old

probablymillions of years old not thousands of years

when Darwin returned after 5 years at seahe wrote down all of his ideas,

produced a manuscript full of examples and drawings showing how “change over

time” could take place in the natural world.

he called this process “natural selection.”

-he showed the manuscript to a few friends then put it in a drawer for many years

-he realized that in the mid 1800s (as today)

many people would be upset at the thought that humans were just another animal

and part of a natural process of uniformitarianism

which is still taking place today among plants, animals, and humans

In 1858 Darwin received a letter from Alfred Russell Wallace

a naturalist studying in Indonesia who sent Darwin a letter describing the same ideas

about changes brought about by natural processes-Darwin had Wallace come to England and both ideas were presented to the Royal

Academy of Science-Darwin quickly published his manuscript

which caused quite a fuss when the newspapers reported that “scientist claims monkeys gave birth

to first humans”

of course this is not what Darwin reportednor is it

how modern science describes human evolution

but it sold lots of newspapers

andtoday it raises lots of money for some

peoplewho prey on ignorant people’s narrow minds

today the process of natural selection causing slow changes over time

resulting in enough changes in the gene pool of a population

to bring about a new species is an accepted fact

by almost every person

modern science uses the following bodies of evidence to support the predictions about

natural selectionfossil record (anatomy)fossil position (layers)

fossil location (geography)age of the earth (billions)

radioactive dating (billions)mechanisms of heredity (meiosis)

comparative anatomy (homologues)molecular evidence (DNA )

the thousands of pages written by Darwin can be summarized in a simple statement

the rearrangement of genesthat takes place every time an egg and

sperm are madecan result in an advantage for survival and reproduction which over time will spread

through a populationand can change a population so that it no longer looks like it’s ancestors

geometric (exponential) vs arithmetic

homologous vs analogous

ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny

All living things are made up of 1 or more cells = the cell theory

Robert Hooke 1665 - cells like monk cellsAnton van Leeuwenhoek – 300X – sees many

animaliculesMathhias Schleiden 1839 – all plants have cellsTheodor Schwann 1839 – all animals have cells

3 domains

bacteria & archaea = prokaryotes (primitive)

protest & fungi & animals & plants = eukaryotes

homeodomain proteinsabout 2000 enzymes found in DNA code which are important in early development

and are found in every organism from the most primitive to the most advanced life

forms

why?

too good to change?have not yet found a better way

shows descent from common cell ancestor?

last but not leastyou

are an open systembecause

a constant supply of energy inputis necessary to maintain equilibrium

or homeostasis

without continual input living things cannot survive