Welcome to Drilling Fluid Seminar - CPI

7/29/2019 Welcome to Drilling Fluid Seminar - CPI

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WELCOME TO

DRILLING FLUID

SEMINAR PT. CPI, 8 AND 22

AUGUST 2001


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AGENDA

REMARKS FROM DRILLING MANAGER CLASS EXPECTATION

DRILLING SHE POLICYMUD WASTE MINIMIZATIONCLAY CHEMISTRY AND INHIBITIONDRILLING FLUIDSOLID CONTROL EQUIPMENTMUD REPORTOTHERS

CERTIFICATION TEST


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CLASSEXPECTATION

PLEASE SPEAK UP


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ATTENDEES EXPECTATION

ELIMINATE SHE INCIDENT ANDACCIDENTSSTRENGTHENED COOPERATIONIMPROVE KNOWLEDGESHARE EXPERIENCEACHIEVE OPTIMUM DRILLINGFLUID COST AND WELL COST


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DRILLING SHEPOLICY

PT. CPI


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PPE

HARD HATSAFETY SHOES (ANTI SLIP, LONG)SAFETY GLASSESDUST FOE

EAR PLUGHAND GLOVESCOVERALL


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PPE

HARD HAT, SAFETY GLASSES ANDSAFETY SHOES ARE A MUSTWHENEVER WORK AT THE RIG.OTHERS PPE DEPEND ON TYPE OFJOB AND ITS PLACE.WITHOUT PROPER PPE IS NOT

ALLOWED TO WORK IN CPI


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MUD WASTE GUIDELINE

LEAD TO ACHIEVE OR EXCEEDCOMPLIANCETO FORMULATE CPIENVIRONMENTALY SOUNDDISPOSAL OF MUD WASTE

TO COMPLY GOVERNMENTREGULATION


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DRILLING SHE

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT MUD WASTE CONTROL AND

MANAGEMENT MUD WASTE REDUCTION PROGRAM MUD MIXING PROCEDURE

MSDS MUD MATERIAL HANDLING


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MUD WASTE CONTROL

SAMPLING (AS PER SOP) SURFACE SOIL FRESH MUD CUTTINGS AT TOP OF PAYZONE MUD AT TD

CUTTINGS AT TD


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TEST PROCEDURE LIMITSFOR CUTTING TO BE

BACKFILLED AT LOCATIONTHM (TCLP) < LIMITTDS (TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLID) Soft and mushy Cutting


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KCl Polymer

Improve wellbore stability and minimize cuttingdispersion

KCl concentration from 2 % to 5 % is good for low density and hard formation. Older formationreqd 3 -5%; younger clay reqd up to15 %. Mayadd form other source of K (K-Soltex)

Require low drill solid concentrationLimited by CPI requirement by 10,000 TDS.


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Principal Additives

Additive Conc.,

ppb

Function

Bentonite 5-15 Viscosity, Filtration Control

KCl 2-5 % Inhibition, source of K+ and Cl-

CFL 3-6 Defloculant

Starch 3-6 Filtration ControlCaustic Potash 0.25-

0.75Alkalinity control, Inhibition (sourceof K+) pH 9.5-10.5

PAC/CMC 0.25-1.0

Filtration Control, Viscosity

Lignite 2-4 HTHP Filtrate reducer


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Other chemicals :

XCD : enhance barite suspension; high YP.PHPA : partially hydrolyzed

polyacrilamide for encapsulation; hardnessmust be lower than 400 mg/L.Gilsonite : to plug microfracture and bridge

depleted sand


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Operating Parameter

Keep polymer concentration in range, if itis too low, it allows cuttings to disperse

that increases viscosity and addition polymer will be difficult.Keep low gravity solid in range (below 6

%) whatever the density. (SCE is critical).


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KCL maintenance

Keep LGS below 6 %. Run SCE.Constantly add PAC and or PHPA since

polymer is sheared on bit and removed byshaker (in cutting). 1 ppb PHPA every 100feet.Monitor MBT to determine the need of Polymer Remove solid as quickly as possible.

Contaminants


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ContaminantsContaminant

Indicators Treatment

High Solids Increasing solids,PV, YP,FC (thick)

Dilution. Improve SCE. Centrifugenud

Cement Increasing Pm, Pf, pH, YP, FL, FV

Minor dilution. Treat withSAPP/SodBicnat

Poor product

Erratic mud properties. Poor packaging

Document and report to office.

Salt Increasing clorides,FV, YP, GS, FL.

Kill flow. Convert mud.

Gyp/Anhydr ite

Increasing Ca2+,YP, GS, FL.Decreasing pH, Pm,Pf

Treat with SAPP, Soda Ash.

Carbonates Increasing Mf, YP,GS, FV. Decreasing

Treat with Lime. Increase pH withKOH. Keep LGS in range.


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PHPA (dry powder) Problems

Fish eyesExcessive viscosities

Extensive mixing times and coatingPlugging screen Answer : Good Shearing Device

Degraded through bit (high molecular to below molecular)


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KOH Gel - Lignite

DSF, Kotabatak, etc.


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Purposes

Inhibitive (by the presence of K+)Low TDS (no chloride)


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KOH-Gel-Lignite

Advantages Disadvantages

Inhibitive by reducing

hydration of clayEconomic. Filtrationcontrol by Lignite andBentoniteSimpleThermal stability

Intolerant to

contaminants such assalt, Ca2+, cement,solids, carbonates andanhydrite

Dispersive


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Principal Additives

Additive Conc.,

ppb

Function

Bentonite 15-25 Viscosity, Filtration Control

Lignite 5-8 % Filtrate control; Deflocculation

Caustic Potash 0. 5-1.5

Alkalinity control, Inhibition(source of K+) pH 9.5-10.5

PAC/CMC 0.25-1.0

Filtration Control, Viscosity


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Maintenance

LGS below 6 %K+ is kept in range

Contaminants are kept in acceptable range


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Completion/HorizontalFluid

KCl-HECXCD Polymer


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Types of fluids

Clear, solids free brine (HEC-KCl) in DSFPolymer-viscosified brines with

bridging/weighting agents (XCD Polymer)


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KCL-HEC

Advantages Solids free Inhibitive Densified ReusableDisadvantages No Fluid Loss Control Limited weight


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XCD Polymer

Advantages Solids free Inhibitive Densified Fluid loss control Acid soluble

Disadvantages Expensive


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Notes

Ground Marble 1/3 1/7 pore diameter Hard /difficult to break 13 18 ppb Fine; 7-2 ppb Coarse

Materials XCD (2 2.5 ppb)

PAC/CMC (4.0 5.0 ppb) KCl (1-3 %) KOH (0.2 0.4 ppb)


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Properties

High LSRV6 rpm = 12 20

FL = < 7 ccYP = 30-45

pH = 9.5-10


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SOLID CONTROLEQUIPMENT

The most abusedequipment at rig ??


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Solids Control

For every 5 % increaseIn

Solid removal efficiencyWill

Cut 17 % Mud Cost


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Solids Control

$ 45 = 1bbl of fresh mud75 % efficiency

Mud bill for 12 $ 200,000 If 85 % efficiencyMud bill $ 132,000


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Why SCE is important ?

Reduce LGS Increase life of pump Increase ROP Maintain good mud propertiesReduce dilutionReduce CostReduce wasteEtc.


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Solids

The life of a drill cutting must be shortRemoved as soon as possible (by Shaker)

Bottoms up Easy Twice Hard Third times Invisible


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Implementation :

Record all SCE performance Shaker : coverage Hydroclones : Pressure\ Centrifuge : Mud cut Solid removal efficiency Efficiency of each SCE

Mud cuttings ratio Equipment performance/failure


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Solid tolerance

Mud type is important factor KLM ; more tolerant

KCl Polymer; least tolerant XCD Polymer; not at all (free solid)

Drill solid content of 3-4 % by volume

LGS at 6-7 %Maximum MW without barite is 9.1 ppg


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Do not allow solid to degrade

Area of degraded Volume 1 m3 = 6 m2 (8 cubes) 12 m2 (27 cubes) 36 m2 (6216 cubes)High solids high surface area Limitfree water poor Rheology, filter cake,inhibition, more chemicals needed,dilution, etc.


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Shale shakers :

The most important SCERemove solid before degrade

Effective (as small as possible) screen must beusedDownstream SCE depend on shaker Check the vibration patternsDo not spray directly to screen

Never bypass screen


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Hydroclones

75 feet head pressureSpray type

Frequent checking and cleaningCalibration by using water


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Centrifuge

Decanting system (pouring liquid soslowly that sediment on bottom

undisturbed)Remove LGS (5 u)

d l


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Ideal SCE

Shakers with 230 mesh (cut point 74 u)Centrifuge (cut point at 5 u)

Mechanical separation will take outmajority of solidDump and Dilution is the LAST tool

l


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Conclusion

Higher pump rate and ROPFiner screen reduce degradationLess use of Hydroclones and mud cleaners.Reduced wasteReduced costHigher drilling efficiency

Improved Rheology due to low LGSLower mud viscositiesReduced Drilling problems

Figure 1: Simple Mass Balance


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Solids ControlSystem

Cuttings

Pile

Surface Volumeis 1000 bbls

17-1/2 Hole

Efficiency

is 80%

1000 Mof Hole

976 bbls drilled solids generated

6.29 bbls/Cu. M

1562 bbls DrilledSolids Discarded

195 bbls DrilledSolids in Mud

9.9% Solidsin the Mud

Figure 2: Waste Generation with no solids control


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Solids Control

System

Cuttings

Pile

17-1/2 Hole

Efficiency

is 0%

1000 Mof Hole

976 bbls drilled solidsgenerated

No DrilledSolids Discarded

We would need19,520 bbls oftotal volumeto dilute the

drilled solidsto 5%

Worst Case With No

Solids Control

Figure 3: Waste Generation with no dilution


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Solids ControlSystem

CuttingsPile

Surface Volume

is 1000 bbls

17-1/2 Hole

1000 Mof Hole

976 bbls drilled solidsgenerated

1754 bbls DrilledSolids Discarded

99 bbls DrilledSolids in Mud

at 5% solids

For No Dilutionto occur, 90%

efficiency mustbe achieved

Figure 4: Summary of Waste Generation


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Efficiency Solids Liquids Total0 0 19,520 19,520

30 586 13,665 14,251

70 1,367 5,857 7,22490 1,754 1,976 3,730

Using 5% solids limit tolerated in mud(total volume is 1,976)


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LithologyCategories

2 4 8 16 32 64 128 250 500 1000

Dispersive Shale 16 34 34 16

Shale 16 34 34 16

Sandstone 16 34 50

Gravel, hard 16 84

Carbonates 16 34 50

Figure 5: Cuttings Distribution

Percentage less than indicated micron size

No Removal Centrifuge Hydrocyclones Shale Shakers

Figure 6: Example of unconsolidated cuttings distribution


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Description of FormationPercentage

Encountered in

Interval

Description

Percentageof SolidsMeeting

Description

Dispersive Shale, Clay, Mudstone 40 No Removal 26.4

Shale, Silt, Siltstone 40Remove only

with Centrifuge27.2

Sand, Sandstone 20Remove with

Hydrocyclones23.2

Gravel, Gyp, Pyrite, Granite 0Remove with

Shakers

23.2

Others such as Carbonates 0

Figure 7: More Detailed Mass Balance


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Sand Trap Whole MudHole Size (in) 17.500 Dump Vol (bbls) 50 250

Surf Volume (bbls) 2000 Dump % 20 10Efficiency (%) 30 Dump Solids (bbls) 10 25

Solids Tolerated (%) 7Solids Balance

Depth Hole Vol Total Vol Removal Sand Trap* Tolerated hole Mud Dumped**1000 1,669.5 3,669.5 500.8 200.0 256.9 711.82000 3,339.0 5,339.0 1,001.7 400.0 373.7 1,563.63000 5,008.5 7,008.5 1,502.5 600.0 490.6 2,415.34000 6,678.0 8,678.0 2,003.4 800.0 607.5 3,267.1

* Sand trap dumped every 50 feet Discard BalanceRemoval Sand Trap Tolerated Whole Mud Dumped Total

** Whole mud dumped on average 1,001.7 1,000.0 7,117.8 9,119.5of every 30 feet 2,003.4 2,000.0 15,635.5 19,638.9

3,005.1 3,000.0 24,153.3 30,158.44,006.8 4,000.0 8,678.0 32,671.1 49,355.8

Ratio of discard 7.4to hole volume


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OTHERS

CONTAMINANTSHOLE STABILITY

BIT BALLING/GUMBOHOLE CLEANINGS

LOST CIRCULATIONMUD REMOVAL

CONTAMINANTS


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CONTAMINANTS

SOLIDS KEEP LGS BELOW 6 %

CEMENT DRILL WITH WATER IF

POSSIBLE TREAT WITH

SODBICNAT

CARBONATES MF/PF RATIO IS HIGH PH DROP HIGH VISCOSITY, GEL,

FL, ETC. TREAT WITH LIME

MANAGE SOLIDSCONTENTLOOK FOR CONTAMINATION ALLTHE TIMETEST FOR CARBONATESROUTINELYHAVE STRATEGY FOR DRILLING CEMENTKEEP MUD PROPERTIESUNDER CONTROLHAVE CHEMICALSTRETAMENT AT RIG


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BIT BALLING


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BIT BALLINGWhat is the process ? Bit cut dry rock Interaction with mud cuttings move from

dry to plastic to wet. Cutting in plastic state cause ballingThe bit balling severity : Formation dispersability Free water content Polymer content Solids contentTo solve : Add more free water

Reduce polymer content (increase water loss) Reduce solid content Add lubricant Good hydraulic and bit design

LOST CIRCULATIONS


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LOST CIRCULATIONS

PREVENTION LCM in mud while drillingCURING Spot LCM on bottom, wait for healing, try

several 2-3 times with bigger volumeCONSIDER TO USE NON DAMAGINGLCMDISCUSS WITH OFFICE

MUD REMOVAL FOR


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CEMENTINGMinimum twice bottom upSweep with pills

Reduce PV, YPGood hole cleaningWater ahead if possible (6 minutes contact time)Keep pipe movingApply recommended cementing practices

HOLE CLEANINGS


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HOLE CLEANINGS

Improved by : Optimum flow rate Viscosity especially 6 rpm, 3 rpm and LSRV

Rate of penetration Hole cleaning pills

High viscosity High density Low viscosity

Pipe rotation, Drill pipe eccentricity, Mud weight,Cutting density, Cutting size

ARE WE CLEANING THE HOLE ?


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MUD REPORT

DIMS (NEWDRILLING

REPORTINGSYSTEM)

Mud Report


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Mud Report

Subjects to covered are : Volume Control Data Chemistry

Rheology Geology Cost Waste

SCE Treatment Evaluation

The Most Important Thing :


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The Most Important Thing :

Mud Engineer COMMENT

Comments :


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Comments :

Should direct the reader to the importantdata

Make connection between what happenedand what is about to occur Should demonstrate proactive thinking

Honestly, no hidden agenda.

Rheology :


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Rheology :

Must be tested (partially) every hour or less and record in Mud Engineer book.

Must be reported for three complete test per day (every 8 hours or in criticaloperation)

Do not report only the good/ideal mud properties.

What is the important stuff ?


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What is the important stuff ?

Footage drilledSCE performance (write down completely)Product concentration and performanceHole cleaningCuttings conditionCuttings volume (Mud Cutting Ratio = 5-7)

Waste generatedProperties trend trackingContaminants, etc

Mud Report (DIMS)


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Mud Report (DIMS)

Mud Engineer must enter reportcompletely into DIMS computer

DIMS has complete Mud report (you haveto be patient and diligent)

Documents

Welcome to Drilling Fluid Seminar - CPI