Welcome to Millennium Reign University The following presentation takes the employee through Hydrogen Basics and Fuel Properties. Thank You 530 North

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Welcome to Millennium Reign University The following

presentation takes the employee through Hydrogen Basics and Fuel Properties.

Thank You

530 North Main Street Dayton, Ohio 45405


Hydrogen Basics and Fuel Properties


Participants will List key properties and characteristics of hydrogen Distinguish between codes and standards Compare the properties of gaseous hydrogen to liquefied

hydrogen Outline the ways that hydrogen is transported in the U.S. Understand the two primary methods of hydrogen production Identify and discuss the proper hydrogen storage methods Identify current applications of hydrogen in industry Understand hydrogen storage and dispensing technologies

Objectives


Key Terms and Abbreviations

Codes Standards Anode Cathode Electrolysis Electrolyte Fuel Cell Stack Proton Exchange Membrane

(PEM) Catalyst Fuel Cell Vehicle (FCV) Hydrogen Chemical Symbol Hydrogen Steam Reforming

Asphyxiate Auto-Ignition Buoyant Metal Hydride Embrittlement Hydro carbon Inert Pressure relief device (PRD) Pressure relief valve (PRV) Renewable Distributed Generation Internal Combustion Engine

(ICE) Viscosity


Energy Policy Act, 1992 Alternative Fuels (8) Hydrogen – Cleanest Hydrogen – Renewable energy source Using hydrogen as a “fuel” (2) Water is by-product of hydrogen use

Introduction


Hydrogen Properties and Behaviors Hydrogen Production Hydrogen as an Energy Carrier Hydrogen Uses Hydrogen storage, transport and distribution

Module Overview


Periodic Table of Elements


Hydrogen can be used in two ways: Electrochemically, by passing H2 molecules

through a fuel cell (most common) Combustion of hydrogen to release energy

Hydrogen is highly flammable and burns with an almost invisible pale blue flame

Hydrogen flames do not produce smoke Hydrogen flames can be identified by a heat

mirage-like effect on the air over the flame Pure hydrogen flame has low radiant heat A hydrogen flame is just as hot as a hydrocarbon

flame

Hydrogen Properties and Behaviors


What are the key properties of hydrogen? Hindenburg Story

Hydrogen filled balloon Balloon painted with rocket-based chemical Static electricity sparked paint covering Hydrogen ignition carried heat and diesel fuel

burning vertically away from passengers

Review


Fuel Comparisons FUELSHydrogenCNGLNGPropaneGasoline

ORDORANT ADDNoYes ( Mercaptan)NoYes ( Mercaptan)Naturally Strong

TOXICYes AsphyxiantNo Asphyxiant No Asphyxiant No Asphyxiant Yes

http://journals.lww.com/epidem/Fulltext/2011/01001/Methane_and_Natural_Gas_Exposure_Limits.771.aspx


FUEL OXYGEN

IGNITION SOURCE

Fire/Combustion Requires


Compressed at high PSIG Combination of old and new technologies Mixing Hydrogen with air Managing possible ignition sources Venting Flame detectors Hydrogen leak detectors

Hydrogen General Safety


Hydrogen is flammable Hydrogen must be derived/extracted from

materials high in hydrogen content Hydrogen is an energy carrier (sometimes

referred to as a fuel or battery) Hydrogen can be produced on a large or

small scale

Hydrogen Production


4 -75% Very little energy to ignite 4% - Barely burns 5% - Can burn sideways 18% - Burns faster than speed of sound 45% - Burns at 4600 mph w/shock wave 74% - Barely burns 75% - Will not burn

Hydrogen Combustionin Air with Oxygen


U.S produces 95% of Hydrogen Steam can produce hydrogen from carbon based

fuels (petroleum and coal) Steam reacts with methane under 14.5 psi in the

presence of a catalyst to product H2 Steam reforming is endothermic Water-gas shift reaction Pressure-swing adsorption Cost effective competitive with gal. of gasoline

Hydrogen Production: Reforming


Steam reforming is a method for producing hydrogen, carbon monoxide, or other useful products from hydrocarbon fuels such as natural gas. This is achieved in a processing device called a reformer which reacts steam at high temperature with the fossil fuel. The steam methane reformer is widely used in industry to make hydrogen.

At high temperatures (700 – 1100 °C) and in the presence of a metal-based catalyst (nickel), steam reacts with methane to yield carbon monoxide and hydrogen.

CH4 + H2O ⇌ CO + 3 H2

Hydrogen Production: Reforming

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_production

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrocarbon

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_gas

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methane_reformer

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalyst

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickel

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_monoxide

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methane

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methane

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_monoxide




Electrolyze Water (H2O) Electricity used to separate hydrogen and

oxygen molecules Electricity available from renewable and grid

sources On-board electrolyzing not practical Home and public electrolyzers/stations needed Cost Effectiveness improving

Hydrogen Production: Electrolysis


Over 9 million tons of Hydrogen are produced and marketed in the U.S. a year

Market comparisons to Gasoline Hydrogen Fuel Cells are 2-3 times more

efficient than ICE (15-30% effective) ICE Pollution and health costs need to be

monetized for accurate comparison Electrical energy cost per kilogram of H2 Reforming from NG is cost competitive

Hydrogen Production: Cost


Transportation standard for hydrogen use is pressurized hydrogen stored at 10,000 psi

Hydrogen requires specially designed cylinders to prevent leakage

All hydrogen tanks/cylinders have pressure relief devices (PRDs)

Hydrogen electrolyzers use pressure relief valves (PRVS) on the electrolyzer cylinders

Absorption of hydrogen can lead to embrittlement

Gaseous Hydrogen


Hydrogen installations require Division I Cat II compliance for compressed gas

Care must be used to guard against static electric charge through adequate grounding

Hydrogen rises and defuses very quickly if released

Code requirements for electrical motors around hydrogen must be observed

Hydrogen Safety Points


Steps to Hydrogen Liquefaction : Compress Hydrogen Dry and purify the Hydrogen Refrigerate Hydrogen to -423 degrees F

Liquid Hydrogen


Hydrogen (9 million tons per year) is used extensively in hundreds of areas:

Aerospace – spacecraft, fuel cells, rocket fuel Iron and Steel production Electrical Generation Oil and Gas Glass Manufacturing

Hydrogen Uses


Food and Beverages Chemical Processes Pharmaceutical Electronics Nuclear Power Plants

Hydrogen Uses (continued)


Hydrogen is a by-product of manufacturing Hypochlorite generation Chlorine production

By Product


Decades of Safe History Pipelines- over 700 miles (NG 1M miles) Railways Tanker Trucks Requires different infrastructure than NG

Hydrogen Transport


Over 700 miles of Hydrogen Pipelines NG uses 1 million miles of Pipeline Pure Hydrogen needs special pipelines Hythane (H2 and methane mix) can use

existing pipelines Trucks and Trains transport 6 Million cu. ft. of

hydrogen a year. Liquid hydrogen requires cryogenic tanks

Delivery Notes


Gaseous Hydrogen high in Volume Compressed: 200-10,000 PSIG Cryogenic Liquid < 100 PSI @ -423 Degrees

F (-253 C) Pipelines become storage systems

Hydrogen Storage


Vehicles Handle High Pressures Puncture and Burn Proof

Transport Tanks Gaseous – pressure dependent Liquid (cryogenic double walled, insulated)

Storage Tanks


Similar to CNG Cylinders High-pressure cylinders very durable, double

walled Composite Cylinders – Auto Industry

Aluminum Core Kevlar and Fiberglass Wound Plastic Core Carbon Fiber Wound Pressure Relief Valve

Hydrogen Storage Cylinders


Type I - all metal cylinder Type II – load-bearing metal liner hoop

wrapped with continuous filament Type III – non-load-bearing metal liner axial

and hoop wrapped with continuous filament Type IV - non-load-bearing non-metal liner

wrapped with continuous filament

Cylinder Types


Hydrogen Cylinder


Since 2000, the world’s largest automotive manufacturers have used TUFFSHELL™ cylinders for their advanced technology hydrogen fuel cell vehicles. In 2008, Hexagon Lincoln was chosen as a member of the Department of Energy’s Hydrogen Storage Engineering Center of Excellence (HSECoE) to promote the use of composites for hydrogen storage with the purpose of accelerating the market entry of fuel cell vehicles.

In addition to passenger cars, we are the supplier to the largest volume fuel cell forklift integrator. Our cylinders are used in various regions throughout the world at compressed hydrogen and compact (home refueling type) hydrogen stations, including canopy installation where light-weight cylinders are necessary.

standard pressures: 5000 psi / 350 bar, 6000 psi / 400 bar, 7000 psi / 500 bar, 10,000 psi / 700 bar,13,000 psi / 950 bar

water-volume ranges: 8 G / 29 L to 142 G / 539 L dimension ranges: lengths up to 118 in / 3000 mm and diameters up to 22 in / 560 mm U.S. and international standards: ISO 11119, EC79/2009, METI-KHK hydrogen

standards, SAE J2579,CSA B-51, and 2010 ASME Section X Class III

TUFFSHELL™ Hydrogen


TUFFSHELL™ Hydrogen

Liquid Hydrogen Storage Dower



H2 Pipelines- Stainless: Carry both gaseous and liquid

Resistant to embrittlement tendencies Liquid cryogenic systems require double

walled, insulated.

Hydrogen Pipelines


Refinery Reforming Cost ~ $2.50/kg Electrolyzer Cost ~$4.50/kg Bottled Cylinder Cost ~$12.50/kg

Hydrogen Production Costs


Transform Hydrogen into Electricity Produce nominal heat Exhaust pure water Requires continuous supply of hydrogen Part of Distributed Generation Environment

Fuel Cells


Four auto manufactures have devoted production lines to H2 vehicle production

All OEMs have H2 vehicle R&D programs H2 vehicle technology surpasses that of

conventional ICE vehicles Relatively little is progressing for combustion

of H2 in ICEs

Hydrogen Powered Vehicles


Fuel Cell Honda Clarity Cutaway


Uses converted ICE engine Has on-board hydrogen storage at lower

PSIG Usually capable of running on gasoline or H2

(Bi-Fuel) Improves mileage and air exhaust quality

Hydrogen in an ICE


ICE 4 Strokes


H2 vehicle technology includes: electric drive train on-board high pressure H2 storage fuel cell battery or super capacitor small battery back

Hydrogen Vehicle Technology


H2 vs. ICE

Hydrogen Fuel cells are solid state

devices Fuel cells use inexhaustible

power source Uses air to electrochemically

combine with hydrogen Some cooling of fuel cell

required Exhaust is H20 Fuel Cells are ~60% efficient

Internal Combustion Engine ICE are complex mechanical

devices & exhaust processors Uses petroleum Uses air to combust fuel Extensive cooling of engine

required Exhaust is highly toxic ICE are ~30% efficient


Hydrogen Fuel Cell


Polymer Exchange Membrane (PEM Fuel Cell) Thin membrane that allows H2 protons to pass through

and electrons to move around creating electricity Anode – a negatively charged electrode that

channels the electrons through an electrical circuit Cathode – a positively charge electrode that ensures

disperses oxygen across the catalyst Catalyst – a thin coating between the PEM and the

anode/cathode

Hydrogen Components


Catalyst splits hydrogen atoms into protons and electrons

The protons and electrons need to recombine and are attracted to oxygen molecules to create H2O

The positively charged protons are attracted to pass through the Fuel Cell Membrane

The negatively charge electrons travel around the membrane and their movement creates electricity

This electrochemical process uses no combustion and exhausts the combination of hydrogen and oxygen – water

Fuel Cell Operation


http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6UwSazq8GTU

Fuel Cell Animation




Fuel Cells are a combination of layers of fuel cells referred to as stacks

Each stack generates X amount of power Combinations of stacks can create kilowatts

of electricity

Fuel Cell Stack


Uses plentiful hydrogen as power source Electrochemical process produces no toxic

emissions Fuel cells are 2-3 times more efficient than

internal combustion engines Hydrogen electrolysis can be produced

anytime, (i.e. off peak times with $0.02 kW electricity or renewable energy)

Fuel Cell Benefits


Hybrid electric vehicles Automobiles Forklifts

Stationary Power Uninterruptible power supplies

Micro Fuel Cells Laptops Cell phones

Fuel Cell Applications


Specially constructed, high impact storage tanks

Multiple hydrogen sensors Impact sensors Pressure release devices (PRD)

Hydrogen Vehicles Safety Systems


New fueling station infrastructure needed Requires access to Hydrogen sources:

Reforming; electrolysis; liquid H2; compressed gas storage

Hydrogen technology enables: Public refueling stations Home refueling stations

Hydrogen Fueling Stations


Demonstration Sites Identical to fueling a NG or propane vehicle Multiple safety and sensor technologies

employed, including:~Break Away Devices~Locking nozzle Devices

Fill control devices incorporated into system

Hydrogen Refueling


Special high pressure dispensing unit/pump Special nozzle locks into vehicle receptacle Closed loop system interjecting H2 and

removing existing vacuum Same technology used by decades old NG

dispensing systems Safer than gasoline dispensing

Hydrogen Dispensing


Stored up to 12,000 psig ( cryogenic liquid H2 @100 psi)

Light duty passenger vehicles store up to 5 kg to travel 300-500 miles per fill

Buses are capable of storing up to 50 kg of H2 in multiple tanks

Hydrogen Storage


Higher density Higher energy content Lower volume than gaseous H2 Requires super-insulated tank Limited application in vehicles

Liquefied Hydrogen Storage


Impact Ballistic tests Bonfire Testing Environmental Ranges Tank Testing, Recertifying, Recycling Burst Testing Permeation Testing PRD Testing

Hydrogen Tank Testing


Properties of Hydrogen Production, storing and transporting

hydrogen Hydrogen Safety Technology Hydrogen applications Hydrogen vehicles and refueling stations

Summary


Thank You

Documents

Welcome to Millennium Reign University The following presentation takes the employee through Hydrogen Basics and Fuel Properties. Thank You 530 North