Welcome to Physics of the EarthPHYS 3070

Lectures: www.rses.anu.edu.au/~hrvojeHrvoje.Tkalcic@anu.edu.au * Paul.Tregoning@anu.edu.au * Ian.Jackson@anu.edu.au

Hrvoje Tkalčić, Fellow (Seismology) - Week 1-4Paul Tregoning, Fellow (Geodesy) - Week 5-8

Ian Jackson, Professor (Rock Physics) - Week 9-12(Prof. Jackson is the course coordinator)

Research School of Earth Sciences

• 3 lectures per week (Tue, Wed & Fri) Combined PowerPoint presentations for visual concepts +

transparencies and blackboard for mathematical concepts• Seismology: 1 tutorial per week (Wed)• Seismology: 1 homework assignment per week• Seismology: 2 computer labs you can expect a similar load for geodesy and mineral

physics/geodynamics later in the semester• guest speaker (Dr. Ted Lilley on geomagnetism and Dr. Malcolm

Sambridge on geophysical inverse theory)• 1/3 questions on final exam• Office hours: Mon 2-3pm

COURSE SCHEDULE AND ORGANISATION

Weeks 1-4

Why on Earth are YOU here?

This course is something you always wanted to take You need another course to graduate and think Earth physics is easier than the main stream physics A computer glitch at ANU registration office Just curious…

What can YOU learn?

What we know and what we do not know about the Earth How to put your physics and maths to work Expand your horizons - Earth Physics is multidisciplinary and cool Think about pursuing your PhD or MS in Earth Physics at ANU Research School of Earth Sciences

What tools can YOU use?

Read the textbooks Solve the homework problems Participate in the class - ask questions - come see me during office hours - be proactive

- About You and Physics of the Earth -

NameHrvoje Tkalčić - a difficult to pronounce Croatian name, but could probably be worse :)

pronunciation tip: [Hrr voaye Tkal tcheech]Education

1996 University diploma in physics, speciality in geophysics from University of Zagreb, Croatia(lived in Croatia 26 yrs)2001 Ph.D. in geophysics from University of California at Berkeley, California(lived in California 10 yrs; graduated 1 year too early to get Schwarzeneger’s signature on my diploma)

Present positionFellow in seismology, Earth Physics, RSES, ANU

Research interests• Observational global seismology; studying the Earth’s interior with special interest in deep Earth

structure - the inner and outer core, the core mantle boundary and the lowermost mantle;interpretation of seismic results in the context of understanding Earth’s dynamic past, present andfuture;

• Non-tectonic environment earthquakes with anomalous seismic radiation and puzzling earthquakemechanisms (e.g. volcanic earthquakes, explosions, etc.);

• Lithospheric structure using receiver functions, surface waves and other seismological techniques;• Deployments of seismic instrumentation on Earth and planetary surfaces and improvement of spatial

sampling of Earth’s interior by seismic body waves.

- About Me -

• Dr. Brian Kennett, Professor of seismology, Director of RSES Research interests summary: seismic wave propagation theory; upper mantle and whole

Earth structure; inverse theory; applied seismology• Dr. Malcolm Sambridge, Professor of mathematical geophysics Research interests summary: mathematical geophysics; inverse theory• Dr. Nick Rawlinson, Fellow Research interests summary: wavefront propagation in complex media; seismic 3D

imaging of Australian lithosphere; array processing methods• Dr. Sara Pozgay, Postdoctoral Fellow Research interests summary: seismic anisotropy, subduction zones• Dr. Pierre Arrocau, Postdoctoral Fellow Research interests summary: seismic noise; tomography• Dr. Michelle Salmon, Postdoctoral Fellow Research interests summary: lithospheric structure, receiver functions

RSES Earth Physics – other seismology people

• M. Sc. Specializing in Earth PhysicsPEAT8001 - Plate tectonics and mantle dynamicsPEAT8002 - SeismologyPEAT8004 - Current topics in geophysical fluid dynamicsPEAT8009 - Satellite orbit dynamics and the physics of the EarthPEAT8011 - Earth materialsPEAT8012 - An introduction to inverse problems in the Earth sciencesPEAT8013 - Geophysical continuum mechanicsPEAT8014 - Special topics in Earth sciencePEAT8020 - Imaging the Earth

• For more information, please visit:http://www.rses.anu.edu.au/students/index.php?p=masters_program

RSES Earth Physics – other courses offered

• For more information about PhB program, Honours,Internships and Scholarships at RSES, (also for

postgraduate opportunities), please visit:

http://www.rses.anu.edu.au/students/index.php

RSES Earth Physics – student projects

• The Solid Earth - Second Edition: An introduction to Global Geophysicsby C. M. R. Fowler (Chapters 4 & 8; Appendix 1-10) - Cambridge Univ. Press

• Fundamentals of Geophysicsby W. Lowrie (Chapters 1 & 3) - Cambridge University Press

Additional reading (for those who want to know more)• Modern Global Seismology (intermediate level)

by T. Lay and Wallace

• Seismic Wavefield (advanced level)by B. L. N. Kennett

Textbooks and additional reading for weeks 1–4

• Bolt, B. (2004) Earthquakes, Freeman & Co. (QE534.3 .B65 2004)

• Shearer, P.M. (1999) Introduction to Seismology, Cambridge University Press (QE534.2 .S455 1999) -available online as a pdf

• Davies, G. F. (1999) Dynamic Earth, Cambridge University Press (QE509.4 .D38 1999)

• Poirier, J.P. (1991) Introduction to the Physics of the Earth's Interior, Cambridge University Press(QE509.P64 1991)

• Stacey, F.D. (1992) Physics of the Earth, 3rd Edn., Brookfield Press (QC806.S65 1992)

• Turcotte, D.L. & Schubert, G. (2002) Geodynamics 2nd edn, Cambridge University Press, (QE501.T832002)

Textbooks and additional reading for the course

Grades

Reading the textbooks

(selected chapters)

Attend lectures

(for in-class assignments, non-textbook material,

turn in and pick up HW, final exam)

Tutorials (weekly)

Homework assignments (once per week - due on Wed, the week after)

(-15 points for late HW)

Required by all students:Required by all students:

While in lecture, please DO NOT:

Talk and have conversations

Forget to turn off cell phones

Work on homework or read newspapers

Break ANU rules/laws (e.g., cheating)

Required by all students:Required by all students:

Required by all students:Required by all students:

While in the lecture, please DO:

Ask questions when anything is not clear

Engage in the discussions

Fully participate in in-class exercises

Lecture 1 - Foundations Geologic time Minerals and rocks The dynamic Earth

Lecture 2 - Earth as a planet in the solar system The Earth and the Moon Other terrestrial planets The Jovian (giant) planets

Lecture 3 - Introduction to Seismology Planets contd. History of seismology Seismology as a tool for understanding earthquakes Seismology as a tool of measuring the Earth’s interior

TUTORIAL I Problems: Gravitational force, planetary motions Scalars, vectors and differential operators

WEEK 1 - a rough guide

Lecture 4 - Geomagnetism Guest speaker on geomagnetism: Dr. Ted Lilley Elastic moduli

Lecture 5 - Elasticity theory Strain and stress P and S waves Elastic moduli

Lecture 6 - Equation of motion P and S waves Free oscillations of the Earth Ray theory Wave propagation in high frequencyapproximation, ray parameter

TUTORIAL II/LAB I Problems set Earthquake location

WEEK 2

Lecture 7 - Wiechert-Herglotz inversion (of time-distance curves) Travel time curves Lecture 8 - Mohorovičić’s inversion

The nomenclature of seismic phases Travel time curvesOn the forward problem solved byMohorovičić and the discovery of Moho

Lecture 9 - The geophysical inverse theory Guest Speaker: Dr. Malcolm Sambridge Seismic tomography

TUTORIAL III Problems set Determination of focal mechanisms

WEEK 3

Lecture 10 - Earthquake seismology Tectonic and volcanic earthquakes Seismic sources Seismic moment tensor Earthquake magnitude Focal mechanismsLecture 11 - Internal structure of the Earth I Cntd. Seismic sources, moment tensor inversion Earth’s structure reference models: 1D versus 3D The crust, the mantle and the discontinuities

Lecture 12 - Internal structure of the Earth II The core mantle boundary region The core and the Earth’s magnetic field Structure of the inner core and anisotropy hypothesis Is the differential rotation of the inner core real?

TUTORIAL IV/LAB II Adams-Williamson equation and the determination of density Moment tensor inversion

WEEK 4