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Welcome to the 2010 Welcome to the 2010 Awareness and Operations Awareness and Operations
Water Rescue Training Water Rescue Training ProgramProgram
The Goals of this class:The Goals of this class:
Identify what NFPA Standards and WACs Identify what NFPA Standards and WACs apply to water rescue.apply to water rescue.
Identify a water rescue and its hazards.Identify a water rescue and its hazards.
Identify the signs of hypothermia.Identify the signs of hypothermia.
Identify the capabilities of awareness Identify the capabilities of awareness and operations trained personnel.and operations trained personnel.
Goals continued…Goals continued…
Identify the difference between Rescue Identify the difference between Rescue and Recovery.and Recovery.
Identify the resources that are available Identify the resources that are available to us during a water rescue.to us during a water rescue.
Identify the components of scene control.Identify the components of scene control.
NFPA/WACsNFPA/WACs
What does the NFPA say?What does the NFPA say?
NFPA 1006 Chapter 5 entitled “Water NFPA 1006 Chapter 5 entitled “Water Rescue” and NFPA 1670 Chapter 7 “Rope” Rescue” and NFPA 1670 Chapter 7 “Rope” and 9 entitled “Water” apply to us. and 9 entitled “Water” apply to us.
NFPA categorizes water rescue in four ways:NFPA categorizes water rescue in four ways:•DiveDive
• IceIce
•SurfSurf
•Swift WaterSwift Water
But what about near shore still water rescue?But what about near shore still water rescue?
What does the Law say?What does the Law say?
WAC 296-305-05503 “ The employer shall WAC 296-305-05503 “ The employer shall provide training and education for all members provide training and education for all members commensurate with those duties and functions commensurate with those duties and functions that members are expected to perform.”that members are expected to perform.”
““Such training and education shall be provided to Such training and education shall be provided to members before they perform emergency members before they perform emergency activities.”activities.”
The Near Shore Water Rescue program with the The Near Shore Water Rescue program with the Awareness, Operations, and Technician Levels as Awareness, Operations, and Technician Levels as developed by Zone 1 are to comply with these developed by Zone 1 are to comply with these standards.standards.
What are the Hazards?What are the Hazards?
• ""Considering all the risks, do my Considering all the risks, do my resources allow me to safely initiate a resources allow me to safely initiate a rescue at this time?"rescue at this time?"
• The decision to commit people to the The decision to commit people to the rescue means weighing all of the risk rescue means weighing all of the risk factors against the possible benefit. Your factors against the possible benefit. Your personnel, training and equipmentpersonnel, training and equipment are are important factors to consider in the important factors to consider in the size-size-up of risk potentialup of risk potential. Assess variables . Assess variables such as: such as:
Weather HazardsWeather Hazards
• Uncontrollable HazardsUncontrollable Hazards
• WeatherWeather
• High winds High winds
• Temperature extremes Temperature extremes
• Rain, snow and ice Rain, snow and ice
• Fog Fog
Other HazardsOther Hazards
• Water Water
Temperature Temperature
Current Current
Poor access Poor access
Visibility Visibility
Other HazardsOther Hazards
• Pollution- chemicals, fuels and oils Pollution- chemicals, fuels and oils Depth Depth Logs Logs StumpsStumps
BranchesBranches
Muddy bottomMuddy bottom
Other HazardsOther Hazards
• Submerged Objects Submerged Objects
Cables and lines Cables and lines
Sharp metal and rebar Sharp metal and rebar
Automobiles, appliances, junk metal Automobiles, appliances, junk metal
Rocks and sandbars Rocks and sandbars
Broken glass Broken glass
Pilings and concretePilings and concrete
Other HazardsOther Hazards
• Bottom Conditions Bottom Conditions
Soft bottom Soft bottom
Holes and sharp drop-offs Holes and sharp drop-offs
Water/sewer outlets and intakes Water/sewer outlets and intakes
Boat traffic- commercial and Boat traffic- commercial and recreational recreational
Animals/shellfish Animals/shellfish
Risk Benefit AnalysisRisk Benefit Analysis
Risk Benefit AnalysisRisk Benefit Analysis - - Is the Is the decision making process that decision making process that weighs the hazards weighs the hazards encountered by the responder, encountered by the responder, versus the potential benefit versus the potential benefit from that exposure.from that exposure.
Water Rescue Water Rescue FactsFacts
Statistics:Statistics:
1/2 of the earth’s population will enter the 1/2 of the earth’s population will enter the water each year.water each year.
Drowning is the #2 cause of accidental deaths Drowning is the #2 cause of accidental deaths for people under 44 years of age.for people under 44 years of age.
More Statistics:More Statistics:
Drowning is the #3 cause of death for Drowning is the #3 cause of death for all ages.all ages.
13% of all drowning victims are 4 years 13% of all drowning victims are 4 years of age or younger.of age or younger.
Most drowning victims are found fully Most drowning victims are found fully clothed.clothed.
15% of water fatalities occur outside 15% of water fatalities occur outside the normal June - August recreation the normal June - August recreation season.season.
Two types of drowning:Two types of drowning:
Dry Drowning:Dry Drowning: Water covers a person’s breathing Water covers a person’s breathing passages, enters their throat, and causes an passages, enters their throat, and causes an effect called laryngospasm (blockage of the upper effect called laryngospasm (blockage of the upper part of the throat by muscular contraction). Very part of the throat by muscular contraction). Very little water enters the lungs.little water enters the lungs.
Wet Drowning:Wet Drowning: When the larynx relaxes, water When the larynx relaxes, water enters the trachea and the lungs. The person enters the trachea and the lungs. The person dies from aquatic asphyxiation which occurs 90% dies from aquatic asphyxiation which occurs 90% of the time.of the time.
How Do People Die in the Water?How Do People Die in the Water?
1.1. Injuries / Illness Injuries / Illness before entering before entering the waterthe water (seizure, heart attack, (seizure, heart attack, unconsciousness due to trauma or unconsciousness due to trauma or illness, intoxication)illness, intoxication)
2.2. Injuries / Illness Injuries / Illness after having after having entered the waterentered the water (lacerations, (lacerations, seizure, heart attack, drowning)seizure, heart attack, drowning)
There are 2 Modes of There are 2 Modes of Drowning:Drowning:
1.1. PrimaryPrimary: Dying at the scene: Dying at the scene
2.2. SecondarySecondary: Dying within 72 : Dying within 72 hours of near-drowninghours of near-drowning
What are the Signs of What are the Signs of Drowning?Drowning?
1.1. Head backHead back
2.2. Mouth wide open (no sounds)Mouth wide open (no sounds)
3.3. Arms in and out of water (more in than Arms in and out of water (more in than out of the water)out of the water)
4.4. Head bobbing up and down in the waterHead bobbing up and down in the water
Most common factors Most common factors contributing to Drowning:contributing to Drowning:
• Inability to swimInability to swim
•Cold waterCold water
•Alcohol and DrugsAlcohol and Drugs
The Dreaded Effects of Alcohol The Dreaded Effects of Alcohol and Drug Abuse – A public and Drug Abuse – A public service message!service message!
Suddenly falling into cold water Suddenly falling into cold water produces 3 primary effects:produces 3 primary effects:
1.1. Involuntary gasp (Mammalian Dive Involuntary gasp (Mammalian Dive Reflex)Reflex)
2.2. Cardiac arrestCardiac arrest
3.3. Performance and stamina decreasePerformance and stamina decrease
Our body temperature is normally 98.6*F.Our body temperature is normally 98.6*F.
““Hypothermic” is anything below 98.6*F.Hypothermic” is anything below 98.6*F.
Heat is lost 25 times faster in still water Heat is lost 25 times faster in still water than in still air.than in still air.
This figure is 10 times greater in moving This figure is 10 times greater in moving waterwater
HypothermiaHypothermia
2 TYPES OF 2 TYPES OF HYPOTHERMIAHYPOTHERMIA
1.1. Shell HypothermiaShell Hypothermiaskin pale colorskin pale colordifficulty holding objectsdifficulty holding objectspainpainloss of feelingloss of feelingblood vessels shut downblood vessels shut down
2.2. Core HypothermiaCore HypothermiaMost adults can last 15-20 min. Most adults can last 15-20 min. before their core temperature is before their core temperature is affected.affected.
Search PatternsSearch Patterns
TriangulationTriangulation
A method of pinpointing a position in A method of pinpointing a position in a large area by way of using two or a large area by way of using two or more intersecting lines of potential more intersecting lines of potential location, or “lines of sight”. The location, or “lines of sight”. The point at which the “lines of sight” or point at which the “lines of sight” or vectors intersect is the theoretical vectors intersect is the theoretical location of the subject of the search. location of the subject of the search. Place your datum point marker Place your datum point marker here.here.
Datum PointDatum Point - -• Last known position of missing or Last known position of missing or
drowning person.drowning person.
Datum Point MarkerDatum Point Marker
Search PatternsSearch Patterns
•CircularCircular
•LinearLinear
•Human ChainHuman Chain
Circular PatternCircular Pattern
• Circular or semi-circular coverage of Circular or semi-circular coverage of area of probability when datum point area of probability when datum point is knownis known
Linear PatternLinear Pattern
• Straight line pattern for coverage of Straight line pattern for coverage of an area of probability when datum an area of probability when datum point is not known.point is not known.
Human ChainHuman Chain
•A searching mode utilizing many A searching mode utilizing many people to cover a large, shallow area people to cover a large, shallow area in a short amount of time up to chest in a short amount of time up to chest deep water with PFD on.deep water with PFD on.
Water Rescue Water Rescue EquipmentEquipment
Personal Floatation DevicePersonal Floatation Device (PFD) (PFD)Personnel responding to confirmed Personnel responding to confirmed water rescue with no threat of fire or water rescue with no threat of fire or explosion may remove their bunker explosion may remove their bunker gear to improve mobility. gear to improve mobility.
•1) 1) Firefighters working on, over or along Firefighters working on, over or along water, where danger of drowning exists, shall water, where danger of drowning exists, shall wear approved personal flotation devices. wear approved personal flotation devices. (This is not intended to include pools and hot (This is not intended to include pools and hot tubs.)tubs.)
PFD’sPFD’s Personal Flotation Device Personal Flotation Device (P.F.D.) (P.F.D.) - any form or - any form or
type of Coast Guard approved flotation gear type of Coast Guard approved flotation gear designed to be worn by the user and to maintain designed to be worn by the user and to maintain some amount of buoyancy or flotation in the water. some amount of buoyancy or flotation in the water. There are five types rated by function and design. There are five types rated by function and design.
– Type I - will float someone 'face-up' Type I - will float someone 'face-up' without effort without effort
– Type II- will float someone 'face-up' with a Type II- will float someone 'face-up' with a conscious effort'. conscious effort'.
– Type III- has no 'face-up' flotation design Type III- has no 'face-up' flotation design function. This is the most common type function. This is the most common type due to comfort and wear ability. This is due to comfort and wear ability. This is also the vest issued to most crews. also the vest issued to most crews.
– Type IV - ring and horseshoe throw buoys. Type IV - ring and horseshoe throw buoys. – Type V - oral and CO2 cartridge inflatable Type V - oral and CO2 cartridge inflatable
devices and special work suits. devices and special work suits.
Rescue AdjunctsRescue Adjuncts
• TubesTubes
• BuoysBuoys
• Search linesSearch lines
Rescue TubeRescue Tube - -
• Flotation tube used for rescue.Flotation tube used for rescue.
Ring BuoyRing Buoy
Ring Buoy / Horseshoe BuoyRing Buoy / Horseshoe Buoy - A - A bright orange, 4-7 lb. ‘ring’ or bright orange, 4-7 lb. ‘ring’ or ‘horseshoe’ shaped urethane foam ‘horseshoe’ shaped urethane foam float with a haul-back or grab line float with a haul-back or grab line attached. Designed to be thrown attached. Designed to be thrown to a victim and retrieved via the to a victim and retrieved via the rope.rope.
Search LineSearch Line
Water rescue line, 100-foot or longer, Water rescue line, 100-foot or longer, 3 strand, twisted 1/2 inch 3 strand, twisted 1/2 inch polypropylene with a monkey’s fist at polypropylene with a monkey’s fist at one end and a 30-inch loop with snap one end and a 30-inch loop with snap at the other end.at the other end.
Line SignalsLine Signals
• Communications by rescue swimmer Communications by rescue swimmer and line tender on search line by and line tender on search line by means of pullmeans of pull
Line signalsLine signals
Tender to SwimmerTender to Swimmer
1 tug = Are you OK?1 tug = Are you OK?
2 tugs = Stop, change direction, take 2 tugs = Stop, change direction, take out lineout line
3 tugs = Stop, look at the line tender3 tugs = Stop, look at the line tender
4 tugs = Help4 tugs = Help
Line SignalsLine Signals
Swimmer to TenderSwimmer to Tender1 tug = I’m OK1 tug = I’m OK2 tugs = Need more line2 tugs = Need more line3 tugs = Found object3 tugs = Found object4 tugs = Need help4 tugs = Need help
Throw RopeThrow Rope
75' of polypropylene rope packed or 'stuffed' 75' of polypropylene rope packed or 'stuffed' in a nylon bag.in a nylon bag.
Rescue ModeRescue ModeRescue ModeRescue Mode - Operations undertaken by - Operations undertaken by
responders to remove victims from responders to remove victims from hazardous situations in which the victims hazardous situations in which the victims are able to offer little or no assistance are able to offer little or no assistance due to their physical condition or due to their physical condition or immediate environment. Person has immediate environment. Person has been under water for <60 min.been under water for <60 min.
Quick Rescue ModeQuick Rescue Mode – Victim can be seen – Victim can be seen struggling in water or has just gone under struggling in water or has just gone under prior to F.D. arrival. Immediate action is prior to F.D. arrival. Immediate action is needed. needed. Risk a lot to save a lotRisk a lot to save a lot!!
Recovery ModeRecovery Mode
•Recovery ModeRecovery Mode Operations Operations undertaken by responders to undertaken by responders to recover victims, their remains, or recover victims, their remains, or property. Operations should only property. Operations should only be implemented when the risk to be implemented when the risk to responders has been reduced to responders has been reduced to the lowest possible level. Person the lowest possible level. Person has been under water for >60min.has been under water for >60min.
Quick Rescue ModeQuick Rescue Mode• Complete size up, establish command, determine Complete size up, establish command, determine
rescue or recovery and develop IAPrescue or recovery and develop IAP• Interview witnesses and establish datum point Interview witnesses and establish datum point
upon arrival unless victim is visible.upon arrival unless victim is visible.• Try to reach victim with throw bags if he/she is Try to reach victim with throw bags if he/she is
visiblevisible• Have two rescuers set up for the rescueHave two rescuers set up for the rescue• Have two back up rescuers ready – Have two back up rescuers ready – Two-in/Two-outTwo-in/Two-out• This is the minimum number of personnel for a This is the minimum number of personnel for a
quick rescue!quick rescue!
Incident Command and Incident Command and the Water Rescuethe Water Rescue
Scenario where we are not in Scenario where we are not in quickquick rescue mode. rescue mode.
• We have not seen the victimWe have not seen the victim
• Patient has a known “down time” of Patient has a known “down time” of more than a few minutesmore than a few minutes
• Think about a correlation with Think about a correlation with survivable space in a firesurvivable space in a fire
• Risk a little to save a little…Risk a little to save a little…
• We will not imperil ourselves We will not imperil ourselves unnecessarily unnecessarily
Command & ControlCommand & ControlIt is the IC responsibility to fill these positions if not assignedIt is the IC responsibility to fill these positions if not assigned
• Assign PositionsAssign Positions– Rescue Group LeaderRescue Group Leader– Safety OfficerSafety Officer
• Establish and maintain safe zonesEstablish and maintain safe zones– Hot, Warm, Cold zonesHot, Warm, Cold zones
• Call for resourcesCall for resources
Rescue Group Leader Rescue Group Leader is responsible for:is responsible for:
• Determining & Implementing action Determining & Implementing action planplan
• Overall rescue managementOverall rescue management
• Designation of team leaderDesignation of team leader
• Questioning witnessesQuestioning witnesses
• Triangulation/datum pointTriangulation/datum point
Back Up TeamBack Up Team
• This is the “water version” of RITThis is the “water version” of RIT
• Have all equipment needed for Have all equipment needed for teams.teams.
• Have all swimmers ready for entry.Have all swimmers ready for entry.
Entry Team Leader is Entry Team Leader is responsible for:responsible for:
• Safety and management of the Safety and management of the rescue teamrescue team
• Preparation and CoordinationPreparation and Coordination
• Communicate with other teamsCommunicate with other teams
• Oversee all PPE is used correctly and Oversee all PPE is used correctly and properly equipped.properly equipped.
Support Team LeaderSupport Team Leader
• Handles all accessory tasksHandles all accessory tasks
• Prepares boat/PWCPrepares boat/PWC
• Assist in triangulationAssist in triangulation
• Helps with crowd controlHelps with crowd control
• ID’s hazardsID’s hazards
• Lighting supportLighting support
• DecontaminationDecontamination
Staging OfficerStaging Officer
• Organizes and manages all Organizes and manages all equipment and personnel in a equipment and personnel in a resource area.resource area.
• RehabRehab
Safety OfficerSafety Officer
• Responsible for overall scene safetyResponsible for overall scene safety
• Must ID all scene hazards.Must ID all scene hazards.
• Ensures all personnel are wearing Ensures all personnel are wearing the proper PPE and working within the proper PPE and working within their means and level of training.their means and level of training.
Medical GroupMedical Group
TriageTriage
TreatmentTreatment
TransportTransport
Qualifications and Qualifications and TrainingTraining
What can each Level do?What can each Level do?
• AwarenessAwareness - Can’t go in the - Can’t go in the water.water.
• OperationsOperations - Can go in the water - Can go in the water with Type lll PFD up to your waist.with Type lll PFD up to your waist.
Size Up/ SceneSize Up/ Scene ControlControl
How do we size up a water How do we size up a water incident?incident?
• What have you seen and heard?What have you seen and heard?
• What help do you need?What help do you need?
• What are the hazards?What are the hazards?
• What can you do safely?What can you do safely?
How do we control the How do we control the scene?scene?
• Establish ICSEstablish ICS
• Call for resourcesCall for resources
• Establish ZonesEstablish Zones– Hot - Water and beach/dockHot - Water and beach/dock– Warm - Area between beach and Warm - Area between beach and
emergency apparatus or set up areaemergency apparatus or set up area– Cold - beyond apparatusCold - beyond apparatus
Rescue Operational ZonesRescue Operational Zones
Hot Zone: The area of the Hot Zone: The area of the rescue operation where rescue operation where specified personnel may be specified personnel may be placed at risk. Only rescue placed at risk. Only rescue personnel directly involved in personnel directly involved in the operations and equipped the operations and equipped with the proper safety with the proper safety equipment are allowed in this equipment are allowed in this area.area.
Rescue Operational ZonesRescue Operational Zones
Warm Zone: The area between Warm Zone: The area between the hot zone and the cold zone the hot zone and the cold zone that contains personnel and that contains personnel and equipment essential to the equipment essential to the support of the rescue effort. This support of the rescue effort. This area may contain the Command area may contain the Command Post and Staging area. Control of Post and Staging area. Control of this area is essential for the this area is essential for the management of the rescue.management of the rescue.
Rescue Operational ZonesRescue Operational Zones
Cold Zone: - A safe area at a Cold Zone: - A safe area at a rescue incident, outside the warm rescue incident, outside the warm and hot zones. The area where and hot zones. The area where apparatus, personnel and apparatus, personnel and equipment not actively involved in equipment not actively involved in the rescue are placed. Base should the rescue are placed. Base should be located here. The media, be located here. The media, bystanders and non-essential bystanders and non-essential personnel will also be in this zone.personnel will also be in this zone.
Other QuestionsOther Questions
Often asked QuestionsOften asked Questions1.1. Can FF go under water?Can FF go under water?
Operations LevelOperations Level - A firefighter can - A firefighter can go under water in waist deep water.go under water in waist deep water.
2.2. Can firefighters do a search in the Can firefighters do a search in the water?water?
Operations level –Operations level – A firefighter can do A firefighter can do wading assist, human chain and line wading assist, human chain and line searches as long as the water is only searches as long as the water is only waist deep and you are wearing a Type waist deep and you are wearing a Type III PFD.III PFD.
Often asked QuestionsOften asked Questions3. What do we wear as a minimum 3. What do we wear as a minimum
for Water Operations?for Water Operations?
Operations Level:Operations Level: Type III PFD U.S. Type III PFD U.S. Coast Guard approved, plus a knife Coast Guard approved, plus a knife and whistle.*and whistle.*
Technician Level:Technician Level: Type III PFD U.S. Type III PFD U.S. Coast Guard approved, plus a knife Coast Guard approved, plus a knife and whistle.*and whistle.*
Other Water Rescue Other Water Rescue Agencies and ResourcesAgencies and Resources• Mercer Island Dive teamMercer Island Dive team
• King Co. Police Marine UnitKing Co. Police Marine Unit
• Seattle Police Marine UnitSeattle Police Marine Unit
• Seattle Fire Marine UnitSeattle Fire Marine Unit
• Renton Fire Dive TeamRenton Fire Dive Team
• US Coast GuardUS Coast Guard
• Helicopters (police and news)Helicopters (police and news)
Thanks for attending!!!Thanks for attending!!!
Be safe out there!!!Be safe out there!!!
