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Welcome to the Salt Marsh
One of the most productive places on
Earth
What is a Salt Marsh?
• Salt marshes are naturally occurring wetlands found within the intertidal zone
• Found along the coast where there is shelter from the incoming high energy waves.
• This intertidal community supports many diverse plants and animals.
Where in the world are they?
A Salt Marsh Has a pattern of Distribution
• There are the highlands or uplands
• The Marsh Border• High Marsh-
accounts for 90% of salt marsh area.
• Pools• Pannes • Channels
Zones of the Salt Marsh
The Uplands• The uplands are forested outcrops of land• Dominated by oak and maple trees.• Understory of shrubs, brushes and vines• They are about 10 feet above sea level• They are rarely flooded by the tide• The soil has more oxygen then salt marsh
The Marsh Border• Where the outer
edge of the upland meets the marsh
• Flooded by extremely high tides
• Dominate plants include: seaside golden rod, switch grass, narrow leaved cattail
The High Marsh• Lies between the low marsh and upland
border• Includes about 90% of the marsh• Very expansive• Soils are saturated with salt water• Plant diversity is low, about 25 species• Dominate plant is Spartina Patens – Salt
marsh hay, spike grass, juncus, asters and sea lavender
Marsh High Lands
Pools and Pannes• Are located within the high marsh• Shallow depressions • Hold standing water• Evaporation yields very high salt levels• Only the most salt tolerant plants and
animals live in the pools or pannes.• Plants include Picklewort, seaside
plantain, spartina alterniflora and blue green algae.
Pools and Pannes
Plants of the Pools and Pannes
The Low Marsh • Located along
seaward edge• Flooded every tide• Occur as a narrow
band along creeks and pools
• Spartina Alterniflora can withstand wet roots
• Reaches a height of six feet!
The Low Marsh and Cord Grass
Functions of the Salt Marsh
• The salt marsh is made of layers and layers of dead grass, bacteria and detritus
• Detritus is tiny pieces of dead grass in the water
• This mix “salt marsh stew” feeds the food chain of the salt marsh
• Detritus is the base of the food chain all the animals in the marsh
Salt Marsh Functions and Values
• Drives food chain• Provides critical
habitat for many important species
• Improves water quality by filtering
• Reduces shoreline erosion
• Maintains elevation of marsh with rising sea level
• Collects and binds sediment
• Cycles nutrients• Primary production
area for many plants and animals
Human Impacts to Salt Marsh
• Direct filling and dredging (50%)
• Tidal restrictions due to roadways (20%)
• Run off and chemical pollution
• Residential growth
Salt Marsh restoration in New Hampshire
1953 Aerial photo vs 1990
Interesting Facts…
• In the 1600s, over 220 million acres of wetlands are thought to have existed in the lower 48 states
• Since then, extensive losses have occurred, and over half of our original wetlands have been drained and converted to other uses.
Major Threats to Salt Marsh Habitat
• Human Actions- Drainage- Dredging and stream channelization- Deposition of fill material- Diking and damming- Tilling for crop production- Levees- Logging- Mining- Construction- Runoff- Air and water pollutants- Changing nutrient levels- Releasing toxic chemicals- Introducing nonnative species- Grazing by domestic animals
• Natural Threats- Erosion- Subsidence- Sea level rise- Droughts- Hurricanes and other storms
Extent of Wetlands Destroyed in Boston
Since 1777