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Classical conditioning !!!!!

Learning

YES LEARNING !

Wave Four: Behaviorism

• Behaviorism – ignored mental processes and studied only observable behavior– Believe behavior is LEARNED through conditioning or

through observation

• Classical Conditioning• Pavlov• John B. Watson

• Operant Conditioning– B.F. Skinner

• Observational Learning– Bandura

Learning• Long lasting change in a subjects behavior

brought about by repeated experiences

in that situation

Classical Conditioning

Classical Conditioning

• Ivan Pavlov• Conducted 1st experiments

in associative learning• Most known for studies in

classical conditioning• Studied Digestion of Dogs.

– Dogs would salivate before they were given food (triggered by sounds, lights etc…)

– Dogs must have LEARNED to salivate.

Classical Conditioning• Respondent Behavior -

actions that are automatic responses to a stimulus (Involuntary)– Passive learning (learner does

not have to think)– Learning associations between

events learner does not control

• First thing you need is a unconditional relationship.

• Unconditional Stimulus (UCS)- something that elicits a natural, reflexive response.– Example

• Unconditional Response (UCR)- response to the UCS.– Example

Classical Conditioning• Next you find a neutral stimulus - something

that by itself elicits no response– Example

• You present the stimulus with the UCS a whole bunch of times.

Classical Conditioning

• After a while, the body begins to link together the neutral stimulus with the UCS.

• Acquisition – initial learning of stimulus response relationship

Classical Conditioning• Once learning takes

place…• Neutral stimulus

becomes the conditioned stimulus (CS) • Example:

• unconditioned response becomes the conditioned response (CR)• Hint: conditioned

response is always the same as the unconditioned response

• Example:

Timing Matters • Delayed Conditioning: present CS, while CS is still there,

present UCS.• Trace Conditioning: present CS, short break, then present

UCS.• Simultaneous Conditioning: CS and UCS are presented at

the same time.• Backward Conditioning: UCS is presented, then CS is

presented.

Popular Classical Conditioning Examples

Two and a half men and Pavlov’s Bar

Classical Conditioning as portrayed in The Office.

See if you can identify the UCS, UCR, CS and CR.

Classical Conditioning

• Learning exists because the CS is now linked to the UCS…again this is called ACQUISITION.• Example:

• Acquisition does not last forever

Extinction

• EXTINCTION - diminishing of a conditioned response• Occurs when CS is

no longer associated with the UCS,

• Example:

Spontaneous Recovery

• Spontaneous Recovery – the reappearance of a CR, after a pause, once it has been extinguished– Sometimes, after

extinction, the CR still randomly appears after the CS is presented.

– Occurs only after extinction has occurred

• Example

Generalization and DiscriminationGeneralization

• Something is so similar to the CS that you get a CR.

Discrimination

• Something different to the CS so you do not get a CR.

Example: Example: