Upload
agaba-david-shaun
View
28
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
1.0 Hoisting systems
The hoisting system consists of surface equipment required to give the drill
string the necessary axial power, lifting speed and height.
Let us take a close look at this definition what it says that we require a tensioning
force of a certain size to perform the tasks required of the drill string. This is
however not sufficient as we require a certain speed of elevation with and
without load and this will include requirements for control of lowering speed. If
a hoisting system is to be effective we need a minimum lifting or working
height.
Main components of the hoisting system;
Derrick
Draw works and wire
Crown block/running block and elevator
Derrick’s foundation
1.1 Drilling derrick
- Designed for lifting and lowering equipment
- Has a fixed crown block at the top and a traveling block having a specific
working height and defined by the height of the derrick.
- Must be capable of carving the drill string’s weight and casing.
- Also acts as a drifting facility for all surface equipment on a well such as the
blow out preventers, riser and sea bed template.
Types of derricks
- Standard derrick (four legged frame work)
- Prilling mast (two structural beams a.k.a mobile mast)
- Hydrallic drilling mast (with derrick draw works, wire and blocks) replaced
by a hydrallic lifting device.
The design of the derrick should withstand the main stress listed below;
- Compression
- Wind
- Reactive force to the toque from the top drive
The derrick is designed to store a certain number of connected drill pipe lengths known
as stands.
About 90ft (28m) above the drill floor is a finger board for stacking and securing the
stands and the upper manipulator arm.
The derrick is equipped with guide beams for;
- guiding the block and top drive
- absorbing the toque when rotating the drill string
1.2 Draw works and wire
- to hoist and lower the drilling machine and drill string up and down the
derrick.
- Hydraulically driven draw works operate by use of
- Hydraulic pumps with oil flowing in the pumps being regulated from 0-100%
and choked to relate the equipment in either direction and the pumps being
angled out allowing the pump rotor to rotate without oil being fed to the
supply when there is no demand for oil to the system.
- Hydraulic motors which rotate the drum via two gear boxes the speed of the
drum is varied by altering the displacement volume to the motors and this is
controlled by an electro hydraulic proportion value which uses a
programmable logic system (PLS) which processes information from a
number of sensors placed around the system. All electrical signals from the
sensors in the system go via the PLS and out to the electric hydraulic values
that the PLS is programmed to control.
- The by pass values whose purpose is to be able to lower the winch very
quickly without being dependent upon the pump’s capacity. It is only used
when lowering the load as the tension will draw down any spare wire.
- Disc Brake (Parking brake)
In normal operations of the winch, the drum is controlled by adjusting the
displacement volume of motors. Disc breaks are primarily parking brakes but
can also be used for emergence braking. They work as a fail safe device
meaning that if a fault occurs in the control system or electrical supply is lost
the brakes are applied. To maintain the brake pressure, an accumulator is
installed on each brakeline which gives a signal to the PLS to indicate that
the brakes are off.
- Pressure lubricating system, this is for lubrication of the gear box which has a
nozzle for each pinion an electrically driven pump moves oil from the
reserviour through a filter and an oil cooler and into the nozzles a pressure
relief value is installed after the pump to control the system pressure.
- Emergence lowering of the hoist example is during a total shut down of the
control system, when the brakes cannot be operated, it is still possible to
lower the hoist. A hand pump can be connected to each brake to allow
lowering to be done manually. A ball value is installed in the line between
the normal hydraulic supply and the hand pump. This value is normally open,
but when the hand pump is to be used for lowering this value must be closed.
The hand pump is needed until the disk brakes gain enough pressure to be
released.
MODERN ELECTRICAL DRIVEN DRAW WORKS
There are basically two types;
1- Single speed gear driven (SSGD)
2- Active Heave Driven (AHD)
Both are powered by alternating current motors and consist of the following
components;
1. Man frame and housing – for mechanical protection and sound insulation.
2. Drum – manted on a bearing with a groove for wire
3. Gear box
4. Main break system which uses a variable speed drive system (VSDS) acting as a
generator to regenerate energy to the ac motor. The generated energy is fed into
the power distribution system providing braking force, counteracting the tension
forces during hoisting.
5. Disc brakes designed as parking and emergency brakes
6. Lubrication system, the gear boxes are equipped with a pressure lubrication
system for lubricating oil consisting of two electrically driven pumps and water
cooled heat exchangers lubrication with grease is restricted to the main bearings
and disk break mountings.
7. Electrical motors, the SSGD 500 has four motors in all whilist the AHD 1000
has six. The standard motors from his manufacture are diamensioned for 1150
HP, 600V and 1024A at 800rpm.
8. Air cooling system, the electrical motors are equipped with a fan system to
provide cooling air on each side of the draw cooks.
9. Control system, this consists of a control unit (draw works control cabinet) a
motion monitoring unit (MRU) which has an emergency stop and various field
instruments, pressure switches, temperature transmitters and position switches.
In addition, kinetic energy monitoring system (KEMS) software and a power
management system (PMS) are installed.
Basically, the use of the control system is as follows;
The traveling block speed is controlled by the driller giving a speed signal to
the control system by operating a joystick.
The control unit reprograms the speed signal to the required signals for the
operating system controlling motors. Simultaneously the control unit checks
the incoming speed signal against the motors performance curves, operational
limits and PMS to ensure that the draw works is operating within its limiting
values.
The VSDs ensures that the motors give the comect torque to achieve the
required block speed. This part of the control system adjusts the amount of
generated electrical energy from the motors during lowering so that the drum
can be applied with breaking force.
1.3 CROWN BLOCK AND TRAVELLING BLOCK
The traveling block is via hook or lifting blocks, the lifting equipment which carries the
load of the top drive and all that hanging from it and the drill line which passes between
the pulleys in the traveling and crown blocks. The number of pulleys in the block can
vary between four and seven all mounted on a common axle.
The crown block is fixed at the top of the derrick and is a simple open block
constructed with 4-7 pulleys on a common central axle. It acts as a hanger for the
traveling block and everything suspended from it.
The drilling line is wound around tie draw works drum and fixed to it by a fast line
anchor. Depending upon the size and type of the crown/traveling block, the line is
passed around the crown block 4-7 times through the pulleys. The wire is fixed to a
dead wire anchor with access for the reserve wire which is wound onto a storage drum.
1.4 DERRIC’S LOAD BEARING STRUCTURE
It is a foundation consisting of a beam frame upon which the drilling assembly is
installed. The derrick/drill floor must on an installation having several weeks be
adjusted to locate over beams known as skid beams.
2.0 ROTATING SYSTEM
The rotation system consists of that surface equipment necessary for exerting the
required torque and rotational speed on the drill string.
2.1 KELLY/ROTARY TABLE
The Kelly is also known as the drive pipe and is used in combination with the rotary
table.
The Kelly transfers the torque from the rotary table to the drill string and consists of the
following main components from top to down;
Swives with goose neck connection, hanging links and compressed air pipe
spinner.
The actual drive pipe, usually hexagonal section, 13-17m long.
The rotary Kelly bushing, with insets sized for the rotary table bearing, it is
equipped with an inner sleave which allows the Kelly to pass esily through
the bearing.
2.2 HYDRAULIC ROTARY TABLE
The rotary table is located at the drill center and is mounted into the actual deck. It may
be let into floor so that only the top is visible from the drill floor. The main function of
the rotary table is to rotate the complete drill string. It must also support the weight of
the drill string when hanging in the slips.
Other functions include; power slips, gear locking and lubrication. These have their
own hydraulic supply with a maximum pressure of 210 bar.
Power slips – they consist of several wedges arranged in a circle, gripping the
pipe and holding it fast. In addition to the two cylinders which squeeze the
slips together there are two single acting cylinders which centralize the sips
over the bore hole.
Gear locks – consists of the double acting hydraulic cylinders.
Lubrication of the rotational gears – they hydraulic motor drives a lubricating
pump and is single acting, meaning it only rotates in one direction.
2.3 TOP DRIVE DRILLING MACHINE (TDS/DDM) DERRICK
The most commonly used drilling method today it is a large drill which is screwed into
and rotates the whole drill string. In addition to the rotational motion of the top drive,
there are a number of the functions and tools which are incorporated to connect and
disconnect the drill string, and to handle the drillings process correctly.
A top drive is primarily made up of four main parts
Rotary swivel
Transmission system
Driver
Pipe handler
2.3.0 Pipe handler on the top drive drilling machine
Belted to the underside of the gear box. It has six main functions;
Hydraulic swivel and transfer of hydraulic lines and pneumatic lines.
Compensator links
Open and close arrangements of internal blow out preventer (IBOP) value
Torque wrench with lock
Elevator links (bails)
Elevator (pneumatically operated)
2.3.1 Hydraulic swivel (Positioning the elevator)
Mounted inside the pipe handler, shaped like a hollow axle. The rotation is controlled
by a double acting hydraulic motor so that it can revolve in both directions.
2.3.2 Compesator links
Its purpose is to prevent damage to the pipe threds during make up and breaking of the
drill pipe.
2.3.3 Elevator links (bails) – tilt function
Elevators are hinged steel devices with manual operating handles that crew members
latch onto tool joints will elevator links are cylindrical bars that support the elevators
and attach them to the hook.
2.3.4 IBOP Value
In principle is a ball value which opens and doses to allow the flow of drilling mud
through the drilling machine.
2.3.5 Torque wrench with locking function
On the pipe handler and is sued to screw together and unscrew the tool joints on the
drill pipe. It consists of two jaws or hydraulic tongs which close over and grip the pipe.
The lower tongs squeezes the lowest part of the drill pipe while the other doses around
the upper part. With the aid of two hydraulic cylinders it is possible to rotate the upper
relative to the lower. In this way it is possible to tighten the tool joints in the drill pipe
to a preset torque and unscrew them again when necessary.
2.4 Pipe handling system
The pipe handling system includes the surface equipment necessary for the
manipulation of pipes and drill string equipment, from storage on deck until it is made
up to the required torque in the rotary table.
Drill pipes are usually stored on the pipe deck and are transported from there to the drill
flow and onto a vertical position directly over the drill center.
Pipe handling machines include;
- Pipe deck machine (crane)
- Conveyor
- Pipe racking system
- Pipe handling arm
2.4.1 Pipe deck machine
Located on the pipe deck and its purpose is to lift pipes from the pipe deck and onto the
drill floor which is needed when running into the hole during the drilling process. When
tripping out of the hole the function is the reverse the pipe deck machine will only pick
up the pipes from the conveyor and replace them onto the pipe deck.
2.4.2 The conveyor
It is located between the pipe deck and the drill floor, and it is used to transport pipes
from the pipe deck to the drill floor.
2.4.3 Pipe racking system
The job of the drilling rig’s pipe racking system is to transport a stand of drill pipes
from the drill center and to a storage area (racking area) and on the other way round one
stand of pipes consists of two to four drill pipes coupled together. A stand is often
composed of three pipes screwed together having a height of 30m. The purpose of
storing pipes vertically in stands is to increase efficiency of the drilling process when
tripping in and out of the hole.
2.4.4 Pipe handling arm
The machine consists of primarily an upper arm and a lower arm with a finger board for
storing the pipes. The upper and lower arm are hydraulically independent of each other
as they are controlled from separate control panels by a PLS. seemingly, operators will
not appreciate that the arms are independent since they operate are joy stick and both
arms move together.
The lower arm has the job of lifting
Arm pipe stand whilst the upper arm guides the stand by its top.
2.4.4.1Lower arm
The lower arm has two primary functions and four claw functions i.e
1- Hoisting
2- Lower arm in and out
3- Claw (four)
All the above functions are controlled from a local control panel.
2.4.4.2 Upper arm
The upper arm has three primary functions and four claw functions.
1- Rotating the whole machine
2- Upper arm in/out
3- Tilt of the upper arm
4- Claw functions (four)
The above upper arm functions are also controlled from a local control panel.
2.4.5 Applying torque to the tool joint
Iron rough neck
Its job is to connect together and took the tool joints on the drill string. The iron rough
neck is a hydraulic power tong or power torque wrench.
The rough neck can be a drill floor works whose job is to screw together and disconnect
the drip pipe during drilling operations. They have to be screwed together with a pre
determined torque to prevent them from loosening inside the well, however this
involves a high risk of being injured and a source of many accidents.
A machine which can do this work was devised and became know as the iron rough
neck the machine can be operated locally, but on newer plat forms and rigs, it is
operated from an operator or driller’s cabin.
2.5 Other surface equipment
These are equipments which are more or less in continuous use and some equipment
which is used only in special situations.
2.5.1 Permanent surface equipment
1.5.1.1 Slips
They are composed of hang off wedges and their use is to hang off drilling and down
hole strings in theory table bushing. The wedges are assembled in arrow with several
internal gripping elements or dice for manual slips they come in several versions
depending on whether you are working with drill pipes collars or casing.
2.5.1.2 Mud buckets
Used to collect and remove mud when drill pipe stand tool joints are being unscrewed
when pulling out of the well.
2.5.1.3 Safety collar (dog coller)
When a relatively light or smooth pipe which may slide is hung off in the slips, it is
good practice to use a restraint known as a safety damp or dog collar.
It is simply used to prevent a hanging pipe sliding through the rotary table and falling
into the hole it is designed like a course linked chain with gripping elements facing into
the pipe surface and end claws with a close fitting bolt and not for tightening so that the
damp locks onto the pipe links can be removed or added in order to adjust to the pipe’s
diameter for various weights and sizes of pipe and casing.
2.5.1.4 Dope applicator
Dope lubricant and sealing compound for drill pipe took joints is normally applied
manually with a hand brush.
2.5.1.5 Tugger and winches for personal transport
For smaller lifting operations, the drill floor has a number of pneumatically driven
lifting winches the standard size for safe loading being 4t. The winch has a wire treaded
through single pulley block which is hug from the beam construction at the top of the
derrick.
2.5.2 Temporary surface equipment
These are only in use under special operations. The most important of these are;
Power elevator used when running casing and is pneumatically driven.
Side elevator manual and hinged so that one side savings out and the casing
is placed inside. The lock for the opening is secured with a locking pin.
Pick up elevator, light manual side door elevator for retrieving single pipes
from the conveyor.
Casing toughs, hydraulically operated wrench for screwing in and undoing
lengths of casing.
Cementing head a value which is mounted on top of the casing or drill pipe
for pumping cement slimy.