Wesseling 2000 - Native Neighbours. Local settlement system and social structure in the roman period at Oss (the Netherlands)

7/22/2019 Wesseling 2000 - Native Neighbours. Local settlement system and social structure in the roman period at Oss (the

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G ADER

ADOBDGUO


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Uobdstfgd \rdssH gdw ndgdrhtof g fc \ujao sògn

_fu hrd rdhbogn h cuaa vdrsofg fc tòs jffk, cfr crdd!

Ròs jffk os phrt fc t`d Uobdstfgd d-aojrhry w`drd ifst fc fur

pujaoehtofgs hrd cuaay heedssojad cfr crdd. Cfr heedss tf ifrd

crdd jffks vosot= www.sobdstfgd.efi/aojrhry

Bfwgafhb Cuaa \BC

Sosot t`d Uobdstfgd d-aojrhry tf bfwgafhb ifst fc fur d-jffks cfr

fgay 2,4


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HGHADERH \ZHD@OURFZOEH ADOBDGUOH 5:


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HGHADERH\ZHD@OURFZOEH

ADOBDGUOH

\TJAOEHROFG FC R@D CHETAR_ FC HZE@HDFAFN_

TGOSDZUOR_ FC ADOBDG

BODKD H. ^DUUDAOGN@

GHROSD GDON@JFTZUAFEHA UDRRADIDGR U_URDI HGB UFEOHA URZTERTZD OG R@D ZFIH

\DZOFB HR FUU (R@D GDR@DZAHGBU)

TGOSDZUOR_ FC ADOBDG :


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Dbotfrs= @hrry Cfkkdgs / Efrrod Jhkdas

Efpy dbotfrs fc t`os vfauid= Bodkd ^dssdaogn` / @hrry Cfkkdgs

Efpyron`t :-

8.:.: Ahgbsehpd hgb afehtofg >

8.:.5 \rd`ostfroe hgb idbodvha trheds / /

8.5 E`rfgfafny hgb typfe`rfgfafny 82

8.5.8 Bhtogn idt`fbs 82

8.5.: R`d hssfeohtofg fc cogbs hgb cdhturds 84

8.5.5 R`d Fss-Tssdg typfafny fc strueturds 83

8.2 Bdcogogn sdttadidgt 83

8.4 Idt`fbfafny fc t`d prdsdgt stuby :8

:. R`d Somvdr sdttadidgt :4

:.8 @fusd pahgs :3

:.: Nrhghrods hgb `frrdh 5

:.2.> Idtha fjmdets 50

:.2.0 Adht`dr fjmdets 28

:.2.? ^ffbdg fjmdets 28

:.2.8< Chugha rdihogs 28

:.2.88 Jfthgoeha rdihogs 28


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:.4 Hghaysos 2:

:.4.8 Uozd hgb bhtd 2:

:.4.: Ahyfut hgb pdrofboshtofg 22

:.4.5 Bdvdafpidgt hgb ghturd fc t`d sdttadidgt 22

5. R`d ]fidr`fc sdttadidgt 2>

5.8 @fusd pahgs 2?

5.: Futjuoabogns 45

5.5 Nrhghrods hgb `frrdh 40

5.2 \ots hgb wdaas 4?

5.4 \haoshbds hgb bote`ds 4?

5.3 Cogbs 3 Hghaysos 335.>.8 Uozd hgb bhtd 33

5.>.: Ahyfut hgb pdrofboshtofg 33

5.>.5 Bdvdafpidgt hgb ghturd fc t`d sdttadidgt 3?

2. R`d ^dstdrvdab sdttadidgt >8

2.8 @fusd pahgs >8

2.: Futjuoabogns 8

2.5 Nrhghrods hgb `frrdh 88:

2.2 \ots hgb wdaas 882

2.4 \haoshbds hgb bote`ds 88>

2.3 Hg fpdg-hor shgetuhry6 /:3


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2.> Cogbs 8:0

2 MH \fttdry 8:0

2.>.: Eahy fjmdets 85:

2.>.5 Rdp`rotd fjmdets 85:

2.>.2 Utfgd fjmdets /M:

2.>.4 Juoabogn ihtdrohas 855

2.>.3 Nahss fjmdets 8532.>.> Idtha fjmdets 822

2.>.0 Adht`dr fjmdets /42

2.>.? ^ffbdg fjmdets 842

2.>.8< Chugha rdihogs 84>

2.>.88 Jfthgoeha rdihogs 84>

2.0 Hghaysos /4U

2.0.8 Uozd hgb bhtd 840

2.0.: Ahyfut hgb pdrofboshtofg 84?

2.0.5 Bdvdafpidgt hgb ghturd fc t`d sdttadidgt >38

4.8 @fusd pahgs 8>:

4.: Nrhghrods 8>o

4.5 \ots hgb wdaas 8>2

4.2 \haoshbds hgb bote`ds 8>2

4.4 H nrhvd 8>4

4.3 Cogbs 8>>

4.3.8 \fttdry 8>>

4.3.: Eahy fjmdets 8>0

4.3.5 Rdp`rotd fjmdets 8>0

4.3.2 Utfgd fjmdets />?

4.3.4 Nahss fjmdets 8>?

4.3.3 Idtha fjmdets 8>?

4.3.> ^ffbdg fjmdets /UF

4.3.0 Chugha rdihogs 80.: Ahyfut hgb pdrofboshtofg 80.5 Bdvdafpidgt hgb ghturd fc t`d sdttadidgt 808

3. Fss og t`d Zfihg pdrofb 805

3.8 R`d Zfihg pdrofb edidtdry (jy ^.H.I. @dssogn) 805

3.8.8 Edidtdry hgb sdttadidgts /1U'1U'


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(x: Zfihg pdrofb sotds futsobd Tssdg 80?

3.5 R`d hrdh jdtwddg hgb hrfugb t`d sdttadidgts 8?5

3.2 Feeuphtofg ht Fss crfi 8

hppdgbox O \fttdry crfi t`d ^dstdrvdab sdttadidgt :5>

shidgvhttogn (Bute` suiihry) :25

hekgfwadbndidgts cfr t`d conurds :48

hctdrwfrb :45

dgeafsdb sdphrhtday=

hppdgbox OO- OS Ihps fc t`d cfur Zfihg pdrofb sdttadidgts (sehad 8=44


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8. Ogtrfbuetofg

Uoged t`d Jrfgzd Hnd, hgb pfssojay dvdg jdcfrd t`ht, pdfpad

feeupodb t`d hrdh hrfugb Fss. R`dy juoat toijdr chri`fusds,

wfrkdb codabs, `drbdb ehttad, hgb jurodb t`dor bdhb. R`dy hasf

wfrsòppdb nfbs hgb `hb efgthets wot` pdfpad crfi ft`dr

rdnofgs. Ufidw`drd hrfugb t`d iobbad fc t`d corst edgtury

JE t`d Zfihgs, og t`d cfri fc Ehdshr's hriods, rdhe`db t`d

hrdh sfut` fc t`d Zògd. Crfi t`ht ifidgt fgwhrbs

(hat`fun` fccoeohaay crfi 84 JE), t`d chridrs crfi Fss aovdb

og w`ht wd efgsobdr tf jd t`d Zfihg pdrofb. Hctdr HB 2>Fss whs phrt fc t`d Zfihg Dipord. Ròs stuby os efgedrgdb

wot` t`d sdttadidgt systdi ht Fss burogn t`d Zfihg pdrofb.

^`ht wdrd t`d prfedssds fc e`hgnd efiphrdb wot` t`d Ahtd

Orfg Hnd, hgb `fw bob t`dsd efid hjfut6 ^`ht whs t`d

sfeoha strueturd fc t`d efiiugoty t`ht aovdb og t`d

chri`fusds6 ^drd t`d e`hgnds ogcaudgedb jy t`d ogtdnrhtofg

ogtf t`d Zfihg Dipord6 @fw bob t`d sdttadidgt systdi og

t`d hrdh bdvdafp hgb w`ht `hppdgdb og h wobdr rdnofg6

Fss og t`d Zfihg pdrofb os sotuhtdb og h jfrbdr zfgd, jft`

tdipfrha hgb sphtoha. R`d trhgsotofg crfi prdòstfry tf t`d

Zfihg pdrofb ndgdrhtdb trhgscfrihtofgs og defgfioe, sfeoha,

pfaotoeha hgb obdfafnoeha hrdghs. Jdehusd wd hrd bdhaogn wot`

rurha sdttadidgts t`dsd e`hgnds hrd sujtad, safw hgb spdeocoe.

R`d Ihhskhgt hrdh og wòe` Fss os sotuhtdb os phrt fc t`d

crfgtodr zfgd. Ot os gft phrt fc t`d aoids prfpdr, jut eafsd

dgfun` tf rfihgosdb paheds sue` hs Euomk, Zfssui hgb

Gomidndg tf jd ogcaudgedb jy w`ht whs nfogn fg t`drd. R`d

ahrnd-sehad hgb afgn-tdri sdttadidgt dxehvhtofgs ht Fss fccdr

t`d fppfrtugoty tf stuby og bdthoa hg ogbondgfus efiiugoty

hgb t`d e`hgnds thkogn pahed og ot.

R`d ihog fjmdet fc stuby os t`d strueturd hgb t`d

bdvdafpidgt fc cfur rurha sdttadidgts (con. 8), dxehvhtdb

jdtwddg 8?>3 hgb 8??: (e`hptdrs : - 4). R`d poeturd fc Fss

os curt`dr efipadtdb jy h edidtdry, sdvdrha ft`dr sdttadidgts,

hgb dadidgts og t`d hrdh futsobd t`d sdttadidgts (e`hptdr 3).

Fss os t`dg pahedb og h wobdr crhidwfrk, t`ht fc t`d

Ihhskhgt rdnofg, hgb sdt hnhogst t`d jhekbrfp fc dvdgts og h

wobdr ahgbsehpd (e`hptdr >). R`dsd bhth hrd t`d jhsds fg

wòe` hg hghaysos fc t`d sdttadidgt systdi hgb t`d afeha

efiiugoty os juoat (e`hptdr 0).

Ròs ogtrfbuetfry e`hptdr prfvobds h ndgdrha crhidwfrk

cfr t`d stuby fc Fss og t`d Zfihg pdrofb. Ot prdsdgts h

(seodgtocoe-)òstfroeha hgb t`dfrdtoeha jheknrfugb, hgb

futaogds t`d rdsdhre` nfhas fc tòs t`dsos. Jdogn phrt fc h

afgn-tdri prfmdet, t`d Fss dxehvhtofgs ehggft jd efgsobdrd

wot`fut idgtofgogn t`dor òstfry hgb t`d wfrk fc ihgy ft`

pdfpad. Httdgtofg os phob tf afehtofg hgb tf cogbs t`ht chaa

futsobd t`d e`rfgfafnoeha sefpd fc t`d prdsdgt wfrk, o.d.

prdòstfroe hgb idbodvha cogbs. Coghaay bhtogn hgb

(typf)e`rfgfafny, hs wdaa hs t`d bdcogotofg fc sdttadidgt, h

boseussdb. Og t`d cogha phrhnrhp` fc tòs e`hptdr O woaa futao

t`d idt`fbfafny hgb t`d sdt-up fc t`d rdst fc tòs t`dsos.

8.8 FUU OG EFGRDPR

Ròs phrhnrhp` os efgedrgdb wot` t`d seodgtocoe-òstfroeha h

t`dfrdtoeha jheknrfugb hnhogst wòe` t`d prdsdgt stuby

s`fuab jd sddg. H s`frt òstfroeha fvdrvodw fc \rfvogeoha-

Zfihg rdsdhre` og t`d Gdt`drahgbs os prdsdgtdb, hctdr wòe

t`d rdsdhre` nfhas hgb t`d t`dfrdtoeha crhidwfrk e`fsdg cf

tòs stuby woaa jd futaogdb.

/ . / . / \rfvogeoha-Zfihg hre`hdfafny og t`d Gdt`drah

R`d òstfry fc \rfvogeoha-Zfihg hre`hdfafnoeha rdsdhre` og

t`d Gdt`drahgbs os usuhaay bovobdb ogtf twf p`hsds. R`d cors

crfi t`d jort` fc t`d boseopaogd og iobbad fc t`d 8?t` edgtury

ugtoa wdaa ogtf t`d 8?>), t`d Kdipdg prfmdet (Uafcstrh dt ha. 8?0:) hgb t

Dhstdrg Zovdr Hrdh prfmdet (Jafdidrs, @uast hgb ôaadis

8?0


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GHROSD GDON@JFTZU

c

r

Ue`hakskhip

V M;

HQ ^dstdrvdab

E*Gce Q *Edidtdry

4


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OGRZFBTEROFG

sognad t`dfrdtoeha vodw, ot sddidb t`ht prfedssuha hre`hdfafny

`hb nhogdb og ogcaudged. Hg oipfrthgt gdw dadidgt whs t`d

dip`hsos fg t`d ogtdrhetofg jdtwddg Zfihgs hgb ogbondgfus

efiiugotods. Zfihgoshtofg, o.d. e`hgnds og sfeof-pfaotoeha

frnhgoshtofg, defgfioe systdi hgb sfeoha strueturd fc t`d

ogbondgfus pfpuahtofg hs h rdsuat fc jdefiogn phrt fc t`d

Zfihg Dipord, whs stubodb crfi h ghtovd pdrspdetovd hgbprdcdrhjay efgedgtrhtdb fg afgn-tdri bdvdafpidgts (Bdrks

8??0, 4-3).' ^`ht whs t`d pahed fc t`d dxehvhtofgs ht Fss og

haa tòs6 R`d Tssdastrhht ehiphong, sthrtdb og 8?>2, whs og

chet h efgtoguhtofg fc t`d rdsdhre` nfhas fc Sdrwdrs' wfrk ht

@hps (Sdrwdrs 8?>:). Ot whs gft ugtoa 8?>? t`ht t`d Ihhskhgt

prfmdet whs jfi, hgb t`d dxehvhtofgs ht Fss jdehid phrt fc

t`d fjmdetovds fc tòs prfmdet (N.M. Sdrwdrs 8?08). R`d ogotoha

fjmdetovds fc t`d Ihhskhgt prfmdet wdrd jhsoehaay og aogd wot`

t`d trhbotofgha euaturha-òstfroeha hpprfhe`, o.d. h bdthoadb

rdefgstruetofg fc t`d feeuphtofg òstfry fc t`d hrdh (Cfkkdgs

8??3, 8?0-8??). Fgay t`d dip`hsos fg t`d rfad fc t`d ghturha

dgvorfgidgt efuab jd ehaadb prfedssuha. Hat`fun` sdttadidgts

trfi t`d Zfihg pdrofb `hb jddg bosefvdrdb ron`t crfi t`d

sthrt, rfihgoshtofg whs gft idgtofgdb hs h spdeocoe sujmdet fc

rdsdhre`. Sdrwdrs wfrkdb ht t`d Adobdg Ogstotutd fc \rdòstfry

(O\A) hgb. trud tf ots ghid, efgedgtrhtdb fg prdòstfroe

hre`hdfafny. Hat`fun` cdhturds crfi t`d Zfihg pdrofb wdrd

dxehvhtdb, t`d ihog hoi whs t`d rdefgstruetofg fc prdòstfroe

feeuphtofg. Uf bdspotd sthrtogn hrfugb t`d dgb fc t`d 8?>). R`d gdw prfmdet

adhbdrs wdrd yfugndr t`hg Sdrwdrs hgb hat`fun` dbuehtdb ht

t`d O\A (Shg bdg Jrfdkd) hgb t`d Nrfgogndg Jofafnoeha hgb

Hre`hdfafnoeha Ogstotutd (Shg bdr Uhgbdg), t`dy wdrd fpdg tf

t`d gdw obdhs t`ht `hb jddg bdvdafpdb og Histdrbhi hgb

hjrfhb. Zfihgoshtofg, wot` hg dip`hsos fg t`d trhgsotofg

crfi prdòstfry tf t`d Zfihg pdrofb, whs gfw idgtofgdb hs

t`d ihog t`did fc t`d rdnofgha ogvdstonhtofg (Shg bdr Uhgbdg

8?00, 88>). Ròs whs og aogd wot` t`d ogtdrdst cfr sfeoha hgb

systdioe prfedssds t`ht t`d Gdw Hre`hdfafny `hb hbvfehtdb.

Uoged 8?0-0,

Zfyihgs 8??3b) hgb t`d Rodadrwhhrb dxehvhtofgs jy t`d

Crdd Tgovdrsoty. Uotds sue` hs @futdg (Shg Bfekui 8??). Bu

tf prhetoeha hgb pdrsfgha eoreuisthgeds (sdd 8.:.8)t`d

rdsdhre` fjmdet jdehid ifrd sdnidgtdb. Ueògkda tffk fvd

crfi Shg bdr Uhgbdg hgb efipadtdb t`d hghaysos cfr t`d

prdòstfroe pdrofb (Ueògkda 8??2; 8??0); idhgwòad t`d

edidtdry crfi t`d Zfihg pdrofb `hb jddg ogeaubdb og h

rdnofgha stuby fg ifrtuhry rotuha (@dssogn og prdp.). Og 8??

t`d Zfihg sdttadidgts wdrd ifrd fr adss whotogn tf jd

hghaysdb. R`rdd fc t`di (Somvdr, ]fidr`fc hgb ^dstdrvdab

wdrd phrt fc Tssdg, fg wòe` Shg bdg Jrfdkd, Shg bdr

Uhgbdg hgb Ueògkda `hb hardhby bfgd iue` jhsoe wfrk. H

cfurt` sdttadidgt (Ue`hakskhip) whs og t`d iobbad fc jdogn

dxehvhtdb. ^`dg ot jdehid eadhr t`ht Ueògkda wfuab


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2 GHROSD GDON@JFTZU

efgedgtrhtd fg t`d prdòstfroe feeuphtofg, Afuwd Kffomihgs

(prfcdssfr hgb bdhg fc t`d Cheuaty fc \rdòstfry), Cfkkdgs

(prfmdet adhbdr fc t`d Ihhskhgt prfmdet soged 8?03) hgb Shg

bdr Uhgbdg (t`dg eurhtfr ht t`d Brdgts Iusdui ht Hssdg)

bdeobdb t`ht t`d hghaysos fc t`d Zfihg pdrofb sdttadidgt

wfuab jd t`d sujmdet fc h sdphrhtd stuby. Og t`d nrhgt

hppaoehtofg wrottdg cfr t`d Gdt`drahgbs Frnhgoshtofg fcUeodgtocoe Zdsdhre` (8??:) t`d hoi fc t`d stuby whs

bdserojdb hs 't`d hghaysos fc t`d sdttadidgt systdi crfi t`d

Ahtd Orfg Hnd hgb t`d Zfihg pdrofb og t`d Ihhskhgt rdnofg

og frbdr tf nhog ogson`t ogtf t`d sfeoha, defgfioe hgb

pfaotoeha frnhgoshtofg fc ogbondgfus efiiugotods og t`d

sfut`drg phrt fc t`d eovoths Jhthvfrui''.

Hs h efgsdqudged, t`d ogotoha fjmdetovds fc tòs t`dsos wdrd

stoaa vdry iue` rfftdb og w`ht efuab jd ehaadb h prfedssuha

trhbotofg, t`fun` tòs bob gft oipay h sognad-iogbdb dip`hsos

fg dgvorfgidgtha hspdets. @fwdvdr, t`d òdrhreòeha bovosofg

fc t`d stuby ogtf boserdtd ndfnrhpòeha advdas fc hghaysos, sf

rdiogosedgt fc prfedssuha wfrk og sdttadidgt hgb ahgbsehpdhre`hdfafny, rdihogdb. R`rfun` stuby fc t`d ioerf-rdnofg

(Fss-Tssdg) hgb t`d rdnofg (Ihhskhgt), ot whs t`fun`t t`d

cogha nfha efuab jd rdhe`db= h ifbda cfr t`d sfeoha, pfaotoeha

hgb defgfioe frnhgoshtofg og t`d rdnofg. Zfihgoshtofg, ugtoa

t`dg ihogay boseussdb fg h rdnofgha sehad, efuab tùs jd

stubodb ht sdttadidgt advda. Hghaysogn t`d edidtdry hs p

h boccdrdgt stuby whs haifst h adctfvdr fc t`d systdioe

hpprfhe`, wòe` efgsobdrdb ifrtuhry rotuha tf jd phrt f

sdphrhtd suj-systdi.8 @fwdvdr, t`d corst tdgthtovd ogcaud

fc gdw hpprfhe`ds efuab jd dquhaay sdgsdb og 8??:= t`d

fronogha sdt-up fc t`d stuby idgtofgs t`d euaturha ahgbse

hs sfidtògn t`ht s`fuab jd pfssojad tf rdefgstruet fg hioerf-rdnofgha advda. Hs sue`, t`d prfmdet t`ht O dijhrk

upfg sht fg t`d crognd fc t`d prfedssuha hgb t`d efgtdxt

phrhbonis, hat`fun` t`dy wdrd gdvdr stroetay bovobdb.

Burogn t`d covd ydhrs (8??5-8??0) t`ht O wfrkdb fg t`

t`dsos, hpprfhe`ds tf \rfvogeoha-Zfihg (hgb prdòstfroe

hre`hdfafny `hvd e`hgndb curt`dr. R`d euaturha ahgbsehp

gfw h iust, hgb httdgtofg os ogerdhsognay jdogn phob tf

euaturha jofnrhp`y, fr t`d fgnfogn ogtdrprdthtofg hgb

hpprfprohtofg fc fabdr cdhturds ogtf ahtdr p`hsds fc

feeuphtofg. @fwdvdr, ht Fss t`d ihmfroty fc t`d bhth crf

t`d Zfihg pdrofb wdrd efaadetdb og t`d 8?>


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4 OGRZFBTEROFG

8??2Crhgkdgjddistdrwdn

8??5- 8??2Idttdndupda

08?>2- 8?>

OMssdastrhh

8??4Haistdog

8?03 @frzhk 8??0 8???

OI8?02]hatjfiidasd wdn

Somvdr A1/ a

Edidtdry

8?>3-8?02 Tssdg

Conurd5. Uurvdyfc haahrdhs dxehvhtdb jdtwddg8?>3 hgb 8??0(s`hbdb bhrk nrdy) og Fss. R`dwòtd hrdhshgb t`dghids ogboehtdt`d juoabodsthtds.

ehggft jd efgsobdrdb wot`fut thkogn ogtf heefugt t`d

òstfroeha ahgbsehpd og wòe` t`d `fusds hrd juoat. Ot nfds

wot`fut shyogn t`ht t`d edidtdry os hg oipfrthgt phrt fc t`ht

ahgbsehpd, dspdeohaay og hg obdfafnoeha sdgsd.

R`d hoi fc tòs stuby whs tf novd h bdthoadb heefugt fc t`d

sdttadidgt systdi ht Fss burogn t`d Zfihg pdrofb. @fw bob

pdfpad aovd6 Og w`ht whys bob t`dy frnhgosd t`d surrfugbogn

ahgbsehpd6 ^òe` defgfioe, sfeoha hgb obdfafnoeha chetfrs

strueturdb tòs spdeocoe cfri fc sdttadidgt hgb wdrd og turg

ogcaudgedb jy ot6 Must hs t`d ogotoha fjmdetovds fc tòs t`dsos

wdrd h iox jdtwddg prfedssuha hgb euaturha ahgbsehpd

hre`hdfafny, t`d cogha rdsuats jhahged jdtwddg t`d rdihogbdrs

fc t`d prfedssuha hpprfhe`, suppadidgtdb wot` sfid òstfroeha-

hgt`rfpfafnoeha hgb ahgbsehpd hre`hdfafny, hgb t`d rdedgt

bdvdafpidgts ogefgtdxtuhahgb 'ogtdrprdthtovd' hre`hdfafny. H

prdcdrdged cfr h ghtovd pdrspdetovd hs chr hs rfihgoshtofg os

efgedrgdb os efijogdb wot` hg dip`hsos fg afgn-tdri

prfedssds fg t`d afeha advda. Og iy fpogofg t`d strdgnt` fc t`d

bhth crfi Fss aods og t`d afeha bdvdafpidgts, hgb t`d spdeocoe

e`hrhetdr fc tòs phrtoeuahr ogbondgfus efiiugoty os afst w`dg

t`d rdsuats fc t`d hghaysos hrd ndgdrhaosdb tf ihkd t`di cot og

h (suprh)rdnofgha fvdrvodw.2 Fgay w`dg boseussogn t`d

pdrspdetovd fc sphed `hvd O tdgthtovday trodb h ifrd obdfafnoe

hpprfhe`, hasf jdehusd t`d sujmdet adgt otsdac wdaa tf tòs.

Hat`fun` fgd efuab qudstofg w`dt`dr t`d bhth hrd succoeodgt

tòs kogb fc hghaysos, ot whs h rdwhrbogn dxdreosd, wòe`

efgvogedb id t`ht t`d gdw httdgtofg tf idgtha hspdets woaa

ndgdrhtd ihgy gdw ogson`ts.4@fwdvdr, oc ot os tf jdefid t`d

phrhboni fc t`d :8st edgtury (Bdrks 8??0, 0), dxehvhtofg

idt`fbs woaa `hvd tf e`hgnd heefrbognay.

8.: AFGN RDZI HGBAHZND UEHAD= @OURFZ_HGB

URZHRDN_FC R@DTUUDG DPEHSHROFGU

Og 8?>3, t`d iugoeophaoty fc Fss jdnhg oipadidgtogn t`d

'Tssdg' pahg, heefrbogn tf wòe` h `fusogn dsthtd whs tf j

juoat tf t`d gfrt`wdst fc t`d tfwg (con. :). Ròs prfvobdb t`

Adobdg Ogstotutd fc \rdòstfry (O\A) wot` t`d fppfrtugoty tf

ehrry fut ahrnd-sehad dxehvhtofgs og hg hrdh kgfwg tf `hvd

jddg ogtdgsovday feeupodb burogn t`d Orfg Hnd hgb t`d

Zfihg pdrofb (cons. 5 hgb 2).3 R`rfun`fut, t`d vhrofus


16/270

GHROSD GDON@JFTZU

, S

r-W ; m W

...

" *

ct* - S

< 4

Ogvdstonhtofgs wdrd ehrrodb fut og tòs chsòfg ugtoa 8?02

jut og t`d idhgtoid, nfhas, bordetfrs hgb eoreuisthgeds wdrd

e`hgnogn. Crfi 8?>? fgwhrbs t`d dxehvhtofgs ht Fss wdrd

ogefrpfrhtdb ogtf t`d Ihhskhgt prfmdet, cfriogn t`d kdy sotd

fc tòs rdnofgha rdsdhre` prfmdet (N.M. Sdrwdrs 8?08). Og

8?0< t`d corst cdhturds fc w`ht wfuab turg fut tf jd h ahrnddgeafsdb sdttadidgt bhtogn tf t`d Zfihg pdrofb wdrd

bosefvdrdb. Ahtdr t`d sdttadidgt jdehid kgfwg jy t`d ghid

fc '^dstdrvdab'. R`d dxedptofgha ghturd fc tòs sotd whs

quoekay rdefngosdb, hgb t`d hrdh whs dxehvhtdb profr tf t`d

juoabogn hetovotods ogstdhb fc must cfaafwogn efgstruetofg

trdge`ds. R`d dgfrifus hifugt fc bhth efaadetdb adb

Sdrwdrs tf fccoeohaay eafsd t`d dxehvhtofgs og Bdedijdr

8?08, og frbdr t`ht t`dy efuab jdnog t`d nohgt thsk fc

hghaysogn t`d ihtdroha. Bdspotd tòs hetofg ot whs bdeobdb t`ht

t`d dgeafsdb sdttadidgt s`fuab jd ogvdstonhtdb curt`dr. ^

Sdrwdrs adct t`d Adobdg Ogstotutd og 8?0:, Shg bdr Uhgb

tfndt`dr wot` Shg bdg Jrfdkd tffk fvdr t`d seodgtocoe

rdspfgsojoaoty hgb efgtogudb dxehvhtogn ugtoa 8?02, w`dg

iue` hs pfssojad fc t`d ^dstdrvdab sdttadidgt whs

ugefvdrdb. Uf chr t`d don`t ydhrs fc ogvdstonhtofg `hb yo

guidrfus cdhturds crfi t`d Orfg Hnd hs wdaa hs t`rdd

sdttadidgts hgb h edidtdry crfi t`d Zfihg pdrofb.

Og 8?03, Jrfgzd Hnd cogbs crfi hg hrdh gfrt` fc Tssd

nhvd rdhsfg tf rdgdw t`d O\A efggdetofg wot` Fss, tòs

wot` Cfkkdgs hs prfmdet adhbdr. Gdw `fusogn dsthtds wd

pahggdb, hgb crfi 8?03 fgwhrbs t`d dxehvhtofgs og Fssjddg thkogn pahed dvdry suiidr, wòad afeha hre`hdfafn

`hvd jddg suppayogn ogcfrihtofg crfi juoabogn hetovotod

survdys t`rfun`fut t`d ydhr.0 Ot os gfw efiifg prhetoed

dxehvhtd profr tf t`d bonnogn fc rfhb hgb juoabogn trdge

hgb hre`hdfafnosts crfi Adobdg hrd ogvfavdb og t`d juoab

pahgs ht hg dhray sthnd.

Ròs stuby os efgedrgdb wot` rdsuats crfi dxehvhtofgs

jdtwddg 8?>3 hgb 8??:, h pdrofb burogn wòe` t`d jhsoe

codab idt`fbs rdihogdb vortuhaay ughatdrdb. R`d bhrk pa


17/270

> OGRZFBTEROFG

sfoa whs rdifvdb wot` h `ybrhuaoe bonndr, hctdr wòe` t`d

tfp ahydr whs s`fvdaadb eadhg jy `hgb. Og dhe` trdge` fgay

fgd `frozfgtha advda whs ahob fut. Cdhturds wdrd brhwg ht h

sehad fc 8=22-8?0:, 8?0:-8?03 hgb pfst-8?03, wot` ihgy

thsks jdogn ugbdrthkdg og gdw whys og dhe`. Hs h

efgsdqudged, t`d quhaoty fc t`d bhth crfi t`d Zfihg pdrofb

os vhrodb.

8.:.8 Hghaysos hgb ogtdrprdthtofg

Uystdihtoe stuby fc t`d bhth bob gft sthrt ugtoa 8?0:. Uoged

t`dg, hg dgfrifus hifugt fc wfrk `hs jddg bfgd jy sdvdrha

pdfpad. ômghgb vhg bdr Uhgbdg, efgtrhetdb cfr t`d hghays

fc t`d cdhturds hgb ft`dr cogb ehtdnfrods, sthrtdb t`d

ehthafnuogn hgb efipadtdb vhrofus pahgs. Og 8?0>, hctdr cov

ydhrs fc `hrb wfrk hgb twf prdaoioghry rdpfrts (Shg bdr

Uhgbdg/Shg bdg Jrfdkd 8?0>; Shg bdr Uhgbdg 8?00), Shg

bdr Uhgbdg whs hppfogtdb ht t`d Brdgts Iusdui ht Hssdg.

@fwdvdr, `d stoaa pahggdb tf cogos` t`d hghaysos fc Fss-Tssdg. Og 8?0?, w`dg tòs turgdb fut tf jd tff ahrnd h thsk

Kdds Ueògkda whs efgtrhetdb tf efgtogud t`d wfrk. Ueògk

cogos`db t`d ehthafnud fc haa cdhturds hgb wrftd up t`d

hghaysos fc t`d prdòstfroe feeuphtofg trheds (Ueògkda 8??

O??0).': Burogn òs wfrk pdrofb t`d dxehvhtofg pahgs wdrd

bonotosdb hgb cfr t`d corst toid h efipadtd pahg whs hvhoahj

Jdehusd Ueògkda ahekdb toid ot whs bdeobdb t`ht t`d

hghaysos fc t`d sdttadidgt systdi fc t`d Zfihg pdrofb wfu

jd t`d sujmdet fc h sdphrhtd stuby. Crfi 8?0: fgwhrbs, \d

vhg bdg Jrfdkd `hs jddg wfrkogn fg t`d hghaysos fc t`d

`hgbihbd pfttdry (Shg bdg Jrfdkd 8?0>h; 8?0>j; 8??8j;

8??3; og prdp.). Rfndt`dr wot` Shg bdr Uhgbdg, `d wrftd tprdaoioghry rdpfrt fg Tssdg, og wòe` t`d corst rdsuats fc ò

wfrk wdrd prdsdgtdb (Shg bdr Uhgbdg/Shg bdg Jrfdkd

8?0>). ôacrodb @dssogn os prdphrogn h bossdrthtofg fg Ahtd

Orfg Hnd hgb Zfihg pdrofb edidtdrods, og wòe` t`d

edidtdry crfi Fss-Tssdg os ogefrpfrhtdb (@dssogn og prdp

sdd.a).8 5

R`d prdsdgt stuby efuab tùs jd sthrtdb wot` h efipadtd

ehthafnud fc sdttadidgt strueturds hgb h jhsoe hghaysos fc

ifst fc t`d Zfihg cogbs, hat`fun` rd-hghaysos fc t`d Zfih

w`dda-t`rfwg pfttdry hasf idhgt h rd-hghaysos fc t`d bhtogn

fc ifst strueturds. R`d sdttadidgts Tssdastrhht (^dssdaogn`

8??5) hgb Ue`hakskhip `hb tf jd efipadtday ehthafnudb(hgb hghaysdb). Curt`drifrd O `hvd stubodb sfid fc t`d cog

ehtdnfrods ifrd eafsday, sue` hs w`dda-t`rfwg pfttdry, nah

jrhedadts, rffc-toads hgb jrffe`ds. Dxtrh toid whs spdgt fg

t`d hspdets fc t`d idgu (Jhkdas/^dssdaogn`/Shg Hidg

8??>) hgb t`d usd fc sphed (Uyipfsoui Hre`dfafnod &

R`dfrod 8??0). R`d efrd fc tòs t`dsos os t`d stuby fc t`d

ghturd hgb bdvdafpidgt fc t`d cfur sdttadidgts, ogeaubogn

ogtdrsotd hgb rdnofgha hghaysos.

>.:.: Ahgbsehpd hgb afehtofg

R`d ghid 'Fss', hgb prfjhjay hasf 'Tssdg', ion`t bdrovd

crfi t`d rovdr ghid fusd idhgogn 'òn`dr pahed gdhr whtdfr 'whtdr t`rfun` òaay efugtry' (Shg bd Sdg 8?>4, ::; Kf

8??2, 4


18/270

GHROSD GDON@JFTZU

2:?

28>

2:?

28>

Conurd 4. Ndfafnoeha hgb pdbfafnoeha sotuhtofg fc Fss hgb t`d surrfugbogn hrdh. h. Fssdriddr; 8. rovdrhrdh; :. efvdrshgb efvdrdb wot` h tòg ahydr fc eahy; 5. efvdrshgb efvdrdb wot` hgt`rfpfndgoe sfoa;2.efvdrshgb.

(Jdtuwd cfrihtofg). H tòg ahydr fc eahy, efvdrogn t`d shgby

sfoas, sdphrhtds Fss crfi t`d jhsog bdpfsots prfpdr.

R`d \ddarhgb Chuat `hs bovobdb t`d eahy hrdh gfrt` fc t`d

efvdrshgb ogtf twf boccdrdgt ahgbsehpd zfgds (con. 3). Dhst fc

t`d aogd Fss-Rddccdadg/Aot`fomdg wd cogb h ndfafnoehaay

efipadx hrdh wot` ihgy erddks, shgby bugds hgb ndgdrhaay

ifrd boccdrdgeds og `don`t. R`d wdstdrg eahy hrdh `hs h ifrd

dvdg strueturd, wot` gfrt`-sfut` advdds cfridb jy strdhis,

caffb-jhsog bdpfsots hgb t`d efvdrshgb hrdh otsdac.R`d

hre`hdfafnoeha survdy fc t`d eahy hrdh jy Ifbbdrihg (8

hardhby s`fwdb t`ht gf `hjothtofg trheds efuab jd cfugb

t`d caffb-jhsog bdpfsots og t`d wdstdrg `hac fc t`d eahy z

fc t`d Ihhskhgt. Ifst fc t`d afw-ayogn \adostfedgd cauv

bdpfsots wdrd prfjhjay wdt hgb tùs ugog`hjothjad, jut

òn`dr strdhi advdds ihy `hvd jddg suothjad hs hrhjad ah

(ôaadis 8?03, 22-24). Dspdeohaay og t`d dhstdrg eahy zf

t`dy `hvd yodabdb guidrfus cogbs crfi t`d Zfihg pdrof

(Ifbbdrihg 8?4


19/270

OGRZFBTEROFG

Conurd 3. Ndfafnoeha ihp fc t d hrdh trhvdrsdb jy t`d rovdrs Idusd hgb ^hha. 8. efvdrshgb; :. caffb jhsog; 5. prd-Zfihg advdds wot` rdsobuhanuaadys (hctdr Afuwd Kffomihgs 8?04, 828).

shgb, bordetay gfrt` fc Fss, hgb t`d wdstdrg dbnd fc t`d

efvdrshgb gdhr Ndccdg wfuab `hvd jddg ihrs`y hgb swhip

aokd (Kfk 8??2, 4:-45). Ufut` fc Fss t`drd whs hg hrdh wot``dhtàhgbs hgb pdr`hps t`d feehsofgha cdg. @drd h roe` Dhray

Orfg Hnd (@haasthtt E) jhrrfw juroha (@fawdrbh 8?52,

Ifbbdrihg 8?32, Cfkkdgs 8??>j) hgb ft`dr prdòstfroe

nrhvds wdrd cfugb.

Hg oipfrthgt ossud os t`d rdefgstruetofg fc t`d efursd fc

t`d rovdr Idusd, wòe` tfbhy os sotuhtdb ht h bosthged fc 4

ki tf t`d gfrt` fc Tssdg.84 Ht adhst burogn t`d dgtord Zfihg

pdrofb, t`d rovdr `hb twf jrhge`ds crfi Nrhvd fgwhrbs (sdd

con. 3) (ôaadis 8?03, 3:). R`d gfrt`drg jrhge`, t`d sf-

ehaadb ôme`dgs Ihhsmd, sthrtdb tf soat up og t`d coct edgtury

HB (@dgbdrokx 8?03, 48:). H rdihogbdr fc t`d cfssoa

e`hggda fc tòs jrhge` os t`d prdsdgt-bhy ôme`dgsd Iddr.

R`d sfut`drg jrhge`, wòe` cfris t`d gfrt`drg jfugbhry fc

t`d Ihhskhgt hrdh83, `hb ots efursd t`rfun` t`d prdsdgt-bhy

Fssdggddr, h sihaa fxjfw ahkd sfid :.4 ki tf t`d gfrt` fc

Tssdg. R`d sunndstofg t`ht tòs ahkd whs phrt fc h

cugetofgogn rovdr burogn t`d Zfihg pdrofb os phrtay

efgcoridb jy pfttdry hgb cosògn gdt wdon`ts cfugb burogn

brdbnogn hetovotods (Sdrwdrs/Jddx 8?>0, 5:-55).'>

Hphrt crfi t`d Fssdriddr sdetofg, t`d dxhet rdefgstruetofg

fc t`d sfut`drg jrhge` fc t`d Idusd os boccoeuat. Ot os

suppfsdb tf `hvd cafwg phrtay og t`d shid afehtofg hgb

phrtay saon`tay tf t`d sfut` fc ots eurrdgt efursd. Heefrbogn

\fgs (8?4>), t`d sfut`drg jrhge` wfuab `hvd rug phst t`dprdsdgt-bhy voaahnds fc Aodgbdg, @hrdg hgb Ihe`hrdg hgb

t`rfun` tf Ihrdg-Kdssda, w`drd ots trheds `hvd jddg drfbdb

jy t`d prdsdgt-bhy Idusd. Gdhr @drdwhhrbdg t`d Idusd

jrhge` efgvdrndb wot` t`d rovdr ^hha (Sdrùast/Jafk 8?08

828; @dgbdrokx 8?03, 245 , gftd 8). Hrfugb HB :43; Shg bd Sdg 8?

3>-30). R`d bokogn-og fc t`d rovdr Idusd sthrtdb og t`d

tòrtddgt` edgtury hgb adb tf crdqudgt caffbogn fc t`d hrd

gfrt` hgb sfut` fc t`d rovdr. Ht t`d dgb fc t`d don`tddgt`

edgtury h sfautofg cfr t`d caffbs whs sfun`t og t`d

efgstruetofg fc spoaawhys (Bute`= fvdrahtdg). Og toids f

òn` whtdr t`dsd afwdr phrts fc t`d bokds ihbd ot pfssoj

efgtrfa t`d caffbogn tf sfid dxtdgt. Hs h rdsuat fc twf f

t`dsd spoaawhys gdhr Jddrs, t`d whtdr fc t`d Idusd wfu

cafw t`rfun` t`d afw hrdhs gfrt` fc Fss, hgb tòs strdhi

ehaadb t`d Jddrsd Ihhs. R`d dbnd fc t`d efvdrshgb hrdh

cugetofgdb hs t`d jfrbdr fc t`d Jddrsd Ihhs, jut fctdg t

whtdr wfuab rdhe` t`d voaahnd fc Fss. R`dJddrsd fvdrah

wdrd eafsdb og 8?2:. Tgtoa t`d gdw `fusogn dsthtds wdrd


21/270

88 OGRZFBTEROFG

Conurd 0. Uurvdy fc cdhturds crfi t`d Ahtd Jrfgzd Hnd hgb Dhray Orfg Hnd.

juoat og t`d >


22/270

8: GHROSD GDON@JFTZU

Conurd ?. Uurvdy fc cdhturds crfi t`d Iobbad Orfg Hnd.

efursd fc t`d Dhray Orfg Hnd h sdefgb chri ion`t `hvd jddg

hbbdb, jut t`d twf christdhbs gdvdr eaustdrdb. Nrhvds aod

wotòg t`d sdttadidgt hrdh hgb hrd fctdg bordetay hssfeohtdb

wot` feeuphtofg rdihogs. R`d dxhet afehtofg fc hrhjad ahgb

hgb phsturds os ugkgfwg. @fusds hrd rdahtovday s`frt, wot` h

idhg adgnt` fc 8> i, hgb `hvd whttad-hgb-bhuj whaas.8? ^daas

hrd aogdb wot` `faafwdb-fut trdd-trugks fr vdrtoehaay pahedb

dadidgts, wòad ahtdr og t`d Dhray Orfg Hnd whttadwfrk sthrts

tf jd usdb cfr aogogn. Ft`dr dadidgts og t`d yhrb wdrd stfrhnd

juoabogns, suppfrtdb jy cfur, sox, fr don`t pfsts. R`d ihtdroha

euaturd, ifstay rdprdsdgtdb jy cogbs crfi bddp pots hgb wdaas,

pfogts tf vhrofus hetovotods thkogn pahed og t`d chriyhrb. R`dsd

ogeaubd t`d nrogbogn fc edrdhas, spoggogn, wdhvogn, hgb orfgprfbuetofg.

Burogn t`d corst `hac fc t`d Iobbad Orfg Hnd t`d shid hrdh

rdihogdb feeupodb, gfw efgthogogn t`rdd sdttadidgts (con. ?).

Fgd fc t`dsd efgthogdb covd efipfugbs (sdd sdetofg 8.2 cfr h

bdseroptofg fc tòs tdri), wòe` wdrd prfjhjay feeupodb

sueedssovday. Jdtwddg 2


23/270

85 OGRZFBTEROFG

Conurd 8 `fusd pahgs, rdprdsdgtogn t`rdd fr

cfur efgtdipfrhry efipfugbs. Fgay h cdw nrhvds hrd

kgfwg, cfur fc wòe` ehg jd rdnhrbdb hs t`d corst nrhvds fc

w`ht whs tf jdefid hg dxtdgsovd edidtdry og t`d Zfihg

pdrofb. R`d `fusdtypds fc t`d Ahtd Orfg Hnd s`fw h nrdht

vhrodty. Og t`d corst p`hsd wd sdd sihaadr `fusds (Fss-Tssdg

typds 2 hgb 4, sdd 8.5.5), wòad og t`d corst edgtury JE h

boccdrdgt jhsoe bdsong whs ogtrfbuedb hafgnsobd `fusds fc

typd 4H. R`d gdw typd fc `fusd (0E, sdd 8.5.5), wot` `dhvy

edgtrha rffc-suppfrts hgb cfugbhtofg trdge`ds cfr rffc-

suppfrtogn whaas, `hb h rdbuedb guijdr fc rffc-suppfrtogn

a7fsos ogsobd t`d juoabogn. Og dhe` yhrb t`drd hre nrhghrods ùt

cdwdr pots hgb wdaas= efgedgtrhtofgs fc wdaas futsobd t`d

chriyhrbs sddi tf ogboehtd efiiugha whtdr suppaods.

Idbodvha pdrofb

R`d Zfihg pdrofb sdttadidgt ehid tf hg dgb hrfugb HB

:4, hgb Ueògkda 8??2, phrt

O, 8).

Crfi t`d Ahtd Iobbad Hnds fgwhrbs t`d hrdh `hs jddg

usdb crdqudgtay, adhbogn tf h bosruptofg fc t`d prdòstfroe hg

Zfihg pdrofb 'sfoa hreòvd'. Guidrfus bddp ahgb jfugbhry

bote`ds hgb shgb-dxtrhetofg trdge`ds `hvd wopdb fut phrt fc

t`d dhraodr cdhturds.


24/270

82 GHROSD GDON@JFTZU

8.5 E@ZFGFAFN_ HGB R_\FE@ZFGFAFN_

R`d Zfihg pdrofb cdhturds og Fss `hvd jddg bhtdb og

vhrofus whys, rhgnogn crfi hjsfautd idt`fbs tf pfttdry

typfafnods. R`d cfaafwogn bdhas wot` t`dsd bostoget bhtogn

idt`fbs, t`d hssfeohtofg jdtwddg cogbs hgb cdhturds, hgb

wot` t`d jhsoes fc t`d Fss-Tssdg typfafny cfr strueturds hs

bdvdafpdb jy Ueògkda (8??2; 8??0). R`d bhtogn fc

prdòstfroe cdhturds os boseussdb dasdw`drd (Shg bdg Jrfdkd

8?0>h; Ueògkda 8??2, phrt O, 84-::).

Cfr t`d jhsoe e`rfgfafny usd os ihbd fc t`d (ehaojrhtdb)

JE bhtds hs aostdb og h e`rfgfafny jhsdb fg `hgbihbd

pfttdry cfugb ht Fss (thjad 8, sdd Shg bdg Jrfdkd 8?0>h; og

prdp.). ^`dgdvdr fgd fc t`d p`hsds H - G os idgtofgdb, t`dy

efgcfri tf t`d bhtds fc t`d pfttdry e`rfgfafny. R`d fgay

dxedptofg os t`d sthrt fc t`d Zfihg pdrofb, wòe` os sdt ht 84

JE.:" Gft haa pfttdry p`hsds ehg jd aogkdb tf hjsfautd bhtds,

Zfihg pdrofb G

I

Ahtd Orfg Hnd

O

K

O

O

Iobbad Orfg Hnd

Dhray Orfg Hnd

:42 gf efrrdahtofg wot` bhtd jhsdb fg cogbs

U232 HB 4h; og prdp.),

wòad cfr t`d w`dda-t`rfwg pfttdry vhrofus dxostogn

typfafnods wdrd usdb. R`dsd ogeaubd Brhndgbfrcc 80?4 (tdrrh

sonoaahth), @fawdrbh 8?28 (Jdanohg whrd), Nfsd 8?4? hgb

80?? (hip`frhd), Afdse`kd 8?


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bosturjdb ihy jdphrt fc t`drdhsfg cfr tòs. Ioxognog fc

fabdr ihtdroha `hppdgs og paheds t`ht `hvd jddg og`hjotdb

jdcfrd, wòe` ogZfihg pdrofbFss os haifst hawhyst`d

ehsd. Og ndgdrha, cogbs ihtdroha crfi strueturds tdgbs tfadhb

tfhbhtd t`ht os hpprfxoihtday :4-4< ydhrs tffdhray,hs whs

prfvdbjy t`d bdgbrfe`rfgfafnoeha bhtogn fc @O52 (sdd 4.8).

Og t`d^dstdrvdab, ]fidr`fc hgb Somvdr sdttadidgtspfttdry crfi t`d ahtd:gb hgbdhray 5rbedgturyHB whs

cfugb ogpots hgbwdaas, pfogtogn tfhetovotods og tòs pdrofb

t`ht ndgdrhtdb gfriha `fusd`fab rdcusd. @fwdvdr, gfgdfc

t`d chris efuab jdbhtdb tf tòs pdrofbfg t`djhsosfc cogbs

ihtdroha.Og t`de`hptdrsfg t`dsdttadidgts, t`dbhtds aostdb

og t`dthjads hrdjhsdb fg cogbs ihtdroha, sfidtoids

efipadidgtdb jy bdgbrfe`rfgfafnoeha bhtognshgb

ogcfrihtofg bdrovdb crfi ogtdrsdetofgs. ^`dg efijogogn t`d

strueturds og sdttadidgt p`hsds otwoaa jd hrnudb t`ht sfidfc

t`d chris ion`t `hvdtf jd sdt og h ahtdr p`hsd. Ròs woaa

sfidtoids jdvosuhaosdbfg t`d sdttadidgt pahgs.

R`d efgeausofg, jhsdbfg t`dhjfvd,`hs tf jd t`ht bhtognjuoabognsog Fss os prfjadihtoe. Dhray Zfihg pdrofb chris

wot` fgay `hgbihbd pfttdry efuabdgb up og t`d Ahtd Orfg

Hnd, jutw`dg fgayh cdw w`dda-t`rfwg crhnidgts hrd

cfugb, t`dbhtd os 'puaadb fvdr' tf t`dZfihg pdrofb.Hs h

efgsdqudged, t`d corst p`hsd fc sdttadidgt osboccoeuat tf

pogpfogt hgbt`drd os he`hged t`ht hchasd 'nhp' os erdhtdb.

Burogn t`drdstfc t`d Zfihg pdrofb juoabogns tdgb tf jd

bhtdb :4-4< ydhrs tff dhray, ehusogn t`dp`hsdstf jd

iubbadb hgb t`d ahst feeuphtofg p`hsd tf sddiognay ahek

`fusds. Ogndgdrha, ot sddis t`ht hsdqudged fc chris os

hrtocoeohaay efiprdssdb ogtfh s`frtdr pdrofb.Rfefipdgshtd

cfr tòs fgd s`fuab eafsdt`d nhp ht t`djdnoggogn, puaaognt`d

bhads fc sfid Ahtd Orfg Hndchrishgb t`d corst Zfihg

pdrofb juoabogns tfwhrbs dhe` ft`dr, hgbt`dg hbbsdvdrha

bdehbds tf haa t`d ft`dr bhtds, tùs strdteògn t`d chris fvdr

t`d w`fad pdrofb fc usd. @fwdvdr, soged t`drd os gfprffc

t`ht tòs dxdreosd s`fuab jdehrrodbfut cfr dhe` juoabognhgb

gf nffb ogboehtofgcfr t`dguijdr fcydhrs tf hbb, t`drdsuat

wfuab jd dvdg ifrd ugedrthog hgbugeadhr. R`dbhtdscfr

ogbovobuha juoabogns woaa t`drdcfrd jdjhsdb purday fg cogbs

ihtdroha,jut og t`d sdttadidgt bdseroptofgs Owoaa thkd t`dsd

gftofgs ogtf heefugt hsiue` hspfssojad.

8.5.5 R`dFss-Tssdg typfafny fc strueturds

Ueògkda (8??2; 8??0) hsbrhwg up h typfafny cfr t`d`fusd pahgs, nrhghrods, potshgbwdaas,hgbphaoshbdshgb

cdgeds cfugb ogFss-Tssdg.Fg t`djhsosfc t`dprdsdgt

dvobdged tòs typfafny, wòe` efvdrs Jrfgzd Hnd,OrfgHnd

hgb Zfihg pdrofbs, wfuab hppdhrtf jdrdprdsdgthtovd cfr

t`d sfut`drg phrt fc t`dGdt`drahgbs.Cfr hg dxtdgsovd

bdseroptofg fc t`de`hrhetdrostoes fc dhe` typd,hgb cfr t`d

rdhsfgogn jdògb tòs eahssocoehtofg, t`drdhbdr osrdcdrrdb tf

Ueògkda (8??2, phrtO O; 8??0) Cfr t`dpurpfsd fc tòs stubyO

woaa fgay aost t`d jhsoe e`hrhetdrostoes fc t`d typds usdb

5)hgbbdpoet t`di(con. 88).

Ot s`fuab jd gftdb t`ht t`dsd typds hrd bosedrgdb purd

t`d jhsos fccfri hgbefgstruetofg, hgb t`dor ihoghoi

ehtdnfrosd t`d dgfrifus hifugt fc bhth. Dvdg t`fun` i

`fusd pahgs, pots hgbwdaas efuab jdbhtdb-, t`dafgnusd

pdrofb fc vhrofus typds fc strueturds idhgs t`htt`dtypfe`rfgfafny ehggft jdusdb tf bhtd cogb-adss cdhturd

pfssojad tf bostognuos` edrthog strueturds t`ht sthrtdbtf

usdb crfi t`d Zfihg pdrofb fgwhrbs. ôtòg t`dZfi

pdrofb `fwdvdr, gf e`rfgfafnoeha frbdrehg jdogcdrrdb

typds prdsdgtdb `drdhrd haa kgfwg crfi t`d Zfihg pd

jut fgay sfid fc t`di dxeausovday. R`dsd ogeaubd `fus

3J, >J, >E, 0H, 0J, hgb haa t`dsujtypds fc`fusdtypd

t`d nrhghrods fc typd OOO,wdaa-typdsH2, H4 hgb H3 hgb

pfssojay bote`ds fc typd OOOE.

8.2 BDCOGOGN UDRRADIDGR

Jdcfrd prdsdgtogn t`dbhth crfi t`d Tssdg dxehvhtofgsgdedsshry tf bdcogd w`ht Ougbdrsthgb jy h sdttadidgt h

vhrofus dadidgts otefgsosts fc. Hsdttadidgtehg jd

efgsobdrdb jft` hs hsphtoha dgtotyhgb hs hsfeoha fgd,

ahttdr rdcadetogn t`d why ogwòe` t`d og`hjothgts t`dis

dxpdrodged t`dor bwdaaogn-pahed. Dvdg t`fun` sphtohahg

sfeoha frnhgoshtofg hrd eafsday aogkdb, ihgy 'ogvosojad'

jfugbhrods hgbefggdetofgs ehggft soipay jdbdbuedb c

fgd-boidgsofgha nrfugb pahg (sddUeògkda 8??2, :>).

rdhe` efgeausofgs hjfut wòe` og`hjothgts s`hrdb wòe`

hetovotods, kogsòp aogks hgbjdaodcshgb `fwtòs os rdcad

og hgbogcaudgedb jy sphtoha dadidgts, h efgtdxtuha hppr

os gdedsshry. Og tòs phrhnrhp` O woaa fgay bdcogd sdttadi

og h sphtoha sdgsd,hgb dxpahog wòe` tdris woaajd usdb

os idhgt tf jd purday bdseroptovd, hat`fun` O hi hwhrd

dvdg w`dg bdserojogn sphed ot os vortuhaay oipfssojad tf

ongfrd t`d vhrofus chetfrs t`ht ndgdrhtd oa.

Og frbdr tf jdhjad tf dxpahog w`ht O idhg w`dg usog

tdri sdttadidgt 8 woaa corst bdcogd hguijdr fc rdahtdb

efgedpts. Uoged t`d og`hjothgtsfc t`d Tssdg sdttadidgts

prhetosdb ioxdb chriogn, t`d tdris '`fusd' hgb 'chri(`

hrd jft` usdb tf ogboehtd t`d ihog bwdaaogn `fusd. Hat`

t`d tdri 'christdhb' ehg`hvd wobdr oipaoehtofgs:2,8 w

otog t`d shid sdgsd.

Hg oipfrthgt tdri os 'efipfugb'. Jytòs Oidhgh

nrfupogn fc strueturds wòe` rdprdsdgt h sognad (chioay)dgtdrprosd. Ròs efiprosds hbwdaaogn `fusd, juoabognsh

pdgs cfr hgoihas, stfrhnd juoabogns, fpdg (wfrk) spheds

yhrbs, pots hgbwdaas, ogeaubogn t`dbote`ds hgb cdgeds t`

bdcogd t`djfugbhrodsfc t`d hrdh. Dvdg t`fun` t`dtdri

fronoghaay rdsdrvdb cfr feeuphtofg ogHcroeh hgb t`dGdh

Dhst,ot os gfw fctdg usdb og Gfrt`-Durfpdhg hre`hdfafn

(sdd cfr ogsthged @ognady 8?0? hgbUafcstrh 8??8).:4

Curt`drifrd Owoaausd t`d tdri 'chriyhrb' hs hsygfgyi


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8> OGRZFBTEROFG

Fss-Tssdg `fusdtypds

8 Q pd ( )ss 4=

4H=Rypd O )ss (S

3H=

(.88=

O'ype 8 Ks >=

>H=1J=

8E=

a'Q pd ( O P=

UQ =

Uao=

UE=

8 7 p r (Ks ')=

?H=

8!=

?E=

twf hosadb. whaa-pfsts, gf dxtdrgha pfsts

phordb whaa-pfsts

fgd-hosadb, cfugbhtofg trdge`

gf dxtdrgha pfsts

dxtdrgha pfsts

phrtay fgd-hosadb, phrtay twf-hosadb, cfugbhtofg trdge`

gf dxtdrgha pfstsdxtdrgha pfsts

fgd-hosadb phrt jdtwddg twf twf-hosadb phrts, dxtdrgha pfsts

twf-hosadb, cfugbhtofg trdge`, dxtdrgha pfsts

gf edgtrha rffc-`dhrogn pfsts og t`d s`frt whaas

edgtrha rffc-jdhrogn pfst og fgd fc t`d s`frt whaas

edgtrha rffc-jdhrogn pfsts og jft` s`frt whaas

phrtay twf-hosadb, phrtay t`rdd-hosadb, cfugbhtofg trdge`, dxtdrgha pfsts

fgd phrt twf-hosadb, fgd phrt t`rdd-hosadb

t`rdd-hosadb phrt jdtwddg twf twf-hosadb phrts

t`rdd-hosadb phrt jdtwddg twf twf-hosadb phrts, edgtrha rffc-jdhrogn pfst og fgd fc t`d s`frt whaas

Fss-Tssdg nrhghry typds

O Q pd ()ss O

OH

8@Ot-

OB

Rypd Fss OO

OOH

OOJ

OOO

Rypd Fss 888

OOOH

@OJ

twf rfws fc pfsts

afur pfst strueturd

ghrrfw sox pfst strueturd (adgnt` 7 wobt`)w obe sox-pfst strueturd (adgnt` 1 wobt`)

ifrd t`hg sox pfsts

t`rdd rfws fc pfsts

gogd-pfst strueturd

twdavd fr ifrd pfsts

iobbad 'rfw' fc pfsts efgsosts fc pfsts og t`d s`frt whaas fgay

edgtrha caffr surrfugbdb jy whaas

bffr ehrrodb jy gogd pfsts

caffr ehrrodb jy twdavd pfsts

Fss-Tssdg pot typds

8 Qp d t Ks H

Q a

H:

Q1HaH4Qt7

H>8 Q pd 1Ks J

Rypd (Oss ERypd Fss B

8 Q pd (Ks 8.

8 Q pd (Ks 8

O'ypd ( Ks (o

Rypd ( Ks OO

Rypd Fss O

bddp pots, cuggda-s`hpdb, jfwa -s`hpdb fr hsyiidtroeha og sdetofg, wot` fgd fr h efijog htofg fc t`d cfaafwogn efgstr uetof

rfugb/fvha, whttadwfrk

rfugb/fvha, dadidgts pahedb vdrtoehaay

`faafwdb-fut trdd trugk(wogd)ehsk

squhrd/rdethgnuahr, dadidgts pahedb `frozfgthaay

squhrd, dadidgts pahedb vdrtoehaay

efgstruetofg bun fut fr whs`db hwhy

bddp pots, cuggda-s`hpdb, jfwa-s`hpdb fr hsyiidtroeha og sdetofg

bddp pots, cuggda-s`hpdb fr `fwa-s`hpdb og sdetofg, wot` h pfst t`rfun` t`d jfttfi fc t`d pot

bddp pots, cuggda-s`hpdb fr hsyiidtroeha og sdetofg, wot` h caht jfttfi

s`haafw pots, cuggda-s`hpdb fr jfwa-s`hpdb og sdetofg

s`haafw pots, hsyiidtroeha og sdetofg

s`haafw pots, eyaogbroeha og sdetofg

dxtrdiday s`haafw pots wot` h caht jfttfi

s`haafw pots, orrdnuahr og sdetofg

Fss-Tssdg typds fc phaoshbds hgb bote`ds

8 Qpd (Ks 8OH@o

Rypd ( Ks OOOO QIoa

Rypd Fss @OOOOH8IJOOOE

phaoshbds ihbd fc t`og pfsts, eafsday sdt tfndt`draogdhr fr A-s`hpdb

rdethgnuahr

phaoshbds wot` 'gfriha' sozdb pfsts, sdt hphrt

aogdhr fr O.-s`hpdb

rdethgnuahr

bote`ds

aogdhr fr A-s`hpdb wot` h caht jfttfi

aogdhr fr O.-s`hpdb wot` pfsts t`rfun` t`d jfttfi

rdethgnuahr fr eoreuahr

Rhjad 5. Fss-Tssdg typfafny fc strueturds (typds usdb cfr t`d stuby fc t`d Zfihg pdrofb).


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OP ^g SO Qa8H

N>J

>E

- c

* "

0H

'AVTAWVaM=

0J

0E

V


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O') OGRZFBTEROFG

OH OJ OOH

iHOOJ

iJ

ie

Conurd 88j. Fss-Tssdg typfafny fc strueturds= phaoshbds hgb bote`ds crfi t`d Zfihg pdrofb (hctdr Ue ogkda 8??2).

OH OJ OE OB OD

O

.

iJ

@J % iH

8h 8

ge ? i O OH

O

t

s * ?

O W * t % i * i

Conurd 88b. Fss-Tssdg typfafny fc strueturds= pots hgb wdaas crfi t`d Zfihg pdrofb (hctdr Ueògkda 8??2).

efipfugb. Jft` tdris woaa hasf jd usdb og h purday sphtoha

sdgsd, o.d. tf ogboehtd t`d sphed t`ht os feeupodb jy t`d nrfup

fc strueturds, fctdg dgeafsdb jy bote`ds fr cdgeds.

H sdttadidgt ehg dot`dr jd h sognad, osfahtdb efipfugb, fr

h bostoget eaustdr fc h guijdr fc efipfugbs (@ognady 8?0?,

>4). R`d qudstofg os, w`dg ehg fgd spdhk fc h 'bostoget'

eaustdr6 @fw chr hwhy crfi ft`dr efipfugbs bfds h sognad

efipfugb `hvd tf jd, jdcfrd wd trdht ot hs h sdphrhtd

sdttadidgt6 Rrhbotofghaay 84< idtrds os efgsobdrdb t`d

ihxoiui, soged jdyfgb tòs '`hoaogn bosthged' gdon`jfursehggft jd ehaadb hgyifrd hgb h bordet efggdetofg os afst

(Zfjdrts 8??3, :2; @ognady 8?0?, 80

8??0, :3) eahois tf usd t`d tdri 'sdttadidgt' og h tde`go

hghaytoeha sdgsd fgay, hgb bdcogds ot hs h "e`rfgfafnoeha

hgb sphtohaay rdahtdb nrfup fc cdhturds, sdphrhtdb crfi h

boccdrdgt nrfup fc cdhturds jy hg 'dipty' hrdh". @d t`dg

nfds fg tf obdgtocy sdttadidgts hs t`d tdrrotfrods wotòg w

fgd fr ifrd efipfugbs 'whgbdrdb'. Ròs hbbs h bohe`r

hspdet tf t`d bdcogotofg, hgb hasf sunndsts t`ht bdsdrtdb

bdifaos`db juoabogns wdrd phrt fc t`d sdttadidgt. Og h s

aovdb-t`rfun` sdgsd, tòs os ugbfujtdbay trud, hgb ot wfu

ron`t tf rdnhrb h sdttadidgt hs h efgtoguhaay bdvdafpogn

byghioe p`dgfidgfg (@ognady 8??


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:8 OGRZFBTEROFG

vhrofus tdrrotfrods sddi rht`dr hrjotrhry.-` Cfaafwogn t`d

hjfvd-idgtofgdb bdcogotofg, dhe` sognad efipfugb hswdaahs

t`d cdweaustdrsehg jd rdnhrbdb hs h sdttadidgt, t`us

erdhtognh iox fc sdttadidgt cfris og h jhsoehaay bospdrsdb

phttdrg.:> Uoged dhe` efipfugb aods wot`og hbosthgedfc 4


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= = GHROSD GDON@JFTZU

Aocdsphg fc h toijdr juoabogn

^`dg dsthjaos`ogn t`d sozd fc h sdttadidgt (o.d. t`d guijdr fc

efgtdipfrhgdfus chri`fusds) ht h edrthog pfogt og toid, 8

`hvd hssuidb t`ht t`d aocd fc h toijdr juoabogn woaa ahst cfr h

pdrofb fc 5< ydhrs. Hat`fun` h efiphrhjad aocdsphg, jhsdb fg

t`d toijdr, os usdb jy sdvdrha hut`frs (Cfkkdgs 8??8, 8; @obbogk 8??>, 8?. gftd34), t`os os gft ugbosputdb. Dxpdroidgts `hvd adb tf t`d

hssuiptofg t`ht h toijdr juoabogn ehggft ahst afgndr t`hg e.

5< ydhrs. @fwdvdr, bovobogn t`d tftha burhtofg fc h Zfihg

pdrofb sdttadidgt jy t d guijdr fc `fusd pahgs cfugb fctdg

rdsuats og hg hvdrhnd aocdsphg fc 4< ydhrs fr ifrd (Uafcstrh

8??8, 82


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:5 OGRZFBTEROFG

sotd hs sotuhtdb ht Fss, ot whs gft afehtdb ht Fss-Tssdg. Uoged

O Ossdg os fctdg usdb hs h sygfgyi cfr t`d dxehvhtofgs ht Fss ot os

gdedsshry tf ihkd h eadhr bostogetofg jdtwddg t`d twf. Tssdg efvdrs

fgay phrt fc Fss. hgb dxehvhtofgs og tòs hrdh wdrd ehrrodb fut

jdtwddg 8?>3 hgb 8??2/8?>4 (t`d a.assdasoohht sotd) hgb

.ihog crfi 8??8 fgwhrbs t`d Fss dxehvhtofgs `hvd jddg thkogn

pahed og ft`dr phrts fc Fss, ihogay tf t`d gfrt` fc t`d tfwg edgtrd.

@fwdvdr, sdvdrha rdseud dxehvhtofgs ehrrodb fut jdtwddg 8?>3 hgb8??< efgedrgdb sotds futsobd Tssdg tff. sue` hs ]hatjfiidasdwdn,

O afovhk hgb Dokdgjffinhhrb (sdd 3.:). R`d cfur Zfihg pdrofb

sdttadidgts t`ht cfri t`d ihog sujmdet fc tòs stuby hrd haa sotuhtdb

og Tssdg. hat`fun`, stroetay spdhkogn, `hac fc t`d Ue`hakskhip

sdttadidgt aods must futsobd t`d hrdh.

> M.M. Hssdgbfrp (8?>>-8?0h= 8?00), Ueògkda (8??2)hgb Kfk (8??2) `hb hardhby bfgd ifst fc t`d rdsdhre`, jhsdb,

hifgnst ft`drs, fg Shg Bodpdg's sfoa ihp (8?4:).

84 Cfr hg dxtdgsovd boseussofg fg t`d rdefgstruetofg fc rovdr

efursds, sdd ôaadis 8?03, 24-3:.

83 R`d jfrbdr fc t`d Ihhskhgt rdsdhre` hrdh os cfridb jy t`d

prdsdgt-bhy Idusd (sdd >.8).

8> Hgft`dr cogb t`ht os fctdg usdb tf strdgnt`dg t`d `ypft`dsos t`h

t`d Fssdriddr whs phrt fc h ghvonhjad rovdr os t`d sf-ehaadb Zfih

jfht, cfugb og t`d ahkd og 8?2? (Shg Bodpdg 8?4:, 884-883).

@fwdvdr, tòs 'ehgfd fc Fss' whs a2

E-bhtdb og 8??: hgb turgdb fu

tf jd fc idbodvha bhtd (pdrs. efii. M. Ahgtogn, Nrfgogndg= NrG-

8?:>0, >?< 54 J\).

80 Afeha hre`hdfafnosts `hvd cfugb sdvdrha Gdfaotòe hrtdchets og

t`d hrdhs gfrt` fc Tssdg (\hhahkkdrwdn) hgb gfrt` fc Jdrn`di.

Burogn t`d 8??2 dxehvhtofgs ht t`d Idttdndupdasdstrhht, troha

trdge`ds wdrd bun gdhr t`d Crhgkdgjddibwdn. Cdhturds og t`dsd

trdge`ds yodabdb pfttdry t`ht whs quhrtz-tdipdrdb hgb wòe` ion`

`hvd jddg Gdfaotòe.

8? Ròs conurd os jhsdb fg t`rdd `fusd pahgs. Og 8??2, burogn

dxehvhtofgs og Fss-Idttdndupda, hgft`dr sox pahgs wdrd ugefvdrdb

R`dsd s`fw t`ht t`d idhg adgnt` fc Dhray Orfg Hnd chris os

efgsobdrhjay s`frtdr ht 82.3 i (Cfkkdgs og prdp.).

:< Fronoghaay t`d sthrt fc t`d Zfihg pdrofb og t`d Gdt`drahgbs wh

sdt ht 8: JE, h bhtd jhsdb fg t`d òstfroeha dvdgt fc t`d ogvhsofg fBrusus' hriods. Ròs bhtd os stoaa usdb og t`d jhsoe e`rfgfafny fc

Afuwd Kffomihgs dt ha, og prdp., hgb og ihgy ft`dr stubods.

@fwdvdr, rdedgt dxehvhtofgs ht Gomidndg `hvd prfvdb t`ht t`d

dhraodst feeuphtofg tffk pahed hrfugb 84 JE (@hhadjfs dt ha. 8??4

88-8:).

:8 Udd Uafcstrh 8??8 (855, gftd 5), w`f efgsobdrs t`d Dhray Zfi

\drofb tf jd ahstogn ugtoa HB :3


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:2 GHROSD GDON@JFTZU

:3 Og òs ogtrfbuetofg tf t`d Dgnaos` dbotofg fc Ueògkd a's wfrk,

Cfkkdgs rdihrks fg tòs tff hgb heefrbognay, t`d jfugbhrods hrfugb

t`d 'sdttadidgts' `hvd jddg chbdb (Cfkkdgs (db.) 8??0, :-5).

:> Uoged `hrbay hgy eaustdrogn fc efipfugbs feeurs burogn t`d

(dhraodr p`hsds fc t`d) Orfg Hnd, fgd efuab hrnud t`ht t`d tdri

'sdttadidgt' os supdrcaufus. ^`dg sphtohaay bdcogogn feeuphtofg

'sdttadidgt' wfuab jd h sygfgyi cfr 'efipfugb'. Cfr t`d Zfihgpdrofb `fwdvdr, 'sdttadidgt' os h usdcua tdri tf bdserojd t`d

sdphrhtd eaustdrs fc efipfugbs, hgb os tùs hasf usdb cfr sogn

osfahtdb chriyhrbs.

:0 R`d adttdr Z whs usdb cfr rotuha strueturds hgb nrhvds .

:? H jhsoe typfe`rfgfafny cfr nrdy whrd crfi Fss `hs jddg

tfndt`dr wot` @. vhg Dgekdvfrt, jut ot whs tff prdaoioghry tf

usdb cfr t`d hghaysos og tòs t`dsos.


35/270

:. R`d Somvdr sdttadidgt

R`d corst Zfihg pdrofb sdttadidgt-trheds og Tssdg wdrd

bosefvdrdb og 8?>3, w`dg h pfgb (Bute`= vomvdr) whs jdogn

bun. R`d cdhturds fc w`ht whs tf jd ehaadb t`d Somvdr

sdttadidgt hrd sehttdrdb fvdr hg hrdh fc hpprfxoihtday 4


36/270

:3 GHROSD GDON@JFTZU

:.8 @FTUD \AHGU

Og t`d cfaafwogn sdetofg, sox `fusd pahgs (thjad 2) woaa jd

bdserojdb, ogeaubogn twf t`ht hrd sotuhtdb sfidw`ht curt dr

hwhy hgb hrd fc ugedrthog bhtd (@2< hgb @2:). @fwdvdr,

soged t`dsd pahgs bf gft cfri phrt fc hgy ft`dr kgfwg

sdttadidgt, t`d Somvdr sdttadidgt hppdhrs tf jd t`d jdst

efgtdxt wot`og w`oe` tf boseuss t`di.

@fusd 2J

@45 4H

@3: >H

?.2 3.5 ^-D Z\ 8.(8 ^-D Ob-OOh

58.4 4.? U^-GD AOH/Z\ OH

70.? 75.> ^-D OOH

Rhjad2. @fusd pahgs crfit`dSomvdr sdttadidgt.Bhtd= AOH 9Ahtd OrfgHnd, Z\ 9Zfihgpdrofb.

Conurd 85. @fusd2


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:> R@D SOMSDZ UDRRADIDGR

Conurd 84. @fusd 22. Uehad= pahg8=:


38/270

=s GHROSD GDON@JFTZU

Conurd 83. @fusd48.Uehad= pahg8=:


39/270

:? R@D SOMSDZ UDRRADIDGR

1 5 F < f

ff f -

bf v . @fusd 45. Uehad= pahg 8=:


40/270

5< GHROSD GDON@JFTZU

Conurd 80. @fusd 3:. Uehad= pahg8=:


41/270

58 R@D SOMSDZ UDRRADIDGR

Gf. typd bdpt`(ei)

bohidtdr

(ei)

bohidtdr

aogogn

wffb bhtd

\O 2< Ha 8: 0 ? 8< 88 8: 85 guijdr

fc s`drb

@22 - - - 84 - - - - - - U >> - 8

@48 - 2 - - - 2 3 2 - 8 > >2 - 88

8845 - - ? - - - 2 - - - - 0> - :883: - - - 35 - - 82 - (o - < OO - 5

U::> - - - - - - - - - - 3 ?2 - 8

U:58 - - - - - - - - - - - 8


44/270


typd guijdr fc s`drbs tftha

ugbdefrhtdb

Ufut` Nhaaoe6 Brhn.5>

ogbdt

Dhst Nhaaoe Brhn.:>

Brhn.58

Brhn.5:

Brhn.55

Brhn.5>

Brhn.24

jfwa

ogbdt

Ufut`/Dhst Nhaaoe Brhn.58

ogbdt Brhn . 80/58

Brhn.55

Brhn.5>

Brhn.24

pahtd

ogbdt

bdefrhtdb

Ufut` Nhaaoe- Brhn.5>

Ufut` fr Edgtrha Nhaaoe- Brhn.5>

Dhst Nhaaoe- Brhn.5>

Ah Ihbdadogd Brhn.5>

O

:

>

:

8

84

os

:

:U

tftha (,()

Rhjad 8


45/270

54 R@DSOMSDZ UDRRADIDGR

Conurd:8 . Crhnidgtfcifrthr wot`twfsthips (\8>?). Uehad8=8.

t`dhip`frh whsgftusdb ogSomvdr jut jdafgndb tf hg

og`hjothgt fc t`d ^dstdrvdab sdttadidgt,frdgbdb up og\8?8

hctdr h afgn aocd dasdw`drd (d.n. Gomidndg).

Rdrrh sonoaahth

H tfthafc3< crhnidgts fctdrrh sonoaahth wdrd cfugb og t`d

Somvdr hrdh, wot` ifrd t`hg `hacfc t`d crhnidgts crfi fgay

twf wdaas= \O25 (:< s`drbs) hgb \800 (85 s`drbs). Udvdg

crhnidgts, haacrfi jfwas typd Brhndgbfrcc 5>, wdrdbdefrhtdb. Rhjad 8< s`fws t`ht ifstfct`d (obdgtocodb) tdrrh

sonoaahth whs ihbd og Dhstdrg Nhua burogn t`d sdefgb edgtury

HB, w`dg t`os typdfc pfttdry whs wobday hvhoahjad og fur

rdnofg.

H whaa-crhnidgt, cfugb og\8>?, s`fwdb hnrhccotf(con.

:


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Conurd :5. Xudrgstfgd (\8?5)

crhnidgt fc qudrgstfgd ihbd fc efhrsd-nrhogdb quhrtzot

sihaa auip fc nrhgotd whs cfugb og fgd fc t`d cdhturds f

@3:. Uahtd (ugwfrkdb) whs prdsdgt og sox wdaas.

:.2.4 Juoabogn ihtdrohas

Hat`fun` t`drd os gf dvobdged cfr hgy juoabogns (dvdg

phrtohaay efgstruetdb) fc stfgd og t`d Somvdr sdttadidgt, hrd h cdw cogbs t`ht ehg jd ogtdrprdtdb hs Zfihg juoabog

ihtdrohas (sdd con. :2). Og t`rdd wdaas h crhnidgt fc h rf

whs cfugb= twoed fc h tdnuah (\825h/j hgb \80 n hgb 425 n rdspdetovday) hgb fgd ogbdcoghjad crhni

(\8>?, :, \842 hgb \800). H

juoabogn ihtdrohas wdrd cfugb og pots hgb wdaas bhtdb tf

t`d Cahvohg pdrofb. Jft` sahtd hgb eahy rffc-toads wdrd

prfjhjay usdb sdefgbhroay hs, cfr dxhipad, caffr efvdrog

brhog aogogns (Ahiidrs 8??2, 833-83>). Ot os ugaokday t`

toads wdrd usdb hs cfugbhtofg suppfrts cfr edgtrha rffc-

juoabogn

pot / wdaa

W rffc-toad

W pdrcfrhtdb sahtd (M)

*

F

< 8

Conurd :2. Bostrojutofg fc juoabogn ihtdrohas og t`d Somvdr sdttadidgt.


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5> R@D SOMSDZ UDRRADIDGR

Conurd :4. Crhnidgt fc h nahss vdssda (truaah) (\825). Uehad 8=:. Conurd :3. Nhiogn efugtdr ihbd fc nahss phstd (strhy cogb). Uehad

jdhrogn pfsts, hs whs t`d ehsd og @futdg-Ifadgzffi (Shg

Bfekui/@dssogn 8??2, ::5-::2 hgb con. 802), soged gf toads

wdrd cfugb ht t`d jfttfi fc pfst`fads. Ogstdhb, wffbdg

pahgks sddidb tf `hvd cuacoaadb t`ht cugetofg (sdd :.2.?).

:.2.3 Nahss fjmdets

Cfur crhnidgts fc nahss vdssdas wdrd cfugb, haa og wdaas. R`d

uppdr ahydrs fc \825h/j efgthogdb twf crhnidgts fc jaud-nrddg

nahss, pfssojay crfi t`d shid vdssda. Fgd whs h roi crhnidgt,

pdr`hps crfi h sihaa eup fr h truaah, t`d ft`dr h crhnidgt fc

t`d `hgbad fc htruaah (Osogns typd >4, bhtdb a-OOO, con. :4). H

jhsd-s`drb crfi h jaud-nrddg poaahr-ifugtdb jfwa (Osogns typ

5) whs cfugb og \8>?. \808 efgthogdb h sihaa, caht crhnidgt

nrddg nahss. H nhiogn efugtdr, ihbd fc jahek nahss phstd hg

pahgf-efgvdx og sdetofg, whs bfeuidgtdb hs h surched cogb

crfi t`d Somvdr hrdh (con. :3). Efgtrhry tf t`d ft`dr sdttadid

ht Fss, t`d Zfihg pdrofb cdhturds fc t`d Somvdr sdttadidgt bo

gft efgthog crhnidgts fc nahss Ah Rgdjhgnads.

juoabogn

pot / wdaa

H cojuah jrfgzd

H cojuah orfg

F efog

ft`dr jrfgzd fjmdet

ft`dr orfg fjmdet

2

HHH

HH

H fff

f Idtha fjmdetsIdtha cogbs crfi t`d Somvdr hrdh efgsost fc jrfgzd hgb orfg

jrffe`ds, jrfgzd efogs, orfg ghoas, vhrofus ft`dr jrfgzd hgb

orfg fjmdets, h s`ddt fc adhb, hgb sdvdrha podeds fc orfg sahn.

H tftha fc sdvdg bostoget jrffe` crhnidgts wdrd cfugb (con.

:>),sox ihbd fc jrfgzd hgb fgd orfg spdeoidg. R`d orfg

jrffe` whs cfugb og @45, hgb os tff crhnidgtdb tf jd hjad

tf shy hgyt`ogn hjfut t`d typd fr bhtogn (con. :0). R`d chet

t`ht ot os ihbd fc orfg pfogts tf hg dhray bhtd (pfssojad Orfg

Hnd fr dhray corst edgtury HB). Uox jrfgzd word-jrffe`ds

wdrd haa cfugb og wdaas(\8?8,t`rdd og \820, twf og \80, 82>-84:, con. 8.2). Ft`dr

fjmdets (con. :>) ogeaubd h ahrnd ghoa fr jhr wot` h `hii

s`hpdb dgb (\243, con. 5:), h juekad (6) (strhy cogb, con.

hgb hg hrrfw-s`hpdb fjmdet (\24>, con. 52).

Jdsobds t`d jrffe`ds hgb efogs, sdvdg ft`dr jrfgzd f

wdrd cfugb (con. :>). Crfi \825h/j ehid h crhnidgtdbjrfgzd rfb (h jdat-`hgndr6) (con. 54) hgb twf jrfgzd hef

pfssojay fronoghaay phrt fc h e`dst fr jfx-nrop (con. 53).

haa t`rdd fjmdets wdrd thkdg fcc fc sfid ft`dr fjmdet, t`d

wdrd prfjhjay ogtdgbdb cfr usd hs serhp idtha. H jrfgzd

wot` h bohidtdr fc 45 ii (\O42) ihy `hvd jddg phrt fc

r+Conurd :?. Jrfgzd word-jrffe`ds (\820, \80


49/270

5? R@D SOMSDZ UDRRADIDGR

O

Conurd 5


50/270


bdgfi. hut`froty bhtd ZOE/JIE cogb spft rdihrks

hs Gdrf HB 32-30 Ec. ZOE 580 hgb curt`dr \8?:

hs Rrhmhg HB ?0-88> ec. JIE pa.:>, gf.? gdhr \243

hs Hgtfgogus \ous HB 82


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2*Conurd 53. Jrfgzd hefrgs (\825). Uehad 8=8. Conurd 5>. Jrfgzd soavdr-pahtdb bose (\842). Uehad 8=8.

frghidgtdb ifugtogn (prfjhjay :gb edgtury HB). Ot whssoavdr-pahtdb fronoghaay, hgb t`d affp tf htthe` ot wot` whs

jrfkdg fcc, hnhog erdhtogn serhp idtha (con. 5>). H sihaa

jrfgzd rfb whs cfugb og wdaa \808. Rwf ft`dr jrfgzd

fjmdets, h efrrfbdb ihss (phrt fc h kgocd6) hgb t`d dghidaadb

aob fc h sihaa jfx (con. 50), wdrd bfeuidgtdb hs strhy cogbs

crfi t`d Somvdr hrdh.

\820 yodabdb h sihaa caht crhnidgt fc adhb. Ht adhst tdg

cogb guijdrs efgthogdb sihaa quhgtotods fc orfg sahn, jut t`dy

wdrd gft efgedgtrhtdb dgfun` tf ogboehtd fgd pahed w`drd

orfg whs jdogn sidatdb.

5)Conurd 50. Dghidaadb aob (strhy cogb). Uehad 8=8.

:.2.0 Adht`dr fjmdets

Jdsobds t`d `fjghoas idgtofgdb ugbdr :.2.>, dvobdged cfr

cfftwdhr whs hasf prdsdgt og t`d cfri fc s`fd crhnidgts

ihbd fc efw's adht`dr (con. 5?; sdd Shg Broda-Iurrhy 8?0>).

\O25j efgthogdb h efipadtd `dda-poded jdafgnogn tf h soipad

typd fc s`fd wot` `fjghoas. Cfur crhnidgts fc fgd s`fd fc

t`d shid typd wdrd cfugb og \82>. R`d sfad fc tòs s`fds`fws songs fc rdphor.

:.2.? ^ffbdg fjmdets

^ffb whs prdsdgt og bddp pots hgb wdaas, jut hphrt crfi t`

wdaa-aogogns gfgd fc ot whs wfrkdb. R`d edgtrha rffc-jdhrog

pfst`fad fc @48 efgthogdb t`d rdihogs fc t`d fhk pfst otsda

wot` pahgkogn ugbdrgdht` (sdd Ueògkda 8??2 phrt O, 0: hgb

8:8). R`d shid sotuhtofg whs prdsdgt og @3:, w`drd t`d

wffb typd fc t`d pahgk efuab gft jd bdtdriogdb.

:.2.8< Chugh O rdihogs

R`d Somvdr sdttadidgt yodabdb :> jfgd crhnidgts, wot` h tfwdon`t fc e. 5:< n (Ahuwdrodr/OMzdrddc 8??2, :50-:25). Fg

:: crhnidgts efuab jd obdgtocodb, ogeaubogn ehttad (G 9 8>)

pon (G 9 5), bfn (G 9 8) hgb h crhnidgt fc rdb bddr hgtadr

(G 9 8). R`dsd guijdrs hrd tff sihaa tf haafw efgeausofgs

hjfut hgoiha ùsjhgbry og tòs sdttadidgt tf jd brhwg. R`d

hgtadr crhnidgt efuab `hvd jddg ehst fcc jy t`d hgoiha otsd

hgb os tùs gf ogboehtofg fc ùgtogn.

:.2.88 Jfthgoeha rdihogs

Uhipads cfr jfthgoeha rdsdhre` wdrd thkdg crfi twf `fusd

pahgs (@48 hgb @3:) hgb crfi sdvdg ahrndr pots. Uoged @3:

whs gft efgsobdrdb tf jd h phrt fc t`d sdttadidgt, t`djfthgoeha shipad `hs gft jddg stubodb. R`d rdsuats fc t`d

jfthgoeha rdsdhre` (Shg Hidg 8??4) s`fw t`ht sdvdrha nrh

wdrd nrfwg, sue` hs jhrady, diidr hgb spdat. Ft`dr

euatovhtdb erfps ogeaubd cahx, ioaadt hgb jddt, t`d ahttdr jdog

h Zfihg ogtrfbuetofg. R`d erfp wddbs pfogt tf wdaa-stfekd

codabs. ôab pahgts, sue` hs adhcy vdndthjads hgb cruot hgb

guts, efipadidgtdb t`d cffb rhgnd, wòad sfid ft`dr woab

pahgts ihy `hvd jddg usdb hs byds fr pdr`hps cfr idboeogh

purpfsds (Kuompdr 8?0>). Ihgy fc t`d sddbs stdi crfi pah


52/270


juoabogn

pot /wdaa

1U `fjghoas

adht`dr s`fd *

17

<

Conurd5?. Bostrojutofgfc(cogbs efggdetdb wot`) adht`dr s`fdsog t`dSomvdrsdttadidgt.

t`ht wdrd nrfwogn og chriyhrbs hgb hrfugb wdaas. Ufid fc

t`d pahgts wdrd fronoghaay cfugb gdhr t`d jfrbdrs fc t`d

Ifusd, jut jrfun`t ogtf t`d sdttadidgt cfr vhrofus purpfsds

(eahy sfbs, rffc hgb caffr efvdrogn, whttadwfrk).

:.4 HGHA_UOU

:.4.8 Uozd hgb bhtd

Bud tf t d crhnidgthry ghturd fc t`d Somvdr dxehvhtofg hgb

t`d ahek fc hgy cfri fc sdttadidgt jfugbhry, ot os boccoeuat tfnovd hg ogboehtofg fc t`d dxhet sozd fc t`d sdttadidgt. Uox

`fusd pahgs, 55 pots hgb wdaas hgb h ihxoiui fc :0 sihaa

futjuoabogns efvdr hg hrdh fc e. 4 `h sddis

chr tff ahrnd h tdrrotfry cfr fgd sdttadidgt. @fwdvdr, gft haa

fc t`d hrdh woaa `hvd jddg og`hjotdb ht t`d shid toid.

Cfaafwogn w`ht whs shob fg t`d bdcogotofg fc h sdttadidgt

(sdd 8.5), t`d twf sfut`drg `fusds (@2< hgb @2:) hrd

sotuhtdb futsobd t`d `hoaogn bosthged fc 84< idtrds. Utroetay

spdhkogn t`dy wfuab efiprosd h sdefgb eaustdr gdxt tf

sdttadidgt efgthogogn @22, @48 hgb @45. @fwdvdr, t`d

fc pdrofboshtofg hgb t`d ugdxehvhtdb hrdh jdtwddg t`d

suppfsdb sdttadidgts prdvdgts us crfi rdheògn h efge

R`d sdttadidgt hs h w`fad efuab `hvd sòctdb, hgb mubn

t`d guijdr fc wdaas ot os aokday t`ht ifrd `fusds wdrd

sotuhtdb og t`d hrdh jdtwddg t`d twf eaustdrs.

H vhaob hrnuidgt tf rdnhrb tòs nrfup fc cdhturds hs

dgtoty efgsobdrs t`d fjsdrvdb bosthged jdtwddg t`d Zfipdrofb sdttadidgts wotòg Tssdg. Affkogn ht h ihp fc F

t`d Zfihg pdrofb, hg haifst rdnuahr phttdrgogn fc

sdttadidgts hppdhrs (cons. 2 hgb :


53/270


F

8


54/270


| | `fusd

cWpm nrhghry / `frrdui

F \ot

wdaa

cfridr juoaogn

cfridr pot / wdaa

p.

F

f

f

f

f

<

Conurd28. R`d Somvdr sdttadidgt= p`hsd : (pfst-Cahvohg).

whs stoaa feeuphtofg og Fss ahtdr og t`d t`orb edgtury HB os

ugedrthog, hat`fun` t`d pfttdry typds idgtofgdb ehg feeur

ugtoa HB :>


55/270


f pot

wdaa

cfridr juoabogn

cfridr pot / wdaa

F

f

< 8


56/270


hip`frh os hg dxedptofg hgb boccoeuat tf cot og wot` t`d

dnhaothrohg 'ghtovd' oiprdssofg t`ht t`d Somvdr sdttadidgt

ft`drwosd erdhtds. Ot s`fuab prfjhjay jd rdnhrbdb hs hg

ogboehtofg fc eafsd efgthets wot` t`d gdon`jfurogn

^dstdrvdab sdttadidgt, w`drd sue` prfbuets wdrd ifrd

hjugbhgt.

gftds

8 Ef-frboghtds 83:.20/2:4 yodabdb 885 crhnidgts fc w`dda-t`rf

pfttdry, jut tòs pot os sotuhtdb sfidw`ht chrt`dr fcc hgb ihy

jdafgn tf t`d sdttadidgt.

> H cdw s`drbs fc `hgbihbd whrd cfugb og tòs wdaa s`fw ty

dhray bdefrhtofg. R`d ihtdroha os eadhray ioxdb wot` iue` fab

bdjros, ogboehtogn t`ht t`d cdhturd iust `hvd coaadb up safway.

0 R`dsd cogb efgbotofgs ihy heefugt cfr t`d ahrnd hifugt fc

ihtdroha. R`d pot whs dxehvhtdb jy afeha (hihtdur) hre`hdfaf

w`f prfjhjay sthrtdb efaadetogn ihtdroha hs sffg hs t`d uppdr

fc t`d pot wdrd vosojad og t`d juoabogn trdge`. Og Fss ifst fc t

'òn`dr' cogbs ndt afst jdehusd h ide`hgoeha dxehvhtfr thkds f

uppdr ahydrs. Curt`dr bfwg, \825 turgdb fut tf efgsost fc twf

sdphrhtd wdaas (\O25h hgb \O25j), wòe` hasf heefugts cfr t`

guidrfus cogbs.

? Ot os h crhnidgt fc t`d afwdr whaa, 8?.4 - :5.4 ii tòek,

wdonògn 584 n. Og sdetofg t`d efafur os frhgnd-jrfwg (Iugs

_Z 3/3) wot` cogd wòtd ogeausofgs. R`d hghaysos (jy @. vhg

Dgekdvfrt) whs ihogay jhsdb fg soioahroty wot` Brdssda 8 cog

Gomidndg-Kfps \ahtdhu.

8< Crhnidgts fc Brdssda O hip`frhd og t`d Gdt`drahgbs `hvd

fgay jddg cfugb ht Gomidndg-Kfps \ahtdhu, Sdasdg hgb Nrfd

(pdrs. efii. @. vhg Dgekdvfrt).

8 8 O s`fuab idgtofg t`ht t`d ahtd prfc.br. M.D. Jfnhdrs, w`f

ogtdrprdtdb t`d nrhccotf, spdeocoehaay rdqudstdb t`ht t`d ioaothry

vhrohgt s`fuab jd ongfrdb, soged 'ioaothry stucc og Fss-Tssdg w

jd rht`dr dxedptofgha'. Ogeaubogn ot hgywhy os t`drdcfrd iy fw

rdspfgsojoaoty.

8: Bdtdrioghtofg N. vhg Jfdkda.


57/270

5. R`d ]fidr`fc sdttadidgt

f

`fusd

futjuoabogn

nrhghry / `frrdui

pot

wdaa

bote`

phaoshbd

U8>

#U208

C40 J2

4> og h rfhb trdge`. R`d sdttadidgt whs

ghidb hctdr t`d tfpfgyi fc t`d codab fg wòe` tòs

phrtoeuahr phrt fc t`d `fusogn dsthtd whs jdogn juoat. Crfi

Hproa tf Udptdijdr 8?>0 vhrofus dxehvhtofg ehiphongs

tffk pahed, wòe` ihbd ot pfssojad tf bfeuidgt h ahrnd


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2U GHROSD GDON@JFTZU

Gf. typd adgnt` (i) wobt` (i) frodgthtofg bhtd

Oaa ?H :8.8 >.U U^-GD Ob-OOh

88= ?H 5:.2 >.0 U^-GD Oah(-j)

@5 >H6 83.> 3. U^-GD OOJ

882 >H 80.: 3.< ^-D jdcfrd aoj

a ` ?H 80.5 >.: U^-GD Oaj-e

i UH 7 8>.4 7>.< ^-D OOJOOU 3J 8>.< >.2 U^-GD prd-Cahvohg6

OO') >J6 80.< >.4 U^-GD OOH(-e6)

@85 3J 8.: ^-D OOJ

(@:2) 4H >.> 4.2 ^-D 88'

Rhjad 8:. @fusd pahgs crfi t`d ]fidr`fc sdttadidgt.

Conurd 22. @fusd 8. Uehad= pahg8=:


59/270

2? R@D]FIDZ@FC

Conurd24. @fusd:. Uehad= pahg8=:


60/270


Conurd 23. @fusd 5. Uehad= pahg 8=:


61/270

48 R@D ]FIDZ@FC UDRRADIDGR

- " - .!

w 2.>0 +

FF

Conurd 2>. @fusd 2. Uehad= pahg8=:


62/270


Conurd 20. @fusd 4. Uehad= pahg 8=:


63/270

45 R@D]FIDZ@FC UDRRADIDGR

Conurd2?. @fusd3. Uehad= pahg8=:


64/270


Conurd 4


65/270


Conurd 48. @fusd ?. Uehad= pahg 8=:


66/270

GHROSD GDON@JFTZU

@ O

'@ **

?

Conurd 4:. Rwf qudrgstfgds og @?. bohidtdrs 22 hgb 50 ei.

Conurd 42. Futjuoabogn J8. Uehad= pahg 8=:


67/270

4> R@D ]FIDZ@FC UDRRADIDGR

Conurd 44. Futjuoabogn J:. Uehad= pahg 8=:


68/270

UU GHROSD GDON@JFTZU

ogeaubogn h efipadtd pft fc nrdy whrd. R`os vdssda whs

cfugb og t`d edgtrha rffc-jdhrogn pfst`fad, hgb ion`t `hvd

tf jd ogtdrprdtdb hs h juoabogn sherocoed (Shg bdr Uhgbdg

8?0>n, ?0). IFutjuoabogn :

R`d pahg fc J: (con. 44) os choray efipadtd, s`fwogn h twf-hosadb juoabogn wot` h cfugbhtofg trdge`, dxtdrgha pfsts hgb

edgtrha rffc-jdhrogn pfsts og t`d s`frt whaas (ec. `fusdtypd

0E). Fgd fc t`d afgn whaas `hs h eadhr dgtrhged. Cogbs

ogeaubdb h sognad `hgbihbd s`drb, covd crhnidgts fc w`dda-

t`rfwg pfttdry hgb h eahy saogn pdaadt.

Futjuoabogn 5

R`d pahg fc J5 whs juoat phrtay fg tfp fc t`ht fc J:. Ot os

hgft`dr twf-hosadb juo abogn, jut iue` ifrd crhnidgtdb (con.

43). Fgay fgd fc t`d edgtrha rffc-jdhrogn pfsts os sotuhtdb og

t`d s`frt whaa (ec. `fusdtypd 0J), hgb fgd fc t`d s`frt sobds

os ihrkdb jy pfst`fads ogstdhb fc h cfugbhtofg trdge`. R`dcdhturds yodabdb fgd s`drb fc `hgbihbd whrd hgb twf

crhnidgts fc w`dda-t`rfwg pfttdry.

Futjuoabogn 2

J2 efgsosts fc h s`haafw (5-84 ei) bote`, dgeoreaogn h pot

(con. 4>). R`d bote` efgthogdb gf cogbs ihtdroha.

Conurd4>. FutjuoabognJ2.Uehad8=:5 +

8 \ ?

--

. i -

8 8Oc 8O 8'

j

tM O I

82. 2 35 +....- 28 d* ct -

< C, 8ct f f* f~"

^ S 8 O ^ 8* 8w O W w O

fF f-,~-,


70/270


ihtdroha, t`d ihmfroty efgsostogn fc nrdy hgb efhrsd whrd.

Curt`drifrd, C>< hasf yodabdb h crhnidgt fc h nahss vdssda

crfi t`d Cahvohg pdrofb hgb h crhnidgt fc h nahss Ah Rgd

jrhedadt. R`d dgeafsurd efuab t`drdcfrd `hvd jdafgndb tf t`d

dhraodst p`hsd fc t`d sdttadidgt, hat`fun` sfid fc t`d w`dda-

t`rfwg pfttdry pfogts tf h saon`tay ahtdr bhtd. R`drd hrd gf

ogboehtofgs fc t`d bote`ds `hvogn jddg rd-eut. R`rdd pfssojaddgtrhgeds hrd vosojad; fgd fg t`d gfrt` sobd, fgd fg t`d wdst

sobd hgb fgd fg t`d gfrt`-wdst sobd. Haa t`rdd hrd cuggda-

s`hpdb, wòe` idhgs t`ht ehttad efuab `hvd jddg nuobdb

t`rfun` ifrd dhsoay. R`d gfrt`drg dgtrhged ghrrfws tfwhrbs

t`d futsobd, wòe` wfuab idhg t`ht ehttad wdrd fgay nuobdb

fut fg tòs sobd fc t`d sdttadidgt. R`d gfrt`-wdstdrg dgtrhged

s`fws h pfssojad dhraodr p`hsd wot` h sihaa squhrd strueturd.

Tgcfrtughtday t`dsd (ugguijdrdb) bote`ds bob gft yodab hgy

cogbs. Ot os pfssojad t`ht h bote` crhnidgt cfugb jy afeha

hre`hdfafnosts wòe` yodabdb h crhnidgt fc h rffc-toad, whs

hasf phrt fc t`d dgeafsurd.

5.3 COGBU

5.3.8 \fttdry

R`d strueturds crfi t`d ]fidr`fc sdttadidgt t`ht wdrd bhtdb

tf t`d Zfihg pdrofb efgthogdb h tftha fc ?:5 pfttdry s`drbs,

fc wòe` >5% (G 9 3>2) wdrd w`dda-t`rfwg hgb :>% (G 9

:2?) `hgbihbd. Hctdr hbbogn t`d w`dda-t`rfwg pfttdry

whs cfugb og t`d hrdh, jut gft og bhtdb strueturds, t`d t

guijdr fc w`dda-t`rfwg s`drbs efids tf 855 8: 3?

ifrthroh 2< 5 84

bfaoh 842 8: >8

hip`frhd ?> > 48

^hhsahrtbs 48 2 :>

efhrsd whrd :?2 :: 884

nrdy whrd $3? :0 ::: ogbdtdrioghjad 8 + 8

tftha 855< 8. Zfihg w`dda-t`rfwg pfttdry crfit`d]fidr`fc sdtguijdrfcs`drbshgb pdredgthnds.

Gf. typd adgnt` (i) wobt` (ei) frodgthtofg bhtd phrtoeuahrs

C4< OH

O;4 | OHC4: oooJ

C45 OH

C42 OH

C44 oooH

C43 oooH

C4> oooH

C40 OHC4? OH

C3< OH

C38 8IJ

C3: OHC35 OH

C32 OHC34 OH

C33 OH

C3> OOH

C30 OH

C3? oooH

C>< oooH

C>: @OJ

C>5 oooH

85.3 - G^-UD0.: - G-U54.4 : - G^-UD:.? - G^-UD

:3.0 2.2 - G^-UD0.: 2< GD-U^ OO dgtrhged6

:.4 - D-^0.8 - GD-U^

83.4 - D-^4.2 - G^-UD84.4 - G^-UD?.0 - G^-UD:.: - G^-UD

8?.4 2< G^-UD

4:.< 5.2 54 D-^ Ob-OO

5:.: 4< G-U Ob-OO hafgnsobd \84

Rhjad 83. \haoshbdshgbbote`ds crfit`d]fidr`fc sdttadidgt.


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tdrrh sonoaahth Ob

Jdanoe whrd 44efrk urg -efafur-efhtdb whrd M0sifft`-whaadb pfttdry 3?ifrthroh 84bfaoh >8

hip`frhd 48@hhsahgbs :>

efhrsd whrd 884nrdy whrd :::

`hgbihbd pfttdry :2')ogbdtdrioghjad 8

tftha ?:5

2

>:>

35

85:2

:>

+

8U8:\OO'a\U

O'b\>

\0\?

O'82 8: :

- 2 2:: : 04 U 3

28: 8:

8? 8< :U

- - 48 s -- - 24 50 4

8s

84

30>

83>3

88>

84::U8:?55:

:4U:

4:3

>48

tftha ' O5 :2 :>?:5

8


72/270


typd guijdr fc s`drbs tftha

ugbdefrhtdb

Ufut` Nhaaoe6 bos` 8

Edgtrha fr Dhst Nhaaoe Brhn.5> 8

Dhst Nhaaoe Brhn.5:

ogbdt

8

5

ogbdt Brhn. 80/58

Brhn.58

Brhn.5>

ogbdt

8

5

8

4

bdefrhtdb

Edgtrha Nhaaoe

Adzfux

Edgtrha fr Dhst Nhaaoe-

Dhst Nhaaoe

Rrodr

ogbdt

Brhn.5> 8

Brhn.5> 8

Brhn.5>/50

Brhn.5>

8

8

Brhn.5>

8

8

2

8

hgb @3) fgay w`dda-t`rfwg whrd whs cfugb, jut og vdry sihaa

quhgtotods. Efiphrogn t`d strueturds wd sdd t`ht jft` \O8 hgb

\O> efgthog rdahtovday ahrnd hifugts fc thjadwhrd (:8 hgb

:>%),jut tòs ihy jd h rdsuat fc t`dor ahtdr bhtd rht`dr t`hg h

song fc sfeoha strhtocoehtofg. Ifst fc t`d `fusd pahgs efgthog

adss t`hg 84 s`drbs, fgay @4, @? hgb @85 yodabdb saon`tay

ahrndr hifugts. Fc t`dsd @4 os t`d fgd wot` saon`tay ifrd

thjadwhrd, jut t`d hifugts hrd tff sihaa cfr efgeausofgs. R`d

]fidr`fc sdttadidgt whs juoat hrfugb t`d Cahvohg pdrofb (sdd

5.>.:) hgb t`drd os gf dvobdged cfr dhray oipfrts.

Rdrrh sonoaahth

H tftha fc :: s`drbs fctdrrh sonoaahthwdrd cfugb og t`d hrdh fc

t`d ]fidr`fc sdttadidgt, fgay gogd crhnidgts fc wòe` wdrd

rdtrodvdb crfi cdhturds t`ht efuab jd hserojdb tf h strueturd. Fc

t`d :: s`drbs, sox wdrd bdefrhtdb, haa jfwas fc t`d Brhndgbfrcc

5> typd. Rrheds fc pfttdrs' sthips wdrd stoaa vosojad fg t`rft`dr s`drbs. Rhjad :< s`fws t`ht t`d fronog fc `hac fc t`d

s`drbs os ugkgfwg, jut t`d ihmfroty fc t`d ft`drs wdrd

ihgucheturdb og Dhstdrg Nhua burogn t`d sdefgb edgtury

R`d pfttdrs' sthips wdrd wfrg hgb crhnidgtdb. Fgd (fg

typd Brhndgbfrcc 80/58) whs efipadtday oaadnojad, hgft`d

(fg h pahtd typd Brhndgbfrcc 58) dgbdb og 'C'. R`d tòrb s

(fg h pahtd typd Brhndgbfrcc 58) whs bdeop`drdb hsJH[ Y

os ugcfrtughtday gft dgfun` tf bdtdriogd t`d pfttdr.

Uthipdb ifrthroh

\fttdrs' sthips wdrd prdsdgt fg twfifrthroh crhnidg

Fgd whs cfugb og \>, hgb rdhbs [SHZYOHRSU (con. 4?)5 R

h sthip crfi t`d pfttdr Shrohtus, w`f wfrkdb og \fgt-

Uhijrd (gdhr Jhvhy).

Conurd4?. Crhnidgtfcsthipdb ifrthr (\>).Uehad8=8.


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35 R@D]FIDZ@FC UDRRADIDGR

Conurd3 efgthogdb twf

crhnidgts fctwf boccdrdgt w`dtstfgds (con. 38).Htòrb

crhnidgt wot` fgd caht sobd whs ihbdfc hg ugkgfwg typdfc

stfgd. Ft`dr crhnidgts fc quhrtzotd w`dtstfgds wdrd cfugbog

@4, @85hgb og t`dsfut`drg phrtfc C>< (must hjfvd @?).

5.34 Juoabogn ihtdrohas

R`d fgay cogbs t`ht efuabjdeahssocodb hsjuoabogn ihtdrohas

hrd cfur rffc-toad crhnidgts. Htenuah crhnidgt (82.Uehad8=:.

crhnidgt ehid crfi hbote` bfeuidgtdb jyafeha

hre`hdfafnosts, wòeòs gftprdsdgtfg t`dpahgfct`d

sdttadidgt. R`d toad (24n)s`fws twf robndshgb os :0 ii

tòek. R`d ft`dr twf crhnidgts wdrd surched cogbs, efgsostog

fchtdnuah crhnidgt hgbphrtfchg oijrdx (tfndt`dr 40:n)

R`d guijdrfctoads ostff sihaa tfogboehtd htoadb juoabogn

Oc t`dy wdrd usdb hthaa,otwhs prfjhjay hehsdfcsdefgbhr

usd (`dhrt`fr caffr phvogn).

5.3.3 Nahss fjmdets

R`rdd crhnidgts fc nahss vdssdas wdrd cfugb ogt`d ]fidr`sdttadidgt.Hydaafwos`-nrddg s`fuabdr crhnidgt fc hefgoe

jfttad wot` 'fptoehaay jafwg' rojs (Osogns typd 44, Cahvohg

pdrofb) whs cfugb ogC>.

5.3.> Idtha fjmdets

Idtha cogbs crfi t`d]fidr`fc sdttadidgt ogeaubd

jrffe`ds (jrfgzd hgbsoavdr), efogs (jrfgzd hgbsoavdr),

Conurd3:. CrhnidgtsfcnahssAhRgdjrhedadts (cfugbogC>


74/270


juoabogn

pot / wdaa

bote`

phaoshbd

cojuah jrfgzd

H cojuah soavdr

F efogs

14 cogndr-rogn

orfg fjmdet

F

Conurd 35. Bostrojutofg fc idtha fjmdets og t`d ]fidr`fc sdttadidgt.

h jrfgzd cogndr-rogn, orfg fjmdets hgb pfssojay orfg sahn

(con. 35).

R`d ]fidr`fc sdttadidgt yodabdb t`rdd efogs (thjad :8).

Fgd whs cfugb og h sihaa pot gfrt` fc @? t`ht efuab gft jd

efggdetdb tf h strueturd. R`d efog whs tff crhnidgtdb cfr

curt`dr bdtdrioghtofg. R`d sdefgb jrfgzd efog, cfugb og

whs hghs fc Rotus Ehdshr (con. 32). @: yodabdb h soavdr

bdghrous fc Rrhmhg (con. 34). Idtha bdtdetfrs wdrd gft u

systdihtoehaay, sf t`d fronogha guijdr fc efogs ihy `h

jddg `on`dr. R`d soavdr efog crfi @: whs afst fr bdpfs

bdgfi. hut`froty bhtd Z8E/JIE cogb spft rdihrks

hs Rotus HB >>->0 ZOE >0> \3

bdg.

6

Rrhmhg HB 8 @:

Ayfgs

crhnidgts fc jrfgzd efog

Rhjad:8. Efogs crfi t`d ]fidr`fc sdttadidgt.


75/270


Conurd 32. Jrfgzd efog (crfgt hgb jhek) cfugb og \3(hscrfi RotusEhdshr). Uehad 8=8.

Conurd 34. Uoavdr efog (crfgt hgb jhek) cfugb og @:(bdghrouscrfiRrhmhg). Uehad 8=8.

Conurd 33. Jrfgzd word-jrffe` (\3). Uehad 8=8. Conurd 3>. Uoavdr hre-jrffe`. Uehad 8=8.

OConurd 30. Jrfgzd cogndr-rogn wot` nahssgoefaf(\80), `don`t :.: ei.hrfugb HB 8). Ots gdhrdst phrhaada os hg hre-jrffe` fc

h typd t`ht bdvdafpdb fut fc t`d Ah Rgd jrffe`. @fwdvdr,soavdr jrffe`ds fc t`os typd (typd D, Hainrdg :8) hrd sihaadr.

@hhadjfs (8?03, 5= `hac fc t`d jhek phrt fc h sihaa (e`oabrdg's)

ehrjhtogh, ihbd fc efw fr ehac skog (Shg Broda-Iurrhy

8?0>). Ot `hs prfjhjay s`rugk 8


76/270


jaudjdrrods hgb rhspjdrrods, hgb jy guts hgb adhcy vdndthjads.

Erfp wddbs hgb ruberhas cfri h ahrnd hgb vhrodb nrfup,

ogboehtogn roe` codabs hgb wdaa-usdb chri-yhrbs. Ufid pahgts

wdrd nrfwogn og jfnny paheds wotòg t`d sdttadidgt tdrrhog,

prfjhjay og fr gdhr (bdrdaoet) wdaas.

5.> HGHA_UOU

5.>.8 Uozd hgb bhtd

R`d dxehvhtdb phrt fc t`d ]fidr`fc sdttadidgt idhsurds

hpprfxoihtday 8:4 x 8:4 i, wòe` os rfunày 8.4 `h. H

ifbdrg rfhb prdvdgtdb t`d dxtdgsofg fc t`d trdge`ds fg t`d

sfut`-dhstdrg sobd. Rf t`d gfrt` hgb dhst t`d dxehvhtofg

trdge`ds yodabdb `hrbay hgy Zfihg pdrofb cdhturds, wòe`

sunndsts t`ht `drd t`d aoiots fc t`d ]fidr`fc sdttadidgt wdrd

rdhe`db (Shg bdr Uhgbdg 8?0>, 4?). Uoged t`d dgeafsurd

ogboehtds t`d wdstdrg jfugbhry tòs oipaods t`ht t`d aoiots fc

t`d sdttadidgt wdrd rdhe`db fg t`rdd sobds. @fwdvdr, ot os gft

ogefgedovhjad t`ht ht adhst fgd ifrd `fusd pahg whs sotuhtdb

tf t`d gfrt` fr gfrt`-dhst fc t`d dxehvhtdb hrdh, w`drd hguijdr fc ahrndr hrdhs rdihogdb ugdxehvhtdb. Rùs t`d sozd

fc t`d efipadtd sdttadidgt woaa `hvd jddg ht adhst 8.4 `h, jut

whs prfjhjay ahrndr.

R`d sdttadidgt whs og usd burogn t`d pdrofb Ob-OOOh, h

bhtd jhsdb ihogay fg t`d Zfihg w`dda-t`rfwg pfttdry. R`d

sthrtogn bhtd fc Ob ihkds ]fidr`fc t`d ahst sdttadidgt tf jd

dsthjaos`db og Tssdg, t`fun` sfid fc t`d `hgbihbd

ihtdroha ihy fronoghtd crfi jdcfrd Ob (sdd 8.5.8).

Heefrbogn tf Ueògkda (8??2, phrt O, :34), t`drd os

bosefgtoguoty fc feeuphtofg jdtwddg t`d Ahtd Orfg Hnd hgb

t`d Zfihg pdrofb og t`d ]fidr`fc hrdh. Og t`d Ahtd Orfg

Hnd sdttadidgt PSO, efgsostogn fc twf 'whgbdrogn'chriyhrbs, t`d yfugndst chri os stoaa feeupodb burogn t`d

corst `hac fc t`d corst edgtury HB. Rde`goehaay spdhkogn tòs

os t`d Zfihg pdrofb, jut t`d `fusd pahg ogboehtdb os t`d

ugedrthogay bhtdb @:2. Feeuphtofg og t`d Zfihg pdrofb

bfds gft sthrt ugtoa Ob ht ots dhraodst. Ròs os h nhp fc 4.: Ahyfut hgb pdrofboshtofg

R`d ]fidr`fc sdttadidgt `hs hg frnhgosdb ahyfut. Rò

jd ogcdrrdb crfi t`d bote`db sdttadidgt dgeafsurd, t`d

ugocfri frodgthtofg fc `fusds hgb futjuoabogns, hgb t`

eadhray bdaoiotdb efipfugbs fg wòe` `fusds hrd rdju

sdvdrha toids og sueedssofg.

R`d sdttadidgt dgeafsurd hrfugb ]fidr`fc os s`haaf

ogefipadtd, hgb boccoeuat tf bhtd. Og dhraodr hghaysds fc

Tssdg sdttadidgts (Shg bdr Uhgbdg 8?0>b, 8?0>` hgb t`dsd chetfrs wdrd rdhsfg gft tf hekgfwadbnd t`d bote`

jfugbhry. Ht t`d toid, tòs cottdb og wot` t`d obdh t`ht

Tssdg hgb t`d Ihhskhgt rdnofg, sdttadidgt jfugbhrods

sddidb tf jd rdstroetdb tf ahrndr, òn`-sthtus sdttadidg

t`ht fc ^dstdrvdab. @fwdvdr, burogn dxehvhtofgs og 8?

bote` whs bosefvdrdb wòe` dgeafsdb t`d sihaa, rdahtov

afw-sthtus sdttadidgt fc Ue`hakskhip (e`hptdr 4), hgb

t`d hghaysos fc t`d sdttadidgt fc Fss-OMssdastrhht hasf y

t`d prdsdged fc h bote`db dgeafsurd. Jdhrogn t`dsd bhth

iogb, t`d cdhturds crfi ]fidr`fc wdrd rd-hpprhosdb, h

sdttadidgt dgeafsurd efuab jd dsthjaos`db. Fgay t`d wd

hgb phrt fc t`d gfrt`drg sobd fc t`d s`haafw bote`db dg

`hvd jddg rdefvdrdb.

Zdedgt stubods `hvd s`fwg t`ht s`haafw bote`ds aokd

fgd, hpphrdgtay ugsuothjad cfr bdcdged, ihy `hvd cuge

hs h jfugbhry og ft`dr whys (@ognady 8??


77/270

(-> R@D ]FIDZ@FC UDRRADIDGR

f

. . -

`fusd

futjuoabogn

nrhghry / `frrdui

pot

wdaa

bote`

phaoshbd

48). R`dsd

p`hsds bf gft `hvd eadhr-eut sthrt hgb cogos` bhtds, jut

hpprfxoihtday rug crfi HB >< - 88


78/270


| | `fusd

J | futjuoabogn

i nrhghry / `frrdui

F \o' wdaa

, r8 bote`

...-*'" phaoshbd

cfridr juoabogn

cfridr pot / wdaa

2W

W W

2SQ

f

Conurd >


79/270

3? R@D ]FIDZ@FC UDRRADIDGR

`fusd

@ futjuoabogn

f pot

wdaa

cfridr juoabogn

cfridr pot / wdaacfridr bote`

,..-' cfridr phaoshbd

F

f

48. R`d ]fidr`fc sdttadidgt= p`hsd 5 (HB 83.5 Bdvdafpidgt hgb ghturd fc t`d sdttadidgt

Bud tf t`d chet t`ht ahrnd fpdg hrdhs wdrd dxehvhtdb, t`d

e`hrhetdr fc t`d ]fidr`fc sdttadidgt hs bospahydb jy

strueturds hgb ahyfut os rdahtovday eadhr. Og t`d cfaafwogn

skdte` hgy dxtrh ugdxehvhtdb `fusd pahgs hrd adct fut fc

efgsobdrhtofg.

Hrfugb HB >


80/270

>< GHROSD GDON@JFTZU

s`haafw, orrdnuahray s`hpdb bote`, w`oe` ihy `hvd jddg bun

hctdr t`d chris wdrd juoat. Fg ht adhst t`rdd sobds t`os

dgeafsurd `hs hg fpdgogn, t`d gfrt`drg fgd s`hpdb tf nuobd

ehttad fut fc t`d sdttadidgt, t`d ft`drs sdrvogn hs

Documents

Wesseling 2000 - Native Neighbours. Local settlement system and social structure in the roman period at Oss (the Netherlands)