West Nile VirusWest Nile Virus& Bird Flu& Bird FluElizabeth WilsonElizabeth Wilson

What is West Nile Virus?What is West Nile Virus?

West Nile Virus is a West Nile Virus is a disease that infects disease that infects the brain and spinal the brain and spinal cord by causing cord by causing inflammation in the inflammation in the surrounding tissues.surrounding tissues.

How Do You Get West How Do You Get West Nile Virus?Nile Virus?

West Nile Virus is transmitted by West Nile Virus is transmitted by mosquitoes.mosquitoes.

Mosquitoes breed in stagnant pools of Mosquitoes breed in stagnant pools of water and when they choose to bite, the water and when they choose to bite, the victim becomes infected with the virus.victim becomes infected with the virus.

The Victim could be anything from a The Victim could be anything from a human, to an animal, or a bird.human, to an animal, or a bird.

Since 2002 the number of cases and Since 2002 the number of cases and deaths of West Nile Virus have been deaths of West Nile Virus have been declining in the US and Canada.declining in the US and Canada.

The decline in cases are a result of The decline in cases are a result of preventative measures such as removing preventative measures such as removing stagnant water where mosquitoes can stagnant water where mosquitoes can breed and an immunity in birds that host breed and an immunity in birds that host the disease.the disease.

What are the symptoms What are the symptoms of the West Nile Virus?of the West Nile Virus?

Victims often have Victims often have flu-like symptoms of flu-like symptoms of fever, nausea and fever, nausea and muscle aches.muscle aches.

However, some However, some victims feel no victims feel no symptoms while symptoms while infected.infected.

Where Did West Nile Where Did West Nile Virus Come From?Virus Come From?

It was first detected in It was first detected in U.S.A. in 1999 in New U.S.A. in 1999 in New York.York.

four out of five people four out of five people infected by West Nile will infected by West Nile will not develop any not develop any symptoms, which may symptoms, which may include fever, headache, include fever, headache, body aches, and body aches, and disorientation. disorientation.

The elderly are the most The elderly are the most likely to be affected. likely to be affected.

People and animals who People and animals who live in areas with a large live in areas with a large mosquito and bird mosquito and bird population also have a population also have a higher risk of contracting higher risk of contracting the disease. the disease.

West Nile Virus in West Nile Virus in California.California.

The green regions of The green regions of California are California are laboratory confirmed laboratory confirmed cases in birdscases in birds

There have been 840 There have been 840 human cases and 25 human cases and 25 deaths caused by the deaths caused by the West Nile Virus in West Nile Virus in California. California.

West Nile in U.S.A.West Nile in U.S.A.

Prevention for West Nile Prevention for West Nile Virus.Virus.

Use Mosquito Use Mosquito repellent with Deet.repellent with Deet.

Dispose of stagnant Dispose of stagnant water where water where mosquitoes can mosquitoes can breed.breed.

Install or repair Install or repair screens on windows screens on windows and doors.and doors.

The Future of West Nile The Future of West Nile Virus.Virus.

A newly developed A newly developed monoclonal antibody can monoclonal antibody can cure mice infected with cure mice infected with the West Nile virus. the West Nile virus.

Antibodies typically work Antibodies typically work by attaching to a piece of by attaching to a piece of a foreign cell or a foreign cell or substance, which causes substance, which causes immune-system cells immune-system cells known as macrophages known as macrophages to pick up the substance to pick up the substance and clear it from the and clear it from the body. body.

Where Do We Go From Where Do We Go From Here?Here?

In 2004 the US total In 2004 the US total deaths were 88 with deaths were 88 with 2,470 infections.2,470 infections.

Most of these cases Most of these cases were mild infections. The were mild infections. The elderly and those with elderly and those with weak immune systems weak immune systems were the most likely to were the most likely to develop serious develop serious symptoms.symptoms.

Can Anything Cure West Can Anything Cure West Nile Virus?Nile Virus?

Antibodies can help treat West Nile Virus Antibodies can help treat West Nile Virus by binding themselves to it.by binding themselves to it.

Binding to the virus is not an easy Binding to the virus is not an easy process and is often unsuccessful. Often process and is often unsuccessful. Often binding fails to trigger a response from binding fails to trigger a response from the virus.the virus.

How Were Antibodies How Were Antibodies Applied To The Virus?Applied To The Virus?

From the panel of mice that were used in From the panel of mice that were used in testing, scientists identified 46 antibodies testing, scientists identified 46 antibodies that could bind to the West Nile Virus’ that could bind to the West Nile Virus’ protein.protein.

Further testing revealed that only 12 Further testing revealed that only 12 antibodies could successfully bind to the antibodies could successfully bind to the virus to offset it and shut down infections virus to offset it and shut down infections in the cells of mice.in the cells of mice.

What is Bird Flu?What is Bird Flu?

It is also known as It is also known as Avian Influenza and Avian Influenza and H5N1.H5N1.

Bird Flu is an Bird Flu is an infection caused by infection caused by viruses naturally viruses naturally found in birds.found in birds.

Birds and Bird FluBirds and Bird Flu

Bird Flu is very Bird Flu is very contagious among birds. contagious among birds. Wild birds carry the virus Wild birds carry the virus in their intestines, but in their intestines, but usually don’t get sick.usually don’t get sick.

Occasionally Occasionally domesticated birds such domesticated birds such as ducks, chickens and as ducks, chickens and turkeys can contract Bird turkeys can contract Bird Flu and death can occur.Flu and death can occur.

How do Humans get Bird How do Humans get Bird Flu?Flu?

Bird Flu is Bird Flu is transmitted to transmitted to humans by ingestion humans by ingestion of uncooked poultry of uncooked poultry infected with the infected with the virus.virus.

It has been found in It has been found in pet birds.pet birds.

Are We At Risk?Are We At Risk?

As of now, Bird Flu is As of now, Bird Flu is hard for humans to hard for humans to become infected with become infected with but health officials but health officials fear a flu epidemic fear a flu epidemic could occur if the could occur if the virus were to mutate virus were to mutate into a form that is into a form that is easily transmittable easily transmittable between people.between people.

What are the Symptoms?What are the Symptoms?

Bird Flu Symptoms are Bird Flu Symptoms are similar to symptoms that similar to symptoms that humans get with the flu.humans get with the flu.

Body aches, soar Body aches, soar throats, cough, fever and throats, cough, fever and headache.headache.

Bird Flu is potentially the Bird Flu is potentially the most likely to create most likely to create widespread harm then widespread harm then even HIV/AIDS.even HIV/AIDS.

How Do Birds Get How Do Birds Get Infected?Infected?

Infected birds Infected birds transmit the virus by transmit the virus by saliva, nasal saliva, nasal secretions, and secretions, and feces.feces.

Domesticated birds Domesticated birds can become infected can become infected by direct contact with by direct contact with the virus.the virus.

Where is Bird Flu?Where is Bird Flu?

Are There Any Cures For Are There Any Cures For Bird Flu?Bird Flu?

A vaccine called Tamiflu is A vaccine called Tamiflu is used to treat common flu used to treat common flu outbreaks in the human body. outbreaks in the human body. It has been used to treat Bird It has been used to treat Bird Flu.Flu.

Unfortunately, Bird Flu seems Unfortunately, Bird Flu seems to be developing a resistance to be developing a resistance to Tamiflu. to Tamiflu.

A French vaccine makeris A French vaccine makeris studying the vaccine that studying the vaccine that promoted and immune promoted and immune system response but has not system response but has not perfected it.perfected it.

Works CitedWorks Cited

““West Nile Virus Symptoms” West Nile Virus Symptoms” CDCCDC August 16, 2004. April 15, 2006 August 16, 2004. April 15, 2006 http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/westnile/qa/symptoms.htmlhttp://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/westnile/qa/symptoms.html

““Getting a Handle on West Nile Virus” Getting a Handle on West Nile Virus” USA Today Magazine.USA Today Magazine. May May 2005 v133 i2720 p6:1 copyright 2005 Society for the 2005 v133 i2720 p6:1 copyright 2005 Society for the Advancement of Education. April 15, 2006.Advancement of Education. April 15, 2006.

““Fight the Bite” Fight the Bite” CDCCDC August 22, 2005. April 15, 2006. August 22, 2005. April 15, 2006. http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/westnile/prevention_info.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/westnile/prevention_info.htm

“ “Antibody cures West Nile virus in mice” Antibody cures West Nile virus in mice” Record Record April 29, 2005. April 29, 2005. Vol. 29 No. 31. Washington University St. Louis. April 15, 2006 Vol. 29 No. 31. Washington University St. Louis. April 15, 2006 http://record.wustl.edu/news/page/normal/5179.html http://record.wustl.edu/news/page/normal/5179.html

““Key Facts About Avian Influenza (Bird Flu) and Avian Influenza A Key Facts About Avian Influenza (Bird Flu) and Avian Influenza A (H5N1) Virus” February 7, 2006. April 25, 2006 (H5N1) Virus” February 7, 2006. April 25, 2006 http://www.cdc.gov/flu/avian/gen-info/facts.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/flu/avian/gen-info/facts.htm

Works Cited ContinuedWorks Cited Continued

““CBI probe sought into purchase of bird flu CBI probe sought into purchase of bird flu vaccines” vaccines” The Hindu The Hindu March 22, 2006. April 15, March 22, 2006. April 15, 2006. 2006. http://www.thehindu.com/2006/03/22/stories/20http://www.thehindu.com/2006/03/22/stories/2006032206361300.html06032206361300.html

““Bird Flu (Avian Influenza)” Bird Flu (Avian Influenza)” CNN CNN Health/Library.Health/Library. October 27, 2005. April 15, October 27, 2005. April 15, 2006. 2006. http://www.cnn.com/HEALTH/library/DS/00566.http://www.cnn.com/HEALTH/library/DS/00566.html html

Photographs CitedPhotographs Cited

““Mosquito” Graphic. Mosquito” Graphic. Deadly Bugs.Deadly Bugs. June 29, 2000. April 15, 2006. June 29, 2000. April 15, 2006. www.exn.ca/bugs/Mosquitoes.cfmwww.exn.ca/bugs/Mosquitoes.cfm

““Map of California” Graphic Map of California” Graphic West Nile Virus, California, 2004West Nile Virus, California, 2004 Dec. 3 2004 Dec. 3 2004 April 15, 2006 http://smccd.net/accounts/case/wnile/sld010.htmlApril 15, 2006 http://smccd.net/accounts/case/wnile/sld010.html

““West Nile Virus Map” Graphic West Nile Virus Map” Graphic The History of West Nile Virus. The History of West Nile Virus. April 15, April 15, 2006. 2006. http://www.west-nile-virus-prevention.com/history.htmlhttp://www.west-nile-virus-prevention.com/history.html

““Deet Man” Graphic. Deet Man” Graphic. Fight the Bite.Fight the Bite. August 22, 2005. April 15, 2006 August 22, 2005. April 15, 2006 http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/westnile/prevention_info.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/westnile/prevention_info.htm

““West Nile Virus” Graphic West Nile Virus” Graphic All Mosquito Netting Info.All Mosquito Netting Info. April 15, 2006 April 15, 2006 http://www.mosquito-netting.com/west-nile.htmlhttp://www.mosquito-netting.com/west-nile.html

““Man With Bird” Graphic Man With Bird” Graphic West Nile Virus Symptoms. West Nile Virus Symptoms. April 15, 2006 April 15, 2006 http://www.west-nile-virus-prevention.com/west-nile-virus-symptoms.htmlhttp://www.west-nile-virus-prevention.com/west-nile-virus-symptoms.html

““White Chicken” Graphic White Chicken” Graphic Bird Flu or Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza.Bird Flu or Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza. 2002 2002 April 15, 2006 April 15, 2006 http://www.da.gov.ph/updates/bird_flu_04.htmlhttp://www.da.gov.ph/updates/bird_flu_04.html

““Roosters” Graphic Roosters” Graphic The Tree House Gallery. The Tree House Gallery. April 15, 2006 April 15, 2006 http://www.treehouse.co.nz/gallery/pictures/Roostershttp://www.treehouse.co.nz/gallery/pictures/Roosters

Pictures ContinuedPictures Continued

““Swans” Graphic. April 8, 2006 Swans” Graphic. April 8, 2006 More Birds Tested for More Birds Tested for Avian Flu.Avian Flu. April 15, 2006 April 15, 2006 http://newsimg.bbc.co.uk/media/images/41543000/jpg/http://newsimg.bbc.co.uk/media/images/41543000/jpg/_41543166_swan2.203.jpg_41543166_swan2.203.jpg

““Bird Flu Strand” Graphic. 2004 Bird Flu Strand” Graphic. 2004 Facing a Deadly Global Facing a Deadly Global Epidemic.Epidemic. April 15, 2006. April 15, 2006. http://whyfiles.org/195bird_flu/3.htmlhttp://whyfiles.org/195bird_flu/3.html

““Man With Dead Bird and Bag” Graphic April 15, 2006. Man With Dead Bird and Bag” Graphic April 15, 2006. http://news.yahoo.com/news?tmpl=story&u=/060223/idhttp://news.yahoo.com/news?tmpl=story&u=/060223/ids_photos_wl/r773774623.jpgs_photos_wl/r773774623.jpg

““Bird Flu World Map” Graphic. April 15, 2006 Bird Flu World Map” Graphic. April 15, 2006 http://news.yahoo.com/news?tmpl=story&u=/060223/idhttp://news.yahoo.com/news?tmpl=story&u=/060223/ids_photos_wl/r773774623.jpgs_photos_wl/r773774623.jpg