WESTAR Council – Continuous WESTAR Council – Continuous PMPM2.52.5 Monitoring Workshop Monitoring Workshop

Portland, OregonPortland, OregonApril 13-14, 2005April 13-14, 2005

Real-Time Smoke MonitoringReal-Time Smoke Monitoring

Real-Time Smoke Monitoring

John says to talk about: • The monitors we’ve

tested/used

• What’s worked/hasn’t worked

• Still to do

Smoke Monitors for USFSSmoke Monitors for USFSPrimary purpose to monitor Rx smoke

Operators will be non-technicians

Monitors will be shared

across the country

When we got startedWhen we got started

1998 – Air Program started at MTDC

– What’s a nep-helo-meter?

– Field personnel need help

– Evaluate commercial real-time continuous monitors• Portable• Ease of use• Accuracy• Rugged

Real-Time Continuous MonitorsReal-Time Continuous Monitors

TEOM

Real-Time Continuous MonitorsReal-Time Continuous Monitors

Beta Attenuation (BAM)

Real-Time Continuous MonitorsReal-Time Continuous Monitors

Light ScatteringLight Scattering

Smoke Monitors - Laboratory & Smoke Monitors - Laboratory & Field TestsField Tests

Fire Science Laboratory’s Smoke Chamber

Smoke Monitors - Laboratory & Smoke Monitors - Laboratory & Field TestsField Tests

Fire Science Laboratory Tests

Smoke Monitors - Laboratory & Smoke Monitors - Laboratory & Field TestsField Tests

Field Testing– Rx burns in 1999 &

2000– Wildland fires in 2000

Smoke Monitors - Laboratory & Smoke Monitors - Laboratory & Field TestsField Tests

4 reports detail results

Smoke Monitors - Laboratory & Smoke Monitors - Laboratory & Field TestsField Tests

Summary of reports:– Instruments usually overestimate mass concentration

of smoke

– Correction algorithms needed

– Unique corrections for different manufacturers

– Results gets you in the ball park

– Trend data

Instruments - Radiance Research Neph

Positives– Reliable, stable– Low power consumption– Portable/light– Price ~ $4,500

Negatives– No mass concentration display– Must convert scattering to mass

concentration– Difficult calibration/use for non-technician– Tech support– No PM2.5 cutoff– No shelter

Radiance Research Nephelometer ResultsWildland Fire Smoke

y = 1.42x

R2 = 0.99

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800

Gravimeteric Concentration (ug/m3)

Rad

ian

ce C

on

cen

trat

ion

(u

g/m

3)

For wildland fire smoke, mass concentration = bscat * 175,000

Instruments – MIE DataRam 2000

Positives– Easy to use– Reliable– Inlet heater/PM2.5 cutoff– Tech support– Displays mass concentration

Negatives– No shelter– Cost ~ $10,000+

DataRam PM 2.5 Concentrations Wildland Fire Smoke

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200

Gravimetric Concentration (u g/m3)

Da

taR

am

Co

nc

en

tra

tio

n (u

g/m

3 )

y = 2.08x

R2 = 0.97

For wildland fire smoke, Mass Concentration = DataRam 2000 estimated mass * 0.48

Instruments – MIE DataRam 4

Positives– Dual wavelength– Displays mass concentration– Temp and RH (internal)

Negatives– Reliability– Customer service– No Shelter– Accuracy – Cost ~$11,500+

DataRam 4 Laboratory Test Results

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500

FRM Concentration (ug/m3)

Dat

aRam

4 C

once

ntra

tion

(ug/

m3)

y = 2.80x

R2 = 0.98

For smoke, mass concentration = DataRam 4 estimated mass conc * 0.36 (with size correction feature: ENABLED)

Instruments – Optec NGN-3

Positives– Reliable– Accurate– Inlet heater– PM2.5 cutoff

Negatives– Heavy and bulky– No shelter– Calibration– Power consumption– Requires Datalogger– Cost ~$13,000

Optec NGN-3 PM 2.5 Concentration Results Wildland Fire Smoke

y = 1.36x

R2 = 1.00

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

0 100 200 300 400 500 600

Gravimetric Concentration (ug/m3)

Op

tec

Co

nce

ntr

atio

n (u

g/m

3)

Wildland fire smoke, Mass concentration = OPTEC estimated mass concentration * 0.74

Instruments – Met One E-SamplerPositives

– Easy to use– Tripod mount– Portable/lightweight– Heater and PM2.5 cutoff– Environmentally enclosed– Can add other met instruments– Low power consumption– Temp and Pressure– Filter for calibration– Cost ~ $4,500

Negatives– Low levels tend to read zero– Reliability

E-Sampler Laboratory Test Results

y = 1.14x

R2 = 0.96

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000

FRM Concentration (ug/m3)

E-S

ampl

er C

once

ntra

tion

(ug/

m3)

For smoke, mass concentration = E-Sampler estimated mass * 0.88

Instruments – R&P Dustscan Sentinel

Positives – Easy to use– Portable/lightweight– Inlet Heater– Environmentally enclosed– Can add wind spd/dir– Low power consumption– Cost ~ $4,500

Negatives– Did not use long enough

Instruments – Met One EBAM

Positives – Beta Attenuation Principle – Tripod mount– Environmentally enclosed– Can add other met instruments– Operates at 16.7 LPM – PM2.5 cutoff– Cost ~ $7,500

Negatives– Heavy/bulky compared to others– Reliability– Fine resolution tends to oscillate

Instruments – Met One EBAM

EBAM Laboratory Results

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000

FRM Concentration (ug/m3)

EBA

M C

once

ntra

iton

(ug/

m3)

y = 1.09x

R2 = 0.98

For smoke, conversion = EBAM estimated mass concentration * 0.91

What’s work, not worked

• Real-time dataReal-time data

• Deployment

Real-time Data

2001 – Wenatchee NF wildland fires

Need for data retrieval system

Real-Time Data – Telemetry

Data telemetry system– LAN line, limited availability

– Cellular, limited availability

– Satellite – full coverage

Real-Time Data – Telemetry

AIRSIS satellite systems– DataRam 2000– DataRam 4– Met One E-Sampler– Met One EBAM

– 2B Portable Ozone Monitor

Real-Time Data: Web SiteInteragency Real-Time Smoke Monitoring Web Site

www.satguard.com/usfs

What’s work, not workedWhat’s work, not worked

• Real-time data

• DeploymentDeployment

Smoke Monitoring: DeploymentSmoke Monitoring: Deployment

Instruments & Equipment– Checklist

– Phone numbers• Instrument tech support• Satellite

– Know how to operate equipment

Smoke Monitoring: DeploymentSmoke Monitoring: Deployment

Siting– Line power

– Residents usually likelike to help

– Keep telemetry away from power lines, etc

– Security

Smoke Monitoring: DeploymentSmoke Monitoring: Deployment

Successes

• Rx burning season in MT

• Wildfires in MT 2000, 2003

• Wildfires in OR 2002

• Rx & Wildfire in CA 2004

Smoke Monitoring: DeploymentSmoke Monitoring: Deployment

Problems– Instrument malfunctions

– No telemetry data

– Instrument malfunctions after you leave

– Good to have someone on-site to help troubleshoot if leaving for extended period

Real-Time Smoke Monitoring: Real-Time Smoke Monitoring: Still to DoStill to Do

• EBAM study with EPA – Jim Homolya– Instrument accuracy– Field Test– Telemetry data

• Test different fuel types (lab and field)

• Determine humidity effects