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WESTERN COMMITTEE ON CROP PESTS 48th ANNUAL MEETING

Thursday, October 23rd, 2008 Tropical Inn

Lloydminster, AB Prepared by Julie Soroka

1.0 Welcome and Introductions at 0815 hrs Chair: Scott Hartley; Saskatchewan Ministry of Agriculture and Food, Regina, SK

Secretary: Julie Soroka, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon, SK - 30 members signed the attendance sheet Ash, Guy Gavloski, John Saunders, Andrea Bessel, Jim Hartley, Scott Soroka, Julie Broatch, Jim Kaminski, Lori-Ann Stanford, Matt Cárcamo, Hector MacDonald, Scott Stewart, Chris Cutts, Mark Martin, Andrea Ulrich, Dan Degenhardt, Rory Matus, Alex Waelchli, Fred DePauw, Lyle Meers, Scott Wagner, Raichelle Dornan, Andrew Miller, Sean Walsh, Peter Esau, Rudy Philip, High Winmill, Doug Flaten, Brent Robinson, Jay Wise, Ian

2.0 Additions to Agenda - none Motion to accept agenda (Philip/Wise) CARRIED 3.0 Review and Approval of Minutes of 2007 WCCP Meeting Minutes distributed by I. Wise to last year’s attendees. Minutes sent by L. Kaminski for posting on Western Forum website.

Motion to accept minutes (Philip/Gavloski) CARRIED

4.0 Business Arising from 2007 Meeting – 4.1 Amalgamation of WCCP bank account containing $1746.04 with that of Western Forum -

completed by S. Hartley 4.2 Old Resolutions – discussed under item 13.1 at end of meeting. 4.2.1 Improving reliability of diamondback moth detection methods 4.2.2 Wheat midge pheromone and trapping system to be reviewed 4.2.3 Arranging Prairie Pest Monitoring Group meeting

5.0 Appointment of WCCP Resolutions Committee John Gavloski and Hector Cárcamo agreed to comprise the Resolutions Committee. 6.0 Provincial Insect Pest Summaries for 2008 (Appendix I) 6.1 Saskatchewan – Scott Hartley, Saskatchewan Ministry of Agriculture and Food; page 5 Scott also supplied the 2008 SK Provincial Apiculturist’s Report page 9 and the 2008 West Nile Virus report for the minutes page 10 6.2 Alberta – Scott Meers, Alberta Agriculture, Food and Rural Development page 11

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6.3 Manitoba – John Gavloski, Manitoba Agriculture, Food and Rural Initiatives page 14 6.4 British Columbia – Hugh Philip, IPM 2 Go Consulting, Kelowna, BC page 19 6.5 Appointment of summarizers for 2008 – Susanna Acheampong was suggested as the BC

summarizer, while all other summarizers agreed to stand for 2009. ACTION – Susanna was contacted, and agreed to stand as BC provincial pest summarizer. 7.0 Provincial Entomology Research Summaries for 2008 (Appendix II) 7.1 Saskatchewan – Chrystel Olivier, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada – Saskatoon – presented by Julie Soroka. page 20 7.2 Alberta – Hector Cárcamo, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada – Lethbridge page 27 7.3 Manitoba – Ian Wise, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada – Winnipeg page 36 7.4 British Columbia – Bob Vernon, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada – Agassiz - presented by Hugh Philip. page 44 7.5 Appointment of summarizers for 2009 – Matthew Stanford volunteered to compile the Alberta summary, while all other summarizers were reappointed. 8.0 Agency Reports 8.1 CFIA Insect Pest Report – Doug Winmill presented the Canadian Food Inspection Agency report, compiled by Dave Holden (Appendix III). page 54 8.2 PMRA Insecticide Update – Andrea Martin discussed the tables presented in the Pest

Management Regulatory Agency report (Appendix IV). page 57 PMRA is redrafting efficacy guidelines in order to streamline requirements for the

submission process. 8.3 Industry Reports

8.3.1 Lyle DePauw, Viterra, reported on wheat cultivar HR5602, and the presence of fewer kernels damaged by wheat midge in HR 5602 than in other cultivars. The wheat has no known wheat midge resistant genes present, and the reason for the reduced seed damage is unknown. Contact lyle.depauw@viterra.ca

8.3.2 Andew Dornan, Bayer Crop Science, provided information on MOVENTO, a new insecticide targeted for aphid control. Movento, a broad spectrum insecticide for sucking insect pest control from Bayer Crop Science, was registered in the spring and launched in the summer of 2008. Movento has a new and unique mode of action, Lipid Biosynthesis Inhibition (LBI). The insecticide inhibits lipogenesis, decreasing the lipid content, especially triglycerides and free fatty acids, in treated insects. It is a two-way systemic product that moves up and down the plant after foliar application. The 240 SC formulation requires a non-ionic adjuvant, Agral 90/AgSurf, for optimum performance. It is a Group 23 product, the same as Envidor and Forbid. The product is intended for a broad range of vegetable and fruit crops, including brassica vegetables, cucurbits, fruiting and leafy vegetables, potatoes and other tubers, pome fruits, stone fruits, and grapes, with current minor use labels on onion, sweet corn, artichoke, and high bush blueberries. Targeted pests include aphids, mealybugs, scale, pear psylla, and phylloxera. Movento represents an excellent rotation partner with currently used products. Biological characteristics of Movento are activity primarily via ingestion, with minimal contact activity, no exhibited antifeeding effects, excellent residual control with reduced fecundity and survival of offspring, and no cross-resistance to insecticides from other chemical classes. There are strong effects on fecundity, fertility, and survivability of progeny. Symptomology of exposure to green peach aphid Myzus persicae include incomplete ecdysis and subsequent death; nymphs that successfully complete ecdysis are subject to rapid dehydration; adult females accumulate nymphs and die. The product is classified as harmless to slightly harmful on

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predatory bugs (Anthocoris sp, Macrolophus sp and Orius spp), predatory mites (Typhlodromus pyri), ladybird beetles (Coccinella), completely harmless to parasitioids (Trichogramma), and of low risk to honey bees in acute contact and acute oral tests.

8.3.3 Scott Macdonald discussed ALVERDE, a new insecticide from BASF not currently registered in Canada. Metaflumizone is in a new class of chemistry (group 22B, semicarbazone) with a unique binding site that blocks voltage-dependent sodium channels directly without requiring bioactivation. Feeding ceases within several hours and death results from paralysis. There is no known cross-resistance to pyrethroids, oxime carbamates, organophosphates, or benzoylureas such as diflubenzuron. ALVERDE is extremely effective against many pest Lepidopteran and Coleopteran insects such as Colorado potato beetle and European corn borer. The product has been submitted for registration in Canada, USA and other countries for insect control in potato, leafy vegetables, fruiting vegetables and brassicaceous vegetables. ALVERDE has low toxicity to workers, wildlife and beneficial insects. ALVERDE at 110-196 g/ha was evaluated against pirate bugs (Orius), lacewings (Chrysopa), lady beetles (Hippodamia), wasps (Trichogramma), damsel bugs (Nabis), spiders, big-eyed bugs (Geocoris), predatory mites (Amblyseius) and earwigs. It was observed to be significantly less toxic than commercial rates of cyhalothrin, cyfluthrin, thiodicarb, acephate, chlorpyrifos, profenofos, and esfenvalerate, and comparable to spinosad in test results on these beneficial insects and mites. ALVERDE is compatible with IPM and resistance management practices and is an excellent fit in IPM programs. For more information, contact BASF Canada - Scott MacDonald, Specialty Products Manager Scott.r.macdonald@basf.com 8.3.4 Jay Robinson of MPT Mustard Products & Technologies gave a

presentation on the company’s activities. MPT works to research, develop and manufacture a variety of agricultural products that utilize the unique properties of mustard. All MPT products are entirely bio-degradable and many are organic. MPT is currently working on an array of products ranging from herbicides, insecticides, fungicides, nematicides, soil-fumigants and organic fertilizers. They are testing their products in a variety of areas from professional turf, ornamentals, potatoes, carrots and numerous other agricultural crops. MPT is interested in investigating trials on the potential control of cabbage maggots, along with any other pests of concern that are soil bound and spend substantial parts of their life cycle in the soil or root system.

9.0 Special Reports 9.1 Wheat Midge:

9.1.1 Rory Degenhardt, Dow AgroSciences, presented a report of the 2008 wheat midge outbreak from Dow’s perspective. (Appendix V). page 62 9.1.2 Guy Ash, Canadian Wheat Board, discussed the Canadian Agriculture Weather

Network. CWAN is involved in wheat midge model development testing and validation. With 450 weather stations currently operating, the goal is 2000 weather stations across western Canada. Data is updated in the field every 3 seconds, and sent to the control centre every 6 seconds; transmission back to the field can take up to a minute. The Wheat Midge model, developed by Ash and Grenier, is in the public domain and is not for sale.

9.2 Wheat Midge Round Table - items discussed included degree days, data acquisition, needs and requirements

of the CWB wheat midge model Meers: model likely wouldn’t work for midge on irrigated wheat south of traditional

wheat growing areas of AB

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Philip: moisture accumulation prior to heading may be critical; higher moisture in spring near Creston, BC – perhaps that’s why midge is a problem there - work by AAFC indicates 20 mm of rain in May is critical to trigger WM development; historic literature reports wheat midge having a 2 or 3 yr life cycle or longer in Europe Wise: in Canada almost all midge emerge in the next season – cold enough winters

10.0 WCCP Guide 10.1 Status report – Ralph Lange will continue as Web editor for WCPD and WCCP Web site fee of $80 yearly paid by Western Forum 10.2 Confirmation of Section Editors – some new chapter editors are required. Soroka to contact chapter editors to ascertain their willingness to continue to act as

editors and to update their sections; a list of chapter vacancies will be sent to Gavloski, who will send out a call for experts to fill them. ACTION

10.3 Name Change – Motion: To revise the title of the Western Committee on Crop Pests Guide to Western Committee on Crop Pests Guide to Integrated Control of Insect Pests of Crops (Gavloski/Philip) CARRIED 11.0 New Business – Prairie Pest Monitoring Meeting - the assembly agreed that another meeting in late winter 2009 would be desirable.

Saskatoon was the agreed upon site, and Olfert will decide on the date. ACTION 12.0 2009 WCCP Executive and Meeting Location John Gavloski and Ian Wise were elected as Chair and Secretary for the 2009 WCCP meeting, respectively. The location was set as Winnipeg, with the date range being October 18-22, 2009.

13.0 Resolutions : 13.1 Update on 2007 Resolutions:

13.1.1 Improving reliability of diamondback moth detection methods - In the Alberta Research Report presented by Carcamo, Maya Evenden et al.

describe eight lab/field experiments conducted in 2008 to investigate the development of a semiochemical monitoring and detection system for diamondback moth in canola. Four of the experiments investigated lure type, age, pheromone component and company origin (see Appendix II 2008 Alberta Research Report item 12.)

13.1.2 Wheat midge pheromone and trapping system to be reviewed - requires funding; a proposal for APF/Growing Forward funding was put

forward by Sask. Ministry of Agriculture 13.1.3 Arranging Prairie Pest Monitoring Group meeting - meeting held January 2008 in Saskatoon; participants outlined their abilities to

conduct surveys in 2008; survey protocols, resources and results were co-ordinated by Owen Olfert and Ruwandi Andrahennadi, AAFC Saskatoon

13.2 Resolutions 2008: No resolutions were forwarded by the Committee. 14.0 Questions raised by Canola Council of Canada and discussed by WCCP 14.1 How to gauge cumulative feeding by insect pests? 14.2 How does moisture stress affect bertha armyworm? 14.3 How are grasshoppers affected by parasitism?

15.0 Adjournment - Motion to adjourn by Carcamo at 1700 hrs.

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Appendix I

2008 Saskatchewan Insect Report presented to the

Western Committee on Crop Pests October 23, 2008

Lloydminster, Saskatchewan

Summary Climatic conditions in the spring of 2008 were notably cool. Spring seeding got off to an early start but was delayed at times due to precipitation in the form of rain and / or snow depending on the area of the Province. Western regions received more rainfall than central or eastern areas. Very dry conditions were experienced in April and May, particularly in the eastern half of the Province where the majority of precipitation occurred at the end of May and early June. Overall, cool conditions affected crop development in crops already seeded as well as germination of later seeded crops resulting in a wide variation in crop development during the growing season. Increased commodity values for most crops were reflected in lower economic or action thresholds for 2008. The main insect pests exceeding economic levels in 2008 were cutworms, pea leaf weevil (SW), cabbage seedpod weevil (SW), diamondback moth, wheat stem sawfly, wheat midge, bertha armyworm. Cereal leaf beetle specimens were found in Saskatchewan for the first time in 2008. Swede midge adults collected in pheromone traps set up by CFIA in the NE and EC regions for a second year but no symptoms of crop damage in canola were noted. Richardson’s ground squirrels were a serious vertebrate pest for a number of crops and pasture in 2008, particularly in the SW. Cereal Insects: (estimated 2008 seeded area: spring wheat 7.732 (7.485 (07)) million acres; durum 4.45 (4.05 (07)) million acres; barley 4.32 (4.4 (07) million acres; oats 2.67 (2.8 (07)) million acres). Orthoptera: grasshoppers – The annual grasshopper forecast map was released in early January 2008. Based on adult counts observed during the 2007 fall survey the Forecast Map indicated that grasshopper populations continued to increase. A few areas, notably west central (around Elrose - RM 257), east central (near Southey (RM’s 217, 218, 247) and in the southeast (west and southwest of Weyburn (RM’s 10, 40, 69, 70) had potential for severe (>12 to 24 hoppers per square metre) infestations. A 2009 Saskatchewan grasshopper risk map will be generated from data collected by Saskatchewan Crop Insurance personnel in a fall survey of adult grasshopper populations. Coleoptera: Elateridae – wireworms – Wireworm infestations remain an issue for Saskatchewan producers but there were fewer reports and lab submissions in 2008. Cruiser® seed treatment (active ingredient thiamethoxam) remains the only registered option for wireworm control in cereal crops and must be applied in commercial seed treatment facilities with closed transfer capabilities Wireworm samples were submitted to AAFC, Agassiz, B.C. as part of the survey of wireworms in Canada. The survey was publicized through extension meetings and the bi-weekly Crop Production Newsletter in 2008. Chrysomelidae: Oulema melanopus (Linnaeus) cereal leaf beetle – The cereal leaf beetle was found in a few locations in June, in Southwest Saskatchewan. Beetle specimens were found by the Canadian Food Inspection

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agency (CFIA) and during a survey being conducted in southern Alberta, near the Saskatchewan border. The beetles were not at economic levels but the effect of this beetle on Saskatchewan cereal production is a concern. The CFIA announced a decision to discontinue restrictions associated with hay movement as of October 31, 2008 as part of the de-regulation of the cereal leaf beetle in Canada. Hymenoptera: Cephidae - Cephus cinctus Nort. – wheat stem sawfly – Wheat stem sawfly continues to be a serious pest of wheat in Saskatcewan. Although the adoption of solid-stemmed varieties, especially the newest variety AC Lillian, heavily cut fields were reported in a number of areas. The central region (Watrous and Raymore) was noted. Since 2005 there have been no surveys for this pest so actual levels are unknown. Diptera: Chloropidae - Meromyza americana Fitch - wheat stem maggot – Reports of higher levels of white heads were received in July and corresponded to wheat stem maggot larvae in most cases. Moist conditions in several areas likely contributed to the success of this insect in 2008. Although very noticeable due to the white heads, the damage is not considered economic on an overall field basis.

Cecidomyiidae - Sitodiplosis mosellana (Gehin) - wheat midge – Area sprayed by air: approx. 1.24 million acres - The Saskatchewan wheat midge forecast map was released in early January indicating an extensive area of severe risk to wheat crops across Northern and Central regions of the wheat growing area of the Province. Moisture in the spring is critical for the development of the wheat midge. Research from AAFC (Saskatoon) suggested that areas that received less than 20 mm of precipitation in May could experience delayed or even reduced wheat midge emergence. Central and Eastern regions were extremely dry in May whereas Western regions generally met the criteria with respect to moisture. Generally the emergence of midge followed this pattern with a delayed emergence. One of the main issues was that producers may have been early in control measures. The huge numbers emerging suggested economic thresholds but the first “clouds” of orange flies were likely males that are known to emerge before the females. Due to the variation in crop development, including differences between primary stems and tillers, some fields escaped the main infestations of the midge by completing anthesis prior to emergence while many other wheat fields were in a susceptible stage when the high populations were flying. The Saskatchewan Aerial Applicator’s Association has been contacted for general information on sprayed acreage for wheat midge in 2008. Another issue was the predicted shortage of chlorpyrifos worldwide. Chlorpyrifos products are the main active ingredient in insecticides used for wheat midge control. A 2008 Fall soil survey is underway to provide data for a risk map for wheat midge in 2009. Oilseed Insects: (estimated 2008 seeded area: canola 7.576 (7.25 (07)) million acres; mustard 355,000 (350,000 (07)) acres; flax 1.11 (1.075 (07)) million acres) Due to higher canola prices recommended economic thresholds were reduced in 2008. Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Alticinae – Phyllotreta cruciferae (Goeze) – crucifer flea beetle – Flea beetle populations appeared to be on the increase in 2008 but there were no reports of foliar applications to control these insects. The Ministry of agriculture cooperated with Dr. Julie Soroka in a study regarding species shifts (crucifer and two-striped flea beetles) to determine changes in populations due to the use of the new neonicotinoid class insecticides for flea beetle control.

Curculionidae – Ceutorhynchinae – Ceutorhyncus obstrictus – cabbage seedpod weevil –

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Both Canola and mustard crops in southwest were infested with high populations of cabbage seedpod weevil, similar to 2007. The survey conducted in late June in conjunction with AAFC (Saskatoon) indicates the weevil has expanded its range further north toward Saskatoon and some specimens were found further east near Regina. Economic infestations were still largely restricted to Southwest Saskatchewan. Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (Lethbridge) recommended an insecticide application at 2 weevils per sweep.

Chrysomelidae: Entomoscelis Americana Brown - red turnip beetle – There were a few reports of red turnip beetles in the Northwest, near Neilburg (RM 440). Diptera: Anthomyiidae: Delia radicum (L.) - Cabbage root maggot – The high soil moisture conditions in central and northern regions resulted in high populations of root maggots in canola. The Canola Council reported levels as high as 5-10 maggots per plant, with plants having difficulty flowering as a result. There are no registered control options in crop and producers are advised to consider cultural practices such as higher seeding rates in 2009.

Cecidomyiidae: Contarinia nastutii (Kieffer) – swede midge – SAF was informed by the Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) in October 2007 that swede midge were collected in pheromone traps in canola fields in three locations in the NE region of Saskatchewan. This is the first record of this insect pest of cole crops (e.g. cabbage, cauliflower, broccoli) west of Ontario. Lepidoptera: Noctuidae – cutworms various species (most common species – Euxoa ochrogaster (Guenee) - redbacked cutworm, Agrotis orthogonia Morrison / pale western cutworm, Feltia jaculifera (Gn.) dingy cutworm and Euxoa auxiliaris (Grt.) army cutworm - Severe infestations of cutworm were reported in the West Central, Southwest and South Central regions. The most commonly reported species in 2008 were foliar feeders, likely army cutworm based on samples submitted to the Crop Protection Lab in Regina and symptoms of damage. Extensive damage to crops (canola, lentil and pea) was reported by Saskatchewan Crop Insurance, producers and industry agrologists. Foliar applied insecticides (chlorpyrifos and synthetic pyrethroids depending on crop and registrations) were used for control.

Plutellidae – Diamondback moth – Plutella xylostella (Linnaeus) – Area sprayed by air: approx. 550,000 acres. Diamondback moth adults were picked up on traps in the Avonlea area (RM100 – South Central) in June. South Central and Southeast regions (e.g. Moosomin) appeared to have most of the economic infestations but pockets of larvae were reported in isolated areas throughout the Province.

Noctuidae – Hadeninae – Mamestra configurata Walker - Bertha armyworm – Area sprayed by air: approx. 14,500 acres. The 2008 bertha armyworm pheromone trapping program was operational by mid-June and continued until the first week in August. The cool temperatures in May and June resulted in a corresponding delayed emergence of the adult bertha armyworm moths from their over-wintering pupal stage. Few moths were trapped prior to the last week in June this year. The majority of bertha armyworm moths were collected in the first two weeks of July. The bertha armyworm risk map is posted weekly on the Sask. Ministry of Agriculture website. Reports suggest that control operations for bertha armyworm were reduced further in 2008 and it is expected that the current outbreak is in its final stages. The Saskatchewan Aerial Applicator’s Association has been asked to provide estimates for acreage sprayed by air. Hemiptera: Other insects of note were Cosmopepla bimaculata, the two spotted stink bug that were reported in high numbers in a number of areas in the Province in 2008. Effect on canola yield is unknown. Other Crops: (estimated 2007 seeded area: canary seed 417,000 (425,000(07)) acres; chickpea 356,000 (380,000 (07)) acres; lentil 1.344 (1.335 (07)) million acres; dry pea 3.048 (2.925 (07)) million acres). Area sprayed by air for aphids: approx. 175,000 acres (largely pea, canaryseed and lentil)

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Dry Pea – Coleoptera: Curculionidae -Sitona lineatus (L.) – pea leaf weevil - Control measures were required for the pea leaf weevil for the first time in Saskatchewan in 2008. Matador received full registration as a foliar option but another Emergency Use Registration was granted for Cruiser 5FS Seed Treatment (thiamethoxam - Reg. No. 27045) for control of pea leaf weevil in pea for Alberta and Saskatchewan. A survey was conducted for pea leaf weevil in southwest Saskatchewan in early June 2008. Due to the difficulty in finding the actual weevil the survey consisted of observations of pea crops and associated feeding notches on the leaves. Note that this was not an extensive survey with only a limited number of sites. Additional sites were reported by industry agronomists but due to differing protocols the data was not compiled. The survey map is based on Sask. Ministry of Agriculture samples. It should be noted that although pea leaf weevil population levels did not appear to be as high compared to the 2007 survey, the distribution of the weevil has expanded substantially eastward in the 2008 results. Lentil - Orthoptera: grasshoppers - Area sprayed by air: approx. 460,000 acres - Although high infestations of grasshoppers did not occur, there were crops were sprayed in late June and into July in central regions (Elrose, Rosetown and Outlook area), particularly in lentil crops in which the economic threshold is lowest at 2 hoppers per square metre or higher. A Reduced Risk Reduction project (through Pulse Canada) was conducted by Dr. Dan Johnson (University of Lethbridge) in 2008 in the Elrose area using Metarhizium for control of grasshoppers. It is hoped that this active ingredient will be registered for use in Canada. It would likely be utilized by conventional producers as well as in organic production. Organic producers do not have control options for grasshoppers and Nosema locustae (Nolo Bait) is still in the registration process. Alfalfa - Coleoptera: Curculionidae – Hyperinae – Hypera postica (Gyllenhal) -alfalfa weevil – High levels of the alfalfa weevil were noted in a broad area of the Southeast and into the East Central region. Early cutting of hay is usually sufficient for control but producers reported that in many cases populations remained high and insecticide control was required even in hay crops. Red Clover – Coleoptera: Curculionidae - Hypera nigrirostris (Fab.) – Lesser clover leaf weevil - Red clover growers in Northeastern Saskatchewan were affected by infestations of the lesser clover leaf weevil noting seed reductions. No insecticides are currently registered for this pest. A Minor Use submission for Decis (deltamethrin) has been requested. Sweet Corn – Lepidoptera: Pyralidae – Ostrinia nubilalis (Hbn.) – European corn borer – Reports of corn borer were on smaller acreage in sweet corn. Other insect issues to be submitted in final report: Mosquitoes and West Nile Virus: To be submitted by Phil Curry – Provincial West Nile Virus Coordinator Fruit insect report: To be submitted by the Provincial Fruit Specialist Vertebrate Issues: Richardson’s ground squirrel – A multi-faceted, multi-year research project commenced in 2008. The initial year was funded by the Saskatchewan Ministry of Agriculture’s Agriculture Development Fund. Funding for 2009-10 is through the federal Advancing Canadian Agriculture and Agri-Food (ACAAF) program. Projects include a review of control methods, assessment of rodenticides and other control devices, relationships among predators, prey and habitat use. Considerations and Concerns:

• The Agriculture Knowledge Centre in Moose Jaw (1 - 866 – 457 – 2377) is the main contact for agricultural inquiries in Saskatchewan.

Compiled by:

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Scott Hartley Provincial Specialist – Insect and Vertebrate Pests Saskatchewan Ministry of Agriculture 125 – 3085 Albert Street Regina, Saskatchewan S4S 0B1 Telephone: 306 – 787 – 4669 New email address: scott.hartley@gov.sk.ca

Saskatchewan Provincial Apiculturist’s Report 2008 John Gruszka

1 Crop Report

The 2008 honey crop was approximately 184 lbs/colony, just below the 10 year average of 190lbs/colony. Prices have improved dramatically from last year ($.85/lb) to $1.50/lb at present with some anticipating further increases due to a low crop in Argentina, poor crops in most of Europe and the USA considering increasing the duty on imported Chinese honey.

2 Colony Collapse Disorder Beekeepers across the continent continued to sustain huge winter losses of colonies during the winter of 2007-08. There is most likely no single cause for the colony losses. Rather, a combination of many causes (lack of varroa mite control, poor nutrition of wintering bees, stress from colony movements to pollination and a host of secondary invaders and parasites, including the ones recently discovered) were most likely at play. Colony losses across Canada were higher than normal for the second year in a row and averaged about 36%. Winter losses in Saskatchewan approached 26% (including outright colony death during winter and small week hives that died in the spring). Normal winter losses (before mites) were in the 10-15% range. The highest losses were reported from Alberta (approx. 46%). In most cases, the higher losses were attributed to poor varroa mite controls (the mites were either becoming resistant to the chemical treatments in some cases, or beekeepers did not recognize the need for treatments in time for adequate controls). The losses are creating increased costs and lower production for beekeepers. The Canadian Honey Council has requested Disaster Assistance from AAFC for research and direct payments to producers to allow them to restock empty hives.

3 Tracheal mite and Varroa mites Varroa mites continue to spread in Saskatchewan and are now present in about 95% of the hives in the province. Treatment-resistant Varroa mites continue to spread in the north east of Saskatchewan. Producers in that area are using Formic and Oxalic acid treatments to keep Varroa levels low. An emergency use registration was approved by PMRA for the use of Apivar (Amitraz) to control Varroa. The registration was granted late in the fall and allowed a short window of treatment before colonies were wrapped for winter or moved indoors. Some producers will use the treatment in the early spring (until April 29, 2009 at which time the registration lapses). At present, it is unknown whether the use of Apivar will be extended.

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2008 West Nile Virus and Mosquito Report Philip Curry

Cooler temperatures throughout the spring and early summer resulted in lower numbers and delayed development of Culex tarsalis, the primary mosquito vector of West Nile virus on the prairies. Emergence of the 1st and 2nd generations was quite variable (or asynchronous). This was caused by several factors and is indicative of poor conditions for over-wintered, 1st and 2nd generation females. 1) The over-wintered females came out of hibernation in early and April and, after a week of warm weather, were hit with freezing temperatures, snow and inclement weather. This reduced their numbers as well as their biting and egg laying effort. 2) The 1st generation larvae were slow to develop in May and June due to the cool dry weather. The 1st generation emerged at least one week later than normal and 3 weeks behind 2007. 3) Cool evening and night-time temperatures reduced the biting and egg laying activity of these 1st generation females and the resultant egg laying effort was reduced and sporadic. 4) This resulted in a smaller 2nd generation that was late and asynchronous in its emergence. Numbers were low in spite of good habitat conditions. The abundant habitat in some areas produced several generations of the nuisance mosquitoes, Aedes vexans and Aedes dorsalis. Infection rates and vector risk indices were lower in 2008. The late development and low numbers of Culex tarsalis and Culex restuans during the main nesting period of the birds (late May to early July) reduced the early amplification of the virus in birds. All these factors - low mosquito numbers, fewer biting hours, fewer gonotrophic (biting and egg-laying) cycles combined with long extrinsic incubation periods for the virus and poor conditions for egg laying resulted in lower infection rates in birds and mosquitoes. This was the first year that we did not have a positive mosquito pool by week 29 (July 13 – 19). To July 28, 2008, accumulated degree-days were still below 2007 levels and behind the long-term average (Figures 1 and 2). In 2008, the 200 accumulated degree-day threshold for human exposures was reached only in the extreme southern portion of the province. Fig. 1: Accumulated Degree-Days Fig. 2: Accumulated Degree Days (July 28, 2008) (July 25, 2007)

West Nile Update – Saskatchewan 2008

o The number of human cases to date (November 18, 2008) is 16 (one of which is the severe form of the disease). There have been no deaths that were attributable to WNV this year. Numbers are substantially down from 2007 when we had 1,456 human cases, including 113 severe cases, and 6 deaths attributable to WNV.

o There were 2 positive horse cases in 2008, compared to 57 in 2007 o There were 19/493 positive mosquito pools (3.9% of the total). This compares to 460/1801

(25.5% of the total) in 2007. Fifteen (15) of the positive pools were Culex tarsalis and there were 4 positive Culex restuans pools. As in other years most of the positive pools (16) were in the southeast (Sun Country Health Region)

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Crop Insect Update 2008

Scott Meers Alberta Agriculture and Rural Development

Summary: Cabbage seedpod weevil (CSPW) was the dominant pest species responsible for the greatest economic damage to Alberta cropland in 2008. Extensive acreages south of Highway 1 were once again treated for CSPW. In central Alberta the insect of most concern was the wheat midge, many acres were sprayed although the timing was too late in many situations. Most other insects were either low in numbers or were of less impact than expected. High levels of flea beetles this fall may indicate an increase in the spring of 2009. A warm open fall allowed the slightly increased number of grasshoppers a wide window for egg laying. Root maggots and wireworm continued to cause concerns in 2008. Cereal leaf beetle was confirmed in several new areas in 2008. Lygus bugs caused problems in parts of south and central Alberta. OILSEED INSECTS Cabbage seedpod weevil (Ceutorhynchus obstrictus) has firmly established itself as a perennial insect concern in southern Alberta. Spraying is now a routine operation for most producers south of Highway 1 as economic threshold levels occurred in many fields and near threshold densities in most others. Spraying was general in the Lethbridge region. As has been the pattern for many years the earliest seeded and therefore the first canola fields in bloom draw weevil adults into the fields. There were many reports of spraying at a very early stage of bloom, possibly too early to really benefit. There is also a concern about spaying taking place in seed fields as part of the last weed control pass. There generally are very few to no insects at this crop stage but insecticides are inexpensive so are “thrown in just in case.” Environmental conditions for weevil larval development were ideal so cabbage seedpod weevil is expected to be a potentially severe problem in 2009. The 2008 survey showed that the CSPW has not increased its range in Alberta. Bertha armyworm (Mamestra configurata) was almost non-existent throughout the province. Nearly 100 monitoring sites were set up through excellent cooperation of the industry. Only three monitoring sites showed an elevated risk and in the end no spraying occurred. Diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella) was monitored in Alberta in 20 sites across the province. There was no need to spray for DBM anywhere in Alberta this year.

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Striped (Phyllotreta striolata) and crucifer flea beetle (P. cruciferae) were of little concern in 2008. Fall numbers in southern Alberta may indicate an increase in the spring of 2009. Lygus bugs were found in canola in high numbers in the early flowering stage in much of the western part of southern and central Alberta. Those fields that were sprayed for seed pod weevil most often did not need to be sprayed after flower for lygus. Many other fields, however, did need to be sprayed after flower. This strongly suggests that it may be possible to forecast lygus numbers based on an early flowering count. It also puts an interesting spin on the spraying decision for CSPW at early flower. It is also worthy to note that this year was not the typical build up in a hot dry season. Root maggot (Delia spp.) populations increased wherever soil moisture conditions were adequate and supported larval development. The highest adult populations and larval feeding damage were observed in the black soil zones, in the Edmonton to Vermilion, and Edmonton to Red Deer areas. Yield losses were not quantified or assessed. Since there are no chemical control options producers who used higher seeding rates may have reduced damage. Although no surveys are currently employed, beneficial insects (parasitoids and predators) appear to be active in all areas. CEREAL INSECTS Wireworm (Elateridae) were once again a concern in 2008. Severity of wheat stem sawfly (Cephus cinctus) damage was lower in most of Alberta this year compared with damage levels in recent years. Many of the areas in the black and dark brown soil zones that had high to moderately high damage at the height of the outbreak are now almost completely devoid of sawfly. A rebound in populations in a number of our monitoring sites suggests that the sawfly problem is far from over. If conditions that continue to favor the sawfly return so will the problem. As an example sawfly was a major problem in SW Alberta (Claresholm to south of Fort Mcleod) and parts of Taber county. Many growers who didn’t consider sawfly a risk had to swath early due to sawfly. In the end it was a good thing since these growers got their wheat off before the damp weather and ended up with a better grade. Orange wheat blossom midge (Sitodiplosis mosellana) was forecast to be a significant problem this year. There was some confusion on proper management of this insect but at least producers and agrologists were out looking. A preharvest survey was carried out to assess the damage and the fall soil sampling is almost complete. The samples from both surveys still need to be processed. There was some spraying and some denial so it will be interesting to see what the story is as grading reports come in. There was a fair amount of revenge spraying (late treatments) and as an industry that is very important to adjust in future years. Since the economic threat of Orange wheat blossom midge in Alberta has not typically been frequent there was some confusion related to scouting and application timing for optimum management. In some areas later spray applications to manage midge were not timed for optimum midge management. With the outcomes of wheat grades, and the potential for significant problems in 2009 there needs to be more effective tracking to ensure the pest appropriately managed. Cereal leaf beetle (Oulema melanopus) is established in southern Alberta. The population levels remain very low but surveys to this point have found the beetle over an increasingly large area. The CLB is now found across southern Alberta. A very low level of parasitism by Tetrastichus julis has been identified. Hessian fly (Mayetiola destructor) was common in low numbers through much of southern Alberta, often in areas where sawfly has previously been a problem or occuring at the same time in the same fields. PULSE CROP INSECTS Pea leaf weevil (Sitona lineatus) damage was found in the same general area as in 2007 and was generally less severe than previous years. Spring flights were much later than in previous years and weevil populations were generally much lower. There was substantial acreage treated with Cruiser insecticide and producers naturally questioned its value in light of the lack of insect pressure. This sounds a lot like the flea beetle problem in canola.

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GRASS CROP, PASTURES AND GENERAL INSECTS Numbers of pest species of grasshoppers were low in most of Alberta. Very little spraying for grasshoppers occurred in 2008. A very warm open fall did allow the grasshoppers present to have a long and productive egg-laying season. There is a substantial risk of a rebound in grasshopper populations in 2009. Alfalfa weevil damage (Hypera postica) was once again common in southern Alberta. This problem has been present for the past three to four years and may require closer investigation. Some producers are now starting to use insecticides to control alfalfa weevil.

For the past four years, red clover casebearer larvae (Coleophora deauratella) has been causing problems for red clover seed producers. The insect is now prevalent across the Peace region. Second year clover production is no longer worth even attempting and sometimes significant damage is found in first year stands. Acres of red clover for seed have dropped as a result of this insect problem. Honey production is being affected by the reduction of acres and the activity of the insect. Insecticide control trials have been disappointed but a pheromone trial has found two sources of pheromone with good activity.

Alfalfa blotch leafminer (Agromyza frontella) is now well established in the Brooks area but it appears to be heavily parasitized in some fields. Damage in some cases was severe. While generally treatment is not warranted in forage production fields, questions remain about the economic impact in alfalfa seed fields. In September 2008, potato producers were concerned about aphids in their fields. The Green Peach Aphid (Myzus persicae) was identified and some producers sprayed their fields to prevent transmission of viral diseases.

2009 FORECASTS All insect forecast updates can be found at Roping the Web under the “Maps” tab. Grasshopper numbers are building in many parts of Alberta due to the very warm fall. A resurgence could be in the works if the spring of 2009 is warm and dry. Bertha armyworms appear to have run their course throughout Alberta. Armyworm problems in 2009 is unlikely. The question will be how many traps to maintain in 2009 in order to trace any rebound in the populations. Cabbage seedpod weevil is expected to continue as a major problem in 2009 as the weevils had a favorable year for their development. Pea Leaf Weevil has established itself in southern Alberta and there is no reason to expect fewer problems with this insect in 2009. More needs to be done on a proper method of forecasting the impact of this insect. Wheat midge was a concern in 2009 and a soil sample survey was carried out in the fall of 2008 to develop the 2009 forecast. Wheat stem sawfly problems persist in the several parts of Alberta. Some of those areas will continue to require the use of solid stem wheat into 2009 as a method of limiting losses. Large portions of the area that had been struggling with sawfly will not have as much problem thanks to previous use of solid stem wheat and increases in parasitism levels. Cereal leaf beetle is expected to continue increasing in numbers. It will be important to keep a look out for this insect as we are still unfamiliar with it and the type of damage it can create. Scott Meers Insect Management Specialist Alberta Agriculture and Rural Development scott.meers@gov.ab.ca Thank you to the following people for their contribution to this report: Agnes Whiting, Brian Wintonyk, George Lubberts, Audrey Bamber, Jim Broatch, Robert Spencer, and Hector Carcamo.

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Manitoba Agriculture, Food and Rural Initiatives Abbreviations used: The following abbreviations will be used in this document to indicate the following agricultural regions in Manitoba; NW=Northwest, SW=Southwest, C=Central, E=Eastern, I=Interlake. Estimated acres: Estimated acres grown in Manitoba in 2008 (shown in brackets under each commodity title) are from the Manitoba Crop Insurance Corporations 2008 Variety Market Share Report. The symbol ↑ indicates an increase in acres from 2007, whereas ↓ indicates a decrease in acres from 2007.

Summary: In cereal crops, wheat midge populations were high in some areas in the western part of the province, resulting in some spraying of insecticides. Cutworms and grasshoppers were also concerns in some areas.

In canola, flea beetles, grasshoppers and lygus bugs were the biggest concerns. Cutworm populations were also high in some areas.

Cutworms were at damaging levels in many sunflower fields, particularly in the Central and Eastern regions. Levels of lygus bug (Lygus spp.) and banded sunflower moth were at levels of concern in some fields of confection sunflowers, resulting in controls being applied.

Soybean aphids reached economic levels in many fields in the soybean growing areas of the province. Alfalfa weevil was a concern in many alfalfa hay and seed fields. SMALL GRAIN CEREALS (Wheat (spring)-2,391,987 acres↑; Wheat (Winter)-615,670↑; Barley-686,550 acres↓; Oats-783,059 acres↓; Rye-57,227 acres↑; Triticale-2,147 acres↑) Cutworms: Cutworm populations were at noticeable levels in some cereal fields. Two barley fields west of Cypress River were treated with insecticide to control cutworms. Wireworms: No significant problems with wireworms in cereals were reported in 2008. Aphids: No significant problems with aphids in cereals were reported in 2008. Wheat midge (Sitodiplosis mosellana): Some regions in the western part of Manitoba reported high levels of wheat midge. Spraying for wheat midge is known to have occurred near Foxwarren (NW), Souris (SW), and Boissevain (SW). Grasshoppers: Localized hotspots resulted in some grasshopper control in small grain cereals. Some field edge treatments were applied, and a field of wheat near Miami and oats near Cypress River were treated for grasshoppers. Wheat Stem Maggot (Meromyza americana): After a year when high levels of heads damaged by wheat stem maggot was reported in 2007, there were no reports of high levels of heads damaged by wheat stem maggot in 2008. Armyworm (Pseudaletia unipuncta): Armyworms appeared in noticeable levels in a few fields in the Eastern part of the province. In a couple of the fields levels may have reached economic importance but the problem was not realized until it was too late to apply any control measures. Wheat head armyworm (Faronta diffusa): A farmers in the Killarney area was concerned after noting high levels of wheat head armyworm on the header of his combine while harvesting spring wheat. The wheat still ended up

2008 Insect Pest Report to the

Western Committee on Crop Pests October 23, 2008 Lloydminster, AB

Compiled by John Gavloski

15

graded number 1. This is an insect that is generally not an economical concern in cereals but occasionally shows up in noticeable levels. Wheat Curl Mites (Aceria tosichella): Incidents of wheat streak mosaic were fewer in 2008 than in 2007. Wheat streak mosaic was reported in 2008 from farms near Morris (C), Elie (C), Crystal City (C), Glenboro (SW) and Hamiota (SW).

CORN (203,914 acres grain corn↑; 54,997 acres silage corn↓; 524 acres open pollinated↓) Cutworms: Some cutworm feeding on corn was reported from the Red River Valley. European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis): In 2008, 58.7 % of grain corn was seeded to Bt varieties, and 19% of silage corn was seeded to Bt varieties. There were no reports of economical levels of European corn borer in grain corn in 2008. There has not been a significant, widespread outbreak of European corn borer in Manitoba since the mid-1980’s. Stink Bugs: A 70 acres field of corn near Arden (SW) had extensive damage, but the cause was difficult to diagnose. The damage did appear to be consistent with stink bug damage. CANOLA and MUSTARD (Argentine canola-2,977,632 acres↑; Polish canola-400 acres↑; Mustard-9,474 acres↑) Flea beetles (Phyllotreta spp.): Use of seed treatments containing neonicotinoid insecticides to manage early-season flea beetle populations is common. However, development of canola was slow in some areas of Manitoba early in the season, extending the period where flea beetles could be of concern. Some fields, and many field edges were treated with foliar insecticides to control flea beetles. A field of canola near Starbuck was reseeded, mainly because of flea beetle feeding. Cutworms: Cutworms populations were noticeable and at times economical in canola fields in the central region of Manitoba. Insecticides were applied to control cutworms in canola fields near MacGregor, Starbuck, and Carman. Wireworms: A canola field in the Pilot Mound (C) area had areas of the field heavily damaged by wireworms. About 20 acres of the field had to be reseeded back to canola. The previous crop was alfalfa. Root Maggots (Delia spp.): There was some concerns over root maggots in the Manitou (C) area. Crop damaged which caused severe thinning was reported. There was also concern that open wounds may be making Fusarium wilt a problem in fields. Bertha Armyworm (Mamestra configurata): Pheromone-baited traps to monitor adult moths of bertha armyworm were set up at 78 locations in Manitoba in 2008. The monitoring period was June 9th to July 27th. Cumulative moth counts suggested populations overall had decreased from previous years. No regions of the province were rated at high risk of economical populations in 2008. Highest trap counts for 2008 were from fields near Virden (994), in the moderate risk category, and Minitonas (739) and Brookdale (555), both in the uncertain risk category. Peak trap catches occurred in most traps during the weeks of July 7-13th or July 14-20th, later than in many years. There were no reports of insecticides being applied to control bertha armyworm in Manitoba in 2008. Diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella): Pheromone-baited traps for adult moths were set up at 66 locations in Manitoba in 2008. The monitoring period was generally from May 5th to June 29th. Counts were generally low. The highest cumulative counts were 56 from a trap near Stonewall (I), 48 near Steinbach (E), and 46 near Emerson (C). The highest single week count was 44 near Stonewall (I) during the week of June 16-22. There were some reports of levels of diamondback moth larvae approaching economic threshold levels in canola

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fields near Emerson, Altona, and Brandon late in July. There were no reports of insecticides being applied to control diamondback moth in canola in 2008, however. Lygus bugs (Lygus spp.): Economical populations of lygus bugs in canola and some spraying to control them were reported from the Eastern region of Manitoba. Insecticide application for lygus bug control were reported for canola fields near Beausejour, Whitemouth, and Lac du Bonnet. Grasshoppers: There were reports of grasshoppers needing to be controlled in canola fields near Otterburne (E) and Cypress River (C). Aster Yellows: Incidence of aster yellows were low and not of concern to farmers in 2008. FLAX (Flax-263,576 acres↑) Potato aphid (Macrosiphum euphorbiae): Aphid levels were high and insecticides applied to control them in localized areas, mainly in south-central Manitoba. About 800 to 1,000 acres of flax was treated with insecticide to control aphids in the Crystal City, Clearwater, Pilot Mound area. Aphids were also above economic threshold and controlled in a flax field near Emerson. SUNFLOWERS (113,054 acres non-oil↑; 68,850 acres oil↑) Wireworms: There were no reports of wireworm damage to sunflowers in Manitoba in 2008. Cutworms: Cutworms were at damaging levels in many sunflower fields, particularly in the Central and Eastern regions. There were reports of sunflower fields near Carman (C), Graysville (C), Portage la Prairie (C), Westbourne (C), and MacGregor (C), being sprayed with insecticide to control cutworms. A sunflower field near Miami had to be reseeded because of a combination of cutworm and planting depth issues. Dingy and redbacked cutworm were the dominant species reported in many sunflower fields. Sunflower beetle (Zygogramma exclamationis): Sunflower beetle populations were generally below economic threshold, with a few exceptions in the Central region where some fields were sprayed with insecticide. Sunflower Bud Moth (Suleima helianthana): Sunflower bud moth feeding damage was very noticeable in many sunflower fields again this year. Although there are no management options, it causes concern for many growers and agronomists. A survey was undertaken this year to quantify plants that contained sunflower bud moth larva, look at distribution in the field, and look for possible influences of planting date. Seed head Insects Red sunflower seed weevil (Smicronyx fulvus): Populations of seed weevils were very low again this year, and usually hard to find when scouting for insects on sunflower heads. There were no reports of high populations of sunflower seed weevils in Manitoba in 2008. Banded Sunflower Moth (Cochylis hospes): Banded sunflower moth populations were at levels of concern in some fields, and were the main target of some insecticide applications to confection sunflowers in the Central Region. A pheromone-baited trap for banded sunflower moth was placed in a sunflower field north of Carman as part of a program to monitor the emergence and relative abundance of banded sunflower moths in sunflower growing areas of Canada and the U.S. From mid-July to late August a total of 1,159 adult banded sunflower moths were caught in the trap. Lygus bugs (Lygus spp.): Lygus bug populations were also at levels of concern in many fields of confection sunflowers in the Central and Eastern parts of the province, resulting in spraying in some fields. No insecticides are registered for lygus bugs on sunflowers in Canada. Research on insecticides and management strategies for lygus

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bugs in confection sunflowers is needed. BEANS (Dry Edible) (143,164 acres↓: White pea (navy)-61,384 acres↓, pinto-43,320 acres↓, black-15,245 acres↑, kidney-14,069 acres↑, cranberry-2,940 acres↓, small red-2,163 acres↓, other dry ebible-4,043 acres) No insect concerns in dry edible bean fields were observed or reported in 2008.

PEAS (Field) (102,175 acres↑) Pea aphids (Acyrthosiphon pisum): There were some pea fields in the Southwest region that had insecticides applied to control aphids in mid-July. Some farmers in the southwest have started tank mixing dimethoate (for aphid control) when they apply fungicides at flowering in peas. SOYBEANS (312,518 acres↑) Cutworms: A soybean field northwest of Elm Creek (C) had to be reseeded because of cutworm feeding. Redbacked cutworms were the main cutworm species present in the field. Grasshoppers: A few soybean field in the Eastern and Central regions were treated with insecticides, or had the edges treated, for grasshoppers. Alfalfa weevil (Hypera postica): A soybean field in the eastern part of the province was treated with insecticides for alfalfa weevil. Soybean Aphid (Aphis glycines): Soybean aphids reached economic levels in many fields in the soybean growing areas of the province. Insecticide use was widespread, and there were also some reports of levels of beneficial insects being high. FABABEANS (6,048 acres↓) No insect problems were reported from fababeans in 2008. FORAGES AND FORAGE SEED Plant Bugs: Insecticide were applied in some alfalfa seed fields to control lygus bugs (lygus spp.) and alfalfa plant bugs (Adelphocoris lineolatus). There were reports from the Interlake of some applying their insecticide for plant bugs earlier than normal because of fields also containing high levels of alfalfa weevil. Alfalfa Weevil (Hypera postica): Alfalfa weevil was a concern in many alfalfa hay and seed fields across the province. High populations of alfalfa weevil were reported from fields near Lac du Bonnet (E), Teulon (I), Riverton (I), Fisher Branch (I), Bagot (C), Minnedosa (SW), Sandy Lake (SW), Virden (SW), Rossburn (NW), Dauphin (NW), Rorketon (NW), Winnipegosis (NW), Alonsa (NW) and Swan River (NW). Insecticides were applied to many alfalfa fields, and early cutting was also used as a control option in some hay fields. In at least a couple of instance, a second or third application of insecticide was used to try to get good control. An alfalfa seed field near Fisher Branch was sprayed 3 times for alfalfa weevil. Not all growers are using the suggested economic threshold for seed alfalfa of 20-25 larvae per 90º sweep, which is seen as too high. There are reports of tank mixes (dimethoate and Matador; or dimethoate and Matador and a fungicide) being used in some alfalfa seed fields to control alfalfa weevils, plant bugs and plant pathogens. The rationale for tank mixing the insecticides seemed to be that the Matador was for alfalfa weevil, and dimethoate for extended control of plant bugs. Some alfalfa fields in the Interlake were reported to be damaged to the extent that they were “not even good enough for hay”. In some

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instances second cut stands were significantly damaged by alfalfa weevil. Spittlebugs (Cercopidae): High populations of spittlebugs occurred in some fields of birdsfoot trefoil and alfalfa in the eastern part of the province. Feeding by spittlebugs alone is not usually considered economical on forage and forage seed crops in Manitoba. Spider mites: There was some concern about spider mites in a field of seed alfalfa north of Ashern. POTATOES (68,525 acres↓; 56,661 acres processing potatoes (irrigated)↓, 7,681 acres processing potatoes (dry)↓, 4,183 acres table potatoes↓)

Cutworms: There were some problems with cutworms in potatoes. Insecticide was applied to a potato field southwest of Portage la Prairie to control cutworms.

Colorado Potato Beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata): The population levels of Colorado potato beetles were generally considered to be low to normal in most cases as the neonicotinoid seed treatments seem to be continuing to work well. The generation timing of the beetles was normal, with ‘spring’ adults emerging through June and peak populations in late June, early July. Fall adults were observed in early August and some egg-laying did occur.

Potato Flea Beetle (Epitrix cucumeris): As is the usual case, potato flea beetles were locally abundant, typically more so in the Portage la Prairie area than in other regions. Some spraying was done to control populations though there remains debate as to whether this is necessary or not. The literature indicates that for the potato flea beetles to have a significant impact it must be coupled with significant early season defoliation by the Colorado potato beetle. In the absence of that early defoliation, the literature indicates that even dramatic populations of potato flea beetles will not have a significant impact.

Potato leafhopper (Empoasca fabae) and Aster leafhopper (Macrosteles quadrilineatus): Neither species of leafhopper was noticeably abundant in Manitoba. Aster leafhopper populations were negligible and potato leafhopper was only rarely locally abundant.

Aphids: Aphid numbers were slightly higher than in 2007, though were generally low overall. Some fields had relatively high populations of green peach aphid. Soybean aphids were a concern given their high numbers within soybean fields in close proximity to potato fields as they potentially can be vectors of PVY but no potato fields were sprayed to control soybean aphid.

SWEET CORN, CARROTS, COLE CROPS and other vegetable crops In Manitoba, populations of insect pests were lower than they have been in recent years. Many Lepidopterous pests of cruciferous crops were present, but only at levels well below economic thresholds. These included diamondback moth, cabbage looper and imported cabbageworm. Aster leafhopper populations were negligible due to a very low (if any arrived at all) migratory population. Populations of aster leafhopper did not reach economic thresholds at any point during the year, though some were present.

Populations of European corn borer in sweet corn were generally low again this year.

HEMP (1,475 acres for grain↓) Heavy populations of stink bugs were noted in some hemp plots near Gilbert Plains (NW) late in the season. ISSUES: Work is needed to review or research economic thresholds for alfalfa weevil in western Canada. Some regions (such as Ontario and Ohio) recommend economic thresholds that are adjusted for the height of the alfalfa.

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No insecticides are registered in Canada for lygus bugs or banded sunflower moths in sunflowers, even though insecticides are registered to control these insects in the U.S. FUTURE PLANS: Cereal Leaf Beetle (Oulema melanopus): Monitoring for cereal leaf beetle was performed again in 2008. No evidence of cereal leaf beetle being in Manitoba was found. This monitoring program will continue in 2009. Compiled by: John Gavloski; Entomologist; Manitoba Agriculture, Food and Rural Initiatives Box 1149, Carman, MB, ROG OJO Phone: (204) 745-5668 Fax: (204) 745-5690 John.Gavloski@gov.mb.ca

The cereal leaf beetle Oulema melanoplus is still in the Creston Valley, albeit in low numbers. Its parasitoids are apparently exerting a controlling effect. This year the cowpea aphid Aphis craccivora did not appear in damaging numbers in the Spence's Bridge area, where it was first found in BC in 2005. There were isolated infestations of grasshoppers in pastures in the Kamloops to Merritt region. The apple clearwing moth Synanthedon myopaeformis, a new invasive pest of apple, has not expanded its range by natural means beyond the south Okanagan and Similkameen Valleys. It was detected in 2008 in a Kelowna-area orchard transplanted to rootstocks brought in from the Similkameen Valley in 2005 or earlier. The owner removed the trees and a surveillance and management program is on going to try and prevent establishment of the pest. The codling moth Cydia pomonella Sterile Insect Release Program has ended its suppression campaign and is modifying its operations to provide a sustainable long-term area-wide management program (part of which may include adding additional pests in the future). Information provided by Hugh Philip Hugh Philip, PAg Insect Pest Management Consultant Kelowna, BC (250) 863-4762 ipm2go@shaw.ca

BRITISH COLUMBIA

2008 INSECT PEST REPORT to the

WESTERN COMMITTEE ON CROP PESTS

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Appendix II

2008 Saskatchewan Research Report Lyodminster, AB, Oct. 23-24, 2008

Compiled by Chrystel Olivier, AAFC-Saskatoon

SASKATCHEWAN ALFALFA SEED PRODUCERS ASSOCIATION

2008 INSECT PEST RESEARCH REPORT

Title: Research on parasitoids and diseases in Saskatchewan alfalfa leafcutting bee populations. Author: D.W. Goerzen Problem: The alfalfa leafcutting bee, Megachile rotundata, is an important pollinator of alfalfa for seed production in western Canada. Infestations of a chalcid parasitoid, Pteromalus venustus, are currently a problem in some alfalfa leafcutting bee populations. Another factor which may limit alfalfa leafcutting bee production is chalkbrood disease, Ascosphaera aggregata. Objective of Research: This research project is designed to evaluate parasitoid and disease levels in Saskatchewan alfalfa leafcutting bee populations, and to develop management strategies which will assist alfalfa seed producers in maintaining high quality alfalfa leafcutting bee populations in order to enhance alfalfa seed production and increase the value of the bees in export markets. Summary of Results: Occurrence of the chalcid parasitoid, P. venustus, was evaluated in the 2007 - 2008 winter survey of alfalfa leafcutting bee populations in Saskatchewan. The chalcid parasitoid was detected in 0.69 % (range 0.0 - 4.59 % of bee cells analysed from samples submitted by alfalfa seed producers. P. venustus was present in 71.0 % of alfalfa leafcutting bee populations surveyed. Chalcid parasitoids have traditionally been controlled during the spring alfalfa leafcutting bee incubation period with dichlorvos-impregnated resin strips; however, dichlorvos has been implicated in alfalfa leafcutting bee mortality and this compound is also among the organophosphate insecticides currently under review by the EPA. For this reason, parasitoid control research has been undertaken on various alternative compounds including pyrethrin aerosol formulations. Field-scale experiments involving a comparison of the efficacy of pyrethrin aerosol formulation KN418 with the efficacy of dichlorvos resin strips for control of chalcid parasitoids have demonstrated that use of pyrethrin aerosol resulted in low or undetectable levels of alfalfa leafcutting bee cell re-parasitism (mean 0.09 %) and undetectable levels of alfalfa leafcutting bee pupal mortality due to parasitoid stinging. Use of dichlorvos resin strips resulted in levels of alfalfa leafcutting bee cell re-parasitism as high as 0.53 %, combined with a mean alfalfa leafcutting bee pupal mortality level of 1.13 % due to parasitoid stinging, and a mean alfalfa leafcutting bee pupal mortality level of 0.92 % due to dichlorvos exposure. Further research is currently being undertaken to identify and evaluate additional alternative compounds which might be efficacious for control of the chalcid parasitoid, P. venustus, in M. rotundata populations.

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Occurrence of chalkbrood disease (A. aggregata) was also evaluated in the 2007 - 2008 Saskatchewan winter survey of alfalfa leafcutting bee populations. The disease was present at an extremely low level in bee cells analysed from samples submitted by alfalfa seed producers (sporulating chalkbrood - 0.007 % overall / non-sporulating chalkbrood - 0.005 % overall). Paraformaldehyde fumigation treatment and bleach dipping treatment of alfalfa leafcutting bee nest material / alfalfa leafcutting bee cells are two methods which will provide effective control of a broad range of microflora, including Ascosphaera spp., contaminating alfalfa leafcutting bee populations. Additional compounds are currently being evaluated for their efficacy in control of microflora in alfalfa leafcutting bee nest material. These disinfectant compounds (IosanTM, ModyneTM, ProfilmTM, and Ster-BacTM) are registered for use in agricultural applications including surface decontamination. Research has indicated that spray application of these compounds at low rates on alfalfa leafcutting bee nest material surfaces prior to field deployment will reduce build-up of microflora in alfalfa leafcutting bee populations. Incubation tests of alfalfa leafcutting bee prepupae within cells harvested from nest material treated with these disinfectant compounds have indicated no adverse affects on the progeny of adult bees nesting in the treated material. Continuing Research: Research to monitor parasitoid and disease levels in Saskatchewan alfalfa leafcutting bee populations, and to develop management strategies which will assist alfalfa seed producers in controlling these problems, is ongoing. Contact: D.W Goerzen Saskatchewan Alfalfa Seed Producers Association 127 E - 116 Research Drive Saskatoon, SK S7N 3R3 e-mail: goerzenw@innovationplace.com

AGRICULTURE AND AGRI-FOOD CANADA

SEMIARID PRAIRIE AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH CENTER OF SWIFT CURRENT

Title: Control of the Wheat Stem Sawfly (Cephus cinctus Nort.) Author and associates: R. DePauw, F.R. Clarke, J. Clarke, R.E. Knox, (SPARC, AAFC), B. Beres, H. Carcamo, R. Graf, S. McGinn Problem: The wheat stem sawfly (Cephus cinctus Norton) is an insect pest that can cause significant damage if it is not controlled. Control is effected through integrated management by growing solid stem cultivars and agronomic considerations such as crop rotations. The wheat stem sawfly was probably the most important insect pest in Alberta and Saskatchewan in the past two years; unlike the grasshopper, wheat stem sawfly cannot be controlled by pesticide application. Over the past five years, wheat stem sawfly infestation and damage to wheat crops has increased significantly throughout the Palliser Triangle of southern Alberta and southwestern Saskatchewan. Yield losses result from reduced kernels per head, kernel weight, test weight and grain from heads of stems girdled, then toppled by wind onto the ground and not harvested. These losses are compounded by additional operating costs (harvesting in one direction and cutting low to the ground) that result in an average loss of about $10/acre (about $25/ha), a reduction in snow trap potential, less standing crop residue to control soil erosion, and require extra tillage to prepare a seedbed for subsequent crop due to long straw on the soil surface. Severely infested wheat may have

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reduced milling properties and be down-graded due to reduced volume density. More than 2.5 M hectares in Canada are at risk of infestation by the sawfly. Summary: Lillian came onto the market very strong in 2006 and became the most widely grown CWRS variety in both 2007 and 2008. Lillian has demonstrated not only resistance to the wheat stem sawfly but also has high grain yield, high grain protein concentration and good disease resistance. Lillian has demonstrated resistance to yellow rust (stripe rust) based on the yellow rust genes Yr18 linked to Lr34 and Yr36 linked to Gpc-B1. (DePauw) Agronomic Practices: Evaluation of alternative planting strategies to reduce wheat stem sawfly damage in spring wheat in the Northern Great Plains was submitted to Agronomy Journal 10 Sept 2008. The major findings were that planting a solid stand of a resistant cultivar (AC Eatonia) increased yield by an average of 13% (0.4 Mg ha-1) over the hollow-stemmed cultivar (AC Barrie) and increased the grade of wheat by 1 unit at the two most heavily infested site-years. Planting a 1:1 blend of the resistant and susceptible cultivars increased yield by an average of 11%, while just planting the 20 m or 40 m field margins (trap crop strategy) to AC Eatonia increased yield by an average of 6%. Taken from publication by Beres et al. 2008. Evaluation of alternative planting strategies to reduce wheat stem sawfly damage in spring wheat in the Northern Great Plains. Agronomy Journal (Beres). DNA Molecular Study: S. Houshmand, R. E. Knox, F.R. Clarke and J.M. Clarke 2007. Microsatellite markers flanking a stem solidness gene on chromosome 3BL in durum wheat. Molecular Breeding. 20:261-270. This study was undertaken to identify a DNA marker linked to stem solidness and sawfly cutting in durum wheat for use in marker-assisted selection. A set of 151 doubled haploid lines developed from the cross of Kyle*2/Biodur sel. (solid stemmed) and Kofa (hollow stemmed) were evaluated for stem solidness and sawfly cutting. Microsatelite primers that generated polymorphisms between the parental genotypes were tested on the whole population, and primers that followed a 1:1 ratio of parental bands were used in linkage analysis with least squares mean stem solidness scores. Three microsatellite markers, Xgwm247, Xgwm181 and Xgwm114 located on chromosome 3BL, were shown to be associated with the stem solidness locus and with sawfly cutting. The Xgwm114 marker was located on one side of the stem solidness locus with Xgwm247 and Xgwm181 on the opposing side. Recombinant inbred line populations G9580B-FE1C/AC Navigator and Golden Ball/DT379//STD65 segregating for the stem solidness trait confirmed the association between the markers and the stem solidness gene. The Golden Ball/DT379//STD65 population was also tested with the Xwmc632 microsatellite marker, which showed a polymorphism associated with stem solidness. The results also indicated the stem solidness trait was controlled by a single locus in both doubled haploid and recombinant inbred line populations. The markers should be useful in breeding programs for the identification and selection of stem solidness. (F. Clarke) Objectives of Research Projects:

(I) Determine the inheritance mode and number of genes in the durum derived hexaploid, (solid-stemmed AC Elsa: P89-77-1), source of solidness and the heritability of this solidness (Leaders: F. Clarke, R. Knox, R. DePauw and J. Clarke)

(II) Determine whether the durum-derived hexaploid genes for solidness and the genes from other sources of solidness (S-615 and 3Ag14) differ (Leaders: F. Clarke, R. Knox, R. DePauw and J. Clarke)

(III) Determine whether the genes for solidness in different durum sources differ (Leaders: F. Clarke, R. Knox, R. DePauw and J. Clarke)

(IV) Find DNA markers for the durum-derived source of solidness and test monosomics for enhanced leaf rust, bunt and leaf spot resistance (Leaders: F. Clarke, R. Knox, R. DePauw and J. Clarke)

(V) Determine the potential of a trap crop system for the control of wheat stem sawfly. (Leaders: B. Beres, H. Carcamo and R. Graf )

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(VI) Initiate development of resistant winter wheat. (Leaders: B. Beres and R. Graf) (funded by Industry Portion)

(VI) Determine effect of new wheat cultivars on cold hardiness of wheat stem sawfly larvae (Leader: H. Carcamo)

(VII) Determine effect of new wheat cultivars on larval overwintering survival. (Leaders: H. Carcamo and S.McGinn)

(VII) Develop high yielding cultivars with resistance to wheat stem sawfly and eligible for grades of CWRS (Leader: DePauw)

Contact: R. DePauw, AAFC-Swift Current, PO Box 1030, Swift Current, SK, S9H 3X2depauw@agr.gc.ca

AGRICULTURE AND AGRI-FOOD CANADA

SASKATOON RESEARCH CENTER

1. Title: Insect pest management and arthropod diversity in agro-ecosystems of northern Great Plains. Author and Associates: O. Olfert, R. Andrahennadi Problem: Sustainable management strategies, crop loss prevention and maintenance of soil health are central to our capacity to maintain the biological productivity of agricultural systems. The diversity of arthropods, including insects, spiders, mites, and other invertebrates are integral to crop loss and to soil health because they include both beneficial and pest species. This diversity represents an interface between farm practices and the ecosystem and contributes to an environment where farm inputs are able to enhance rather than replace natural processes. Arthropods are well-suited to characterizing the ecosystems that they inhabit. Objective of Research: To document the diversity of insect pests and beneficial arthropods in the context of cropping systems specific to the northern Great Plains Summary of Results: This on-going study (begun in 1995) is located at Scott, Saskatchewan (52o 22' N; 108o 50' W), in the Dark Brown soil zone; the area is categorized as moist mixed grassland. The study site consists of 16 ha of farmland that has been under cultivation for about 90 years. The experimental framework of the cropping portion of the study is based on a matrix of three levels of input use, and three levels of cropping diversity. In addition, there are four uncultivated grass areas (ranging from 40 years old to native grass). In relation to arthropods; emphasis is being placed on ground beetles and soil mites because they are well-suited to characterizing the ecosystems that they inhabit. A new ‘succession’ sub-plot was added in 2008 to assess the changes in plant and arthropod diversity in agricultural land that is left to nature. Continuing Research: Future plans are to assess the direction and rate of change over time that is occurring in these components as a function of the different cropping systems (treatments). Evaluations will continue on a cyclical basis (at the end of 18 years (i.e. 6-year intervals). ### 2. Title: Will climate change be beneficial or detrimental to the invasive swede midge in North America? Contrasting predictions using climate projections from different general circulation models. Global Change Biology (2008) 14, 1721–1733.

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Author and Associates: Anna Mika*, Ross Weiss, Owen Olfert, Rebecca Hallett, Jonathon Newman (*Department of Environmental Biology, University of Guelph) Problem: Climate change may dramatically affect the distribution and abundance of organisms. With the world’s population size expected to increase significantly during the next 100 years, we need to know how climate change might impact our food production systems. In particular, we need estimates of how future climate might alter the distribution of agricultural pests. Objectives of Research: This project used the climate projections from two general circulation models of global climate (GCM), the Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis GCM (CGCM2) and the Hadley Centre model (HadCM3), for the A2 and B2 scenarios from the Special Report on Emissions Scenarios in conjunction with a previously published bioclimatic envelope model (BEM) to predict the potential changes in distribution and abundance of the swede midge, Contarinia nasturtii, in North America.. Summary of Results: For herbivores, their actual distribution, currently and in the future, will depend not just upon the spatial location of their bioclimatic envelope, but also whether the bioclimatic envelope of its host plant is co-located. Maps that show the potential of a northward expansion in the range of an agricultural pest obviously require that the agricultural crop can also expand northward. Based on soil and climatic suitability by 2100, Ramankutty et al. (2002) predicted that northern Canada has 1.5 million km2 of land that could be developed into cropland. Furthermore, they showed that southern parts of the provinces of Canada are one of the most sensitive areas to changes in temperature (Ramankutty et al., 2002). Ramankutty et al.’s work shows the potential for more agriculture in the northern parts of Canada and less in southern Ontario, which could pose a problem if these northern climates are also suitable for crop pests. Moreover, Patterson et al. (1999) and others have suggested that climate change may reduce the efficacy of pesticides on target pests due to climatic instability and extreme weather events and may pose a challenge in controlling pest outbreaks. Despite the potential for agriculture to shift northward, much of that potential applies to western Canada. Because of the Canadian Shield in the northern regions of Ontario and Quebec, the soil in these areas will probably never be suitable for agriculture, regardless of the climate. Thus, some of the northward ‘expansion’ of the range of swede midge would more likely represent a potential range contraction, as the expansion is toward land that is less suitable for crops. On the other hand, the westward shift in the swede midge’s bioclimatic envelope encompasses land that is already currently in agricultural use for canola; a crop readily attacked by the swede midge. References: Ramankutty N, Foley JA, Norman J, McSweeney K (2002) The global distribution of cultivable lands: current patterns and sensitivity to possible climate change. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 11, 377–392. Contact: Name Anna Mika Agency University of Guelph Mailing address Department of Environmental Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1 ### 3. Title: Pest status of leafhoppers and their impact on aster yellows disease in canola. Author and Associates: C. Olivier and B. Galka (AAFC-Saskatoon). Problem: Aster yellows disease (AY) is caused by the aster yellows phytoplasma (Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris’). In canola, the main vector of AY is the six-spotted leafhopper Macrosteles quadrilineatus. The incidence of AY was high in 2007 with % of infected plants ranging from 2-11% and was near “zero” in 2008. Objective of Research: 1. Epidemiology of the AY disease 2. Detection and identification of phytoplasmas in canola seeds.

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Summary of Results: 1. Since 2001, PCR analysis revealed that M. quadrilineatus collected in canola were infested with aster yellows phytoplasmas, as were eleven other leafhopper species and two genders. 2007 was an epidemic year for AY with 7.2% of infected M. quadrilineatus. In 2008, % of M. quadrilineatus was 4.2%.

2. The presence of structures resembling phytoplasma in canola seeds was observed with the electron microscope in 2005 & 2006. A gold immunolabelling technique using a polyclonal serum was developed to confirm the identity of the structures but failed to label the structures due to the different origin of the AY phytoplasma used to develop the serum. A nucleotide labelling method is being developed. Continuing Research: - Continue the identification of phytoplasma strains in plants and insects and continue the labelling of phytoplasma in canola seeds. ### 4. Title: Phytoplasma survey in grapevines and leafhoppers sampled in BC and ON vineyards. Authors and associates: C. Olivier, B. Galka (AAFC-Saskatoon), T. Lowery (AAFC-Summerland) and L. Stobbs, L. Bittner (AAFC-Vineland). Problem: Canadian nurseries are importing most of the vines necessary for maintaining and improving the Canadian grapevine industry. Phytoplasma diseases have been detected in BC, ON and QC vineyards. Vectors are unknown. Objective of the research: Detect and identify phytoplasma present in plant and insect samples taken from Canadian grapevine-growing areas of BC and ON, using molecular biology. Summary of results: Grapevine plants and leafhoppers were sampled in ON, QC and BC commercial vineyards in 2007 and 2008. Three strains of phytoplasma were found in Canadian vineyards (Bois noir, X-disease and Aster yellows), AY incidence ranging from 1 to 9%. Continuing research: Pending funding, continue the detection and identification of phytoplasma from samples of plants and insects in commercial vineyards. Identification of the insect vectors. Contact: Chrystel Olivier, AAFC-Saskatoon Research Centre107 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 0X2, Canada olivierc@agr.gc.ca

### # 5. Title: Effects of late-season feeding by flea beetles. Author: Julie Soroka, AAFC Saskatoon; funded by Pest Management Centre Problem: Flea beetles, Phyllotreta spp., are a chronic pest of canola production across the prairies. Objective of Research: The objective of the experiment was to develop economic thresholds of flea beetles late in the year. Summary of Results: This year the numbers of flea beetle numbers we collected in August were large enough, and the canola late enough, that extensive pod feeding occurred in infested cages. Plants await hand threshing, but there is indication of reduced seed yield and size with flea beetle feeding at the 5.1-5.2 stage of canola maturity. This the first year in five years of

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conducting the trial that any effects of flea beetle on canola late in the season were seen, suggesting that it is not a common occurrence. Continuing Research: This is the final year for this project. ### # 6. Title: Monitoring canola and cole crops for species distribution of flea beetles. Author and Associates: Julie Soroka, AAFC Saskatoon, Jennifer Otani, AAFC Beaverlodge, AB, Kerry Clarke, BCMAF, Erin Brock and Derwyn Hammond, CCC, Mike Dolinski, AgriTrends, Hector Carcamo, AAFC Lethbridge, Dan Cole and Caitlin Smith, SARA, Jim Broach, AAFC Lacombe, Lloyd Dosdall, U of Alberta, Scott Hartley, SAF, John Gavloski, MAFRI, Problem: In lab studies Tansey et al found that striped flea beetles have decreased mortality and increased feeding levels on canola treated with neonicotinoid seed treatments than do crucifer flea beetles.. If this holds true in the field, it may spark a flea beetle population shift, with biological and economic consequences. Objective of Research: To establish base lines of flea beetle species distributions in canola fields across the prairies. Summary of Results: Thirty locations were sampled for flea beetles in 2008 using yellow sticky traps. The Peace River area had very high numbers of striped flea beetles, as did most of central Alberta, while populations around Lethbridge were mostly crucifer fb. In many localities in Saskatchewan and Manitoba, striped fb appeared to be collected in greater numbers in 2008 than in 2007. Continuing Research: Funds for further research on flea beetle species numbers on the prairies are being sought.

### # 7. Title: Determining the effects of relay cropping cruciferous vegetables with a non-cruciferous crop for management of root maggots, Delia spp. Author and Associates: Julie Soroka, AAFC Saskatoon, Peggy Dixon, AAFC St. John’s, NL. Problem: Root maggots are a serious pest of cruciferous vegetables wherever they are grown. Objective of Research: To determine if relay cropping, ie. planting a resistant, quickly maturing crop, lettuce, in between rows of a susceptible crop, cauliflower, will decrease maggot damage to the cauliflower. Summary of Results: Greater numbers of eggs were laid on plants of solid-planted cauliflower than on cauliflower interspersed with one or two rows of lettuce. There were no differences among treatments in cauliflower curd size or weight. Continuing Research: The work will continue, and will include mixtures of rutabaga-lettuce. For all projects Contact: Name Julie Soroka Agency Agriculture and Abri-Food Canada, Saskatoon Research Centre Mailing address 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0X2 E-mail Julie.Soroka@AGR.GC.CA

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2008 Alberta Research Report

Compiled by Héctor Cárcamo For the Western Committee of Crop Pests

Lloydminster, 23 Oct 2008

Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada

Lethbridge Research Centre

1. Title: Integration of technologies to manage wheat stem sawfly in durum and hard red spring wheat.

Author and Associates: Brian Beres and Héctor Cárcamo. Problem: The wheat stem sawfly continues to be an important insect pest in Alberta and Saskatchewan, and unlike the grasshopper, it cannot be controlled by pesticides. The entire value chain can be affected by wheat stem sawfly damage as severely infested wheat may have reduced milling properties and be down-graded due to reduced volume density. More than 5 M hectares in Canada are at risk of infestation by the wheat stem sawfly. The geographic distribution of the wheat stem sawfly is large enough to disrupt supply of the high quality bread wheat and durum export markets. Using a susceptible variety exposes the producer to greater business risk as sawfly damage results in lower yields and grade reductions. These issues necessitate that we direct some of our research efforts in sawfly toward the development of sustainable production practices that reduce the risk of growing hollow stemmed varieties in areas prone to attack. Objective of Research:

1) Determine the impact of re-cropping infested stubble on the population dynamics of both the wheat stem sawfly and the natural enemies of the wheat stem sawfly. 2) Develop and assess harvest management strategies to enhance populations of natural enemies. 3) Determine the influence of nitrogen and seeding rate on pith expression in the culm of solid-stemmed wheat cultivars and sawfly damage.

Summary of Results: Field experiments were established at Coalhurst, Nobleford, Lethbridge, and Bow Island, AB. Solid and hollow-stemmed cultivars showed a positive yield response to increased seeding rates, however, we observed a reduction in pith expression at the higher seeding rates. Therefore, we recommend that producers do not exceed 300-350 seeds m-2 when growing a solid-stemmed cultivar. We do advocate higher seed rates for hollow-stemmed cultivars as previous studies have shown a reduction of cutting in hollow-stemmed wheat with increased plant populations. Continuing Research: This study is will continue for a 4th year.

Contact: Brian Beres 2. Title: Seasonal activity of the parasitoid Bracon cephi and its host the wheat stem sawfly (WSSF) in southern Alberta

Author and Associates: Héctor Cárcamo, Brian Beres

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Problem: Although the phenology (seasonal activity) of the WSSF is well documented, less has been reported on its natural enemy Bracon cephi. Improving our understanding of its phenology is necessary to develop management practices that will maximize its contributions as a biocontrol agent Objective of Research: To survey and document host/parasitoid interactions including possible size selection, seasonal development and overall status of Bracon cephi populations in resistant and susceptible spring wheat cultivars. Summary of Results: Bracon cephi adults appear about the same time as its host, the wheat stem sawfly or even a few days earlier. The number caught in pan traps or by sweeping were always highest during the beginning of the sawfly flight, then decreased gradually to very low levels that coincided with the end of sawfly flight. A second peak in activity of the same overwintered generation was observed 2-3 weeks later but it was only about half the size of the initial population. The new generation emerged towards the end of the summer often after the crop would be harvested in a commercial field. In 2008 rates of parasitism were around 50 % at our nursery near Lethbridge and higher than in 2007 but lower than previous years. Continuing Research: We plan to continue studying the biology of Bracon cephi with a focus on conservation biocontrol.

Contact: H. Cárcamo

3. Title: Phenology of lygus bugs and their nymphal parasitoids in southern Alberta.

Author and Associates: H. Cárcamo, C. Herle, J. Otani and H. Goulet.

Problem: Lygus bugs are pest generalists attacking several valuable crops such as canola and alfalfa. So far the only management alternative available is the application of insecticides. Before a biocontrol agent can be considered for lygus bugs, it is necessary to study the biology of lygus and its native parasitoids in more detail. Objective of Research: To quantify the phenology of adult and juvenile lygus and parasitoids in various crops and non crop habitats in southern Alberta, including early spring weeds, alfalfa and non agricultural areas. Summary of Results:

In 2008, regular sweep samples were taken from two paired alfalfa and canola fields and one additional alfalfa site. Sticky card monitoring of the paired alfalfa and canola field and one weedy alfalfa site was also conducted from early May through the end of August. Early season sweeping of cruciferous weeds was also conducted. Lygus and Adelphocoris nymphs were collected from several sites in late June, late July and mid August, for rearing of Peristenus. A total of 83 Peristenus adults emerged from Lygus nymphs collected in 2007 and 45 Peristenus adults emerged from Adelphocorris nymphs collected in 2007. Continuing Research: The study will continue for another year.

Contact: Héctor A. Cárcamo

4. Title: Integrated pest management of the pea leaf weevil in Alberta.

Author and Associates: Héctor Cárcamo, Scott Meers, Ross McKenzie, Robert Blackshaw, Carolyn Herle, Meghan Vankosky, Vincent Hervet. Problem: The pea leaf weevil (Sitona lineatus L.) is a common pest of peas (Pissum sativum L) and faba beans (Vicia faba L.) in its native Europe and North Africa. In Alberta, it was first collected by Dr. R.J. Byers (Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada) in 1997 and localized damage was noticed sporadically in the early 2000’s in the county of Lethbridge and Taber. Outbreak levels throughout southern Alberta were experienced in 2006 when several thousands of acres of field peas were sprayed. In 2007 the Alberta and Saskatchewan Pulse Growers

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Commissions and the Alberta Crop Development Industry Fund funded a network of research collaborators from Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Alberta Agriculture and the Southern Applied Research Association to address a number of management, and basic and applied ecology questions on this insect. Objectives of Research:

1) Develop economic thresholds for pea leaf weevils in peas and determine interactions with soil nitrogen levels 2) Determine effect of seeding date and insecticide timing at various crop stages on plant damage and crop yield 3) Determine phenology of the pea leaf weevil, including egg laying, larval stages and adult activity

Summary of Results: Field experiments at Lethbridge and Vauxhall in 2007 and 2008 suggest lower foliage damage during earlier growth stages in seedlings with insecticide-coated seed but similar damage at later stages and no differences between nitrogen treatments. Damage to nodules was slightly lower in the insecticide treatment than the untreated plots; also and the number of “pink” nodules was higher. In a cage field cage study in 2008, we observed a significant regression of nodule damage on weevil density in the low nitrogen plots only. A greenhouse assay has been developed to assess the impact of pea leaf weevil on plant nodulation and interactions with an insecticide seed treatment. Continuing Research: The cage and soil fertility study will continue for another year and greenhouse studies are planned this winter.

Contact: Héctor Cárcamo

5. Title: Phenology and parasitism of the cereal leaf beetle in Alberta

Author and Associates: Héctor Cárcamo, Lloyd Dosdall, Tracy Larson, Derrick Kanashiro. Problem: The cereal leaf beetle (Oulema melanopus) is a Eurasian chrysomelid, considered a serious pest of cereals, that was reported in NE North America in 1962 and has spread to most western states, except California. It was found in Alberta in 2005 near Lethbridge.

Objective of Research: to assess the feasibility of establishing a cereal nursery to study population dynamics of cereal leaf beetle and its biocontrol near Lethbridge Summary of Results: In the fall of 2007 a strip of winter wheat was planted at a site near Lethbridge. Adjacent strips of spring wheat and triticale were planted in the spring of 2007. There was a very low density of cereal leaf beetle at this site (0- 0.01 beetles per sweep). Sweep and individual plant assessment were done on 3 other nearby winter wheat sites. The first adults were collected in sweep nets in early May, peaked in the winter wheat between 14-27 May at 0.104/sweep. Egg laying was first detected around June 18-19 and lasted into early July but probably started earlier as larvae were also detected from 18 June to 25 July. New adults were found from 25 July to 11 August (0.01-0.005/sweep). The eulophid parasitoid Tetrastichus julis was found attacking larvae at the 3 sites at a rate of 42%-64.5%. (64 larvae were assessed for parasitism) Continuing Research: A research grant from AARI has been requested by L. Dosdall and I to expand this study.

Contact: Héctor Cárcamo

Southern Applied Research Association

Lethbridge

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6. Title: Winter pea trap crops for the control of the pea leaf weevil Author and Associates: Ken Coles, Rob Dunn, Héctor Cárcamo and Scott Meers. Problem: Pea leaf weevil is a new pest to the province that threatens the relatively newly established pea acreage of Alberta. A method of controlling the weevils while minimizing pesticide use and promoting the establishment of parasitic insects is to plant a trap strip of winter peas or early seeded spring peas around the field edge. Early emerging trap strips attract a high concentration of weevils and can be sprayed or killed with a seed treatment and possibly eliminate the need to treat the entire field. Economic and environmental costs would be minimized. Objectives of Research: -to test whether a strip of winter peas or early seeded spring peas around a field of spring peas can trap pea leaf weevils for control with pesticide or seed treatment, eliminating the need to spray the main field. -to measure the survivability of a winter pea border in southern Alberta -to monitor pea leaf weevil concentrations in a trap strip scenario -to measure the effectiveness of pesticide control of weevils in a trap strip -to measure pea yields, nodulation, and weevil damage using this control method Summary of Results: Field Experiments were established in Lethbridge, AB and Skiff ,AB using Whistler Winter Pea. The winter peas were seeded in October of 2007 and were sprouted before freeze up. Survival was poor in Skiff and acceptable at Lethbridge. Overall pea leaf weevil pressure was less than half of 2007. Feeding damage at Lethbridge was effectively concentrated within 100m from the field edge. The grower was able to spray the outside edges with an insecticide while leaving the remainder of the field untreated. The pea leaf weevil can be effectively concentrated in the outside perimeters of a field. Intensity and timing of infestation are important factors to consider. A significant difference in growth stage between the trap crop and main crop is necessary to ensure proper function of the trap crop. The timing of insecticide application will also be critical as the weevils move quickly into the field. Continuing Research: This study is complete. Final reports will be release in March 2009 Contact: Ken Coles

University of Alberta

Edmonton

7. Title: Surveys for the Distribution and Abundance of Cereal Leaf Beetle in Southern Alberta Author and Associates: L. Dosdall, H. Cárcamo, S. Meers, O. Olfert, S. Hartley Problem: The cereal leaf beetle is an alien, invasive insect pest native to Europe that was first discovered in Alberta in 2005. It apparently invaded from Montana, and attacks wheat, barley, oats, rye, and corn. In the U.S.A. crop losses without control measures have been documented at 55% in spring wheat, 23% in winter wheat, and 75% in oats and barley. Application of the CLIMEX model to the cereal leaf beetle invasion predicted that it will eventually infest the entire region of cereal production throughout the prairies and parkland of western Canada. American scientists familiar with this pest predict that our farmers will need to control the beetle with insecticide within 2-3 years.

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Objective of Research: The objectives of the project are to determine the spatial distribution and relative abundance of the cereal leaf beetle throughout southern Alberta; to determine the life history of the cereal leaf beetle under western Canadian cropping conditions, especially its overwintering biology, the timing of its invasion of crops, and factors affecting its population dynamics; and to monitor cereal leaf beetle populations for the presence of parasite species that may have invaded along with the pest, and for native parasite species that switch from their normal hosts to attack it. Summary of Results: Approximately 150 cereal fields were surveyed throughout southern Alberta in 2008, within a geographical area extending from the Trans-Canada Highway south to the U.S.A. border, east to the Saskatchewan border, and west to the Rocky Mountains. Cereal leaf beetle adults and larvae were widespread throughout southern Alberta, with infested fields found near Lethbridge, Pincher Creek, Bow Island, Foremost, Vulcan, High River, and Medicine Hat. For the first time, larval damage in three fields, near Bow Island, Lethbridge, and Skiff had substantial damage to winter wheat flag leaves that extended over considerable portions of those fields, and this damage was expected to be associated with yield losses. In 2008, we extended our cereal leaf beetle survey to encompass fields in southwestern Saskatchewan. Specimens were recovered in two of approximately 10 fields sampled, but in low numbers (2 adults in one field, and a single adult in another). Identifications of all Saskatchewan specimens of cereal leaf beetle and several Alberta specimens were confirmed by Dr. L. LeSage, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, ON. Continuing Research: It is hoped that the survey and associated research can continue during 2009, but this will be dependent on obtaining external funding. Contact: Lloyd Dosdall 8. Title: Agronomic Practices for Enhancing Natural Enemy Populations of Root Maggots Author and Associates: L. Dosdall, N. Harker, J. O’Donovan, G. Clayton Problem: The predator-parasitoid rove beetle, Aleochara bilineata, occurs commonly in canola crops, but we have very limited understanding of strategies that can enhance its effectiveness. This insect is of considerable interest in canola production because adults are predators, consuming large quantities of root maggot eggs. The beetle is also a parasitoid: soon after hatching, the first-instar larva of A. bilineata locates a root maggot puparium, bores through the puparial wall, and attaches itself ectoparasitically to the developing fly within. Aleochara bilineata remains inactive during winter, but in spring it consumes tissues of its host, eventually killing it. In addition, carabid beetles can consume large numbers of root maggot eggs, and they can also prey upon root maggot larvae. Our goal of increasing natural levels of mortality of pests can enable growers to avoid or minimize insecticide use. Objective of Research: The overall goal of the proposed project is to identify agronomic practices that can be used by farmers to increase the effectiveness of natural enemies of insect pests. It is anticipated that ultimately this research will enhance integrated crop management and make canola production more sustainable. The project will focus on root maggots and their main natural enemy, A. bilineata. The study will determine the integrated effects of conventional versus zero tillage, seeding rate, and row spacing on the natural enemies of root maggots with emphasis on carabid beetles and the rove beetle, Aleochara bilineata. Summary of Results: Studies were set up in Lacombe and Vegreville using two tillage regimes, three seeding rates and three row spacings. Pitfall trap captures were made of beetles in each research plot and root maggot infestations were assessed through egg counts and root damage ratings. At the end of the season, all plots were harvested to determine yields per plot. To date we are unable to make recommendations on whether tillage regime, row spacing or seeding rate affect A. bilineata populations. Parasitism rates of root maggot puparia by A. bilineata ranged from 32 to 48% at Lacombe in 2007-2008; but we were unable to make this determination in Vegreville due to unsatisfactory field conditions. Continuing Research: This three-year study is now in Year 2; it is anticipated that this study will continue for one more year with its completion in March 2010.

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Contact: Lloyd Dosdall #9. Title: Emergence and Seasonal Activity of the Entomophagous Rove Beetle Aleochara bilineata (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) in Canola in Western Canada.

Author and Associates: J.S. Broatch, L.M. Dosdall, R.-C. Yang, K. N. Harker, and G.W. Clayton

Problem: Aleochara bilineata Gyllenhal (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) is an important natural enemy of root maggots (Delia spp.) (Diptera: Anthomyiidae), which are serious pests of brassicaceous crops in North America and Europe. Adults of A. bilineata feed on eggs and larvae of root maggots, and A. bilineata larvae parasitize Delia spp. pupae. Very little is known or reported regarding the seasonal emergence and flight patterns of this natural enemy.

Objective of Research: Emergence and seasonal activity patterns of A. bilineata were investigated during 2003 to 2005 in canola (Brassica rapa L. and Brassica napus L.) in central Alberta, Canada in relation to degree-day accumulations and Julian date.

Summary of Results: Captures of A. bilineata adults from pitfall traps within emergence cages situated over canola stubble from the previous year indicated that approximately 428, 493, and 455 degree-days (soil base 5.57oC) and 187, 189, and180 Julian days were required for 50% emergence in 2003, 2004, and 2005 respectively (three-year mean = 185.1 ± 2.8 Julian days (SEM)). Captures of A. bilineata adults from pitfall traps placed in current canola crops determined that 50% levels of activity density required 379 degree-days and 180 Julian days in 2004. A logistic model that described the relationship of degree-days and Julian days with emergence of adult beetles was appraised, and good correspondence was evident between predicted and observed cumulative emergence patterns. Emergence and seasonal activity periods of A. bilineata in canola were well synchronized with occurrence of pre-imaginal life stages of its principal hosts, Delia radicum (L.) and Delia platura Meigen, with beetle emergence beginning shortly after the onset of root maggot oviposition. Continuing Research: complete Contact: Jim Broatch #10. Title: Responses of the Entomophagous Rove Beetle Aleochara bilineata Gyllenhal (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) to Weed Biomass and Canola Species Authors: Jim S. Broatch and Lloyd M. Dosdall

Problem: Habitat management through increasing plant biodiversity is known to affect insect populations, both herbivores and their natural enemies. An important effect of greater plant heterogeneity could be to provide environments that promote or enhance biological control, through increased abundance of predatory and parasitoid populations, and so reduce dependence on pesticides. There are very few documented reports involving canola, habitat management and beneficial insect responses. Objective of Research: To evaluate habitat management in canola with reference to Aleochara bilineata. Weed populations in both species of canola, Brassica rapa L. and Brassica napus L., were manipulated in field studies conducted during 2003 to 2005 at Lacombe, AB, Canada to investigate responses of adults of Aleochara bilineata Gyllenhal (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) ,an important predator-parasitoid of root maggots (Delia spp., Diptera: Anthomyiidae).

Summary of Results: Activity density of A. bilineata increased as monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous weed biomass declined (P < 0.01). Significant preferences for canola species were observed, with the A. bilineata associated most frequently with B. rapa compared with B. napus. Our research suggests that improved management of root maggot infestations in canola through enhancement of populations of the A. bilineata predator-parasitoid could be accomplished by reducing weed infestations; however, such recommendations should consider other predators in the system and the role of weeds in reducing root maggot oviposition and damage.

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Continuing Research: Results from this study are currently being compiled for publication. Contact: Jim Broatch #11. Title: Herbicide Rate Effects on Weed and Root Maggot Dynamics in Canola Authors: Jim S. Broatch, Lloyd M. Dosdall, John T. O’Donovan, K. Neil Harker, and George W. Clayton Problem: Weed management strategies can influence insect infestations in field crops, yet no attempts have been made previously to manipulate weed populations in canola for integrated weed and insect management. Objective of the Research: Field studies were conducted during 2003 to 2005 at Lacombe and Beaverlodge, Alberta, Canada to manipulate weed and root maggot, Delia spp. (Diptera: Anthomyiidae), interactions in canola. Densities of monocot weeds were varied by altering herbicide applications, with rates ranging from 0 to 100% of the rate recommended. Summary of Results: Weed populations declined, and yields were variable with increased herbicide rates. Root maggot damage decreased with increases in monocot weed dry weight for both canola species at both study sites. Results support the hypothesis that heterogenous environments, arising from mixed populations of monocot weeds with canola, minimize opportunities for females of Delia spp. to complete the behavioral sequence required for oviposition, leading to reduced infestation levels in weedy systems. However, effects of dicot weeds on root maggot infestations varied between sites as a result of site-related differences in weed species complexes. When wild mustard was common, crop damage increased, because this weed can serve as an alternate host for root maggots. The study emphasizes the importance of adopting crop management practices that are compatible for both weed and root maggot control. Continuing Research: complete Contact: Jim Broatch 12. Title: Development of a semiochemical monitoring and detection system for the diamondback moth on canola Author and Associates: M. Evenden, L. Dosdall, S. Meers, K. Fry, M. Hartman and G. Gries Problem: In the Canadian prairies, the diamondback moth (DBM), Plutella xylostella, is considered a serious pest of canola. Infestation of DBM in the Canadian prairies is due primarily to migration of adult moths on wind currents from the south each spring. Pheromone-baited traps can be used to monitor and detect male DBM and a pheromone-trapping network is in place in the prairie provinces. However, female-baited traps routinely capture more male moths than synthetic traps indicating that key chemical constituents may be missing from the lures currently used. Further, the significance of male moth capture to population densities has not been determined for DBM on canola. Objective of Research: The overall objective of this research is to develop a semiochemical-based monitoring system for DBM on canola in western Canada. This research will optimize the synthetic pheromone-based lure currently used to trap male moths and will determine if trap catch can be predictive of larval densities and crop damage. In addition, a combined formulation containing sex pheromone and host plant volatiles will be tested for its attractiveness to both male and female moths. Summary of Results (work done): In 2008, eight field/lab experiments were conducted: Experiment #1: The capability of pheromone-baited traps to predict larval densities continued in 2008. Trap lines were established at 15 sites in south-central Alberta in early May. The sites were monitored every 2 weeks (until mid-August), sticky inserts were changed and 50 plants were collected per site once adults were observed in traps. Plants were returned to the lab and dipped in alcohol to remove juveniles; number and developmental stage were recorded. Pheromone lure changes occurred at 3 and 6 week intervals, three of each trap interval were at each site.

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Experiment #2: The effect of trap height on adult trap capture was tested in 2008. Three traps at each of 8 sites were erected, one at the standard height of 1.5 m, a low height of 50 cm and one that changed with the crop canopy. This experiment ran the same period as the predictive model from the beginning of May to mid-August. Sampling occurred at 2 week intervals where sticky inserts were changed, adults were counted and the trap height progressed with development of the crop in that treatment (change with canopy). Lures were changed at 3 week intervals. Experiment #3: The effect of trap colour and the addition of green leaf volatiles on the attractiveness of diamondback adults were tested earlier in 2008. Eight sites were established in the southern-Alberta in June. Three trap colours were tested (painted yellow, painted white and unpainted white). Each type of trap was baited with a lure releasing pheromone alone, a green leaf volatile alone (Z3-hexenyl acetate), or a 1:1 ratio of pheromone and green leaf volatile. Trap catch was compared to capture in traps baited with solvent alone. Sticky inserts were changed and adults counted at 2 week intervals for a 4 week period. Experiment #4: The effect of adding varying doses of green leaf volatile on adult diamondback moth trap capture. Traps were baited with a lure loaded with varying ratios of a green leaf volatile (Z3-hexenyl acetate) decade steps from 0 to 100x and the commercial pheromone blend from PheroTech Inc. Eight sites were established in southern-Alberta in July. Trap catch was compared to a solvent control and pheromone blend alone. Sticky inserts were changed and adults counted at 2 week intervals for a 4 week period. Experiment #5: The effect of lure type and age on adult diamondback moth traps capture. Results from 2007 presented significant differences between grey and red septa attracting adult diamondback moth. Grey septa were more attractive than red septa. In 2008 eight sites were established in southern-Alberta in July measuring the attractiveness of aged grey and red lures loaded with the standard commercial pheromone blend from PheroTech Inc. Lures were aged 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks, treatments also included a solvent control. Sticky inserts were changed and adults counted at 2 week intervals for a 4 week period. Experiment #6: The effect of commercial lure age from two different pheromone suppliers was compared. Lures aged 0, 4, and 8 weeks from each company were tested at 8 field sites. Sticky inserts were changed and adults counted at 2 week intervals for a 4 week period. Experiment #7 & 8: Two experiments were conducted to analyze the response of male moths to different blends of the three known pheromone components. Field tests were conducted at 8 sites and traps were checked at 2 week intervals over a 4 week period. Results were not available at the time of writing this report. Continuing Research: complete? Contact: Maya Evenden

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Contact Information

AGRICULTURE AND AGRI-FOOD CANADA Lethbridge Research Centre

BERES, Brian. M.Sc. Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Lethbridge Research Centre P.O. Box 3000 Lethbridge, Alberta T1J 4B1 Tel. 403-317-2251 Fax. 403-382-3156 E-mail: beresb@agr.gc.ca

Lethbridge Research Centre CÁRCAMO, Héctor, Ph.D. Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Lethbridge Research Centre P.O. Box 3000 Lethbridge, Alberta T1J 4B1 Tel. 403-317-2247 Fax. 403-382-3156 E-mail: carcamoh@agr.gc.ca

ALBERTA AGRICULTURE and FOOD Pest Surveillance Branch

BROATCH, Jim, Ph.D. Insect Pest Management Specialist 6000 C&E Trail Lacombe, Alberta T4L 1W1 Tel (403) 782 8573; Cell (403)877-4687 E-mail: jim.broatch@gov.ab.ca

SOUTHERN APPLIED RESEARCH ASSOCIATION Agriculture Centre, Lethbridge

Coles, Ken, , MSc. 5403 – 1 Ave S. Lethbridge, Alberta T1J 4B1 Tel (403) 381 5118, 317 0757 (Cell) E-mail: sara.research@connectcomm.ca

UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA Department of Biological Sciences

EVENDEN, Maya L., Ph.D. CW405 Biological Sciences Building University of Alberta Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9 Tel. 780-492-1873 Fax. 780-492-7150 E-mail : mevenden@ualberta.ca

Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science DOSDALL, Lloyd M., Ph.D. 4-10 Agriculture / Forestry Centre University of Alberta Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2P5 Tel. 780-492-6893 Fax. 780-492-4265 E-mail: lloyd.dosdall@ualberta.ca

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AGRICULTURE AND AGRI-FOOD CANADA Lethbridge Research Centre

BERES, Brian. M.Sc. Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Lethbridge Research Centre P.O. Box 3000 Lethbridge, Alberta T1J 4B1 Tel. 403-317-2251 Fax. 403-382-3156 E-mail: beresb@agr.gc.ca

Lethbridge Research Centre CÁRCAMO, Héctor, Ph.D. Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Lethbridge Research Centre P.O. Box 3000 Lethbridge, Alberta T1J 4B1 Tel. 403-317-2247 Fax. 403-382-3156 E-mail: carcamoh@agr.gc.ca

ALBERTA AGRICULTURE and FOOD Pest Surveillance Branch

BROATCH, Jim, Ph.D. Insect Pest Management Specialist 6000 C&E Trail Lacombe, Alberta T4L 1W1 Tel (403) 782 8573; Cell (403)877-4687 E-mail: jim.broatch@gov.ab.ca

SOUTHERN APPLIED RESEARCH ASSOCIATION Agriculture Centre, Lethbridge

Coles, Ken, , MSc. 5403 – 1 Ave S. Lethbridge, Alberta T1J 4B1 Tel (403) 381 5118, 317 0757 (Cell) E-mail: sara.research@connectcomm.ca

UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA Department of Biological Sciences

EVENDEN, Maya L., Ph.D. CW405 Biological Sciences Building University of Alberta Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9 Tel. 780-492-1873 Fax. 780-492-7150 E-mail : mevenden@ualberta.ca

Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science DOSDALL, Lloyd M., Ph.D. 4-10 Agriculture / Forestry Centre University of Alberta Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2P5 Tel. 780-492-6893 Fax. 780-492-4265 E-mail: lloyd.dosdall@ualberta.ca

AGRICULTURE AND AGRI-FOOD CANADA Lethbridge Research Centre

BERES, Brian. M.Sc. Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Lethbridge Research Centre P.O. Box 3000 Lethbridge, Alberta T1J 4B1 Tel. 403-317-2251 Fax. 403-382-3156 E-mail: beresb@agr.gc.ca

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Lethbridge Research Centre CÁRCAMO, Héctor, Ph.D. Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Lethbridge Research Centre P.O. Box 3000 Lethbridge, Alberta T1J 4B1 Tel. 403-317-2247 Fax. 403-382-3156 E-mail: carcamoh@agr.gc.ca

ALBERTA AGRICULTURE and FOOD Pest Surveillance Branch

BROATCH, Jim, Ph.D. Insect Pest Management Specialist 6000 C&E Trail Lacombe, Alberta T4L 1W1 Tel (403) 782 8573; Cell (403)877-4687 E-mail: jim.broatch@gov.ab.ca

SOUTHERN APPLIED RESEARCH ASSOCIATION Agriculture Centre, Lethbridge

Coles, Ken, , MSc. 5403 – 1 Ave S. Lethbridge, Alberta T1J 4B1 Tel (403) 381 5118, 317 0757 (Cell) E-mail: sara.research@connectcomm.ca

UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA Department of Biological Sciences

EVENDEN, Maya L., Ph.D. CW405 Biological Sciences Building University of Alberta Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9 Tel. 780-492-1873 Fax. 780-492-7150 E-mail : mevenden@ualberta.ca

Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science DOSDALL, Lloyd M., Ph.D. 4-10 Agriculture / Forestry Centre University of Alberta Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2P5 Tel. 780-492-6893 Fax. 780-492-4265 E-mail: lloyd.dosdall@ualberta.ca

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RESEARCH PROGRESS REPORT - MANITOBA 2008

Prepared by Ian Wise, Cereal Research Centre Agriculture and AgriFood Canada

Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2M9

Email: iwise@agr.gc.ca CEREAL CROP RESEARCH 1) Title: Development of spring wheats with resistance to the wheat midge Author and Associates: SL Fox, PD Brown, IL Wise (iwise@agr.gc.ca), J. Thomas, and G. Humphreys, Cereal Research Centre, O.O. Olfert, AAFC Saskatoon and R. DePauw, AAFC Swift Current Problem: The insertion of the Sm1 R-gene into suitable spring wheat lines that renders wheat resistant to the midge requires phenotypic and genetic selection to broadly distribute this gene in spring wheat breeding programs. The Sm1 gene is the only known genetic source of resistance to the wheat midge. Screening land races of wheat for other resistant sources has not been successful. Summary of Results: Resistance to wheat midge has been added to CPS, CWRS and CWHW classes of common wheat. Three CWRS lines and one CWES lines (Humphreys) are now registered. Four of the five lines have been licenced to seed companies and will be commercially available as 90 R: 10 S varietal blends by 2009 or 2010. The commercial names for the three CWRS varietal blends are Unity, Goodeve and Fieldstar, and Glencross for the CWES varietal blend. A second CWES line and the first resistant CPS line (Brown) and the first CWHW line (Humphreys) are in the third year of registration trials and will be seeking support for registration in 2009. CPS line development in the past has been delayed by KVD, but this was discontinued as a requirement for registration in 2008. Other CWRS lines also have reached the 3rd year of registration trials. At earlier stages of the CRC CWRS breeding program (Fox), about half of F8 material now have midge resistant. Genetic tests to determine the uniqueness of possible resistant sources are being pursued. Oviposition deterrence is another midge resistance mechanism. A Ph.D. candidate Ali Gharalari has successfully completed a study on this trait and will be completing resulting publications in 2009. Identification and selection strategies for midge deterrence that will be important to support the resistance provided by Sm1. Sm1 has been found to be linked to the leaf rust resistance gene Lr16. The linkage is typically found in repulsion, but recombinants have been identified and are currently being used as parents in breeding crosses. 2)Title: Development of durum wheat with resistance to the wheat midge Author and Associates: D. Singh, R. Knox, R. DePauw, F. Clarke, AAFC Swift Current, C. Pozniak, CDC Saskatoon, B. Beres, AAFC Lethbridge, IL Wise (iwise@agr.gc.ca) CRC Problem: The insertion of the Sm1 gene from hexaploid wheats into suitable tetrapolid durum wheat creates major end-use quality concerns that requires extensive phenotypic and genetic selection. To reduce linkage drag and to identify direct interactions of Sm1 gene on associated quality traits, a genetic map of the Sm1 is to be made in order to identify better molecular markers. Summary of Results: Initial field screening of 84 durum wheat lines at Glenlea, Manitoba identified the presence of the Sm1 gene in many of the lines. At least 18 lines had earlier segregated for wheat midge resistance, and contained susceptible and resistant isogenic lines. The susceptible and resistant seed of these lines were separated, and the resistant seed from these lines and from fully resistant lines will be increased at the AAFC experimental farm in New Zealand. The lines with the best quality and phenotypic traits will be selected for testing at various sites in western Canada in 2009.

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3)Title: Development of management strategies to minimize the selection of virulent midge biotypes. Author and Associates: MAH Smith (msmith@agr.gc.ca), SL Fox, IL Wise (iwise@agr.gc.ca), CRC Problem: Wheats with antibiotic resistance to the wheat midge usually cause mortality to larvae in excess of 99% and a comparable reduction in populations of the wheat midge parasitoid. When released, midge-resistant wheat varieties will put a substantial selection pressure on the midge population, resulting in higher proportions of virulent midge that can survive on resistant wheat. An interspersed refuge of 10% susceptible wheat added to resistant wheat is recommended, to delay the development of virulence by the wheat midge. At this percentage the refuge will reduce selection of virulent wheat midge while not allowing downgrading or appreciable yield losses during years of high wheat midge populations. The potential for drift of the refuge from the initial 10% is a concern if farmers save seed to plant the following year, especially in years of high infestation. A second type of resistance that results in reduced wheat midge oviposition is present in some spring wheat lines. This oviposition deterrence will reduce the level of midge damage, and when combined with antibiotic resistance, can reduce selection pressure for virulent midge. Objectives of Research: 1) Assess the potential for drift from the initial 10% in a refuge of susceptible wheat added to resistant wheat and determine factors that may cause drift. 2) Determine or confirm the presence of oviposition deterrence to the wheat midge in several recent BW lines and the components of some recently registered midge-resistant wheat cultivars. Summary of Results: Field studies on the potential of drift in the refuge from the initial 10% were initiated in 2005 at Glenlea, MB. There were four treatments, each a blend using different wheat lines. Seed harvested from the 2005 experiment was used to initiate the 2006 experiment which was seeded at Glenlea and Brandon, then saved-seed from each respective location was used to continue the experiment in 2007 and 2008. At both locations the proportion of refuge has drifted down in most treatments, and several factors are related to this drift. Oviposition deterrence of six wheat lines was evaluated in a two-replicate experiment at two sites (Brandon and Glenlea). Waskada, the susceptible component of newly registered resistant cultivar, Unity, was consistently deterrent compared to the susceptible control. Continuing Research: 1) Experimental work for the study of drift in a susceptible refuge in resistant wheat has concluded and a full data analysis will be completed. 2) Our multi-field wheat midge population genetics simulation model has been expanded to include crop rotation and the relationships between crop rotation and virulence development are being investigated. 3) The test for oviposition deterrence in recent BW lines and components of some recently registered midge-resistant wheat cultivars will be repeated in 2009 at the same sites. 4)Title: Agronomic and quality impacts of midge (Sitodiplosis mosellana) on wheat Author and associates: R. DePauw, SPARC AAFC, Swift Current, depauw@agr.gc.ca S. Fox, AAFC CRC, sfox@agr.gc.ca,, Vera, C., AAFC Melfort, Lukow, O., Procunier, D., M. Smith, and I. Wise, CRC. Problem: The wheat midge (Sitodiplosis mosellana) reduced yields of wheat crops and was a major down-grading factor in 2006 and 2007. Damage by midge larvae causes wheat kernels to shrivel, crack and become deformed. It has been estimated that midge caused at least $40 million in losses in the 2006 Western Canadian CWRS crop ($19 million in yield loss and $21 million in down-grading losses). Midge populations are now established in all prairie provinces. A single antibiotic resistance gene (Sm1) was identified in soft winter wheat and transferred into spring wheat by breeders at several research establishments in western Canada. Three CWRS cultivars and one CWES cultivar were registered in 2007 and are expected to enter the market place in fall 2009 and 2010. As resistance based on a single gene is often short-lived, these resistant wheat lines have been proposed to be sold as the major component in varietal blends which will also include a small proportion of a susceptible cultivar, known as an interspersed refuge.

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Varietal blends have not been used for certified seed sales in wheat in Canada. Producers, seed companies and regulatory agencies including the Canadian Seed Growers Association and the Canadian Food Inspection Agency are in need of information that details the stability of varietal blends over time. Many producers use farm-saved seed to produce wheat crops. Varietal blend stability will be necessary for producers to assess the economic impact of using their own seed and to protect the long term utility of the Sm1 midge resistance gene. Summary: Four varieties have been registered each possessing the Sm1 gene that confers resistance to wheat midge: Goodeve, Fieldstar, and Unity CWRS and Glencross CWES. These varieties will be marketed as varietal blends (9 tolerant to1 susceptible). The susceptible components are: AC Intrepid, Waskada in both Fieldstar and Unity, and Burnside respectively. The first seed sales are expected in the fall of 2009. Years 1 and 2 of agronomic trials have been completed at 8 locations. Resistant wheats included in the trials are the three registered CWRS wheats plus BW394; susceptible varieties are Katepwa, Teal, Intrepid and Waskada. Year 1 results show that the resistant blends vary in their effectiveness against midge, but generally midge damage to kernels is less in cultivars with Sm1. Market grade is generally higher for those varieties possessing Sm1 than varieties not having Sm1. Waskada has consistently lower damage than the other susceptible cultivars. End-use suitability analysis for year 1 is progressing. SNP markers have been identified to identify the resistant component and the susceptible components for each of the four varietal blends. Objectives of Research Projects:

a) Mimic seed production and resistance management practices, including farm-saved seed production to assess impact on varietal blend stability over generations of protduction and potential loss of midge resistance. Evaluate the change in frequency of plants with and without the midge resistance gene Sm1 in varietal blends grown in environments with and without the presence of wheat midge.

b) To determine the agronomic value of midge resistance and protection of market grade. c) To study the impact of the presence of midge resistance on end-use quality.

5)Title: The effect of parental background on seed damage to susceptible wheat cultivars , and to wheat cultivars and advanced wheat lines with the Sm1 gene for wheat midge resistance. Authors and Associates: IL Wise and SL Fox, CRC Problem: Damage to wheat seeds may occur when wheat midge larvae attempt to feed on resistant lines with the Sm1 gene. Some damaged seed are sufficiently visible for the seed to be identified by grain inspectors. Summary of Results: The amount of damage to all resistant lines is substantially less than that to susceptible cultivars. Resistant wheats, however, vary in the amount and severity of damage by the midge, before larvae discontinue and die. Field and laboratory tests indicate the extent of damage is consistent among cultivars. In laboratory tests, resistant wheats with little damage suffer no visible damage when eggs are laid one day or more after spikes have fully emerged from the boot. The resistant wheats with more visible damage can suffer damage to seed even when eggs are laid on spikes up to three days after their emergence from the boot. The data indicates the expression of Sm1 can be influenced by parental background and may factor in deciding which germplasm is most suitable as a source for the breeding of resistant cultivars. 6)Title: Development of spring wheat germplasm with resistance to the wheat midge and the Hessian fly, Mayetiola destructor Authors and Associates: IL Wise and SL Fox, CRC Problem: The development of cultivars with specific agronomic traits is delayed if these traits have to be obtained from distant genetic sources. Summary of Results: F5 and F7 lines of all wheat classes with wheat midge resistance and H3 or H6 genes for Hessian fly resistance were tested in the field for agronomic traits in 2008. These lines are in registered wheat cultivars or advanced breeding lines, and can be crossed with advanced breeding lines to incorporate recently developed disease and quality traits. A second study has incorporated the H18 gene in Guard spring wheat into

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advanced bread wheat lines. These germplasms will hasten the addition of Hessian fly resistance to cultivars with wheat midge resistance. 7)Title: Resistance to Hessian fly, Mayetiola destructor in spring wheat cv. Superb Author and Associates: IL Wise (iwise@agr.gc.ca) and SL Fox, CRC, R. Shukle, Purdue University, West Lafayette Problem: The Hessian fly is a sporadic pest of spring wheat throughout all wheat growing areas of western Canada. The cv. Superb is known to be partially resistant to the Hessian fly. However, the genetic source of the resistance is not known. Summary of Results: Accessions of Superb resistant to the Great Plains biotype found in western Canada were tested at Purdue University in an attempt to identify the source of their Hessian fly resistance. All accessions were susceptible to the L-biotype which eliminates from 32 to 7 the number of known resistant HF genes that may be a possible source of resistance in Superb. Further testing with other biotypes can reduce or eliminate all known genes as the source, and indicate whether resistance is novel. OILSEED, SPECIALITY AND VEGETABLE CROP RESEARCH 1)Title: Potato virus Y (PVY O and PVY N:O) impact on potato cultivars and management through oil sprays. Author and Associates: D.L. McLaren, Crop Production Pathologist, Brandon Research Centre, AAFC, Brandon, MB; B.G. Elliott and T. Shinners-Carnelley, Manitoba Agriculture,Food and Rural Initiatives (MAFRI), Soils and Crops Branch, Carman, MB; R. Mohr and M. Khakbazan, Brandon Research Centre, AAFC, Brandon, MB; D. Tomasiewicz, Canada-Manitoba Crop Diversification Centre. Funding source(s) (2007): AAFC Biopesticides Initiative, Seed Potato Growers' Association of Manitoba, Keystone Vegetable Producers Association, Manitoba Agriculture, Food and Rural Initiatives, Canada-Manitoba Crop Diversification Centre. Objective of Research: The objectives are: a) to assess oil sprays for PVY management in commonly grown potato cultivars; b) to determine the impact of PVY strains PVYO and PVY N:O on potato yield and quality under Manitoba environmental conditions and c) to assess aphid populations in the Carberry potato production region for species that are important in the spread of PVY. Note that 2008 for the aphid trapping network was a transition year and as such, most of the sites were established and maintained by MAFRI and CMCDC. The Carberry site was monitored by AAFC-Brandon. Progress (2008): The aphid trapping network was established at 9 sites throughout the Manitoba potato producing regions and aphids were captured over approximately 13 sampling interval end dates. Green peach, potato, and buckthorn aphid identifications were conducted from samples collected from traps and leaves. In a replicated virus spread trial with known diseased plants, aphids were collected over the season, and three sampling dates of plant material were collected for RT-PCR to assess oil spray as a management tool for PVY. General observations, comments, conclusions to date: Aphid populations peaked at the Carberry site in mid-August of this year and the most efficient vector, the green peach aphid was first observed during the week ending July 9th. Potato and buckthorn aphids were captured from traps throughout the field season. Analyses of tubers collected from the 2007 oil study indicated that application of oil reduced the spread of PVY under Manitoba environmental conditions. Results on the impact of oil on PVY spread in 2008 are not available yet. Data collection and assessment of PVY strains on potato yield and quality are ongoing. 2) Title: Management of root maggots Delia radicum on oilseed rape in Manitoba Author and Associates: N.J. Holliday (neil_holliday@umanitoba.ca), Dept. of Entomology, University of Manitoba, U. Kuhlmann, CABI Bioscience Centre, Switzerland.

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Problem: The cabbage root maggot is a serious pest of canola in many parts of western Canada. Various tillage and seeding practices that lessen damage have been studied because insecticides can not be effectively applied. Objective of Research: To assess the potential for introducing European parasitoids for control of root maggots (particularly Delia radicum) in canola in Canada. A candidate species, Aleochara bipustulata, is being studied for its efficacy and associated risk. Summary of Results: Previous studies have shown that European species, Aleochara bipustulata, is a promising candidate for classical biological control of root maggots in canola. We have already shown that it does not have negative effects on parasitism of its native congener, A. bilineata: the rate of maggot parasitism from the two species is higher than for either alone, when the same number of pairs of adult Aleochara are confined with cabbage maggot puparia. We have investigated risks of parasitism to non-target Diptera, using 18 candidate non-target species in a no-choice system. Of these, five non-target species were attacked including another anthomyiid, and four species with very small puparia from which small, and possibly unfit adult A. bipustulata emerged. Host range is also limited by habitat association: A. bipustulata occurs in a wide range of crop habitats but not in forests. Further studies on interactions with other natural enemies and on the species range of prey taken by adult A. bipustulata are in progress; preliminary studies of prey range show it to be surprisingly narrow. We are also beginning studies on the role of simply organic sulphur compounds in host and prey habitat location and host and prey acceptance by adults and larvae of A. bilineata and A. bipustulata. 3)Title: Economic significance of populations of mirid bugs in beans Authors and Associates: N.J. Holliday (neil_holliday@umanitoba.ca), Dept of Entomology, U of M Problem: In Manitoba, insecticides are applied in some years for control of lygus bugs and alfalfa plant bugsin dry edible beans, and there is evidence that lygus bugs may cause reduced yield quantity and quality in dry beans. There are also reports of lygus bugs in soybeans, although there is no information on the significance of these for yield. No thresholds are available for assisting bean producers to make economically sound decisions about the need for control of plant bugs in dry beans or soybeans in Manitoba. of Research: To develop economic injury levels for lygus bugs (and if necessary alfalfa plant bugs) on dry edible beans and to document seasonal patterns of occurrence of plant bugs on dry eddible beans and soybeans. Summary of Results: Preliminary field surveys of dry beans in 2008 revealed that three species of lygus bugs and some alfalfa plant bugs were present, and that nymphs of lygus bugs were present from late July to early September. Samples of beans at harvest are currently being taken and yield quantity and quality estimates will tested for association with plant bug numbers. 4)Title: Dutch elm disease: evaluation of control alternatives Authors and Associates: N.J. Holliday (neil_holliday@umanitoba.ca), Dept of Entomology, U of M, J. Leferink, Manitoba Conservation, and D. Domke, City of Winnipeg Problem: Native elm bark beetles are the principle vectors of the pathogen causing Dutch elm disease in Manitoba. Nearly 30 years after Dutch elm disease reached the province, urban centres still retain a significant proportion of their elm trees. However tree losses to disease continues to be unacceptably high despite a vigorous program of integrated disease management. Objective of Research: We are nearing the end of a four year study of management of Dutch elm disease with the following objectives:

I. to compare the value of early removal of infected elm trees with that of removing infected trees in the winter after symptom detection,

II. to find an alternative for the pesticide that is currently used for basal application, and III. to develop a method for assessing the population size of over-wintering elm bark beetles.

Summary of Results: By removing newly-symptomatic trees at monthly intervals after diagnosis and dissecting them we have shown that adult native elm bark beetles, Hylurgopinus rufipes, can emerge from newly-symptomatic

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trees and when they do, most of them are carrying spores of the Dutch elm disease pathogen. In warm summers, this emergence begins in late August, but in years of average temperature, the emergence begins in September. We are currently performing trials to determine whether beetles emerging this late in the season have time to feed and accumulate sufficient fat body to survive winter. We studied rates of new Dutch elm disease infection in 14 rural Manitoba communities. Seven of these have, since 2004, practiced rapid removal of elms within weeks of summer diagnosis of the disease; the other seven communities, which were paired with first set on the basis of location and size, continued with the conventional winter removal. In each community, areas of about 0.6 km2 of residential streets were selected for study. In 2004, infection rates did not differ between communities with different removal regimes, but in the next 3 years, new infection rates in communities with rapid removal were significantly lower than in communities with winter removal. STORED GRAIN RESEARCH 1) Title: Numerical analysis and parameter estimation technique for insect population redistribution models AUTHORS: F. Jian, D.S. Jayas, Department of Biosystems Engineering, University of Manitoba; N.D.G. White, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Cereal Research Centre, Winnipeg; and E.A. Smith, Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Paisley, U.K. OBJECTIVE: Determine dispersal patterns for the rusty grain beetle in bulk wheat to optimize detection SUMMARY OF RESULTS: Insect population redistribution was modeled by transport equations. The technique for estimating the coefficients associated with the transport equations (or more generally, population redistribution models) was developed using the finite difference method. The parameter(s) in the equations were estimated to relate back to the underlying rates and processes producing movement. The performance of the technique was tested with the population dispersal of adult Cryptolestes ferrugineus in stored wheat columns and boxes with or without temperature gradients. There was no significant difference among the insect numbers recovered and predicted by the finite difference and analytical methods. Therefore, a diffusion equation could be employed to model the population redistribution of adult C. ferrugineus in stored grain, and the finite difference method could be used to solve the transport equations. 2) Title: Two-dimensional diffusion of Cryptolestes ferrugineus populations in stored wheat under constant environmental conditions AUTHORS: F. Jian, D.S. Jayas, Department of Biosystems Engineering, University of Manitoba; N.D.G. White, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Cereal Research Centre, Winnipeg; and E.A. Smith, Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Paisley, U.K. OBJECTIVE: Determine dispersal patterns for the rusty grain beetle in bulk wheat to optimize detection SUMMARY OF RESULTS: Insect movement inside a stored-grain bulk increases the chance for the pests to find biologically suitable locations for their development and multiplication. The movement of rusty grain beetle, Cryptolestes ferrugineus, adults was determined in a 0.1 × 1 × 1 m wooden box filled with wheat. There are 12 combinations of temperature (20, 25, 30, or 35°C), number of adults (125, 250, or 500), moisture content (12.5, 14.5, or 16.5%), and time periods (3, 6, 12, 24, or 72 h) over which movement could occur. The diffusivities in each set of environmental conditions were calculated using a developed procedure (program) and experimental data. The diffusivity at 14.5% m.c. and 20°C in the 24 h movement period was 2.5 ± 0.3 × 10-4m2/h. The diffusivity increased with increasing temperature, decreasing moisture contents, decreasing movement periods, and increasing insect numbers. Adult numbers in each section of the wooden box were predicted using an analytical model and calculated diffusivities. There were no significant differences between measured and predicted adult numbers. This research suggests that distribution and dispersal of the C. ferrugineus adults in stored wheat follow a diffusion pattern under constant environmental conditions.

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3) Title: A distributed-delay model to predict ageing and survival rates of adults of Cryptolestes ferrugineus in granaries filled with wheat AUTHORS: F. Jian, D.S. Jayas, Department of Biosystems Engineering, University of Manitoba; N.D.G. White, P.G. Fields, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Cereal Research Centre, Winnipeg OBJECTIVE: Determine dispersal patterns and final dispersion for the rusty grain beetle in bulk wheat to

optimize detection SUMMARY OF RESULTS: A time-varying distributed-delay model simulating effects of multifactors was developed. Prediction of the ageing rate and survival distribution of adults of the rusty grain beetle, Cryptolestes ferrugineus in various environments found in wheat-filled granaries was conducted as an example to illustrate the application of this developed model. Published adult mortalities, determined at different temperatures, relative humidities, and food sources, were directly used to find the average ageing rate and family of cumulative function of adult mortality. The developed model could predict the adult survival rate at constant or transient temperatures with different relative humidities. This model could also simulate the effect of adult acclimation to their environment when they experience temperature and moisture fluctuations inside granaries. To validate the developed model, the simulation results were compared with available experimental data from the literature. There was no difference between predicted and measured mortalities in two granaries in which the mortalities were determined in a 4-month experiment. 4) Title: Mortality of stored-grain insects exposed to microwave energy in bulk cereals AUTHORS: R. Vadivambal, D.S. Jayas, Department of Biosystems Engineering, University of Manitoba; and N.D.G. White, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Cereal Research Centre, Winnipeg OBJECTIVE: To control stored-grain insect populations with microwaves SUMMARY OF RESULTS: Infestation of grain by insects is usually controlled with insecticides. Use of insecticides could result in residues in the food, which may have adverse effects on humans, and insects eventually develop resistance to insecticides. There is a need for an alternative method for disinfestation of grain. Disinfestation of harvested grains using microwaves can be one such alternative. A pilot-scale industrial microwave grain drying system operating at 2.45 GHz was used in this study to determine the mortality of three common adult stored-grain insects, namely, Tribolium castaneum, Cryptolestes ferrugineus, and Sitophilus granarius in barley and rye. Grain samples of 50 g each at 14%, 16%, and 18% moisture content (wet basis) were infested with adult insects. The samples were then exposed to microwave energy at four different power levels (200, 300, 400, and 500 W) for two exposure times (28 and 56 s). Complete (100%) mortality was achieved for all three species at 500 W for an exposure time of 28 s in barley and rye. For an exposure time of 56 s, complete mortality was achieved at 400 W for all the insects in barley and for C. ferrugineus in rye, but T. castaneum and S. granarius were killed at 300 W in rye. There was no significant difference in the mortality of insects in 14%, 16%, and 18% m.c. grain. Germination tests were conducted for barley and rye treated at different power levels and exposure times, and germination of seeds decreased with an increase in power level or exposure time or both. 5) Title: The use of heat, sulfuryl fluoride, phosphine and carbon dioxide to control pests in flour mills. Author and Associates: Paul Fields (pfields@agr.gc.ca), CRC, AAFC Winnipeg Problem: The red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum and the confused flour beetle Tribolium confusum are serious pests in flour mills. Objective of Research: An alternative method to control stored-products insects in flour mills is needed because the current method of choice, methyl bromide, is slated to be banned because it is an ozone depleter. Summary of Results: Methyl bromide has been used in flour mills since the 1930’s to control insects in food processing facilities. Its use was phased out in 2005, but countries can receive Critical Use Exemptions (CUE) to use methyl bromide in flour mills in Canada, USA, Europe and Australia. At the request of the Canadian National

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Millers Association (CNMA), Canada received CUE for methyl bromide for some flour mills to test alternatives to methyl bromide and to compare these alternative treatments to standard methyl bromide treatments. Trials with propane-fired heaters (Temp-Air), portable steam heaters (Armstrong International Inc.), sulfuryl fluoride (ProFume®), phosphine (ECO2FUME®), heat and CO2 combinations, and with methyl bromide were done at mills across Canada for control of the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum (Herbst). All treatments were effective in killing eggs and adults of red flour beetles put out as bioassays, except sulfuryl fluoride where egg mortality ranged from 35 to 99.6%. Insect populations in the mills returned to pre-treatment levels in 3 weeks to over the 30 week sampling period for methyl bromide treatments, in 1 week to over the 18 week study for sulfuryl fluoride, in 7 to 29 weeks for Phosphine combination treatments, and over 19 weeks for heat treatments. Adult and larva flour beetles were monitored in tailings from rebolt sifters. In methyl bromide treatments, the insect populations returned to pre-treatment levels in 15 weeks to over the 31 week sampling period. For sulfuryl fluoride, it took as little as 9 weeks to never within the 18 week study. Phosphine combination treatment rebounded within 1 to 33 weeks. In heat treatments, there were never insects in the tailings. For all fumigants, improved sealing and higher temperatures in the mills before fumigation would improve efficacy with less gas. The tests also found insect populations rebound from a treatment in the fall slower than a treatment in the spring because the pest pressure will be much greater in the summer than the winter. This project indicates sulfuryl fluoride, heat and phosphine combination treatment (phosphine, heat and carbon dioxide) can control insect populations in flour mills for over 18 weeks.

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RESEARCH PROGRESS ON INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT IN

BRITISH COLUMBIA - 2008

Compiled by R. S. Vernon and M. Clodius Pacific Agri-Food Research Centre (AAFC)

6947 #7 Hwy. P.O. Box 1000 Agassiz, B.C. V0M 1A0

vernonbs@agr.gc.ca ______________________________________________________________________________ Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, PARC Agassiz: 2008 Insect Pest Research Report Title 1: Evaluating various insecticides for control of wireworms in potatoes (2003-2007). Author and Associates: Bob Vernon, Markus Clodius and Victoria Brookes (AAFC, Agassiz). Problem: Wireworms of various species are causing increasing problems in the major potato growing provinces of Canada. Growers have traditionally applied granular insecticides for control of this pest, and during the past decade have relied almost exclusively on the organophosphate Thimet 15G (phorate). Thimet, however, will be withdrawn from Canada in 2012, and it is imperative that acceptable replacements be found. Pyrinex 480EC, a liquid formulation of chlorpyrifos, has been found to consistently provide acceptable daughter tuber protection from wireworm damage when applied as an in-furrow spray. Pyrinex also reduces wireworm populations, and is similar in overall efficacy to Thimet 15G. This product, as well as the less effective granular formulation Pyrifos 15G, were granted Canada-wide Minor Use Registrations in 2006. Unfortunately, chlorpyrifos is not registered on potatoes in the USA and there is no residue tolerance for ware or processed potatoes entering the USA, which has impeded its adoption in Canada. In addition, the neonicotinoids Poncho 600FS (clothianidin) and Cruiser 5FS (thiamethoxam) applied as potato seed piece treatments were found to fairly consistently reduce daughter tuber damage by A. obscurus in BC. However, the effectiveness of these products has been more variable on other species occurring in Ontario, Nova Scotia and PEI. Since these insecticides reversibly intoxicate, rather than kill wireworms, population levels are not reduced to the levels observed with Thimet 15G. A Canada-wide Minor Use Registration is now pending for clothianidin (Poncho, Titan) as a potato seed piece treatment for wireworm damage ‘suppression’, and is expected to be available for commercial use in 2009. Registration has also been obtained for thiamethoxam (Cruiser, Actara) as an in-furrow spray at potato planting and as a seed piece treatment. Clothianidin and thiamethoxam are also registered on potatoes in the USA. When clothianidin or thiamethoxam seed piece treatments were combined with chlorpyrifos in-furrow sprays (Pyrinex 480EC) at planting in BC trials between 2005-2007, daughter tuber protection and wireworm population reduction were as good or better than Thimet 15G, and control of other above ground pests such as tuber flea beetles was excellent. What is needed at the present time is a USA-registered alternative to chlorpyrifos that can be used alone or combined with other insecticides (i.e. clothianidin or thiamethoxam) to provide daughter tuber protection, wireworm population reduction, and control of above ground pests. Objective of Research: To evaluate candidate insecticides and application methods for control of wireworms in potatoes. More specifically, to evaluate the USA-registered synthetic pyrethroid bifenthrin as a substitute for chlorpyrifos as an in-furrow spray at planting. Bifenthrin (Capture 2EC) was tested as an in-furrow spray alone and in combination with clothianidin (Poncho 600FS) as a seed piece treatment, and with thiamethoxam (Actara 240 SC) as an in-furrow spray. The study focussed on the ability of these treatments to: a) protect daughter tubers from damage; and b) reduce wireworm populations. The final goal was to determine if bifenthrin is an acceptable substitute for chlorpyrifos and Thimet 15G, and provide efficacy data in support of a prospective Project 914 registration of bifenthrin in Canada. Two studies were conducted in 2008 on the European wireworms Agriotes obscurus and A. lineatus at the Pacific Agri-Food Research Center in Agassiz, B.C., and additional studies have also been conducted on various wireworm species (e.g. Melanotus spp.) near London, ONT, (Dr. Jeff Tolman, AAFC), Guelph, ONT (A. Dornan, Bayer CropScience) and on the European wireworm, Agriotes sputator in Charlottetown, PEI (Dr. Christine Noronha, AAFC). Summary of Results: Both studies in B.C. were harvested about 105 days after planting, but only one study has been graded completely so far. Capture 2 EC in-furrow spray was as effective at protecting daughter tubers from

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wireworm damage as Pyrinex 480EC and Thimet 15G . No control of flea beetle damage was observed with Capture 2 EC, as would be expected with a non-systemic insecticide. The neonicotinoids Poncho 600FS (clothianidin) applied as a potato seed piece treatment and Actara 240 SC (thiamethoxam) applied as an in-furrow spray were not as effective at reducing wireworm damage as in past years. When these neonicotinoid treatments were combined with Capture 2 EC in-furrow sprays, efficacy in reducing damage was similar to that of Capture 2 EC alone. The efficacy of Capture 2EC with and without the neonicotinoid treatments in reducing wireworm populations will be determined by bait trapping the plots in spring of 2009. Results from the other Canadian studies are pending. Continuing Research: It is expected that this work will continue for at least one more year. Contact: Dr. Bob Vernon Tel: (604) 796-1708 Pacific Agri-Food Research Centre Fax: (604) 796-0359 P.O. Box 1000 - 6947 #7 Highway e-mail: vernonbs@agr.gc.ca Agassiz, BC V0M 1A0 Title 2: Evaluating various insecticides for control of the wireworm Agriotes obscurus in wheat. Author and Associates: Bob Vernon, Markus Clodius, Wim van Herk, Chantelle Harding (AAFC, Agassiz). Problem: Various species of wireworms are known to cause serious damage to cereal crops across Canada. Problems with wireworms in general are increasing in many Canadian farming systems, especially on the prairies where cereal crops abound. This increase in damage has been attributed, at least in part, to the loss of the organochlorine insecticide lindane as a cereal and forage crop seed treatment. Studies have been underway at PARC, Agassiz since 1996 to find lower risk insecticides to replace lindane. Objective of Research: Between 2002-2008, studies in Agassiz have focused on a number of low risk (imidacloprid, clothianidin, thiamethoxam) to moderate risk (tefluthrin, fipronil) candidate insecticides as seed treatments for management of the dusky wireworm, Agriotes obscurus, in wheat. In addition, various combinations of insecticides have also been tested in attempts to improve efficacy and reduce wireworm numbers to levels achieved by the former lindane seed treatments. Efficacy is measured by observing the indirect impacts of wireworms on the crop (i.e. crop stand establishment and yield), as well as the direct effects of candidate insecticides on wireworm populations (i.e. examinations of wireworms from plots, and population levels in plots the following spring). The focus has been on products that have current or pending registration status in Canada (i.e. imidacloprid, clothianidin and thiamethoxam) to facilitate pursuit of Full, Emergency, or Minor Use registrations in cereals for wireworm control. Summary of Results: Measurements of crop stand establishment over time and yield at harvest suggest clothianidin and thiamethoxam are highly effective materials for suppression of wireworm damage. Imidacloprid will also suppress wireworm damage at higher application rates. Sampling of wireworms in these plots the following year, however, showed that wireworm populations are not significantly lower than in the check plots. As mentioned in other reports, wireworms exposed to neonicotinoids (in this case on wheat seed) become intoxicated long enough for the crop to become established, but then recover later in the season. Of major importance is that reduction in numbers of neonate wireworms was also low or absent in these trials relative to lindane treated seeds, suggesting that neonicotinoids would not provide the longer term wireworm control experienced with lindane treatments. In past, growers would only have to plant lindane-treated crops of wheat once every 3-4 years. These studies also suggest that fipronil seed treatments will provide excellent crop stand protection as well as virtual eradication of wireworm populations. The 2006-2008 studies have focused on evaluating fipronil at lower rates to determine the lowest effective dose to both protect the crop and significantly reduce wireworms populations. Continuing Research: It is expected that this work will continue for at least one more year. Contact: Dr. Bob Vernon Tel: (604) 796-1708 Pacific Agri-Food Research Centre Fax: (604) 796-0359

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P.O. Box 1000 - 6947 #7 Highway e-mail: vernonbs@agr.gc.ca Agassiz, BC V0M 1A0 Title 3: Canada-wide wireworm surveys. Author and Associates: Bob Vernon, Wim van Herk and Markus Clodius (AAFC, Agassiz) Problem: Several species of wireworms in Canada are known to cause crop damage. These species span several genera, and can have quite different life histories, morphologies and behaviour. This makes developing control strategies more complicated, and our lab has determined that insecticide efficacy, LD50s and behavioural responses to pesticides (e.g. repellency) can vary significantly between species. Because of these differences, control strategies in the future may require that we know what species are presentObjective of Research: The objective of this project is to collect and identify wireworms from infested crops across Canada, and to gradually construct a wireworm species map that can be used to aid in IPM strategies in the future. This will be achieved through collections made by a consortium of grower, government and agri-business field personnel. Summary of Results: Several samples have been collected and submitted to PARC, Agassiz for identification over the past 4 years. It is expected that the survey will take several more years to complete. Continuing Research: The survey will continue indefinitely, and there is an ongoing need for samples to be collected from damaged fields by grower, extension and field personnel. For more information or contributions to the cause you can contact the address below. Contact: Dr. Bob Vernon Tel: (604) 796-1708 Pacific Agri-Food Research Centre Fax: (604) 796-0359 P.O. Box 1000 - 6947 #7 Highway e-mail: vernonbs@agr.gc.ca Agassiz, BC V0M 1A0 _____________________________________________________________________________ British Columbia Ministry of Agriculture and Lands: 2008 Insect Research Report Title 4: Evaluation of an alarm pheromone for the control of aphids on greenhouse vegetable crops Author and Associates: Tracy Hueppelsheuser and Jennifer Curtis (BCMAL), Amandeep Bal (BC Greenhouse

Growers Association). Problem: Aphids are occasional but serious pests of BC greenhouse vegetable crops. When present, the pest leaves

a sticky residue on the fruit which encourages sooty mould. Fruit are also contaminated by shed aphid skin left behind after the aphids have molted. Additional IPM tools to work in concert with biological control are needed to avoid aphid population explosions.

Alarm pheromones are currently available in the United States to manage green peach aphids (Myzus persicae) on greenhouse roses. Pheromone dispensers are hung on the plant next to aphid colonies. The supposed effect of the pheromone is to stop aphid feeding, disrupt and disperse the colonies, and attract parasitoids to the aphid colonies.

Objective of Research: To evaluate a commercially available alarm pheromone for management of aphid species

in greenhouse vegetables, including green peach aphid and foxglove aphid (Aulacorthum solani). Summary of Results: The project was initiated in spring 2007. Cage studies and trials in commercial greenhouses

commenced on peppers and tomatoes through the summer. In caged plant trials, plants were inoculated with either ‘high’ or ‘low’ aphids and were either treated with Aphid Chaser or not. Trends indicated that Aphid Chaser decreased the growth potential of the aphid populations at 6-7 days post-treatment in both green peach aphids and foxglove aphids in peppers by about 40%, in both ‘high’ and ‘low’ aphid plants. Comparisons were not always significant, however, likely due to large variability between means. Four trials in commercial pepper

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greenhouses were carried out in the central Fraser Valley during late summer during full production. Paired plots were set up, either treated with Aphid Chaser or not, and evaluated. Aphid numbers within the plot area were recorded before treatment, at 48 hr and 7 days after treatment. Presence of predators and parasites was recorded. Aphid Chaser use significantly decreased the growth potential of the aphids over 7 days by about 53%, however, there was substantial variability in the means over the 4 trials. There was no clear evidence that aphid predators and parasites were affected by use of Aphid Chaser, however, data were highly variable. It appears that Aphid Chaser could become an useful part of an overall aphid management strategy in greenhouse peppers, as it decreases aphid population ‘spikes’, which could optimize bio-control dollars spent and decrease the use of pesticide ‘rescue’ treatments. The relationships and interactions between pest management tools in this system should be explored further.

Continuing Research: Potentially. Contact: Tracy Hueppelsheuser BC Ministry of Agriculture and Lands 1767 Angus Campbell Road, Abbotsford, BC, V3G 2M3 Tracy.Hueppelsheuser@gov.bc.ca Title 5: Investigation of novel insect management approaches for the key pests, currant fruit fly (Eurphranta

canadensis) and currant clearwing borer (Synanthedon tupuliformis), in currants. Author and Associates: Tracy Hueppelsheuser, Mark Sweeney (BCMAL), Lower Mainland Horticulture

Improvement Association Problem: Currants are an emerging crop in North America; fruit is used fresh, in preserves, juice, and

nutraceuticals. Both Currant Fruit Fly and Currant Clearwing Borer are key pests in currants, limiting the crop significantly if not controlled. Pesticides are limited; only one insecticide is registered. Alternative methods include pruning and cultivation. No presently available approach adequately controls these pests. Due to pest biology, particularly the cryptic nature of the larvae, and due to preferences of international markets, traditional pesticide approaches will not solve these two pest problems. Efficacy trials investigating novel approaches to pest management are required to address these pests.

Objective of Research: 1) To generate efficacy data for GF-120 (spinosad bait) for control of Currant Fruit Fly in

BC currant fields. 2) To generate efficacy data of a mating disruption product, used in Europe and New Zealand, for control of Currant Clearwing Borer in BC currant fields.

Summary of Results: Project was initiated in spring 2007.

Currant fruit fly flight began on April 27, peaked May 19-June 1, and the last catch was July 14. Our study appears to show that GF-120 prevents fruit fly larvae in currant fruit, however, this is the first year of study, and there remain some questions. Annual use of GF-120 is expected to decrease the fruit fly population over time, particularly in isolated fields. GF-120 is registered for management of Tephritid fruit flies in other crops in Canada and the USA.

Mating disruption for borer has been run for at least 2 years at the site. Trap shutdown is evident, indicating the treatment may have an effect on the moth behaviour and may be inhibiting mating. It appears from 2007 and 2008 cane assessments that mating disruption had a significant impact on borer populations. If annual applications of mating disruption can give a 60% decrease in damage each year, as the 2007 data indicates, it will be a useful tool for growers to use. Though the 2008 spring cane assessments didn’t indicate a further decrease in borers in canes, there were no 2nd year canes with larvae, indicating no additional borer attacks (in 2007). Gradual decline in populations over successive years of use is what we expect from mating disruption for clearwing moths. These results support further investigation of this tool for currant growers.

Continuing Research: Hope to continue both treatments at current site.

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Contact: Tracy Hueppelsheuser BC Ministry of Agriculture and Lands 1767 Angus Campbell Road, Abbotsford, BC, V3G 2M3 Tracy.Hueppelsheuser@gov.bc.ca Title 6: Caterpillar survey in hazelnut orchards in BC Author and Associates: Tracy Hueppelsheuser, Mark Sweeney (BCMAL), BC Hazelnut Growers Association Problem: Caterpillar pests of hazelnuts can be significant. Growers are interested in using low toxicity pesticides

and alternative practices to control pests where possible, such as DiPel (Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki) or Trichogramma spp. In order to use these tools effectively, caterpillar species needs to be verified, and growers need to understand the pest biology as well as ways to monitor these pests.

Objective of Research: To survey a few hazelnut orchards for caterpillar pests in southern BC: gather larvae and

document damage, and identify species at various times throughout the growing season to create a better understanding of the lepidopteran pest complex to allow for more effective use of ‘soft’ control strategies.

Summary of Results: Project initiated in April 2007. In 2007, surveys for caterpillars occurred biweekly at each of

the six farms in the eastern Fraser Valley in May-July. Pheromone traps for six leafroller species were checked weekly from June-September. Six species trapped for were: Oblique banded leafroller (Choristoneura rosaceana), Pandemis leafroller (Pandemis limitata), Eyespotted budmoth (Spilonota ocellana), Fruittree leafroller (Archips argyrospilus), European leafroller (Archips rosanus), and Filbertworm (Cydia latiferreana). Filbertworm, another tortricid moth, is not known to be present in Fraser Valley hazelnut orchards. In 2008, caterpillars were again collected (twice in each orchard) and were reared to adults for species identification.

Early season caterpillar leaf feeding was exclusively done by spanworm (Operophtera spp.) in both 2007 and 2008. Larvae are currently pupating and Operophtera species will be identified by February 2009. Within most fields, spanworm feeding was patchy; higher levels usually occurring along the river or one of the outer edges of the field. Growers indicated that the timing of Bt sprays is critical for good control, and the results vary greatly depending on temperature and stage of larvae.

In 2007 in pheromone traps, the eye spotted budmoth and European leafroller were by far most common, while no fruitree leafroller or filbertworm were caught. Although the occurrence of leafroller moths was high in some fields, the leaf area damage was low. Interestingly, oblique banded leafroller catches were relatively low; this was a species we expected to find in relative abundance, as it is a common pest in many horticultural crops. The adult moths reared out from 2008 leafroller larvae were almost exclusively European leafroller, indicating that this species is the most abundant in eastern Fraser Valley hazelnut orchards. This is important to know, because European leafroller is a single generation leafroller, and timing of controls is different than for two-generation leafrollers (eg. Oblique banded leafroller) and spanworms.

Continuing Research: None planned at this time. Contact: Tracy Hueppelsheuser BC Ministry of Agriculture and Lands 1767 Angus Campbell Road, Abbotsford, BC, V3G 2M3 Tracy.Hueppelsheuser@gov.bc.ca. Title 7: Demonstration of various fly control tools and approaches for use in BC mushrooms Author and Associates: Tracy Hueppelsheuser, Jennifer Curtis (BCMAL), BC Mushroom Industry Development

Council.

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Problem: Flies, primarily sciarids (fungus gnats), transport disease through mushroom crops, and the larvae feed in compost and on developing mushrooms. Management of flies is therefore critical to successful mushroom production. Growers tend to rely on one insect growth regulator (cyromazine) for fly management in compost, as well as sprays with broad spectrum insecticides.

Objective of Research: To demonstrate to BC growers other fly management tools that are available as rotational

tools and lower risk alternatives, coupled with monitoring techniques to determine appropriate timing of applications and for evaluation of applications.

Summary of Results: Project was initiated in spring 2007. Fly monitoring protocol was described and set up on a

few farms, with the intent that growers would continue to record fly catches daily. Some growers continued monitoring flies and found it useful in determining the need to treat or not. The trial plots were set up on one farm with the treatments: nematodes (Steinernema feltiae), predatory mites (Hypoaspis miles), diatomaceous earth+clay (Red Lake Earth), cyromazine (Citation), and untreated mushroom beds. The intent was to evaluate numbers of fly larvae in beds, adult fly emergence from the plots, and any crop tolerance or mushroom crop damage (from flies). At the end of harvest, compost samples were collected and stored in boxes at room temperature. All flies that emerged from these samples were recorded over the following 4 weeks. The alternative treatments all resulted in comparable fly control to cyromazine, and all treatments had about 75% fewer flies than in untreated samples.

Continuing Research: Not at this time. Tracy Hueppelsheuser BC Ministry of Agriculture and Lands 1767 Angus Campbell Road, Abbotsford, BC, V3G 2M3 Tracy.Hueppelsheuser@gov.bc.ca. ____________________________________________________________________________

Consulting Firms: 2008 Insect Research Report Title 8: Survey of aphid species and natural enemies in ornamental nurseries. Author and Associates: Renee Prasad – ES Cropconsult Ltd, Vancouver, BC.; Janice Elmhirst – Elmhirst Diagnostics and Research, Abbotsford, BC Problem: Aphid species in nurseries are numerous and diverse. Some aphids have complex life cycles with regular migrations from one host to another during the growing season. Others overwinter on a single host and remain there throughout the season. A major challenge in managing all of these aphids is to know what species are present and when they appear, how broad is their host range, which species vector viruses and which ones may be amenable to biological control. Objective of Research: The objectives of this study were 1) to better understand the species diversity of aphids in the nursery environment in coastal BC and 2) to explore the potential of biological control of aphids. Objective 1 was achieved by conducting a once/month (June to September) collection of aphids from commercial nurseries located in seven areas: Chilliwack, Abbotsford, Mission, Pitt Meadows, Langley, Richmond and Cloverdale. Aphids were identified to species by Mr. Cho-kai Chan (Agriculture and Agri-Food, Canada, retired) and the plant host was recorded. A natural enemy survey was conducted once/month (July, August and September) by placing five collection stations (yellow sticky card and pitfall traps) in random locations in and around each nursery for one week. A literature review of aphid biocontrol practices in ornamental nurseries will be included in the final report. Summary of results: As expected, the fauna of aphids found at the seven nurseries was very diverse and several unexpected aphid-host associations were observed. Epigeal predators were not found very frequently within nurseries, i.e., within container-grown crops, but were abundant in the vegetation along nursery perimeters.

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Continuing research: The literature review is still to be conducted and results of the aphid survey have not been fully analyzed to date. We hope to continue this work, by looking at ways to improve aphid management in nurseries using a combination of selective aphicides and biological controls. Contact: Dr. Renee Prasad Tel: 604-835-2871 ES Cropconsult Ltd. e-mail:renee_priyap@hotmail.com 3041 W. 33rd Avenue Vancouver, BC, V6N 2G6 Dr. Janice Elmhirst Tel: 604-832-9495 Elmhirst Diagnostics and Research e-mail: janice.elmhirst@shaw.ca 5727 Riverside Street, Abbotsford, BC, V4X 1T6 ______________________________________________________________________________ Title 9: Biological control of phytophagous spider mites in ornamental nurseries. Author and Associates: Renee Prasad – ES Cropconsult Ltd, Vancouver, BC.; Janice Elmhirst – Elmhirst Diagnostics and Research, Abbotsford, BC Problem: Nursery growers are interested in using biological controls for management of phytophagous spider mites. Although predatory mites such as Amblyseius fallacis and P. persimilis are used to control phytophagous mites in greenhouse vegetable production, experience with predatory mites in outdoor nursery crops is limited. A fallacis is active at lower temperatures and is often released to control two-spotted mites in commercial raspberry fields. Objective of Research: Trials were conducted at three commercial nurseries in Langley and Abbotsford on Pieris japonica (European red mite present); Euonymus alata compacta and Sambucus ‘Thundercloud’ (two-spotted mite present); and Thuja ornamentalis ‘Holmstrup’ and Picea albertiana compacta (spruce spider mite present). In each crop, the trial included an untreated control section and a section treated with Vendex® 50 WP (fenbutatin oxide, 50%), separated by at least one metre (randomized blocks were not practical at commercial nurseries). A. fallacis were released in Pieris and Euonymus in June, July and late-August; on Thuja and Picea once in late August for spruce spider mite; and on Sambucus once in late August for two-spotted mite. Phytophagous mites were counted pre-release and weekly following each release. Summary of results: Data have not been analyzed yet, but preliminary results suggest that release of predatory mites reduced the number of phytophagous mites. After killing most of the phytophagous mites in the “bio-release” sections of the crops, the predatory mites were detected in other sections, concomitant with a reduction in phytophagous mites in these sections. Continuing research: Data will be fully analyzed and shared with growers. A spring release of predators, especially in greenhouses, is planned. Contact: Dr. Renee Prasad Tel: 604-835-2871 ES Cropconsult Ltd. e-mail:renee_priyap@hotmail.com 3041 W. 33rd Avenue Vancouver, BC, V6N 2G6 Dr. Janice Elmhirst Tel: 604-832-9495 Elmhirst Diagnostics and Research e-mail: janice.elmhirst@shaw.ca 5727 Riverside Street, Abbotsford, BC V4X 1T6 ______________________________________________________________________________ Title 10: Integrated pest management tools for cabbage root maggot Delia radium control in rutabagas

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Author and Associates: Renee Prasad – ES Cropconsult Ltd, Vancouver, BC.; Susan Smith – BCMAL, Abbotsford, BC; Bob Vernon and Markus Clodius – AAFC, PARC-Agassiz Problem: Cabbage root maggot is the key pest of rutabaga production in the Fraser Valley. Growers are currently dependent on an emergency registration of Furadan as part of their management program. Furadan has recently been de-registered in the US and will not likely be available for much longer in Canada. In addition, wildlife concerns with Furadan put additional pressure on finding new tools. Objective of Research: Demonstration trial of exclusion fencing on a small scale (2 10m2 plots). Fences were set-up 2 months prior to harvest. Fenced plots had half of the pesticide applications as unfenced plots. Yellow sticky cards were placed inside fenced plots and in several areas in the unfenced portion of the field and were changed twice weekly. The number of female D. radicum flies on cards was counted. At harvest, rutabagas were assessed for damage. Summary of results: Data have not been analyzed fully, but preliminary results indicate that damage to fenced rutabagas was similar to those that were unfenced and received an additional two Furadan treatments prior to harvest. Damage was most severe on the unfenced and unsprayed (Control) rutabagas. Female D. radicum flies were not caught inside fences until 1 month after fence establishment. Female flies were active in the unfenced areas of the field. Continuing research: Fly identification on yellow sticky cards will be completed and data analyzed. A whole field demonstration is planned for 2009, with a modified fence design and with fences established in the spring prior to planting. Contact: Susan Smith Tel: 604 556-3046 BC Ministry of Agriculture and Lands Fax: 604 556-3080 1767 Angus Campbell Rd. e-mail: Susan.L.Smith@gov.bc.ca Abbotsford, BC, V3G 2M3 Title 11: Evaluation of Entrust for organic cranberry production. Author and Associates: Marybel Soto and Renee Prasad – ES Cropconsult Ltd, Vancouver, BC., Deborah Henderson, Institute of Sustainable Horticulture, Kwantlen Polytechnical University Problem: Organic production of cranberries is limited by a lack of tools for both insect and weed management. The blackheaded fireworm is an important pest of cranberries in BC although alternative solutions (mating disruption and biological control) have been shown to be effective, chemical tools will still be needed as part of an organic IPM package for this pest. Objective of Research: Evaluate the efficacy of Entrust applied through chemigation. In previous work, high fireworm mortality was observed after 72-h with Entrust applied to small plots with a backpack spray. Application through chemigation however may not result in high levels of efficacy since the amount of water used in chemigation may result in too dilute of a solution reaching the foliage. A chemigation trial was conducted in July 2008; Entrust was applied at a rate of 32oz/acre with sprinklers run for 27 minutes. Control plots were located in areas were the sprinklers were jammed to prevent Entrust from reaching to foliage. Summary of results: In Control plots (n=4) there was a 29% reduction in the number of live fireworm larvae recovered in plots 96-h after treatment. In Treated plots (n=6) there was a 72% reduction and these differences were statistically significant. Continuing research: In 2009, we will continue trials with Entrust for fireworm control, examining the efficacy of lower rates. These data will hopefully support a label expansion of the current Entrust label to include blackheaded fireworm.

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Contact: Renee Prasad Tel: 604-835-2871 ES Cropconsult Ltd. e-mail:renee_priyap@hotmail.com 3041 W. 33rd Avenue Vancouver, BC, V6N 2G6 Title 12: Insect survey across the Fraser valley in potato, pea and bean fields. Author and Associates: Karina Sakalouskas and Renee Prasad ES Cropconsult Ltd, Vancouver, BC.; Susan Smith, BCMAL Problem: Currently IPM programs for potatoes in BC focus on the tuber flea beetle (Epitrix tuberis) as the key economic pest. In recent years the occurrence of other pests including lygus, other species of flea beetle (i.e not E. tuberis), and leafhoppers has increased. In contrast, peas and beans grown in the Fraser Valley do not currently require IPM services due to traditionally low insect and disease pressures. Recently, however pest pressure has lead to economic losses in some fields. This increase in different insect species and changes in pest pressure, observed in these three vegetable crops, is most likely the result of several factors including changes in pesticide use. For example, in potatoes reduction in end of season spraying for tuber flea beetles and a reduction in the use of broad-spectrum and persistent insecticides can give rise to secondary pest outbreaks. Looking at all three crops is important as they are often grown in rotation so it will be interesting to see if there is any relationship between crop rotation and the occurrence of these miscellaneous pests. For example is looper damage more likely to occur in beans if the field was potato the year before or vice versa. Objective of Research: The objective of this study is to conduct a survey of lygus, flea beetles, leafhoppers, and other insect (and mite) pests that occur in potato, pea and bean fields in order to: 1. Develop baseline data on the insect and mite fauna in potato, pea and bean crops - focus will be on those insects/mites that have a history of occasionally causing severe pest damage (lygus, loopers, and spider mites) and on species that were once rare but are not encountered frequently (e.g. different flea beetle species) Summary of results: Insects are still in the process of being identified. Very few insects were observed on beans, aphids were the main insect found on pea foliage. This year in potatoes there was quite a bit of psyllid activity and several different species of flea beetles that were active at different times during the season. One of the organic potato fields had very heavy thrips pressure. Continuing research: A list of species found in the three crops will be compiled, along with dates and field information. This year’s data is a baseline, we hope to repeat the surveys periodically in peas and beans so that we can keep track of any emerging pest issues in these two important rotational crops. Contact: Renee Prasad cell: 604-835-2871 ES Cropconsult Ltd. e-mail: renee_priyap@hotmail.com 3041 W. 33rd Avenue Vancouver, BC, V6N 2G6 Title 13: The ash borer, Podosesia syringae (Harris) (Lepidoptera:Sesiidae): the morph fraxini as a new pest of nurseries in Western Canada Author and Associates: M. Lanthier, CropHealth Advising & Research, P.O. Box 28098, Kelowna, BC, and V.M. Aurelian, Graduate student, University of Alberta, Edmonton AB. Problem: Borer damage to nursery-grown green ash trees (Fraxinus sp.) was first reported in British Columbia and Alberta in 2005. Adults recovered from infested stems were identified as Podosesia syringae (Harris), but more

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specifically a morph of this species which was first reported in California and is now found throughout the West Coast of the USA. This morph, fraxini, is a “new record” for Western Canada. The adult is brownish to black with yellow banding on abdomen segments. The Eastern morph lacks the coloured banding and is common in the Prairies, Ontario and Québec. Eggs are laid in bark crevices and ridges and young larvae bore into the tree to feed on sapwood. The insect overwinters as a mature larva inside the infested tree. Tree culling results from wounding at the points of entry and exit and gallery excavation in the pith. Confirmed direct cost to the industry was approximately $180,000 for the years 2006 to 2008. Field surveys in late summer 2007 indicated losses between 1 and 3% at all nurseries impacted. Damage was visible on all Fraxinus species (F. pennsylvanica, F. nigra, F. mandshurica) and all cultivars. Objective of Research: To evaluate 5 commercial pheromone lures and track adult flight behaviour in Alberta and BC. To evaluate mating disruption as a method of control in commercial nurseries. Summary of results: Pheromone-baited traps were installed to track adult flight. In replicated comparative testing, the commercial lures “Scentry clearwing borers” attracted significantly more adult males than four other commercial lures tested. Adult flight was mid-June to mid-July in Southern Alberta and late-May to early-July in Southern British Columbia. At affected nurseries, the insect was successfully controlled with repeated application of pesticides. In 2008, controlled field trials with the commercial product Isomate-P (PCPA number 27141) resulted in 83% control in a treated block. The mode of action is disruption of adult mating rather than killing the pest as do traditional pesticides. Contact: M. Lanthier, CropHealth Advising & Research, P.O. Box 28098, Kelowna, BC

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Appendix III

2008 CFIA Survey Report

Plant Health Surveillance Unit, Canadian Food Inspection Agency Report prepared by Dave Holden, CFIA, Burnaby, British Columbia

Report given by Doug Winmill, CFIA, Saskatoon, SK

1. Cereal leaf beetle a. Planned sites: BC – 50, AB – 150 incl. N of Highway 1, SK – 300, MB – 200 - sampling procedure – increases to100 sweeps/sample, 4 samples/field, 400 sweeps/field b. Results: one positive barley field near Kelowna, BC (new regional district record) one positive cereal field near Cypress Hills, SK (new provincial record) 2. Swede midge a. Planned sites: BC - 20, AB - 40, SK - 60, MB -15, NB -15, NS - 25, PE -10, NL -10 - found in SK last year, increased number of sites - focus on host crops associated with transplant growers b. Results: 2007 – positives in Melfort, Nipawin, and Yorkton, SK (canola, new provincial records) 2008 – positives in Portage la Prairie (broccoli) and Glenlea (canola), MB (new provincial records), midges found in June whereas in 2007 they were found in August 3. Apple maggot a. Planned sites: BC – 400 - interior only - increased density of traps on perimeter of fruit growing regions of the BC interior to help detect new incursions from natural spread from known infested areas in the US and Canada. - apple maggot detected in Okanagan County, WA just south of the border this year b. Results: No apple maggots were found in the BC interior during this survey 4. Blueberry maggot a. Planned sites: BC -35, ON -52, QC -73, NL – 20 b. Results: No blueberry maggots were found during this survey in BC In Ontario, four positives fields were found but were all from previously positive areas 5. Japanese beetle a. Planned sites: BC - 600, PE - 100, NL -50 - increased targeting around airports, golf courses - non-target bumblebees sent in for identification to assess distribution of native and exotic bees b. Results: No Japanese Beetles were found in Western Canada during this survey 6. Leek moth a. Planned sites: BC - 200, NB - 50, NS -75, PE -25 - significantly increased number of sites to increase coverage b. Results: No leek moths were found in western Canada during this survey

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7. Oriental fruit moth a. Planned sites: BC only - 200 - new sites chosen to increase coverage. - one larva intercepted on California fruit this year b. Results: No oriental fruit moths were found in western Canada during this survey 8. Gypsy moth a. Planned sites: BC - 5000, AB -300, SK - 300, MB -300, ON - 200, NB -160, PE - 450, NS -200, NL -360 - increased density of traps around ports and container facilities to increase the chance of detecting Asian populations - very high GM populations in some eastern areas and very high populations of Asian GM in Japan and Russia b. Results: Preliminary results as not all data is in yet. Vancouver Island - only 2 moths caught, looks like lots of successful eradications Lower Mainland & Fraser Valley - a number of spread out singletons similar to last year, one larger hot spot near Harrison Hot Springs with 1 trap with 11 moths AB - one moth near Medicine Hat and one near Calgary. SK - A single gypsy moth was confirmed in each of two traps located near Moose Jaw and Swift Current. No positives were confirmed in the 140 traps placed at Saskatoon. MB - one near Winkler, two near Carman, five South of Winnipeg, one in Lasalle, one suspect near the Inn at the Forks. No data from the rest of Canada yet 8. Emerald ash borer a. Planned Sites: MB - 30, ON - 700, QC -110, NB - 25, PE -10, NS - 25, NL -10 - province-wide high risk site survey b. Results

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Appendix IV

PMRA INSECTICIDES UPDATE 2008 A. Martin

Western Committee on Crop Pests, Western Forum

1. Emergency registrations granted from October 1, 2007 to September 30, 2008 Active Product Name Reg. No. Pest Site Provinces

1st Request Bacillus thuringiensis

Dipel 2X DF Biological Insecticide

26508 Duponchelia fovealis

Greenhouse herbs and vegetables

ON

Azadiractin TreeAzin Systemic Insecticide

28929 Emerald ash borer

Ash trees ON, QC

Acetamiprid Assail 70 WP Insecticide

27128 Blueberry maggot

Lowbush blueberry

NS, PE, and NB

Spinosad GF-120 NF Naturalyte Fruit Fly Bait

28336 Apple maggot

Organic apples NS, NB, ON, SK, PEI

Entrust 80 27825 Apple clear wing moth

Apples BC

Chlorantraniliprole

Coragen Insecticide 28982 Corn earworm

Sweet corn ON

Amitraz Apivar 29092 Varroa mites Honey bees All of Canada Acetamiprid Assail 70 WP

Insecticide 27128 Aphids Sweet corn BC

Formetanate hydrochloride

Carzol SP Miticide-Insecticide Soluble Powder

11144 Thrips Dry bulb onion ON, MB, AB, NS

Rotenone CFT Legunine 29035 Spiny fish Water BC Phorate Thimet 20G 29000 Wireworm Potato AB, NB, SK,

PE Thiamethoxam, metalaxyl-M, fludioxonil

Cruiser Maxx Bean Seed Treatment

28821 Pea leaf weevil

Peas AB, SK

2nd Request Dichlorvos Plantfume DDVP

Plant Fumigator 8775 Duponchelia

fovealis Greenhouse ornamentals

ON

Bacillus thuringiensis

Dipel 2xDF 26508 Duponchelia fovealis

Greenhouse ornamentals

ON

Thiamethoxam Cruiser 5FS 27045 Pea leaf weevil

Succulent and dry pea

AB, SK

3rd Repeat Imadacloprid Intercept 60 WP

Greenhouse Insecticide

27357

Swede Midge Greenhouse brassica transplants

ON, QC, NS

4th Request Imidacloprid Confidor 200 SL

Systemic Insecticide 28132 Cottony ash

pysllid and European elm scale

Ash and elm trees AB

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5th Request Strychnine* 2% Liquid

Strychnine Concentrate

28784, 28751 Richardson’s ground squirrels

Rangeland AB, SK

Pymetrozine Fulfill 50WG Insecticide

27274 Aphids Highbush blueberry

BC

Carbofuran Furadan 480 Flowable Systemic Insecticide

10363 Cabbage root maggot

Turnips and rutabagas

BC, NS

6th Request Strychnine 2% Liquid

Strychnine Concentrate

28751, 28784 Richardson’s ground squirrels

Rangeland SK

Imidacloprid Intercept 60WP 27357 Aphids Greenhouse lettuce

BC

7th Request Imidacloprid Intercept 60WP 27357 Aphids Greenhouse

lettuce BC

*5th request for this product; however, the last emergency request occurred in 2003.

2. URMULEs registered from October 1, 2007 to September 30, 2008 Active Ingredient Product PCP# Crop Pest Imidacloprid Admire 240 F

Systemic Insecticide

24094

Caneberries Aphids, leafhoppers, caneborers, European chafer

Merit Solupak Insecticide

25932 Turfgrass including sod farms

European cranefly larvae

Admire 240 F Systemic Insecticide

24094 Saskatoon Berry Wooly elm aphid and woolly apple aphid

Acetampirid Assail 70 WP 27128 Field peppers Aphids and Colorado potato beetle

Pymetrozine Endeavor 50WG Insecticide

27273 Christmas trees Balsam twig aphid

Methoxyfenozide Intrepid 240F Insecticide

27786 Pome Fruit (Crop Group 11)

Oblique banded leafroller and threelined leafroller

Spinosad Entrust 80W Naturalyte Insect Control Product

27825 Lowbush blueberry

Blueberry flea beetle

Pome Fruit (Crop Group 11)

Codling moth

Nectarines Western flower thrips

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Lambda-cyhalothrin

Warrior Insecticide 26837 Wheat, oats, barley Armyworm Matador 120 EC Insecticide

27984

Matador 120 EC Insecticide

27984 Bulb vegetables (Crop Group 3)

Leek moth

Warrior Insecticide 26837 Permethrin Pounce 384 EC

Insecticide 16688 Greenhouse

ornamentals Duponchelia fovealis

Pounce 384 EC Insecticide

16688 Grapes Climbing cutworms

Coumaphos Check Mite + Bee Hive Pest Control Strip

27147 Honey bee hives Small hive beetle

Thiamethoxam Cruiser 5FS Seed Treatment

27045 Wheat and barley European chafer and tank mix with Dividend XL RTA Fungicide

Cruiser 350 FS Seed Treatment Insecticide

27986 Wheat and barley European chafer and tank mix with Dividend XL RTA Fungicide

Actara 24WG Insecticide

28408 Bushberry (Crop Subgroup 13B)

Weevils

Cruiser 5FS Seed Treatment

27045 Dried peas, edible and succulent beans and peas

Aphid and pea leaf weevil

Thiamethoxam, metalaxyl-M, fludioxonil

Cruiser Maxx Bean Seed Treatment

28821 Edible and succulent peas

Pea leaf weevil

Diazinon Diazinon 500E Insecticide

11889 Cranberry Cranberry tipworm

Cyromazine Citation 75WP Insecticide

24465 Greenhouse lettuce Fungus gnats

Abamectin Agri-Mek 1.9% EC Insecticide

24551 Potatoes Spider mites

Bacillus thruingiensis subspecies kurstaki

Bioprotec CAP Aqueous Biological Insecticide

26854 Sea buckthorn Gypsy moth

3. New active ingredients and their associated end-use products registered from October 2, 2007 to

September 30, 2008*. Reference labels for details regarding registered uses. Active Product Site Pests

Spirotetramat Group 23 PRD2008-07

Movento 150OD PCP #28954

grape and small fruit vine climbing crops (CG 13F), pome and stone fruit (CG 11 and 12), tree nuts (CG 14), hops, cucurbits (CG 9), fruiting vegetables (CG 8), leafy vegetables non-brassica and brassica (CG 4 and 5), and the tuberous and corm vegetables including potatoes (CG 1C)

Aphids, whiteflies, psyllids, mealybugs, phylloxera, and certain species of scale. Movento

240SC PCP #28953

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Chlorantraniliprole Group 28 ERC2008-03

Acelepryn Insecticide PCP #28980

Turfgrass Black cutworm, European chafer larvae, Japanese beetle larvae and annual bluegrass weevil

Atacor Insecticide PCP #28981

Pome fruits (crop group 11), grapes, Stone fruit (crop group 12)

Codling moth, oriental fruit moth, spotted tentiform leafminer, western tentiform leafminer, oblique banded leafroller, three-lined leafroller, peach twig borer, grape berry moth, climbing cutworm

Coragen Insecticide PCP #28982

Fruiting vegetables (crop group 8), Brassica vegetables (crop group 5), Leafy vegetables (crop group 4), potatoes

Colorado potato beetle, Imported cabbage worm, diamondback moth, cabbage looper, European corn borer

Spinetoram Group 5 ERC2008-01

Radiant SC PCP #28777

Pome fruit, stone fruit, asparagus, caneberries, strawberry, bushberries, cereals, soybean, brassica leafy vegetables, leaves of root and tuber vegetables, root vegetables, fruiting vegetables and okra, leafy vegetables (non-brassica) and grape

Codling moth, oriental fruit moth, oblique banded and three-lined leafrollers, spotted and western tentiform leafminer, apple maggot, plum curculio, asparagus beetle, grape berry moth, cabbage looper, diamondback moth, imported cabbageworm, armyworm, thrips, blueberry spanworm

Delegate WG PCP #28778

Ferric Sodium EDTA PRD2007-13

Safer’s Slug & Snail Bait (commercial) PCP #28774

Vegetables, orchard fruits, berries, field crops, vineyards, wheat, grass grown for seed, greenhouse vegetable and ornamentals, outdoor container grown nursery stock, turf

Slugs and snails

Safer’s Slug & Snail Killer (domestic) PCP #28775

Vegetables, orchard fruits, berries, ornamentals (shrubs, flowers, trees) and lawns, in greenhouses and outdoors

Slugs and snails

CM/LR TT Pheromone PRD2007-12

Isomate-CM/LR TT PCP #28814

Apples, pears, quince, and other pome fruits; peaches, prunes, plums, nectarines, cherries and other stone fruits; walnut, pecan and other tree nut crops

Codling moth, oblique banded leafroller, fruittree leafroller, threelined leafroller, and European leafroller

German cockroach extract RD2008-02

Victor Roach Magnet PCP #28722

For use indoors German cockroach

Victor Roach Trap PCP #28723 Victor Roach Trap and Monitor PCP #28724

Beauvaria bassiana HF23

Balance ES PCP #28890

Poultry houses Flies

*Check the label for use directions including pest/crop combinations and rate.

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Chlorantraniliprole Group 28 ERC2008-03

Acelepryn Insecticide PCP #28980

Turfgrass Black cutworm, European chafer larvae, Japanese beetle larvae and annual bluegrass weevil

Atacor Insecticide PCP #28981

Pome fruits (crop group 11), grapes, Stone fruit (crop group 12)

Codling moth, oriental fruit moth, spotted tentiform leafminer, western tentiform leafminer, oblique banded leafroller, three-lined leafroller, peach twig borer, grape berry moth, climbing cutworm

Coragen Insecticide PCP #28982

Fruiting vegetables (crop group 8), Brassica vegetables (crop group 5), Leafy vegetables (crop group 4), potatoes

Colorado potato beetle, Imported cabbage worm, diamondback moth, cabbage looper, European corn borer

Spinetoram Group 5 ERC2008-01

Radiant SC PCP #28777

Pome fruit, stone fruit, asparagus, caneberries, strawberry, bushberries, cereals, soybean, brassica leafy vegetables, leaves of root and tuber vegetables, root vegetables, fruiting vegetables and okra, leafy vegetables (non-brassica) and grape

Codling moth, oriental fruit moth, oblique banded and three-lined leafrollers, spotted and western tentiform leafminer, apple maggot, plum curculio, asparagus beetle, grape berry moth, cabbage looper, diamondback moth, imported cabbageworm, armyworm, thrips, blueberry spanworm

Delegate WG PCP #28778

Ferric Sodium EDTA PRD2007-13

Safer’s Slug & Snail Bait (commercial) PCP #28774

Vegetables, orchard fruits, berries, field crops, vineyards, wheat, grass grown for seed, greenhouse vegetable and ornamentals, outdoor container grown nursery stock, turf

Slugs and snails

Safer’s Slug & Snail Killer (domestic) PCP #28775

Vegetables, orchard fruits, berries, ornamentals (shrubs, flowers, trees) and lawns, in greenhouses and outdoors

Slugs and snails

CM/LR TT Pheromone PRD2007-12

Isomate-CM/LR TT PCP #28814

Apples, pears, quince, and other pome fruits; peaches, prunes, plums, nectarines, cherries and other stone fruits; walnut, pecan and other tree nut crops

Codling moth, oblique banded leafroller, fruittree leafroller, threelined leafroller, and European leafroller

German cockroach extract RD2008-02

Victor Roach Magnet PCP #28722

For use indoors German cockroach

Victor Roach Trap PCP #28723 Victor Roach Trap and Monitor PCP #28724

Beauvaria bassiana HF23

Balance ES PCP #28890

Poultry houses Flies

*Check the label for use directions including pest/crop combinations and rate.

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Appendix V

Wheat Midge Update from the Perspective of Dow AgroSciences Rory Degenhardt

Rory Degenhardt, Dow AgroSciences, gave an update on the wheat midge outbreak from Dow’s perspective, focusing on the value of bidirectional information flow between local experts/provincial specialists/growers and DAS. Highlights of the presentation are below:

• The midge forecast maps and emergence models based on growing degree days were very useful to ensure that availability of our key midge insecticide, Lorsban 4E (active ingredient, chlorpyrifos), was aligned to meet end user needs.

• Climatic conditions across large parts of Saskatchewan altered midge emergence patterns. However, thanks to continuous feedback from provincial specialists and local experts, DAS was able to identify the existing high risk areas for midge infestations and ensure that product requirements were met. DAS is especially grateful to Scott Hartley for the tremendous effort he put into keeping us up to date on current conditions and midge infestation levels.

• DAS recommendations to maximize midge control with Lorsban were to use an economic threshold of 1 midge per 8–10 wheat heads. Once met, spray within 4 days if scouting daily (as long as crop is ~70% headed). If scouting for the first time, spray ASAP because the timing of initial oviposition is unknown.

• DAS activities related to the outbreak included the following: o Direct communications with growers and retailers of midge infestation forecasts and emergence

models. Also provided training on our recommendations for scouting, timing and safe application of Lorsban 4E.

o Created midge forecast maps for high risk areas that incorporated grower seeding dates and predicted wheat heading intervals to determine if insecticide application was warranted.

o Mapped locations of incoming calls from growers, agronomists and provincial specialists to assist identification of high risk areas.

• We need to continue to foster and enhance the communication channels across western Canada during all stages of pest outbreaks (before, during and after) to allow for future success in managing the outbreak, and mitigating crop production losses.

Presentation prepared by: Brian Wintonyk Customer Agronomist, Dow AgroSciences Canada Inc. Suite 2100, 450-1st Street S.W. Calgary, AB T2P 5H1 Office: 1-403-735-8828 bawintonyk@dow.com Presentation presented by: Rory Degenhardt, PhD. Research Scientist, Dow AgroSciences Canada Inc. 101-421 Downey Road Saskatoon, SK S7N 4L8 Office: 1-306-657-3398 rdegenhardt@dow.com