OSGeo Capacity Building Workshop

IIIT-Hydrabad

8th-19th December, 2015

Project Report

on

Site Suitability For Waste Disposal In & Out of Ooty

By:

Beependra Singh

Centre for Ecological Sciences

IISc Bangalore

Manika Bindal

Department of Computer Science & Technology

Goa University, Taligao Goa

Index

Abstract

1. Introduction

1.1 GIS& Remote Sensing

1.2 Biodiversity

1.3 Motivation

1.4 Objective

2. Study area

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Location

3. Methodology

3.1 Datasets

3.2 Software used

3.3 Generation of parameters layers

3.4 Analytic Hierarchy Process

4. Results&Conclusion

5. Future Scope

Bibliography

Abstract

Waste disposal and its management is a world-wide problem today. The negative impact on the environment is increasing due to the commercial, residential and infrastructural development and population growth. Municipal authorities of the cities and towns considered urban solid waste management and site selection for waste disposal to be one of the most serious environmental problems. A major problem is that selected dumping site becomes unsuitable after a certain period of time, as it starts affecting the Environment. This report demonstrates a GIS based technique for sites suitability analysis of waste disposal management. Remote sensing and Geographical information analysis provide a suitable platform for dealing with complex environmental issues such as waste disposal site. All layers were generated from Land use/Land cover, road and DEM, others parameter were not included due to the unavailability of the data. Six Parameters such as Waste land, streams, builtup, slope, water bodies and roads. All layers were used in overlaying and weightage analysis to carry out Site Suitability analysis for waste disposal dumping sites. Analysis using GIS technologies, potential dumping sites have been selected based on criteria like waste land, water bodies, built-up, roads, streams and slope. Ranking our preferences (order of priority) was done based on the knowledge and using Analytical Hierarchy Process to select the best sites for waste disposal. Results generated through this GIS analysis shows six sites locations that covers a area of 900 m2 and 21600 m2 which is highly suitable, 21600 m2 and 142200 m2 which is moderately suitable, 23515200 m2 and 691200 m2 which is less suitable waste disposal. This study illustrates the importance of RS and GIS technology in the present days for such complex analysis.

Chapter 1

Introduction

1.1 GIS& Remote Sensing

In present scenario, the field of GIS and Remote Sensing are considered as quite enticing and glamorous, with rapidly expanding opportunities. Major reasons behind various Organizations putting their money in this field are: i) Increased interest among youth in better understanding of the Environment ii) Evolution of various Geospatial Technologies.

A geographic information system (GIS) is a spatial decision support system that lets us visualize, question, analyze, and interpret Geospatial data to understand relationships, patterns, and trends in a highly effective manner. GIS makes use of spatial & non-spatial data obtained from a variety of data sources, Remote sensing being the most critical of all. Remote Sensing is gathering information in digital images form about object, area or phenomenon without being in contact with it via satellites. It provides us with continuous data acquisition for the entire world with time frames ranging from a couple of weeks to a matter of hours, allowing rapid integration of the results of remote sensing analysis into a GIS.

1.2 Biodiversity

Biodiversity is the variety of life on Earth. It includes diversity at the genetic level, such as that between individuals in a population or between plant varieties, the diversity of species, and the diversity of ecosystems and habitats. Biodiversity encompasses more than just variation in appearance and composition. It includes diversity in abundance (such as the number of genes, individuals, populations or habitats in a particular location), distribution (across locations and through time) and in behavior, including interactions among the components of biodiversity, such as between pollinator species and plants, or between predators and prey. Biodiversity also incorporates human cultural diversity, which can be affected by the same drivers as biodiversity, and which has impacts on the diversity of genes, other species and ecosystems. Loss of Biodiversity

1.3 Motivation

The town of Ooty generates 38 tonnes of waste in an average per day. During the season, the quantity increases in response to the migratory population. In the year 2011 alone, 13,770 tonnes of waste has been generated. Udhagamandalam Municipality is responsible for the collection and disposal of waste in Ooty. The official dumpsite recognized by the district administration is at a place called Theetukal.

Figure 1. Theektul – Official dumping Site

1.4 Objective

To select a suitable site for waste management in and out of Ooty area.

Chapter 2

Study area

2.1 Introduction

Ooty, Udhagamandalam Municipality a popular tourist destination and widely hailed as the “Queen of Hills”, mesmerizes its visitors with its greenness, salubrious climate and the elephantine folds dropping down to scenic valleys. Nestled at an altitude of 2240 meters above MSL, the temperature ranges between 10 degrees and 25 degree Celsius during summer and 0 degrees to 21 degree Celsius during winter. Inhabited by tribals in the past, Ooty was discovered by John Sullivan, the then collector of Coimbatore district way back in the year 1819. It used to be popular summer and weekend getaway for the British during the colonial days. Later, it was made into a summer administrative town and now, it has become one of the major summer spots in south India

Located in the district of Nilgiris, this hill station has a population of about one lakh. It receives a large migratory population every year during the peak tourist season and the second tourist season during April to June and September to November, respectively. The tourist inflow for the year 2009 was 55,03,2721. Ooty is a municipality and the capital of Nilgiris district.

2.2 Study Area Location

Figure 2. Study area location map

Chapter 3

Methodology

3.1. Datasets

3.1.1.Spatial Data

LISS-III Landuse and land cover of the year 2012 and Roads layers for the entire study area was also obtained from the secondary sources. Cartosat DEM with a spatial a resolution of 30.56 was downloaded from Bhuvan website.

3.2. Software Used

GIS software used for the generation of different layer maps using different tool bars in it. Open source Qgis and SAGA gis was Remote Sensing data analysis and initial classifications of satellite data.

3.3. Generation of parameters layers

All the base layers have been generated with the help of lulc LISS III imagery for our study area, in accordance layers were extracted from the lulc raster data. Similarly Road map and river map have been digitized and extracted. Slope layer was generated using Cartosat DEM . All these maps are projected to same coordination system. A simple flow chart for the generation of base layers and methodology followed is shown in the figure below.

Figure 3. Methodology flow chart.

Table.1 showing buffering criterion for different parameters are as follows:

1

Distance from Waterbodies (in metres)

Suitability Criterion

 

3000

Most Suitable

 

2000

Moderate Suitable

 

1000

Least Suitable

2

Distance from Built-up area (in metres)

Suitability Criterion

 

5000

Most Suitable

 

4000

Moderate Suitable

 

3000

Least Suitable

3

Distance from Road (in metres)

Suitability Criterion

 

3000

Most Suitable

 

2000

Moderate Suitable

 

1000

Least Suitable

4

Distance from streams (in metres)

Suitability Criterion

 

900

Most Suitable

 

600

Moderate Suitable

 

300

Least Suitable

5

Slope (in degrees)

Suitability Criterion

 

10-Jan

Most Suitable

 

20-Oct

Moderate Suitable

 

>20

Least Suitable

6

Waste Land

Suitability Criterion

 

Barren Land

Most Suitable

 

Scrubs

Moderate Suitable

 

Degraded Forest

Least Suitable

3.3.1 Waterbodies showing

A body of water or waterbody (often spelled water body) is any significant accumulation of water, generally on a planet's surface. The term most often refers to oceans, seas, and lakes, but it includes smaller pools of water such as ponds, wetlands, or more rarely, puddles.

Figure 3. Waterbodies buffer map showing water bodies.

3.3.2 Built-up area

Most cities of the world are facing an increasing growth in population, and shares in GDP growth, resulting in, among other things, increasing quantities of waste being generated. It plays an important source of waste collection and dumping, number of households in an area. Thus, sites closer to the cities are risking the health of the people of the surrounding areas. So, sites should be located to outside the built up even though, the people is not solved.

Figure 4. Built-up buffer map showing with builts-up areas.

3.3.3 Generation of Roads map

The utility of road plays an important as distance to different types of roads many affect site selecting analysis. Municipals of different cities always have different things to be considered as vehicle movements and transports cost.

Figure 5. Roads buffer map showing roads.

3.3.4 Generation of streams map

Stream are to be consider for selecting sites very near site may pollute the down streams. And the water body comes in to contact then might pollute area upon reaching the water bodies .

Figure 6. Streams buffer reclassified map showing streams.

3.3.5. Generation of SLOPE Map

Topography is an important physiographic factor, which is related to wind behavior, and hence affects the waste disposal site in different ways. Sites which may be located in the high slope as might be subject to winds and movement down the area and any create problems.

Figure 7. Slope reclassified map

3.3.6. Wasteland Criterion

Waste land are Barren or overgrown, uncultivatable or uncultivated, desolate, devastated, ruined, uninteresting, unused, bleak, or neglected land, for example a desert or barren (area with barren vegetation).

Figure 8. Waste land map showing Lulc classes.

3.4. Analytic Hierarchy Process

It is one of Multi Criteria decision making methods that was originally developed by Prof. Thomas L. Saaty in 1980 It is a method to derive ratio scales from paired comparisons. The input can be obtained from actual measurement such as price, weight etc., or from subjective opinion such as satisfaction feelings and preference. AHP allow some small inconsistency in judgment because humans are not always consistent. Information is decomposed into a hierarchy of alternatives and criteria, and then synthesized to determine relative ranking of alternatives. Both qualitative and quantitative information can be compared using informed judgments to derive weights and priorities. Steps required to perform decision making for site-suitability analysis are:

Step 1: To create a pairwisecomparison matrix (as shown in Table 1) for each alternative on each criterion, where each cell value represents the extent to which parameter X is preferred over parameter Y, using the following values:

Value Preference

1 Equally Preferred

2Equally to Moderately Preferred

3Moderately Preferred

4Moderately to Strongly Preferred

5Strongly Preferred

6Strongly to Very Strongly Preferred

7Very Strongly Preferred

8Very Strongly to Extremely Preferred

9Extremely Preferred

Step 2:To normalize a pairwisecomparison matrix:

1) Compute the sum of each column

2) Divide each entry in the matrix by its column

Step 3: Calculate score for each alternative by finding the average of each row in the normalized comparison matrix (as shown in Table 4)

Various parameters which have been considered are shown below.

Table. 2. Various parameters which have been considered are shown below.

A

wasteland

B

stream

C

road

D

water

E

built-up

F

slope

Table 3: Pairwise Comparison Matri

A

B

C

D

E

F

A

1

8

5

7

9

5

B

1/8

1

1/5

5

7

1/5

C

1/5

5

1

6

8

1

D

1/7

1/5

1/6

1

6

1/7

E

1/9

1/7

1/8

1/6

1

1/8

F

1/5

5

1

7

8

1

Table 4: Normalized Comparison Matrix with scores

A

B

C

D

E

F

Scores

A

0.56

0.41

0.67

0.27

0.23

0.67

0.47

B

0.07

0.05

0.03

0.19

0.18

0.03

0.09

C

0.11

0.26

0.13

0.23

0.21

0.13

0.18

D

0.08

0.01

0.02

0.04

0.15

0.02

0.05

E

0.06

0.01

0.02

0.01

0.03

0.02

0.02

F

0.11

0.26

0.13

0.27

0.21

0.13

0.19

Chapter 4

Results

Figure 9. Map showing suitability site.

Table. 5. Area statistics is shown below.

VALUE

Total No. Pixels

Area in meter square

4

768

691200

5

26128

23515200

6

6278

5650200

7

158

142200

8

24

21600

9

1

900

Chapter 5

Discussion & Conclusion

The report examines demonstrates a approach for identifying the site for waste disposal using GIS and RS in a typically urbanizing town like ooty. The multi criteria approach which we apply with GIS-based overlay analysis to identify the most suitable site for waste disposal. The study was based upon a set of key criteria, which were selected based upon the already available knowledge from research literature as well as the preexisting local level factors of the area. After the analysis and result different conclusion was take out from this study. After the analysis using GIS software and field cheek three (3) potential suitable sites were identified in different location. Outcome generated through the GIS analysis is shows covers a area of 900 m2 and 21600 m2 which is highly suitable, 21600 m2 and 142200 m2 which is moderately suitable, 23515200 m2 and 691200 m2 which is less suitable waste disposal.

Problem of urban waste disposal in tourist may be seasonal. Selecting Site suitability and waste disposal is a worldwide problem. With minimum parameters at hand, site selection is complex. The number of parameters can be included further like geomorphology, lithology , geology ,population density and soil types, etc. Human decisions are biased in nature so using unbiased techniques are useful in decision making. AHP provides a suitable platform to perform analysis without being biased, still expert opinion can be consideredSix Parameters such as Waste land, streams, builtup, slope, water bodies and roads. All layers were used in overlaying and weightage analysis to carry out Site Suitability analysis for waste disposal dumping sites. Analysis using GIS technologies, potential dumping sites have been selected based on criteria like waste land, water bodies, built-up, roads, streams and slope.

Ranking our preferences (order of priority) was done based on the knowledge and using Analytical Hierarchy Process to select the best sites for waste disposal. Further integrating this data using GIS has helped in the analysis of the study, which would have been otherwise been difficult to do manually using the conventional method.

However, GIS based methodology is highly sophisticated or developed or standard one but it is success depend on the proper and careful application on it. Thus with the use of these technologies management of municipal waste ill no longer be a problem for city administrators. Determination of suitable sites for the disposal of urban solid waste is one of the major problems in developing countries where the industrial development and migration of people from village to town is adversely affecting the environment. The proposed method maybe used for site selection processes in other conditions and locations where the intensity of introduced parameters shows discrepancies. A suitable site for dumping garbage site in and out of Ooty area has been suggested, this can be further enhanced by considering more parameters like Population density, vegetation type, etc. Moreover, same process can be applied to different locations to identify a suitable site location.

With only six parameters at hand, results are quite considerable. Spatial data sets including non spatial information are important for site selection. AHP turn to be a useful technique for site selecting for waste disposal

References

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2. Jamal Mohamed Salih Irhoumaha,V. C. Agarwalb, Deepak Lalc, Mukesh Kumar (2014).Determination of Suitable Site for Solid Waste Disposal using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques in Allahabad Municipality Area. International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT), ISSN: 2278-0181, Vol. 3 Issue 6,

3. TirusewAyisheshim Ebistu1 , Amare Sewnet Minale2 (2013). Solid waste dumping site suitability analysis using geographic information system (GIS) and remote sensing for Bahir Dar Town, North Western Ethiopia”, African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 7(11), pp. 976-989.

4. EvangelosTriantaphyllou, Stuart H. Mann(1995). Using The Analytic Hierarchy Process For Decision Making In Engineering Applications: Some Challenges”, Inter’l Journal Of Industrial Engineering: Applications And Practice, Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 35-44.

5. Nishanth.T, Prakash M.N, Vijith.(2010). Suitable site determination for urban solid waste disposal using GIS andRemote sensing techniques in Kottayam Municipality, India”, International Journal Of Geomatics And Geosciences Volume 1, No 2.

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