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Wetlands of the world I
Handbook of vegetation science
FOUNDED BY R. TOXEN H. LIETH, EDITOR IN CHIEF
Volume 15/2
Wetlands of the world: Inventory, ecology and
management Volume I
Africa, Australia, Canada and Greenland, Mediterranean, Mexico, Papua New Guinea,
South Asia, Tropical South America, United States
Edited by
DENNIS WHIGHAM, DAGMAR DYKYJOV A and SLAVOMIL HEJNY
Springer Science+Business Media, B.V.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Wetlands of the world I lnventory, ecology, and management / edited by D.F. Whigham, D. DykYjovi. and S. Hejn~.
p. em. -- (Handbook of vegetatlon science) Includes bibliographlcal references and index.
1. Wetland flora. 2. Wetlands. 3. Wetland ecology. 4. Wetlands--Management. I. Whigham, Dennls F. II. DykYjova, Dagmar. III. Hejny, SJavocil. IV. Serles. QK911.H3 pt. 15/2 [QK938.M3J 581 s--dc20 [333.91' a] 92-8365
ISBN 978-90-481-4145-6 ISBN 978-94-015-8212-4 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-015-8212-4
Distributors
for the United States and Canada: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 101 Philip Drive, Norwell, MA 02061, USA for all other countries: Kluwer Academic Publishers Group, P.O. Box 322. 3300 AH Dordrecht, The Netherlands
Copyright
© 1993 by Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers. Dordrecht in 1993.
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1993
All rights reserved. No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner.
Preface
Dedication
Acknowledgments
List of contributors
Wetlands of Africa Introduction
Contents
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Xl
Xlll
XV
by P. DENNY 1 Eastern Africa
by P. DENNY 32 Western Africa
by D. M. JOHN, C. LEVEQUE and L. E. NEWTON 47 South Africa
by C. M. BREEN, J. HEEG and M. SEAMAN 79 Wetland use and conservation
by P. DENNY 111
Wetlands of southern Europe and North Africa: Mediterranean wetlands
by R. H. BRITTON and A. J. CRIVELLI 129
Wetlands of Australia Northern (tropical) Australia
by C. MAX FINLA YSON and ISABELL VON OERTZEN 195
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Southern (temperate) Australia by S. W. L. JACOBS and MARGARET A. BROCK 244
Wetlands of Papua New Guinea by P. L. OSBORNE 305
Wetlands of South Asia by BRIJ GOPAL and K. KRISHNAMURTHY 345
Wetlands of Canada and Greenland by W. A. GLOOSCHENKO, C. TARNOCAI, S. ZOLTAI and V. GLOOSCHENKO 415
Wetlands of the United States by BILL O. WILEN and RALPH W. TINER 515
Wetlands of Mexico by INGRID OLMSTED 637
Wetlands of Tropical South America by WOLFGANG J. JUNK 679
Subject index 741
Species index 745
Preface
The impetus for this volume was the 2nd International Wetlands Conference which was held in June, 1984 at Trebon, Czechoslovakia. An overview of the worlds wetlands was one of the themes of the conference and it was decided that a useful follow-up would be a publication on the same topic. The initial goal was to cover as many of the worlds wetlands as possible in one volume and to have an emphasis on wetland ecology, biota, classification, and management. Individuals who made presentations at the Trebon conference were asked to prepare chapters and the editors also solicited other contributions.
For a variety of reasons, the initial goal has been difficult to reach, especially coverage of the entire globe, and it has been necessary to publish the contributions in more than one volume. Volume 1 represents the completion of the first phase of the project and it covers most of the Western Hemisphere, Australia, most of Africa, the Indian subcontinent, the Mediterranean region, and Papua New Guinea. Volume 2 will contain chapters on Western Europe, Northern Europe, Central Europe, most of northern and western Asia, the Middle East, and Indonesia. It is our hope that Volume 2 will appear in the near future and, if possible, a third volume will be published if authors can be secured to cover areas such as the Far East, other parts of the Indo-Pacific region, and New Zealand.
It is our hope that these volumes will be useful to those who seek an overview of the worlds wetlands and an introduction to the literature on their distribution, biota, management, and especially their ecology. The editors also hope that the chapters in these volumes will provide information that supplements earlier publications about the distribution of wetlands (Scott and Carbonell 1986, Carp 1980).
Information about the ecology of wetlands has increased tremendously in recent years. In addition to Aquatic Botany, there are now two journals devoted to wetlands (e.g., Wetlands published by the Society of Wetland
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Scientists, Wetland Ecology and Management published by SPB Academic Publishing) and a variety of treatises have appeared in recent years (e.g., Davis and Gasse 1988, Denny 1985, Burgis and Symoens 1987, Ellenbroek 1987, Hughes and Hughes 1992, Hook et al. 1988, Lugo et al. 1990, Mitsch and Gosselink 1986, National Wetlands Working Group 1988, Patten 1990, Rodwell 1991, Sharitz and Gibbons 1989, Verhoeven 1992, Whigham et al. 1990, van der Valk 1990. There is still, however, much to be learned before effective management of these valuable resources will be possible.
Wetlands have been studied in great detail in some areas (USA, Canada, Australia) while information for other areas hasn't yet reached the stage of having adequate biotic inventories (e.g., New Guinea). Few natural wetlands exist in many parts of the world (e.g., the Mediterranean region and the Indian subcontinent) and ecological information is very rudimentary for other regions (e.g., Africa, Mexico, South America) even though excellent individual studies have been conducted. It is our hope that the papers presented in these volumes will provide an impetus to encourage additional studies of one of the worlds most important types of ecosystems.
References
Burgis, M. J. and J. J. Symoens (eds.) (1987) African Wetlands and Shallow Water Bodies. Editions de I'ORSTOM, Institut Fran~ais de Recherche Scientifique Pour Ie Developpement en Cooperation, Paris, France. 650 pp.
Carp, E. (compilor) (1980) Directory of Wetlands of International Importance in the Western Palearctic. International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, Gland, Switzerland. 506 pp.
Davis, B. and Gasse (eds.) (1988) African Wetlands and Shallow Water Bodies. Bibliography. Travaux et Documents No. 211. ORSTROM, Paris, France. 502 pp.
Denny, P. (ed.) (1985) The Ecology and Management of African Wetland Vegetation. Dr. W. Junk Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands. 343 pp.
Ellenbroek, G. A. (1987) The Ecology and Productivity of an African Wetland System: The Kafue Flats, Zambia. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands. 267 pp.
Hook, D. D., McKee, W. H., Jr., Smith, H. K., Gregory, J., Burrell, V. G. Jr., DeVoe, M. R., Sojka, R. E., Gilbert, S., Banks, R., Stolzy, L. H., Brooks, C., Matthews, T. D. and Shear, T. H. (eds.) (1988) The Ecology and Management of Wetlands. Volume 1: Ecology of Wetlands. Timber Press, Portland, Oregon, USA. 592 pp.
Hook, D. D., McKee, W. H., Jr., Smith, H. K., Gregory, J., Burrell, V. G. Jr., DeVoe, M. R., Sojka,R. E., Gilbert, S., Banks, R., Stolzy, L. H., Brooks, c., Matthews, T. D. and Shear, T. H. (eds.) (1988) The Ecology and Management of Wetlands. Volume 2: Management, Use and Value of Wetlands. Timber Press, Portland, Oregon, USA. 394 pp.
Hughes, R. H. and Hughes, J. S. (1992) A Directory of African Wetlands. IUCN. Glands, Switzerland and Cambridge, United Kingdom. 820 pp.
Lugo, A. E., Brinson, M. and Brown, S. (eds.) (1990) Forested Wetlands. Ecosystems of the World 15. Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. 527 pp.
Mitsch, W. J. and Gosselink, J. G. (1986) Wetlands. Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York, New York, USA. 539 pp.
National Wetlands Working Group (1988) Wetlands of Canada. Ecological Land Classification
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Series, No. 24. Sustainable Development Branch, Environment Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, and Polyscience Publications Inc., Montreal, Quebec, Canada. 452 pp.
Patten, B. D. (ed.) (1990) Wetlands and Shallow Continental Water Bodies. Volume 1: Natural and Human Relationships. SPB Academic Publishing bv, The Hague, The Netherlands. 759 pp.
Rodwell, J. S. (ed.) (1991) British Plant Communities. Volume 2. Mires and Heaths. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, United Kingdom. 628 pp.
Scott, D. A. and Carbonell, M. (compilors) (1986) A Directory of Neotropical Wetlands. IUCN and IWRB Slimbridge, United Kingdom. 684 pp.
Sharitz, R. R. and Gibbons, J. W. (eds.) (989) Freshwater Wetlands and Wildlife. CONF-8603101, U.S. Department of Energy, National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia, USA. 1265 pp.
van der Valk, A. (ed.) (1989) Northern Prairie Wetlands. Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa, USA. 400 pp.
Verhoeven, J. T. A. (ed.) (1992) Fens and Bog in The Netherlands: Vegetation, History, Nutrient Dynamics and Conservation. Kluwer Academic Publishers. Dordrecht, The Netherlands. 490 pp.
Whigham, D. F., Good, R. E. and Kvet, J. (eds.) (1990) Wetland Ecology and Management: Case Studies. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands. 180 pp.
August 29, 1992 DENNIS WHIGHAM DAGMAR DYKYJOV A
SLAVOMIL HEJNY
Ralph E. Good (Feb. 24, 1937 - Dec. 11, 1991)
This volume is dedicated to the memory of our wetlands colleague and friend, Dr. Ralph E. Good. Ralph, Distinguished Professor of Botany at Rutgers University, was a tireless and dedicated ecologist who served the scientific community in a variety of ways. He served on the Governing Board (1980-1982) and Board of Directors (1983-1986) of the American Institute of Biological Sciences. The Ecological Society of America (ESA) benefited in numerous ways from his service over many years. He was a member and/or chair of numerous committees and was the ESA Business Manager (1973-1979) and Vice President (1978-1980) . For his numerous efforts to ESA, Ralph received its Distinguished Service Citation in 1989. He was named as a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1990 in recognition of his contributions in the field of ecology. Ralph was also heavily involved in regional and university activities. He served as President of the Philadelphia Botanical Club (1973-74) and the New Jersey Academy of Sciences (1978-1980). At Rutgers, Ralph was Chair (1978-1982) of the Biology Department at Rutgers-Camden and was the Director of its Biology Graduate Program from 1988 until his death in 1991. His service to the university was recognized in 1985 when he received the Rutgers Presidential Award for Distinguished Public Service. His commitment to public service is perhaps best represented by his efforts to estab-
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lish the Pinelands National Reserve, the first reserve of its type in the USA. Ralph worked with local, state, and federal agencies to help establish the reserve and was instrumental in creating the Rutgers Division of Pinelands Research 1981. With his wife Norma and his many graduate students, Ralph published numerous papers on a variety of terrestrial and wetland topics. His energy and dedication will be missed by all who knew him.
Acknowledgments
The editors and authors would like to acknowledge individuals and organizations who have contributed to completion of this volume.
Editors - The editors would especially like to thank Meridel Jellifer for the numerous hours that she spent at the wordprocessor working on the manuscripts. It was an often difficult and long task and her effort is greatly appreciated. Margaret McWethy drafted figures in the chapters on Africa and Mexico. Mary Bates of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service provided valuable assistance with the chapter on U.S. wetlands. DFW would like to thank Dr. David Correll, Director SERC for providing financial assistance and for agreeing that Mrs. Jellifer could work on the project. Additional financial help was provided by UNESCO (Contract SC/RP/204.079.4).
Australia - Research facilities and funding were provided by the University of New England and the Royal Botanic Gardens Sydney.
Papua New Guinea - Partial funding for this chapter was provided by the University of Papua New Guinea Research and Publications Committee.
United States - The chapter was prepared by scientists working for the U.S. Government. As such, the material in this chapter are exempted from copyright rules and regulations. Support for the chapter was provided by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the following national and state cooperators to the National Wetlands Inventory (NWI): U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Department ofthe Navy, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, Alaska, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Hawaii, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Maine, Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, South Dakota,
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Tennessee, Utah, Virginia, Washington, and Wyoming. Other NWI contributors are Puerto Rico, North Slope Borough (Alaska), Ducks Unlimited, Bonneville Power Administration, Yukon Pacific Corporation, and Cominco Alaska Exploration Incorporated.
I. Editors
DENNIS F. WHIGHAM Smithsonian Environmental Research Center Box 28 Edgewater, Maryland 21037 USA
DAGMAR DYKYJOV A Department of Hydrobotany Institute of Botany Czechoslovak Academy of Science 379 82 Tfeboft Czechoslovakia
SLAVOMIL HEJNY Institute of Botany Czechoslovak Academy of Science 252 43 Prtihonice Czechoslovakia
II. Authors
CHARLES M. BREEN Institute of Natural Resources University of Natal P.O. Box 375
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List of contributors
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Pietermaritzburg 3200 South Africa
R. H. BRITTON Station Biologique de la Tour du Valat Le Sambuc 13200 ArIes France
MARGARET A. BROCK Biology Department University of New England Armidale New South Wales Australia, 2351
A. J. CRIVELLI Station Biologique de la Tour du Valat Le Sambuc 13200 ArIes France
PATRICK DENNY English Nature Northminster House Peterborough PE11UA United Kingdom
C. M. FINLAYSON 1,2 1 Alligator Rivers Region Research Institute Office of the Supervising Scientist Private Mail Bag Jabiru, NT 0886 Australia
2Present address: International Waterfowl and Wetland Research Bureau Slimbridge Gloucester GL2 7BX United Kingdom
V. GLOOSCHENK01,2 lWildlife Branch Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources Whitney Block Toronto, Ontario Canada M7 A 1 W3
2Present address: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 75 Spring Street, S.W. Atlanta, GA 30303 USA
W. A. GLOOSCHENK01,2 lLakes Research Branch National Water Research Institute P.O. Box 5050 Burlington, Ontario Canada L7R 4A6
2Present address: KEMRON Environmental Services 2986 Clairmont Rd. Suite 150 Atlanta, GA 30329 USA
BRIJ GOPAL Jawaharlal Nehru University School of Environmental Sciences New Mehrauli Road New Delhi India
JAN HEEG Department of Zoology University of Natal P.O. Box 375 Pietermaritzburg 3200 South Africa
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SURREY JACOBS Royal Botanic Gardens Sydney New South Wales Australia 2000
DAVID M. JOHN Department of Botany The Natural History Museum Cromwell Road London SW7 5BD United Kingdom
WOLFGANG J. JUNK Max-Planck-Institut fUr Limnologie Arbeitsgruppe Tropenokologie Postfach 165 W-2320 PIOn Germany
K. KRISHNAMURTHY Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology Annemalai University Parangipettai 608 502 Tamil Nadu India
CHRISTIAN LEVEQUE Office de la Recherche Scientifique et Technique Outre-Mer 213 Rue Lafayette 75480 Paris Cedex 10 France
LEONARD E. NEWTON Department of Botany Kenyatta University P.O. Box 43844 Nairobi, Kenya
INGRID OLMSTED Centro de Investigacion Cientifica de Yucatan, A.C. Apartado Postal 87 Cordemex, Merida Yucatan, Mexico
PATRICK L. OSBORNE1.2 1 Biology Department University of Papua New Guinea P.O. Box 320 National Capital District Papua New Guinea
2Present address: Water Research Laboratory Faculty of Science and Technology University of Sydney Richmond New South Wales Australia, 2753
MAITLAND SEAMAN Department of Zoology University of the Orange Free State P.O. Box 339 Bloemfontein 9300 South Africa
C. TARNOCAI Land Resource Research Institute Agriculture Canada K.W. Neatby Building Ottawa, Ontario Canada KIA OC6
RALPH W. TINER U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Region 5 Newton Corner, MA 02158 USA
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1. VON OERTZEN CAB International Wallingford Oxon OXlO 8DE United Kingdom
WILLIAM WILEN U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Division of Habitat Conservation 400 Arlington Square 1849 C. St., NW Washington, DC 20240 USA
S. ZOLTAI Canadian Forestry Service 5320-122nd Street Edmonton, Alberta Canada T6H 3S5
