What are cells made of?

What are macromolecules

?•Macro=

•Macro+molecule=

big

Big molecule

Macromolecules are essential molecules.

*ESSENTIAL- adjective:absolutely necessary; extremely important

THINK!Organic….?

•What does this mean?

They contain Carbon

What do macromolecules look like?

•Made up of smaller “building blocks” called monomers (mono=one)

•Kind of like bricks making a wall

•Kind of like beads on a chain

Macromolecules look more like this

Four Major Macromolecules:

1. Lipids2. Carbohydrates3. Proteins 4. Nucleic acid ( DNA & RNA)

Each of the four type are essential for survival of living things

What does that mean???

Food Labels Activity

Macromolecule What is it made of?

What are its building blocks?

How do we get it?

What is it used for?

Examples of how it is used in body

Proteins Amino acid Meat, dairy, bean products that you eat

enzymes- speed up rxnshormones- send messages thru bodystructural- hair, nails, skin

Amylase, insulin, hair, nails, every part of your cells!

Carbohydrates

Monosaccharides (glucose & other simple sugars)

Simple carbs- fruitComplex carbs- pasta

Short term energy use/storage

Polysaccharide- GlycogenStarchCellulose

Lipids Fatty acids and glycerol

Unsaturated fats- liquid @ room temp (oil)Saturated fats- solid @ room temp (steak fat)

Long term energy storage

Cholesterol, adipose tissue

Nucleic Acids nucleotides Eating any plant or animal that has DNA in it.

Storing genetic information & Protein synthesis

DNA, RNA

1. Lipids fats, oils, and waxes

Why do we need fat?Function: stores energy, insulation

(padding), and protection

A lipid is a fat if it is solid at room

temperature and an oil if it is a liquid at room

temperature

LipidsDiverse group of organic compounds that

are

insoluble in water

Includes animal fats,

plant oils, steroids,

phospholipids

Made of fatty acids

and glycerol

Fat

• Saturated

• All single bonds

• Solid at room temp

• Animal fats

• Unsaturated

• One or more double bonds between carbons

• Liquid at room temp

• “Vegetable” or plant oils

Useful functions of fat

•Energy storage

•More compact fuel reserve than carbo.

•Cushions vital organs in mammals

•Insulates against heat loss

Phospholipids•Component of cell membranes (bilayer)

•2 fatty acids & phosphate group

•Amphipathic behavior in water

Steroids•Lipids w/ 4 fused carbon rings and various

functional groups

•Cholesterol important as precurser to other steroids; and enhance membrane fluidity

2. Carbohydrate

•Glucose: the source of most of the cell’s energy

Examples: sugars, starches, and celluloseThe word “Saccharide” means “sugar”

Definition: Sugar molecules (glucose)

What is this?

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Carbohydrates (sugars)

•Classified based on # of simple sugars

•C H O in 1:2:1 ratio

•Major nutrients for cells; ie glucose

•Produced by photosynthetic organisms

•Store energy in chemical bonds

•C skeletons raw materials for other organic compounds

Carbohydrates-disaccharides

Disacch.Monomers

Maltose glu + glu

Lactose glu + galac

Sucrose glu + fru

Carbohydrates: Polysaccharides

•2 Important biological functions:

•Energy storage (starch, glycogen)

•Structural support (cellulose, chitin)

Storage Polysaccharides

•Starch = glucose polymer, for energy storage in plants

•Helical glucose polymer

•Most animals have enzymes to digest it

•Major sources in human diet are potatos and grains.

Storage Polysaccharides

•Glycogen = glucose polymer, for energy storage in animals

•Branched molec.

•Stored in muscle

and liver of humans

and other vertebrates

Structural Polysaccharides•Cellulose = linear unbranched polymer

•Major structural component of plant cell walls

•Differs from starch in its monomer linkage

•Cannot be digested by most organisms

Structural Polysaccharides

•Chitin = structural polysacch.; a polymer of an amino sugar (nature’s plastic)

•Forms exoskeleton of Arthropods

•Found as cell walls in fungi

3. Proteins Definition: A macromolecule (organic-

carbon compound) made of amino acids

ProteinFunction: provide structural support, to

transport substances, and speed-up reactions

Proteins•Complex polymers of amino acids

•Abundant: make up 50% or more of dry wt

•Varied functions in cell: structure (collagen, actin & myosin), metabolism (enzymes), transport (membrane proteins), signaling (hormones), movement, defense (antibodies)

Amino Acid Structure

4. Nucleic Acids Definition: DNA and RNA

Nucleic Acid

Function: store and communicate genetic information

Nucleic Acids

• Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

• Can replicate itself and be passed from one generation of cells to the next

• Genes are segments of DNA that code for protein

• Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)

• Functions as mediator between genotype and phenotype

• 3 functional forms carry out “protein synthesis”

Nucleic Acids

DNA, the Genetic Code RNA the Trait Maker

Nucleotides: monomers of nucleic acids

•Pentose, a 5C sugar

•Nitrogen Base

•Phosphate

Macromolecule What is it made of?

What are its building blocks?

How do we get it?

What is it used for?

Examples of how it is used in body

Proteins Amino acid Meat, dairy, bean products that you eat

enzymes- speed up rxnshormones- send messages thru bodystructural- hair, nails, skin

Amylase, insulin, hair, nails, every part of your cells!

Carbohydrates

Monosaccharides (glucose & other simple sugars)

Simple carbs- fruitComplex carbs- pasta

Short term energy use/storage

Polysaccharide- GlycogenStarchCellulose

Lipids Fatty acids and glycerol

Unsaturated fats- liquid @ room temp (oil)Saturated fats- solid @ room temp (steak fat)

Long term energy storage

Cholesterol, adipose tissue

Nucleic Acids nucleotides Eating any plant or animal that has DNA in it.

Storing genetic information & Protein synthesis

DNA, RNA

4 Major Macromolecul

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Review – concept map

of macromolecul

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