What are living things like? Any living thing is called an organism. 1 1 Living Things Organisms vary in size - from the microscopic bacteria in mud puddles

What are living things like?• Any living thing is called an organism.

11Living ThingsLiving Things

• Organisms vary in size - from the microscopic bacteria in mud puddles to gigantic oak trees - and are found justabout everywhere.

All living things:

Have a cellular organization Contain similar chemicals Use energy Grow and develop Respond to their surroundings Reproduce


Living Things Are Organized• A cell is the smallest unit of an organism

that carries on the functions of life.


• Some organisms are composed of just one cellwhile others are composed of many cells.

Living Things Use Energy

• The energy used by most organisms comes either directly or indirectly from the Sun.


• Plants and some other organisms use the Sun’s energy, carbon dioxide, and water to make food.

Living Things Grow and Develop• Organisms change as they grow.

• All of the changes that take place during the life of an organism is called development.


Living Things Respond

• Living things must interact with their surroundings.

• Anything that causes some change in an organism is a stimulus.


• The reaction to a stimulus is a response.

Living Things Reproduce• All living things eventually reproduce, to

make more of their own kind.


• Some bacteria reproduce every 20 minutes, while it might take a pine tree two years to produce seeds.

• Without reproduction, there would be no living things to replace those individuals that die.

Why classify?

• Biologists use classification to organize living things into groups so that the organisms are easier to study.

• Organisms are grouped by their shared characteristics.

How are living things classified?How are living things classified?

22

Classification

• Carolus Linnaeus, a Swedish naturalist, developed a new system of grouping organisms that was accepted and used by most scientists.

• His classification system was based on looking for organisms with similar structures.

• Linnaeus also developed a scientific naming system that is still used today.


22

7 Levels of Classification


22

Kingdom KingPhylum PhillipClass CanOrder OfferFamily FreeGenus GardeningSpecies Services

Modern

Classification


22

Scientific Names

• The two-word naming system that Linnaeus used to name organisms is called binomial nomenclature.

• This two-word name is an organism’s species.


22

All living things have a scientific name.

Ambystoma

genus

Binomial Nomenclature

• The first word of the scientific name identifies the genus of the organism. A genus is a group of similar species.


22

• The second word of the name usually describes a feature.

tigrinum feature

Ambystoma tigrinum (Tiger Salamander)

Quercus nigra(Water Oak)

Why Use Scientific Names?

they help avoid mistakes.

organisms with similar evolutionary histories are classified together.

scientific names give descriptive information about the species.

scientific names allow information about organisms to be organized easily and efficiently.


22

How are Living Things Grouped Into Kingdoms?

• Type of cells (prokaryote or eukaryote)

• Number of cells in their bodies (multicellular or unicellular).

• Ability to make food (autotroph or heterotroph)


22

Type of Cells

• Prokaryote – Organisms whose cells lack a nucleus.

• Eukaryote – Organisms whose cells contain a nucleus


22

Number of Cells in Their Bodies

• Unicellular – Organisms with only one cell. Single-celled organism

• Multicellular – Organisms that are composed of many cells.


22

Ability to Make Food

Autotroph – Organism that makes its own food. Autotrophs use the food they make as an energy source to carry out their life functions.


22

Heterotroph - Organism that cannot make its own food. Heterotrophs need an outside source to obtain energy.

Obtaining Energy

• Respiration – Process by which cells break down food to release its energy.

• Photosynthesis – Process by which plants make food. Uses light, CO2, and water to produce sugar. Oxygen is a by-product.

light energy

CO2 + H2O → C6H12O6 + O2

(Carbon dioxide) (water) (sugar) (oxygen)


22

Reproduction

• Sexual reproduction – The reproductive process that involves two parents who combine their genetic material to produce a new organism, which differs from both parents.

• Asexual reproduction – The reproductive process that involves only one parent and produces offspring that are identical to the parent.


22

BACTERIA

PROTIST

PLANTFUNGI ANIMAL

The 5 Kingdoms

Bacteria– Archaebacteria –

“ancient” bacteria found in extreme temperatures. They were here before eubacteria.

– Eubacteria – Although some are harmful, most eubacteria are helpful. They provide vitamins and yogurt.

Split into two Kingdoms Archaebacteria and Eubacteria.

http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://images.encyclopedia.com/utility/image.aspx?id=2792724&imagetype=Hero&imgrefurl=http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Archaebacteria.aspx&h=300&w=300&sz=7&tbnid=TkneBz0eNXiZKM:&tbnh=116&tbnw=116&prev=/search?q=archaebacteria&tbm=isch&tbo=u&zoom=1&q=archaebacteria&hl=en&usg=__w2evCrtx4-_dtwQGMJw9UxZ-Vbg=&sa=X&ei=-muaTdjzMK680QH-nKTGBg&ved=0CDAQ9QEwBA

Bacteria• Prokaryotes – have no nucleus • Unicellular – single celled• Autotrophs and Heterotrophs• Examples: Streptococcus (strep throat)

Staphylococcus (Staph infection)

Protists• Eukaryotes – have a nucleus• Unicellular or multicellular• Heterotrophs and Autotrophs• 3 main types: Protozoans, slime molds, and algae• DIVERSE – these organisms cannot fit into another

kingdom.

Seaweed

Fungi• Eukaryotes• Multicellular

(only yeast is unicellular)• Heterotrophs• Examples: mushrooms, yeast, mold, mildew,

athlete’s foot, ringworm, penicillin

Plants• Eukaryotes

• Multicellular

• Autotrophs

• Examples: trees, vegetable plants, roses, vines

Animals• Eukaryotes• Multicellular• Heterotrophs

Documents

What are living things like? Any living thing is called an organism. 1 1 Living Things Organisms vary in size - from the microscopic bacteria in mud puddles