What are the main characteristics of a CBD?

How many characteristics of a CBD can you spot in the next four slides?

What typical characteristics of a CBD are shown here?

The Tallest Buildings Why? Public Buildings eg. Corn

Exchange / Town Hall

Busy – lots of pedestrians

Markets

What typical characteristics of a CBD are shown here?

Purpose built shopping centres providing

undercover shopping experience

Big Department Stores and National Chain Stores –

why?

What typical characteristics of a CBD are shown here?

Public Buildings eg. Corn Exchange / Town Hall

Very accessible – public transport & traffic

management required due to congestion.

Historic/ old street pattern – often some narrow streets

Some of the oldest buildings

What typical characteristics of a CBD are shown here?

Entertainment – e.g. restaurants

Entertainment e.g. cinemas (although increasingly these are

moving further out of town)

Entertainment e.g. pubs

Urban land use: Zone 1

• CBD = Central Business District

• The CBD is at the heart of a town or city and usually has great accessibility, large shopping and banking areas, and government buildings

Characteristics of a CBD

Old Core - often narrow streets / historical core (e.g. Old Portsmouth)

-Very Accessible - major rail and road routes (often find public transport stations meet here - e.g. railway stations / bus stations)Entertainment -

restaurants, clubs, etc

Historical buildings (e.g. museums, castles, etc.)

Government buildings (e.g. councils)

•Many have covered shopping centres (e.g. Cascades)

Traffic Restrictions e.g. pedestrian areas (like Commercial Rd)

Land has very high value - due to lack of space and competition for land

Many National Chain stores (attract larger numbers of customers + can afford the high land cost/rent - e.g. M&S; WHS; Topshop

Little/ No Residential because so expensive, maybe some flats above shops

• Banks, building societies, Estate Agents – where they can receive more customers

THE INNER CITY (ZONE 2)Also known as the Twilight or Transition

Zone

Typical style of housing in the Inner City

Typical aerial view of an Inner City Area

Zone 2 of the Urban Land-use Model – THE INNER CITY

When and Why did Inner City Areas Grow up?• Developed during the 19th century – due to rapid expansion of industry (led to the demand for workers)

• As more moved to the cities – there was a demand for low cost houses for the workers

• This resulted in high-density cheap housing (fitting as many houses as possible in a small area

• People had to live close to work due to lack of transport

What types of land-use are found in Inner City areas?

19th Century Terraced Housing Industry – large factories built during the industrial revolution (now some knocked

down / converted)

Canals and Railways Main Roads (often now ring roads taking traffic out of CBDs)

Typical Characteristics of Inner City Areas

• High Density Housing

• Mainly terraced (some back to back)

• Built in Long Straight Rows

• Front doors opening onto the street

• Few Amenities (little or no sanitation (often built with toilet in Back Yard

• Mainly Ethnic Minorities, students, older people and unemployed (lower income groups)

• Mainly private / rented

Problems in Inner City Areas (since 1950s / 1950s)

1. Industrial Decline (see other notes)

2. High unemployment

3. Abandoned Warehouses – eyesore and led to vandalism

4. High Crime Rates

5. Poor Quality Housing

6. Overcrowding

7. Lack of Open Space

8. Lack of Parking Spaces

9. Atmospheric Pollution (factories / traffic)

10. Lots of heavy traffic (for industry)

Zone 2: Inner City

What is the Inner City?The Inner City is the land-use zone around the city centre, it is also known as the twilight zone or zone of transition.

When did the Inner City grow up?Inner city areas grew up in the 19th century as towns increased rapidly due to the Industrial Revolution. This led to the growth of factories and low-cost terraced housing around what is now the city centre.

Characteristics of the Inner City

High density 19th Century housing and manufacturing. Housing is usually

linear, back to back and terraced This area tends to

be run down unless housing has been redeveloped

Land values are lower than those in the CBD. However, they still remain high. Houses are cheaper to buy / rent

Population density in the inner city is very high as houses have been squeezed in.

crowded areas with little open space

Front doors open straight on to the pavementNo front or back gardens (just a small back yard)

factories providing employment for residents

Social Problems - high crime rates, above average concentrations of low-income citizens

Reasons for Growth of the Suburbs

1. Better public transport and increased car ownership meant people could separate work from where they live.

2. Building societies provided mortgages making it easier to buy homes

3. People were better off and looking for a better living environment.

INNER AND OUTER SUBURBS

RURAL-URBAN FRINGE

This has lead to conflict due to different land-uses wanting to locate here (see diagram for examples)

Land use in cities

Land use zones.

Recap Qs

On paper, sketch the diagram + label the 5 zones from memory.

Outer Suburbs

Inner Suburbs

Inner City/ Twilight Zone

Industrial Zone

CBD

Recap Qs

1) Which is the oldest part of the city?

2) What does ‘CBD’ stand for?

3) In which zone would you expect to find small terraced housing?

4) Why are there not many detached houses with drives near the CBD?

6. Semi-detached

houses with gardens

11. Lots of public transport

links

10. Parks and open spaces

18. Modern out-of -town shopping centres

16. Terraced housing

17. Some garages

9. High-rise flats may now replace some

run-down areas

5. Shops and Offices

13. Tall high density

buildings

1. Leisure and entertainment

facilities

15. Land is cheaper

14. Cheapest housing

19. High-value land

3. Very few driveways

2. Large detached

houses with garages

8. Grew in response to

increased car ownership

12. Oldest

4. Most expensive

houses

20. Industry + factories

7. Newest

Match it up!

• Colour code the statements to fit the 5 categories:

CBD – Inner City/Twilight Zone – Industrial Zone – Inner Suburbs – Outer Suburbs

• Remember to use a key

6. Semi-detached

houses with gardens

11. Lots of public

transport links

10. Parks and open spaces

18. Modern out-of -town

shopping centres

16. Terraced housing

17. Some garages

9. High-rise flats may now replace some

run-down areas

5. Shops and Offices

13. Tall high density

buildings

1. Leisure and entertainment

facilities

15. Land is cheaper

14. Cheapest housing

19. High-value land

3. Very few driveways

2. Large detached

houses with garages

8. Grew in response to

increased car ownership

12. Oldest

4. Most expensive

houses

20. Industry

7. Newest6. Semi-detached

houses with gardens

11. Lots of public

transport links

10. Parks and open spaces

18. Modern out-of -town

shopping centres

16. Terraced housing

17. Some garages

9. High-rise flats may now replace some

run-down areas

5. Shops and Offices

13. Tall high density

buildings

1. Leisure and entertainment

facilities

15. Land is cheaper

14. Cheapest housing

19. High-value land

3. Very few driveways

2. Large detached

houses with garages

8. Grew in response to

increased car ownership

12. Oldest

4. Most expensive

houses

20. Industry + factories

7. Newest