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WHAT ARE WE TRYING TO PREVENT - CORONARY ATHEROSCLEROSIS OR ISCHAEMIC HEART DISEASE? Oliver MF, University of Edinburgh, Great Britain. The focus today i s more on preventing progres- sion of coronary lesions or hoping to induce their regression than on preventing the de- velopment of myocardial infarction in patients with incipient ischaemia or sudden cardiac death in those who are particularly prone. Yet i n the majority of middle-aged adults coronary atherosclerosis remains clinically occult; and the influences leading to the development of coronary atherosclerosis, particularly the presence of atherogenic lipoproteins, are quite different from those which actually precipitate one of the clinical syndromes of ischaemic heart disease, such as an acute intravascular thrombosis or acute metabolic disequilibrium i n the myocardium. It should not be expected, therefore, that prevention or therapy aimed at reducing coronary athero- sclerosis will necessarily influence the in- cidence of any or all of the clinical syn- dromes. Whi 1 e both approaces are d e s i rabl e, the investment of resources and the yield from each is very different. The sensitivity and specificity with which we are able to predict the presence of severe and potentially occlusive atherosclerosis are so bad that intervention would have to be direct- ed to a majority of individuals who will never develop clinical syndromes. It i s argued, of course, that provided we reduce the degree of coronary atherosclerosis, then the clinical syndromes will also reduce i n incidence but this presupposes that we know how to intervene to prevent progression and that it is pract- ically to do so. Too much weight has probably been put on regression of experimental l y-in- duced cholesterol-rich lesions in animals, since the circumstances of their induction and regression are artificial and collagen pro- 1 i feration does not regress commensurately with atheromatous lesions. Nevertheless, en- 7

WHAT ARE WE TRYING TO PREVENT – CORONARY ATHEROSCLEROSIS OR ISCHAEMIC HEART DISEASE?

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Page 1: WHAT ARE WE TRYING TO PREVENT – CORONARY ATHEROSCLEROSIS OR ISCHAEMIC HEART DISEASE?

WHAT A R E WE T R Y I N G TO P R E V E N T - C O R O N A R Y ATHEROSCLEROSIS O R I S C H A E M I C H E A R T D I S E A S E ?

O l i v e r M F , U n i v e r s i t y o f E d i n b u r g h , G r e a t B r i t a i n .

The f o c u s t o d a y i s more on p r e v e n t i n g p r o g r e s - s i o n o f c o r o n a r y l e s i o n s o r h o p i n g t o i n d u c e t h e i r r e g r e s s i o n t h a n on p r e v e n t i n g t h e de- v e l o p m e n t o f m y o c a r d i a l i n f a r c t i o n i n p a t i e n t s w i t h i n c i p i e n t i s c h a e m i a or sudden c a r d i a c d e a t h i n t h o s e who a r e p a r t i c u l a r l y p r o n e . Y e t i n t h e m a j o r i t y o f m i d d l e - a g e d a d u l t s c o r o n a r y a t h e r o s c l e r o s i s r e m a i n s c l i n i c a l l y o c c u l t ; and t h e i n f l u e n c e s l e a d i n g t o t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f c o r o n a r y a t h e r o s c l e r o s i s , p a r t i c u l a r l y t h e p r e s e n c e o f a t h e r o g e n i c l i p o p r o t e i n s , a r e q u i t e d i f f e r e n t f r o m t h o s e w h i c h a c t u a l l y p r e c i p i t a t e one o f t h e c l i n i c a l synd romes o f i s c h a e m i c h e a r t d i s e a s e , s u c h a s an a c u t e i n t r a v a s c u l a r t h r o m b o s i s o r a c u t e m e t a b o l i c d i s e q u i l i b r i u m i n t h e m y o c a r d i u m . I t s h o u l d n o t be e x p e c t e d , t h e r e f o r e , t h a t p r e v e n t i o n o r t h e r a p y a i m e d a t r e d u c i n g c o r o n a r y a t h e r o - s c l e r o s i s w i l l n e c e s s a r i l y i n f l u e n c e t h e i n - c i d e n c e o f any o r a l l o f t h e c l i n i c a l s y n - d romes. Whi 1 e b o t h a p p r o a c e s a r e d e s i r a b l e, t h e i n v e s t m e n t o f r e s o u r c e s a n d t h e y i e l d f r o m e a c h i s v e r y d i f f e r e n t .

The s e n s i t i v i t y and s p e c i f i c i t y w i t h w h i c h we a r e a b l e t o p r e d i c t t h e p r e s e n c e o f s e v e r e a n d p o t e n t i a l l y o c c l u s i v e a t h e r o s c l e r o s i s a r e so b a d t h a t i n t e r v e n t i o n w o u l d h a v e t o b e d i r e c t - e d t o a m a j o r i t y o f i n d i v i d u a l s who w i l l n e v e r d e v e l o p c l i n i c a l synd romes . I t i s a r g u e d , o f c o u r s e , t h a t p r o v i d e d we r e d u c e t h e d e g r e e o f c o r o n a r y a t h e r o s c l e r o s i s , t h e n t h e c l i n i c a l synd romes w i l l a l s o r e d u c e i n i n c i d e n c e b u t t h i s p r e s u p p o s e s t h a t we know how t o i n t e r v e n e t o p r e v e n t p r o g r e s s i o n and t h a t i t i s p r a c t - i c a l l y t o do s o . Too much w e i g h t has p r o b a b l y been p u t on r e g r e s s i o n o f e x p e r i m e n t a l l y - i n - d u c e d c h o l e s t e r o l - r i c h l e s i o n s i n a n i m a l s , s i n c e t h e c i r c u m s t a n c e s o f t h e i r i n d u c t i o n and r e g r e s s i o n a r e a r t i f i c i a l a n d c o l l a g e n p r o - 1 i f e r a t i o n does n o t r e g r e s s c o m m e n s u r a t e l y w i t h a t h e r o m a t o u s l e s i o n s . N e v e r t h e l e s s , en -

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Page 2: WHAT ARE WE TRYING TO PREVENT – CORONARY ATHEROSCLEROSIS OR ISCHAEMIC HEART DISEASE?

c o u r a g i n g r e s u l t s a r e e m e r g i n g f r o m a n g i o - g r a p h i c s t u d i e s o f t h e e f f e c t s o f c h o l e s t e r o l l o w e r i n g r e g i m e s o n e a r l y f e m o r a l a r t e r i a l l e s i o n s a n d f r o m t w o u n c o n t r o l l e d t r i a l s o f c o r o n a r y a t h e r o m a r e g r e s s i o n .

B u t p r o p e r e v a l u a t i o n o f t h i s r e s e a r c h m u s t d e p e n d on t h r e e d i f f e r e n t d e v e l o p m e n t ( 1 ) e x - t e n s i o n o f t h e p i l o t c l i n i c a l t r i a l s i n t o a r a n d o m c o n t r o l d e s i g n w i t h t h e u s e o f new t e c h n i q u e s o f i m a g e i d e n t i f i c a t i o n a n d t h e i r q u a n t i f i c a - t i o n ( 2 ) s t u d i e s o f l a r g e r n u m b e r s a n d n o t j u s t t h o s e w i t h h y p e r c h o l e s t e r o l a e m i a a n d ( 3 ) m o s t i m p o r t a n t o f a l l , e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f s o u n d d a t a a n d e x p e c t e d n a t u r a l p r o g r e s s i o n a n d r e g r e s s i o n o f l e s i o n s . T h e e c o n o m i c s o f i n t e r - v e n t i o n a g a i n s t c o r o n a r y a t h e r o m a w i l l b e o u t l i n e d .

T h e c a s e o f r e d u c i n g t h e i n c i d e n c e o f i s c h - a e m i c h e a r t d i s e a s e a s a r e s u l t o f l o w e r i n g r a i s e d s e r u m c h o l e s t e r o l l e v e l s i s s t r o n g l y s u p p o r t e d b y e p i d e m i o l o g i c a l , e x p e r i m e n t a l a n d m e t a b o l i c s t u d i e s b u t , s o f a r a s c l i n i c a l t r i a l s a r e c o n c e r n e d , t h e e v i d e n c e i s r e - m a r k a b l y w e a k . The a p p r o p r i a t e d i e t t r i a l s h a v e n o t b e e n c o n d u c t e d b u t t h e e v i d e n c e t h a t a n a n i o n - e x c h a n g e r e s i n g i v e n t o v e r y h y p e r - c h o l e s t e r o l a e m i c i n d i v i d u a l s r e d u c e s t h e i n - c i d e n c e o f i s c h a e m i c h e a r t d i s e a s e i s m o d e r - a t e l y i m p r e s s i v e . T h e r e a r e w o r r i e s , h o w e v e r , a s m o s t o f t h e c l i n i c a l t r i a l s i n w h i c h h y p e r c h o l e s t e r o l a e m i a h a s b e e n r e d u c e d by d i f f e r e n t means h a v e l e a d t o a c o n c u r r e n t i n - c r e a s e i n n o n - c a r d i a c m o r t a l i t y o f t h e same o r d e r o f m a g n i t u d e a s t h e d e c r e a s e i n c a r d i a c m o r t a l i t y , a1 t h o u g h m o r b i d i t y f r o m i s c h a e m i c h e a r t d i s e a s e h a s b e e n m o r e f a v o u r a b l y e f f e c t - e d . T h e s e e m e r g i n g a d v e r s e f i n d i n g s r a i s e i m - p o r t a n t q u e s t i o n s c o n c e r n i n g t h e p a u c i t y o f m o n i t o r i n g o f t h e i n c i d e n c e o f c o m m o n l y o c c u r - r i n g d i s e a s e s - p a r t i c u l a r l y when d r u g s a r e u s e d f o r p r i m a r y p r e v e n t i o n .

An a r e a w h i c h h a s b e e n u n d e r s t u d i e d i s t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p o f i n t r a v a s c u l a r t h r o m b o s i s . t o t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e c l i n i c a l s y n d r o m e s o f i s c h a e m i c h e a r t d i s e a s e . A g a i n , t h e s e n s i t i v i -

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t y a n d s p e c i f i c i t y o f a n y o f t h e i n d i c e s o f t h r o m b o g e n e s i s a r e s o p o o r i n r e l a t i o n t o a s u b s e q u e n t c l i n i c a l e v e n t t h a t i n t e r v e n t i o n c a n n o t y e t b e r e l a t e d t o i n d i v i d u a l s p a r t i - c u l a r l y a t r i s k . One o f t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t a r e a s f o r p r e v e n t i o n o f i s h a e m i c h e a r t d i s e a s e a n d r e s e a r c h i n v e s t m e n t i s t h e i d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f i n d i v i d u a l s p r o n e t o i n t r a v a s c u l a r t h r o m - b o s i s a n d t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f a p p r o p r i a t e c l i n i c a l t r i a l s t o a s s e s s t h e v a l u e o f i n t e r v e n t i on.

A n o t h e r u n d e r s t u d i e d a r e a i n r e l a t i o n t o a c u t e c l i n i c a l e v e n t s i s t h e m e t a b o l i s m o f t h e i s c h a e m i c m y o c a r d i u m . A t r a n s i e n t c o r o n a r y o c c l u s i o n , e i t h e r o n t h e b a s i s o f i n t r a - v a s c u l a r t h r o m b o s i s o r spasm, may h a v e 1 i t t l e e f f e c t i n many i n d i v i d u a l s w i t h n o r m a l m e t a - b o l i s m w h i l e i t may p r o d u c e a l e t h a l a r r h y t h - m i a i n t h o s e w i t h p r o f o u n d m e t a b o l i c d i s - e q u i l i b r i u m i n r e g i o n a l l y i s c h a e m i c a r e a s o f t h e m y o c a r d i u m . T h u s , a l o w g l u c o s l f a t t y a c i d r a t i o h a s b e e n shown t o i m p a i r m y o c a r d i a l f u n c t i o n a n d make t h e i s c h a e m i c m y o c a r d i u m p r o n e t o a r r h y t h m i a s . T h e r e a r e s o many r e - l a t i v e l y i n d e p e n d e n t m e c h a n i s m s l e a d i n g t o l e t h a l v e n t r i c u l a r f i b r i l l a t i o n t h a t i t i s u n l i k e l y t h a t i n t e r v e n t i o n a g a i n s t a n y o n e o f t h e s e w i l l r e d u c e t h e i n c i d e n c e o f s u d d e n c a r d i a c d e a t h s i g n i f i c a n t l y .

T h e s e a r e some o f t h e r e a s o n s why i t i s i m - p o r t a n t t o a s k t h i s q u e s t i o n - w h a t a r e we t r y i n g t o p r e v e n t ?

F i n a l l y , t h e f a c t s c u r r e n t l y a v a i l a b l e d o n o t p r o v i d e p r o o f t h a t r e d u c t i o n o f d i e t a r y f a t o r a n y o t h e r n g e i n 1 i f e s t y l e w i 1 1 n e c e s s a r i l y b e a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e r e d u c t i y i n t h e i n c i - d e n c e o f i s c h a e m i c h e a r t d i s e a s e . We s h o u l d n o t a l l o w o u r s e l v e s t o b e c o e r c e d b e y o n d t h e s e f a c t s i n t o w i s h f u l t h i n k i n g ! P e r h a p s t h e n , t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t i n v e s t m e n t f o r r e s e a r c h r e - s o u r c e s a n d f o r t h e c o m m u n i t y i s t o i m p r o v e o u r m e t h o d s o f i d e n t i f y i n g t h o s e a t h i g h r i s k f o r i n c i p i e n t m y o c a r d i a l i s c h a e m i a a n d i n t r a - v a s c u l a r t h r o m b o s i s , a n d t o i n i t i a t e f o r m a l t e s t i n g o f v a r i o u s means o f p r e v e n t i n g t h e m f r o m o c c u r r i n g .

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