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What does ASEAN Mean to ASEAN Peoples? (The Philippine Case)
www.pids.gov.ph 1
Philippine Institute for Development StudiesSurian sa mga Pag-aaral Pangkaunlaran ng Pilipinas
Sheila V. Siar, Director for Research Information, PIDS
Introduction◦ Public perception study conducted in 2016
◦ Funded by ERIA and part of a bigger study comprising all 10 ASEAN member-states (AMS)
◦ The aim of the study is to make inferences about the level of awareness of the Filipino people of ASEAN as well as their aspirations, concerns, and hopes for the Association.
◦ Online and paper-based survey using a questionnaire provided by the Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia (ERIA)
◦ Three focus group discussions (youth – Butuan City; business sector –Cebu City; mixed – Quezon City)
2
Profile of survey respondents
3
31%
21%17%
18%
13%
Affiliation
Government
Academe
Business
CSO/NGO
Others (mostly
students)
25%
38%
37%
Age
15-30
31-49
50+
Sex
Male – 52%; Female – 48%
Key findings◦ Moderate awareness of ASEAN which grows with age
◦ A general sentiment that Philippine membership of ASEAN is beneficial for the country, albeit only moderate
◦ Concordance on the pressing problems facing individual countries and ASEAN identified by the Philippine respondents and those in other member-states
◦ A general agreement that the media has low coverage of ASEAN and that school textbooks should be used more to educate young people about the Association
◦ A general agreement that the ASEAN Secretariat should beef up its capacity
4
Awareness of ASEAN, by affiliation
5
2.2
8.3 7.55.4 4.2
12.2
6.6
20.8 20.8
5.4
13.1
51.154.1
43.8
37.7
67.6
50.2
34.4
39.3
27.1
34.0
21.6
32.5
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
Government Academe Business CSO/NGO Others TOTAL
Leve
l o
f fa
mil
iari
ty(%
)
Slightly Familiar Somewhat Familiar Moderately Familiar Very Familiar
6
Awareness of ASEAN, by age and sex
9.56.5
3.3
8.3
4.0 4.37.1
19.421.7
16.7
10.4
5.0
14.0 12.2
57.1
48.4
43.3
56.3
35.4
60.0
44.7
56.1
26.2 25.8
31.7
18.8
54.2
35.037.3
27.3
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female
15-30 31-49 50+ TOTAL
Leve
l o
f fa
mil
iari
ty (
%)
Slightly Familiar Somewhat Familiar Moderately Familiar Very Familiar
Awareness of ASEAN (Philippines vs. Other AMS)
7
27% 29%33%
12%20%
26% 25%
13%
26%
46%51%
39% 35% 27%61%
34%
37% 42%
50%
40%
28%26%
20%16% 24%
16%
37% 22%18%
33% 23%
9%10%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Somewhat familiar Moderately familiar Very familiar
Source:
ERIA
Student familiarity of ASEAN over time (all AMS)
8
87%
56%61%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
ERIA 2016 ISEAS 2014 ISEAS 2007
Total Familiar
Source: ERIA
Filipino students’ basic knowledge of ASEAN
9
2007 survey 2014 survey
Highest: Viet Nam, Laos, Brunei,
Indonesia
Lowest: Singapore, Philippines,
Myanmar
Highest: Viet Nam, Thailand,
Brunei, Indonesia
Lowest: Philippines, Singapore
Note: Countries not mentioned fell in between the overall.
Source: Thompson et al. 2014. Do Young People Know ASEAN? Singapore: ISEAS.
Identification as ASEAN citizens, by affiliation and age
10
2.24.9
8.35.7
2.74.5 4.1
5.63.7 4.5
16.7
13.1
29.2
20.8
10.8
18.0
24.7
14.816.7
18.0
34.4
31.1
31.334.0
40.5
33.9
42.5
34.3
27.8
33.9
46.7
50.8
31.339.6
45.943.6
28.8
45.4
51.9
43.6
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
Government Academe Business CSO/NGO Others TOTAL 15-30 31-49 50+ TOTAL
Leve
l o
f id
en
tifi
cait
on
(%)
No Somewhat Moderately Very Much
11
Benefits of ASEAN membership, by affiliation
2.2
6.64.2 3.8
5.4 4.2
13.3 11.5
37.5
13.216.2 17.3
46.7
52.5
31.3
49.151.4
46.4
35.6
29.5
22.9
30.227.0 30.1
2.20.0
4.2 3.80.0
2.1
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
Government Academe Business CSO/NGO Others TOTALPh
ilip
pin
es
be
ne
fitt
ing
fro
m A
SE
AN
(%
)
Fairly Somewhat Moderately Very Much Don't Know
Benefits of ASEAN membership (from FGDs)
12
Youth Business sector Mixed group
• Good for tourism
• Good for trade especially in the export of
fruits
• Will help the Philippine in rice importation
• Useful for resolving conflicts related to
sovereignty (ASEAN can serve as a
“moderator”)
• ASEAN can help in peace-building and in
resolving problems related to food security,
hunger, and technology.
On territorial/maritime disputes: ASEAN is
doing nothing to help the Philippines in its
geopolitical tension with China on the West
Philippine Sea. It is USA helping the country not
ASEAN.
• Good for keeping trade barriers low
• Beneficial for private firms as ASEAN
policies have eased importation ad
exportation activities
• Good for travelling to other ASEAN
member-states and finding work for high-
skilled workers
• ASEAN can serve as “an arena wherein
member-states are able to be in sync with
one another”, economically and politically
ASEAN should help the Philippines gain more
ground in the issue of territorial disputes.
• Sense of
pride
• Good for
the
Philippines
especially in
resolving
conflict
(e.g.,
Myanmar)
Why the Philippines should keep its ASEAN membership –Reasons given by the youth in the FGD
13
• Important in trade
• The Philippines has poor capacity to create jobs; being a
member of ASEAN will give Filipinos access to jobs in other
ASEAN countries.
• Leaving ASEAN will weaken the Philippines as it will be
alone in solving its problems particularly conflicts and
calamities. [Used the analogy of not having friends if the
Philippines is not part of ASEAN.]
Pressing problems of the Philippines today and until 2025 (from survey)
14
(1) Corruption;
(2) Income disparity and
social inequality;
(3) Agriculture and food
security;
4) Unemployment
5) Climate change and
natural disasters,
infrastructure availability
and quality, and quality
education and access
Source: ERIA
NATIONAL LEVEL
Pressing problems of the Philippines today and until 2025 (from FGDs)
15
Pressing problems of ASEAN today and until 2025 (from survey)
16
(1) Corruption;
(2) Climate change and
natural disasters;
(3) Income disparity and
social inequality;
(4) Trade, investment and
regulatory coherence;
and
(5) Agriculture and food
security
Source: ERIA
ASEAN LEVEL
Pressing problems of ASEAN today and until 2025 (from FGDs)
17
18
Measuring expectations for ASEAN (Situation by 2025) ) ) )
◦ Economic pillar
◦ ASEAN is a region where goods, services, and businesses can move easily among countries in the region.
◦ ASEAN is a region where regulations and procedures make it easy for skilled workers and professionals to find work in other countries in ASEAN.
◦ ASEAN is a region where it is easy to physically move around through roads, railways, air, and shipping.
◦ ASEAN Community is a region where people and businesses can digitally interact and communicate easily with one another.
19
Measuring expectations for ASEAN (Situation by 2025)
◦ Socio-cultural pillar
◦ ASEAN peoples are deeply aware of ASEAN Community and its programs.
◦ ASEAN Community deeply engages and benefits its peoples.
◦ ASEAN and its member-countries effectively protect human rights and minorities in the region.
◦ ASEAN and its member-countries provide basic social protection and health services to migrant and temporary workers from other countries in ASEAN.
◦ ASEAN pushes for equitable access to opportunities for ASEAN peoples.
◦ ASEAN and its member-countries effectively conserve and sustainably manage the region’s biodiversity and natural resources.
◦ ASEAN major cities are less polluted and more liveable than they are today.
◦ ASEAN and its member-countries are very much able to anticipate, respond and recover faster and concertedly together from natural disasters and health hazards in the region.
20
Measuring expectations for ASEAN (Situation by 2025)
◦ Political pillar
◦ ASEAN is a region of good governance and very much less corruption.
◦ ASEAN has a strong voice and are important players in global negotiations and forums.
◦ ASEAN deeply engages powers in the region and the world to ensure peace in the region and Asia Pacific.
Expectations for ASEAN (Situation by 2025)
21
0
1
4
8
3
1
9
3
5
8
6
18
4
5
4
6
22
22
31
18
8
31
20
16
32
31
30
16
18
21
38
41
63
95
51
31
57
69
65
90
76
100
55
57
52
172
153
147
118
158
161
145
147
156
118
130
100
167
151
153
71
70
50
34
56
87
43
47
45
38
43
36
43
57
58
2
2
3
3
3
1
4
3
2
3
3
5
4
1
1
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Goods, services, and businesses can move easily among countries in…
Skilled workers and professionals can easily find work in other…
Migrant and temporary workers from other countries in ASEAN…
Good governance and significantly less corruption.
Easy to physically move around through roads, railways, air, and…
People and businesses can digitally interact and communicate…
ASEAN people are deeply aware of the ASEAN Community and its…
The ASEAN Community deeply engages and benefits its peoples.
ASEAN pushes for equitable access to opportunities for its peoples.
Effectively protect human rights and minorities in the region.
ASEAN and its member countries conserve and sustainably manage …
ASEAN major cities are less polluted and more liveable than they…
Very much able to anticipate, respond, and recover faster and…
ASEAN has a strong voice and is an important player in global…
ASEAN deeply engages powers in the region and the world to…
Strongly disagree Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly agree Don't know
Aspirations and Hopes by 2025
22
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
2
0
1
0
2
4
3
5
1
1
5
4
1
6
1
3
1
3
2
13
11
16
25
14
11
19
18
14
23
21
27
15
11
12
110
115
116
103
111
110
125
119
121
109
112
112
111
100
107
163
159
153
155
162
167
140
148
151
150
153
145
162
174
167
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Goods, services, and businesses can move easily among countries…
Skilled workers and professionals can easily find work in other…
Migrant and temporary workers from other countries in ASEAN…
Good governance and significantly less corruption.
Easy to physically move around through roads, railways, air, and…
People and businesses can digitally interact and communicate…
ASEAN people are deeply aware of the ASEAN Community and its…
The ASEAN Community deeply engages and benefits its peoples.
ASEAN pushes for equitable access to opportunities for its peoples.
Effectively protect human rights and minorities in the region.
ASEAN and its member countries conserve and sustainably …
ASEAN major cities are less polluted and more liveable than they…
Very much able to anticipate, respond, and recover faster and…
ASEAN has a strong voice and is an important player in global…
ASEAN deeply engages powers in the region and the world to…
Strongly disagree Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly agree Don't know
Common across groups: Economic growth
From the Business sector:
1. For the AMS to be able to rank with China, Korea, and Japan in terms of being economically stable. Singapore could lead ASEAN in this regard.To achieve this, the AMS must be able to fortify their political powers through the integration agenda. That is, for the AMS to play an active role in global negotiations and forums that directly affect the ASEAN region.
2. On territorial disputes, conflicts in geopolitical jurisdiction could be won over through a unified stand and support for the concerned AMS.
23
Aspirations and Hopes by 2025 (from FGDs)
From the Business sector:
3. ASEAN integration is key for each AMS’s growth and development. Through strategic alliances, competitive advantages could be attained when negotiating and trading with nations outside ASEAN. To achieve this, the AMS must be able to fortify their political powers through the integration agenda. That is, for the AMS to play an active role in global negotiations and forums that directly affect the ASEAN region.
4. ASEAN could be instrumental in building quality education through promoting scholarship grants and student and faculty exchanges.
24
Aspirations and Hopes by 2025 (from FGDs)
Upgrading the Capability of the ASEAN Secretariat
25
56.7550.68
58.33 59.26 58.27 55.33 58.89 60.6647.92 52.83
62.16
39.4541.1
39.81 37.96 38.85 40 37.78 37.7
45.83 41.5135.14
3.115.48
1.85 2.78 2.88 3.33 2.22 1.646.25 5.66 0
0.35 1.370 0 0 0.67 1.11 0 0 0
00.35 1.37 0 0 0 0.67 0 0 0 0 2.7
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
On
up
rad
ing
AS
EA
N S
ecr
eta
ria
t's
cap
ab
ilit
y
(%)
Strongly agree Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly disagree
Media coverage on ASEAN is not enough
26
3.3 1.65.7 5.4
3.14.4
11.5 10.4
17.0
5.49.3
60.0
42.6
54.2
41.5
45.9 50.2
32.2
44.3
35.4 35.8
43.2
37.4
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
Government Academe Business CSO/NGO Others TOTAL
Wh
eth
er
me
dia
co
vera
ge
on
AS
EA
N i
s e
no
ug
h
(%)
Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly Agree
Use of textbooks to promote ASEAN
27
1.9 2.70.7
3.3 2.7 1.05.6
8.2 8.35.7
2.76.2
40.0
31.1
56.3
45.3
35.1
41.2
54.457.4
35.4
47.2
56.8
50.9
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Government Academe Business CSO/NGO Others TOTALOn
usi
ng
te
xtb
oo
ks t
o p
rom
ote
AS
EA
N
(%)
Strongly Disagree Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly Agree
Some recommendations 1. Have more dynamic and targeted communication and outreach
activities
◦ Increase use of traditional channels like TV, radio, and print media.
◦ Have a radio program dedicated to ASEAN news and current affairs
- Example, DurianAsean online radio program in Malaysia
◦ Partner with the media (TV, radio, print) to increase dissemination of ASEAN-related content
- In 2016, more than 200 media practitioners from AMS attended the ASEAN Editor’s Summit. The participants came up with a resolution on enhancing media cooperation to promote ASEAN identity, awareness, and integration.
28
Some recommendations
◦ Maximize the use of social media to reach young people.
◦ Tap student organizations as channels to educate young people about ASEAN.
◦ Consider making it mandatory to have the ASEAN flag in schools (public and private) and government offices.
◦ Encourage the singing of the ASEAN anthem “The ASEAN Way” in schools and government offices.
◦ Celebrate the ASEAN Day in public schools every year (like the UN Day).
29
Some recommendations 2. Promote deeper understanding of ASEAN, its programs and activities, gains being enjoyed by the member-states, and issues affecting the region and how the Association is responding.
◦ Use school textbooks to educate young people not just about ASEAN’s history but also about its programs, the integration agenda, and how the Association has impacted the lives of its peoples. (Highlight the gains from ASEAN)
◦ Continue implementing activities for the youth like scholarships, exchange programs, and leadership programs.
◦ “Encourage use of the ASEAN Curriculum Sourcebook—not just in schools but as a
resource for educators at any level—to discuss relevant aspects of ASEAN integration.” (Thompson et al. 2014)
30
Some recommendations 3. Promote a more inclusive ASEAN
◦ Maximize platforms for civil society engagement, business sector participation, and youth participation to promote greater interface between ASEAN and its stakeholders and to encourage broad-based support for the Association.
(E.g., CSOs: ASEAN People’s Assembly, Regional Consultation on ASEAN and Human Rights, ASEAN Civil Society Conference/ASEAN Peoples Forum, and ASEAN Disability Forum; business: those spearheaded by ABAC and DTI)
◦ Develop and implement programs for micro and small entrepreneurs, women, youth, and indigenous peoples
(E.g., programs spearheaded by DTI and ABAC Philippines, such as the ASEAN Business and Investment Program, ASEAN Mentors-Entrepreneurs Network, and ASEAN Young Entrepreneurs Council).
31
Philippine Institute for Development StudiesPhilippine Institute for Development StudiesPhilippine Institute for Development StudiesPhilippine Institute for Development StudiesSurian sa mga pag-aaral Pangkaunlaran ng Pilipinas
Service through policy research
32
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