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what Does "Dimmable" Mean in the LED World? as presented by Eric Lind at LEDucation 5 in New York on March 16th, 2011
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Organized by:
What does “Dimmable” mean in the LED world?
Organized by:
As Presented By: Eric Lind, Lutron
LEDucation 5 March 16th 2011 Media Sponsor:LEDucation 5 – March 16th, 2011New York, NY
Media Sponsor:
WWW.LEDUCATION.ORG
What does “dimmable” mean in the LED world?
Eric Lind Lutron Electronics Co., Inc
Chapters
1 Dictionary Terms2 Expectations3 LED Technology and Control Options4 Technical Concerns5 The Energy Story and Next Steps
1 Dictionary Terms
Orientate
Conversate
Dimmable
Redolent ‘suggestive;’ at best, that is what dimmable infers
1 Dictionary Terms
None of us recommend lamps that are‘bright’
None of us recommend fixtures that provide ‘more than a few lumens’
We cannot afford to use the equally wishy-washy term that no one understands of
‘dimmable’
‘Dictionary’ Terms
Missing: 1. Dimming Performance 2. Rated Life
Proposed LED Labeling System(SSL Quality Advocates)
Incandescent lamp performance:• Color temperature• CRI > 90• Light output controlled easily through
voltage reduction
Incandescent dimming performance:• Smooth and continuous to < 0.1%• No flicker or shimmer• No pop-on• No drop-out• No dead travel• Use of standard controls: $3 - 200
2 Customer Expectations
6
Dimming Expectations
• We can dim – And have been for 80+ years (autotransformers)
• We should dim, independent of source– energy savings and efficiency (ASHRAE 90.1 – 2010)– space flexibility; ability to change the light level based on the
activity– ambiance; dining vs cleanup– productivity; different light levels for different people (age,
preference)– safety and comfort; is it better to enter a dark space or a space at
5%?– extended system life
Dimming Expectations
Control Factors: ASHRAE 90.1-2010 draft
• Manual, continuous dimming control or programmable multi-level dimming control 0.05
• Programmable multi-level dimming control using programmable time scheduling 0.05
• Multi-level occupancy sensors 0.05
• Automatic continuous daylight dimming 0.20
9
Measured vs perceived light:
• Measured light: the amount of light as shown on a light meter
• Perceived light: the amount of light that your eye interprets due to dilation
• 20% measured = 45% perceived
Dimming Expectations
10
In order for LEDs to take the place of existing light sources,
they need to be controllable – with details.
The Challenge (and the opportunity)
11
3 LED Technology and Control Options
LED Fixture:
LED Lamp:
Line voltage control:• Forward Phase control
– Incandescent and magnetic low voltage (MLV) dimmers
• Reverse Phase control– Electronic low voltage (ELV) dimmers
• 3-wire control– Fluorescent (F) dimmers
• Power-line carrier
Low voltage control:• 0-10V• Digital (DALI, EcoSystem®)• DMX-512• DC
LED Control Options
12
Forward Phase
Pro: Largest installed base
Con: Hit or miss performance with LEDs
Reverse Phase
Pro: Typically performs better than forward phase
Con: More expensive than forward phase and requires neutral wire
LED Control – Phase control
13
14
0-10V
Standard: IEC 60929 Annex E-1
Pro: Industry standard control type
Con: Poor performance with line noise and long wire runs
LED Control: Low voltage analog
15
DALI
Standard: IEC 62386-101, -102, -201, -202, ...
Pro: Individual addressing of fixtures and flexible control wiring
Con: System startup and programming required, slow response time if sequences or color changing is required
LED Control: Low voltage digital
16
DMX-512
Standard: USITT 512-A
Pro: Color mixing and varying color intensity, fast time response
Con: More complex wiring and integration for general illumination
LED Control: Low voltage digital
LED Control - Performance Questions
• What is the dimming range?
• Does this performance include any of the following:• Flicker• Pop-on• Drop-out• Audible noise (not EMI)• Dead travel• Long start times (>2 seconds)
• Will you see color shift?
• What is the THD for the lamp or fixture?
• What is the rated life?
• Current inrush spikes can cause the LED lamp to appear like a much higher wattage product to the dimmer
• Applying too many LED loads to a dimmer may cause the dimmer to fail prematurely or trip the circuit breaker, even if the dimmer or circuit rating has not been exceeded!
• Maximum number cannot be determined by “dimmer’s capacity and the fixture’s rated wattage”
• Ask your controls manufacturer.
4 Technical Concerns
Inrush Current (@ turn on)
Inrush Current – INC vs LED
Technical Issues Still Being Evaluated
• Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) or Radio Frequency Interference (RFI)– For fixtures with dedicated drivers and LED
modules, pulse width modulation vsconstant current reduction
• Arc-Fault Breakers tripping (independent of previously mentioned overload condition)
5 The Energy Story and Next Steps
22
“We will not need to dim LED lighting because we will be saving so much energy.”
- Anonymous
“The success of our industry has created a behavioral script that we expect the downlights overhead to dim.”
- Mark Lien (paraphrase ofAugust 2010 LD+A article)
“The test of a first-rate intelligence is the ability to hold two opposed ideas in mind at the same time and still retain the ability to function.”
- F. Scott Fitzgerald
The Energy Story
23
Power Usage vs. Measured Light for Lutron LED drivers
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Measured Light
Pow
er
Power Usage vs Measured Light for an LED Fixture (example shown is a fixture with a dedicated LED Driver)
Standards emerging:• NEMA dimming white paper (standard in process)
http://www.nema.org/stds/lsd49.cfm
What to do now:• Mock-up, mock-up, and mock-up• Use products from companies that you trust • Consult published control compatibility information• Ask LED product manufacturers the following
questions before purchasing their product (next slide)
24
Next steps
LED product manufacturer checklist: 1. What is the dimming range of the product?2. What type of dimmer does the product operate on?
• Forward phase control• Reverse phase control• 0-10V• DALI• DMX-512
3. Is the dimming range smooth and continuous? Is the light level stable at every dimmed level or are there points of flicker? Is the color consistent throughout the dimming range? Is the performance consistent with one lamp/fixture per dimmer and two or more fixtures per dimmer?
4. What is the minimum and maximum number of fixtures/lamps that can be used on a dimmer or control system?
5. Have they tested multiple dimmers/control system of the same type from multiple manufacturers?
Next steps
