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What Does that Symptom Mean? Classifying Ambiguous Information in the Clinical Setting. Jessecae K. Marsh Texas Tech University. Interpreting ambiguous symptoms. Panic attack. Heart attack. Chest pain and constriction. Patient has history of depression. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Jessecae K. MarshTexas Tech University
What Does that Symptom Mean? Classifying Ambiguous Information in the Clinical Setting
Interpreting ambiguous symptoms
Chest pain and
constriction
Panic attack Heart attack
Patient has history of depression
Patient has history of high cholesterol
Interpreting ambiguous symptoms
Chest pain and
constriction
Panic attack Heart attack
Patient has history of high cholesterol
Patient has history of depression
Interpreting ambiguous symptoms
Chest pain and
constriction
Panic attack Heart attack
Patient has history of high cholesterol
Patient has history of depression
Interpreting ambiguous symptoms
Chest pain and
constriction
Panic attack Heart attack
Drinks to
excess
? ?
Causal theories in everyday causal reasoning
Marsh & Ahn (2009)
Influence of context in clinicians’ reasoning
With Andres De Los Reyes
Two Studies
Causal theories in everyday causal reasoning
Marsh & Ahn (2009)
Influence of context in clinicians’ reasoning
With Andres De Los Reyes
Two Studies
Reasoning about causal events
Effect No Effect
Cause
No CauseCheng (1997);Collins & Shanks (2002); Jenkins & Ward (1965); Rescorla & Wagner (1972)
€
CE
€
C E
€
C E
€
CE
Reasoning about causal events
= ?
How do causal theories help classify ambiguous events?
€
=C
€
=C
Participants saw easily classified data intermixed with ambiguous data
Experiment Overview
€
C E
€
CE
Tall bacteria cause protein presence
€
C E
€
CE
Tall bacteria cause protein presence
€
C E
€
CE
Tall bacteria cause protein presence
Tall with protein
€
C E
€
CE
Tall bacteria cause protein presence
Tall with protein
No
Tall bacteria cause protein presence
€
C E
Tall with protein
€
CE
Short with no protein
No
Participants saw easily classified data intermixed with ambiguous data
Asked to estimate how many trials they saw of the four information types
Categorizing Ambiguous Events
Present Absent
18 2
2 18
20 0
Bacteria height Protein present?
Yes
Bacteria height Protein present?
No
Categorizing Ambiguous Events
Results
Bacteria height Protein present?
Yes
Bacteria height Protein present?
Yes
Observed trial frequencies
€
E
€
E
€
C €
C
€
A
Present Absent
18 2
2 18
20 0
Bacteria height Protein present?
Yes
Bacteria height Protein present?
No
Categorizing Ambiguous Events
Results
Bacteria height Protein present?
Yes
Bacteria height Protein present?
Yes
Observed trial frequencies Reported frequencies
Present Absent
Tall
Short
Bacteria height Protein present?
Yes
Bacteria height Protein present?
No
€
E
€
E
€
C €
C
€
A
€
E
€
E
€
C €
C
Present Absent
18 2
2 18
20 0
Bacteria height Protein present?
Yes
Bacteria height Protein present?
No
Categorizing Ambiguous Events
Results
Bacteria height Protein present?
Yes
Bacteria height Protein present?
Yes
Observed trial frequencies
Present Absent
Tall 27.5 3.4
Short 3.3 20.7
Bacteria height Protein present?
Yes
Bacteria height Protein present?
No
Reported frequencies
Middle height counted as tall
€
E
€
E
€
C €
C
€
A
€
E
€
E
€
C €
C
Present Absent
18 2
2 18
0 20
Bacteria height Protein present?
Yes
Bacteria height Protein present?
No
Categorizing Ambiguous Events
Results
Bacteria height Protein present?
Yes
Bacteria height Protein present?
Yes
Observed trial frequencies
€
E
€
E
€
C €
C
€
A
Present Absent
18 2
2 18
0 20
Bacteria height Protein present?
Yes
Bacteria height Protein present?
No
Categorizing Ambiguous Events
Results
Bacteria height Protein present?
Yes
Bacteria height Protein present?
Yes
Observed trial frequencies
Present Absent
Tall 19.3 3.4
Short 3.7 28.8
Bacteria height Protein present?
Yes
Bacteria height Protein present?
No
Reported frequencies
Middle height counted as short€
C €
C
€
A
€
E
€
E
€
C €
C
€
E
€
E
Categorizing Ambiguous Events
Results
Present Absent
Tall 19.3 3.4
Short 3.7 28.8
Bacteria height Protein present?
Yes
Bacteria height Protein present?
No
Reported frequencies
Middle height counted as short
€
E
€
E
€
C €
C
Present Absent
Tall 27.5 3.4
Short 3.3 20.7
Bacteria height Protein present?
Yes
Bacteria height Protein present?
No
Reported frequencies
Middle height counted as tall
€
E
€
E
€
C €
C
Bacteria height Protein present?
Yes
Bacteria height Protein present?
No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9 Categorized with tall
Categorized with short
Categorizing Ambiguous Events
Perceptual similarity judgments
Bacteria height Protein present?
Yes
Bacteria height Protein present?
Yes
Pretest Ambiguous conditions
Summary of Marsh & Ahn (2009)
A hypothesis can be used to assimilate ambiguous information into a current theory
Summary of Marsh & Ahn (2009)
Chest pain and
constriction
Panic attack Heart attack
Drinks to
excess
AnxietyDrinks
to excess
Summary of Marsh & Ahn (2009)
Chest pain and
constriction
Panic attack Heart attack
Drinks to
excess
AnxietyDrinks
to excess
Summary of Marsh & Ahn (2009)
Chest pain and
constriction
Panic attack Heart attack
Drinks to
excess
AnxietyDrinks
to excess
People will use causal theories to interpret ambiguous information in lay causal reasoning settings.
Marsh & Ahn (2009) Clinicians will use non-diagnostic,
contextual information to interpret diagnostic information
With Andres De Los Reyes
Two Studies
In collaboration with Andres De Los Reyes, Ph.D. (University of Maryland)
How does the context in which diagnostic features present affect clinicians diagnostic judgments?
The context of clinical symptoms
stays out at night run away from home
overnight truant from school stolen without confronting a
victim bullies others initiates fights lies or "cons" others broken into someone else's
house, building, or car
destroyed others' property (other than by fire setting)
stolen while confronting a victim
used a weapon fire setting cruel to people cruel to animals forced someone into sexual
activity
Symptoms of Conduct Disorder
Have clinicians rate criterial symptoms of CD in high association and low association context.
Evaluate whether:context affects evaluation of criterial
symptoms in general.context affects features differently.
General Study Overview
We found that clinicians were affected by context.High context received higher ratings
than low. Not all features were affected equally
Some features seem to be impervious to context.
Preliminary Results
Summary of Clinicians’ Context
Chest pain and
constriction
Panic attack Heart attack
Drinks to excessJogs on a regular basisEnjoys outdoor sports
Extremely motivated in life
Summary of Clinicians’ Context
Chest pain and
constriction
Panic attack Heart attack
Drinks to excessJogs on a regular basisEnjoys outdoor sports
Extremely motivated in life
Thank you.