WhatIamgoingtotalkaboutthisa1ernoonissomethingthatdoesnotexist–atleastnotyet.Thatis,theglobalpublicsphere.Thereisapre=ysolidconsensusamongtheoristsofthepublicspherethatthereisnosuchthingasaglobalpublicsphere,andtheideathatthereevencouldbesuchathingisquitecontroversial.Thena1erIgoovertheimpossibleandthehighlyunlikely,I’llexplainhowtheresearchlibraryfitsin.Onaseriousnote,Iplantomakethecasefortheglobalpublicsphere–whyweneedone,andsignsthataglobalpublicsphereisindeedemerging.A1erIcoverthephilosophyandpoliFcs,thenI’llmoveontothepracFcal,andspeaktoscholarshipandtheresearchlibrary,focusingonthreekeythingsthatIthinklibrariesneedtoa=endtointhenearfuture,thatis,theevoluFonofscholarlycommunicaFon,theeconomicsofscholarlycommunicaFonandtransiFontoopenaccess,andpolicyforscholarship,includingopenaccesspolicy.

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Theideaoftheglobalpublicsphereisavision,andsolet’sstartbeginwithvisionandplanning.Wetendtofocusonshorttermplanning,thequarterlyresults,theannualreport,the3‐yearplan.Thingsarechangingsorapidly,itisunderstandablethatwetendtobelievethatwecannotplanmorethanafewyearsinadvance.Thisisaverynewphenomenon.WhereIcomefrom,ourFirstNaFonspeopleshavebeenpracFcingplanningfortheseventhgeneraFonforages.

Islong‐termplanningreallysofaroutofthequesFonforus?Canweimagine,atleastali=lebitthelong‐termfuture,atleasttheonethatwewouldliketosee?Whoherecanimagineonedayhavinggreat‐greatgrandchildren?Whenmightthisbe–perhapsahundredyearsfromnow,2110?Dowehavesomeideaofhowwewouldliketheworldtobeforourgreatgrand‐children?Wouldwelikeourgreat‐grandchildrentohavecleanwatertodrink?HowaboutgoodnutriFousfood?Prosperity?Peace?Howabouttheyear2050.IunderstandthatthisistheFmeframethatwehavetogetseriousaboutglobalclimatechange.Dowewanttosucceedincurbingglobalwarming?Howaboutforourlibraries,whataboutthescholarlyworksthatwealreadyhave,orthatarebeingwri=entoday?Dowewantthesetobepreservedandavailableahundredorathousandyearsfromnow?Canwepictureatleastali=letheresearchlibraryofahundredyearsfromnow,andlibrarianswithinthelibrary?

Okay,sowemaynothaveallthedetailsfilledout,butwedohavesomelong‐termgoals,andIwouldarguethatthisisthetoughestpartofplanning.Buddhaoncesaidthatthebeginningofanyjourneyofathousandstepsistakingthefirststep.Ifthisistrue,thensurelythefirsttwostepsaredecidingthetakethejourney,andchoosingadirecFon.Andsowearenowonourway. 2

Whydoweneedaglobalpublicsphere?

LawsareincreasinglybeingmadeatthetransnaFonalorgloballevel,whilegovernmentanddemocracyaresFllprimarilyatthenaFonal,regionalandlocallevels.Ifthepeopleoftheworldaretohaveasayinhowtheworldisrunintothefuture,weneedtofigureouthowdemocraFcparFcipaFoncanworkbeyondborders;weneedaglobalpublicsphere.Letusconsiderjustoneexample:theAnF‐CounterfeiFngTradeAgreement,orACTA.ACTAnegoFaFonsarecurrentlyunderway,withmanycountriesparFcipaFng,includingmyowncountryandtheEuropeanUnion.Thisagreementdealswiththingslikecounterfeitgoodsandpiracy.TherearemanyissuesherewithprofoundimplicaFonsforthepublicsphere,issueslikewhenandhowgenericdrugscanbemadeandsold,andintellectualpropertyissues,includingcopyright.Theseareissuesthatshouldbediscussedanddebatedinademocracy.ACTAnegoFaFonswerekeptasecretforalongFme.Somemonthsago,afewdemandedthattheACTAnegoFaFonsbecomepublic.Thisincludesme–Isentale=ertomyowngovernmentonthisissue–andtheEuropeanUnion.AndnowatleasttheACTAtextisavailabletothepublic.ItisagoodthingthattheACTAtextisnowpublic,butasfarasIknow,atleastinmyowncountry,thereisminimaleffortbeingmadetoinformtheCanadianpeople,andwhatli=leconsultaFonthereisseemstobeveryfocusedonthebusinesscommunityratherthantheciFzens.Iwon’tgetintothedetailsoftheproposedACTAtreaty,butIdoencourageallofyoutoreadthedra1,aswellastheIFLAexpressionofconcernaboutACTA,andtheCopyrightforCreaFvityiniFaFvethatLIBERisinvolvedwith,andtellyourgovernmentswhattothinkaboutthedra1,whethertheyareaskingforthisinputorno.Becausewhenitcomestoma=erslikeintellectualproperty,welibrarianshavesomeexperFsetocontribute;ourscholarsandoursocieFeswillbebe=eroffifouradviceissought–andheeded–ontopicssuchasACTA.

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AsidefrompoliFcs,weshareoneworld,onebiosphere,inotherwaysaswell,includingtheenvironmentandourintegratedglobalbusinessmarket.IamsurethateveryonehereisveryfamiliarwiththeenvironmentalperspecFve.Infact,youmightwellbewonderingaboutaCanadiancomingtotalktoEuropeansabouttheenvironment.IhearthatweinCanadaarenotdoingourfairshare,andIamsorryaboutthis.FromanenvironmentalperspecFve,climatechangeissomethingthataffectsallofus.WeneedtofindsoluFons,andweneedtofindthemsoon.TheworldfuncFonsasoneglobalmarketfromtheperspecFveofbusinessandfinance.Aswehaveseenwiththerecentglobalfinancialcrisis,aproblemforoneeasilybecomesaproblemforall.

ItmayseemcounterintuiFvetotalkabouttheenvironmentandtheeconomytogether.ThereisareasonwhyIbringthetwotogether.Moneyisjustasurrogateforresources.Wearebeginningtounderstandthatourplanetisitselfalimitedresource.Thereisnorealdichotomybetweentheenvironmentandeconomics;theeverydayresourcesofplanetEarthareourbudget,thisiswhatwehavetoworkwith.Morethanthat,theEarthisourhome.Wearepartofthisbiosphere.Inthissense,itiswewhoareapartoftheearth’sbudget–andonethatisali=leoutofcontrol.

Toresolveissueslikeglobalwarmingandtheglobalfinancialcrisis,wemustworktogether,andtodoso,weneedaglobalpublicsphere.

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TheenvironmentalmovementisprobablythebestillustraFonofarapidlyemergingglobalpublicsphere.Therearemanyindicatorsofglobalconcernfortheenvironmentinrecentdecades,rangingfromtheremarkablescienFficconsensusonglobalwarmingtoearlya=emptsbyourgovernmentstoslowandstopthedamage,fromKyototoCopenhagen.OnespecificexampleoftheglobalextentoftheenvironmentalmovementistheEarthHouriniFaFve,begunin2007inAustralia.Injust3years,EarthHourparFcipaFonhasgrownto128countriesandterritories.ThisphotoshowsmyowncityofVancouvermostlyinthedarkduringEarthHour2010,March27.ThiswasthefirstFmethatIhadheardaboutEarthHours,andsothefirstFmethatIparFcipated.SomeoftheappliancesthatIunpluggedatthatFme,remainunpluggedtoday.In2011,EarthHourwillbeheldonMarch26,andIencourageeveryonetoparFcipate.

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Theglobalopenaccessmovementisanothersignofanemergingpublicsphere.ThischartshowstheopenaccessrepositoriesbyconFnent,ascollectedbyOpenDOAR.Europeisontherightinred,leadingthepackwithabouthalfoftheworld’scurrentOArepositories.NorthAmericaintheyellowhasabout25%,Asia13%.Mostimportantly,everyconFnentisrepresented–exceptAntarcFca.

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E‐LIS,theOpenArchiveforLibraryandInformaFonstudies,isanotherillustraFonoftheglobalnatureoftheopenaccessmovement.HostedbytheCILEAgroupinItaly,E‐LISisaninternaFonalcollaboraFonofvolunteereditors.OnthisslidepreparedbyE‐LISfoundersAntonelladeRobbioandImmaSubiratsColl,weseethatthevolunteerE‐LISeditorialteamincludesmembersfromeveryconFnentexceptAntarcFca.

What’supwithAntarFca?Irealizethatthereisn’tmuchofapopulaFonbasethere–butthereareresearchstaFons.Shouldn’ttheirresearchbeopenaccess,too?WhencanweexpectanAntarFcopenaccessdeclaraFon?

Theglobalreachoftheopenaccessmovementisillustratedbyopenaccessjournalsaswellasrepositories–hereweseethe“DOAJbycountry”list.Morethan100countriesarelistedaspublishersinDOAJ.

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Therearemanyothersignsofanemergingglobalpublicsphere.Overrecentdecades,IseewhatlookstomelikethebeginningofaseriesofpoliFcalbodiesdesignedtoadvancethepublicinterestonatransnaFonalorgloballevel.Andthoseofuswhohaveastronginterestinthepublicinterest,suchaslibrarians,areworkingtogetherinassociaFonsthatcrossborders,someFmestospeaktotheinterestsofourownlibraries–interestswhicharethemselvesintheinterestsofthepublicsphere–andsomeFmesdirectlytoma=ersofpublicpolicy,suchasintellectualpropertylaw.

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Soifaglobalpublicsphereisindeedemerging,whatisit?Itisnoteasytodefinesomethingwhenmostpeoplewoulddisputethatsuchathingevenexists,andwhenImyselfamseeingthisasavisionforafuture!Buthereareafewthoughtsaboutwhatbelongsinaglobalpublicsphere.First,tosupportdemocracywhendecisionsgobeyondourborders,weneednewapproachestodiscourseanddecision‐making,newwaystoprovidinginformaFonandgatheringinput.Buttheglobalpublicsphereisaboutmorethanthat.Weneedatleastsomespacesthatbelongtoeveryone,andpublicinfrastructure,whetheritisroadsoraninternetthatisfreeandaccessibletoall.InformedpublicdiscourseinademocracymeansthatpeoplehavetohavetheabilitytounderstandtheissuesandtheirimplicaFons–forthis,weneedpubliceducaFon,andpublicknowledge.

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Assumingthatthereissuchathingasaglobalpublicsphere,whatdoesithavetodowiththeresearchlibrary?Lots.Firstofall,collecFvelyitisbyandlargetheworld’sresearchlibrariesthatarebeginningtoformthefoundaFonforglobalpublicknowledge,aglobalopenaccesslibrary.Howarewedoingthis?Bymakingworksfreelyavailableonline,whetheritisdigiFzingheritagematerialsortheworksofourownscholars.TheotherkeyareaisthespecialistexperFsethatwebring,whetheritistohelpourownclientsaccessthematerialsthattheyneed,ortoanalyzeandprovideadviceonpublicpolicydiscussions.

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Whatispublicknowledgeintheinternetage?Freeonlineaccessisoneofthecriteria,butitisnottheonlyone.Freetore‐useorlibreopenaccessiscriFcaltoo.Why?ForamomentIwouldliketospeakasastudent.HereiswhatthetechnologythatwealreadyhaveCOULDbedoingforus.Asastudent,teacher,orresearcher,IcouldeasilybecopyingeachandeveryarFcleandbookthatIreadtomydesktop,andaddinginmyownhighlighFng,notesandcomments.Icouldsharemyversionofaworkwithothers.Asastudent,theversionofanarFclethatismostusefulformeisnottheprisFneversionfromthepublisher,oreventheauthor’smanuscript;itisacopyofaworkthathasbeenmarkedupbymyteacheroroneofmycolleagues.WhenIsubmitworksformarkingorforpublicaFon,Icouldbeincludingtheworkscitedinafolderalongwithmyownwork.ThiswouldsavetheFmeofeditors,peerreviewers,andteachers.Ifalloftheworkswereonmydesktop,peopleshouldbeabletocreateautomatedcitaFoncheckers,eliminaFngsomeofthemorerouFneworkofpublishing.IcouldbroadenmyperspecFvethroughautomatedtranslaFonofworksinotherlanguages,andIcouldexpandthescopeofmyresearchthroughdatamining.Todothesethings,weneedscholarshipthatpermitsbroadre‐userights,preferablystatedclearlythroughCreaFveCommonslicensessuchasCC‐BYorCC‐BY‐NC;andweneedscholarlyworksthatareNOTlockedupthroughdigitalrightsmanagementortechnologicalprotecFonmeasures.DRMandTPMarenotthefriendsofscholars;theyarehindrancestoscholarship.Somethingtoleavebehind.Formatsarejustbeginningtoevolve,howeverslowly–andneedtoevolve.Why?Thereareanumberofreasons,buttheonethatIwouldhighlightfortodayissimplythis:thereisalotofscholarlyinformaFonavailableasthingsstand,andthenumberofscholarsandpublicaFonsintheworldkeepsincreasing.TheproporFonoftheworld’sscholarlliteraturethatanyonescholarcanreadthemselvesisconstantlydecreasing.Eitherthiswillchange,orwewillincreasinglybere‐invenFngthewheel,notknowingwhatotherscholarshavedone.Andfinally,weneedscholarlycommunicaFonthatisfreetoprioriFzescholarship.Thereisnothingwrongwithcommercialcompaniesmakingaprofit–aslongastheneedsofscholarshipcome

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SowhataretheprioriFesforscholarship?Ourshort‐termapproachtoplanningcausesustofocusonquanFty,tokeeppushingscholarstodomoreandmorewriFng.Thisdoesn’tmakesense,whenthereisalreadyaverygreatdealmorewri=enandbeingwri=enthananyonehasFmetoread,invirtuallyeverydiscipline.Weneedtostepbackandthinkaboutwhattherealneedsareforscholarship.IwouldarguethatscholarsneedFmetoreadmorethantheyneedotherscholarstodomorewriFng.SomeofthesoluFonstothegrowingquanFtyofmaterialswillcomethroughnewformsofwriFngandresearch.ThesearejustafewindicaFonsofhowscholarshipcan,andperhapsshould,evolve.

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YoumayhaveheardthestoryofNewtonandhisdiscoveryofgravitywhilesimngunderanappletree.Iamsurethatthereisfarmoretothediscoveryofgravitythanthat;butontheotherhand,thereissomeevidencethatrealbreakthroughstakeacombinaFonofhardwork,andFmeforcontemplaFon.Itishardtoseehowthisimportantelementofadvancingknowledgecanfitwithincurrentacademicrewardstructures.AreourtenureandpromoFoncommi=eesaskingcandidatesiftheyarespendingenoughFmedoingthingslikesimngunderappletreesandjustthinking,andifnot,whynot?If,asIsuspect,wearenotdoingthis–thenmaybeweshouldstart!

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OurtenureandpromoFonsystemsaredesignedtorewardthingslikequanFtyofpublicaFonsinpresFgiousorhigh‐impactjournals.ButisthisreallywhatmoFvatesgreatwork?Let’slookforamomentataclassicarFclefromculturalstudies,StuartHall’sEncoding / Decoding.ThereisastorythatHallwroteoutafirstdra1onatrainridetoameeFnginLeicester,wherehewastopresent.WhatmighthavemoFvatedhimtowrite?ItseemsunlikelythathisfocuswasoncrankingoutapaperforthetenureandpromoFoncommi=ee,orgemngacceptedintoahighimpactjournal.Ihavenowayofknowingforsure,butitdoesseemlikelythatwhatmoFvatedStuartHallwashishavinganunderstandingofatopichecaredaboutpassionatelyenoughtoreally,reallywanttoshareitwithhisacademiccolleagues.AswelibrariansbegintolearnaboutscholarlycommunicaFon,ofcourseweneedtobeawareoftheimportanceoftenureandpromoFonproceduresforourfaculty.ButIamconvincedthatthereismoretowhatmoFvatesusscholarsthanthat.IamgladtobeastudentattheSFUSchoolofCommunicaFonwhereeveryoneImeetispassionateaboutthedisciplineandwhatitgoingoninthebroaderworld.IfweapplyraFonaltenureandpromoFonproceduresthatassumeonetypeofmoFvaFonforscholarswhichoverlooksmoreimportantmoFvaFons,thisiswhatIwouldcallanirraFonaluseofraFonality.Hegelmighthavecalledittheruseofreason.

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WhenmystudentsarewriFngpapersontopicsinscholarlycommunicaFonandopenaccess,ofcourseIwantthemtorefertopeer‐reviewedandotherauthoritaFvescholarlyliterature.However,inanareathatischangingasrapidlyasscholarlycommunicaFon,astudentismissingagreatdealiftheydonothaveinformaFonthatisuptodate,whetheritispeer‐reviewedornot.OurtradiFonaltenureandpromoFonprocedurestendnottolookatparFcipaFonincollaboraFveacFviFesliketheOpenAccessTrackingProjectandtheOpenAccessDirectory.Asascholarinthisarea,IthinkthatanyseriousscholarshouldbebothusingandcontribuFngtotheseresources,becauseifweallsharethiskindofinformaFonwitheachother,wecanallbeworkingmoreeffecFvely.CurrentlyIamintheprocessoffinalizingthedefiniFonalessaysformycomprehensives,andamthrilledthatmycommi=eeiswillingtoconsiderabookblog,Vaidhyanathan’sTheGooglizaFonofEverything.

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WearewellonourwaytocollaboraFvelybuildingaglobalpubliclibraryofknowledge,throughdigitalheritagecollecFonssuchasEuropeana,theOpenContentAlliance,andCanadiana.org,tomenFonjustafew,theover1,600openaccessrepositoriesalreadyupandrunning,andavarietyofsupportsbeginningtoappearforopenaccesspublishing.

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IwriteaseriescalledtheDramaFcGrowthofOpenAccess.Iguessyoucouldcallthisakindofshort‐termquarterlyresultsfortheopenaccessmovement.Thisseriesisapleasuretowritesincethenewsisalwaysgood.DOAJnowhaswellover5,000journals,andaddsonaverageabout2Ftlesperday.OpenDOARlistsover1,600repositories.BielefeldAcademicSearchEnginesearchestheserepositories,andfindsmorethan24milliondocuments.Thenumbersofdocumentsavailableisgrowingbythemillionseveryquarter.Moreimportantthanthesevisibleaspectsofopenaccessaccomplishedisthebuildingofinfrastructureforopenaccess.Manyofthenewopenaccessjournalsarethefirst,oramongthefirst,OAjournalstobehostedbyalibrary,universitypress,ornewopenaccesspublisher.Theopenaccessjournalsthatarenewcanscaleuptoincludemorecontent.EachnewjournalhosFngservicecanreadilyscaleuptoincludemorejournals.Asweknowalltoowell,manyoftherepositoriesarefarfromfull–bytheyareupandrunningandreadyforfilling.Repositoryso1wareissFllfairlynew,andconFnuestoevolveinwaysthatwilleventuallymaketheIRnotonlymorea=racFve,butperhapsevencompellingtodeposit.Researchlibrariesaroundtheworldhave,oraredeveloping,programsandservicestoraiseawarenessaboutopenaccessandalternaFvesforscholarlycommunicaFon.TheseaspectsofOAsuccessaremoredifficulttoquanFfy,butformethisbuildupofinfrastructureisamoresolidsuccessofopenaccessthanthegrowthnumbers,impressivethoughthesearea.Inotherwords,whileweareseeingsubstanFalgrowthinOAalready,itisclearthatweareontrackforevengreatergrowthintheverynearfuture.Openaccessisofftogreatstart,butthereissFllagreatdealmoretobedone.

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Whoherehasafull‐Fmejob,completewithsalary?Imagineonedaysomeonecomesinandtellsyouthattheydon’tthinkthatthewaythatyouworkisopFmalanymore.Insteadofpayingyouasalary,theysay,howaboutifyouprovideyourservicesforfree–andstartpayingusforuseoftheoffice,toboot?Howwouldyoufeel?ThisisthesourceofmuchoftheopposiFontoopenaccess.IhavealotofsympathyforthesmallersocietypublishersthathavenevermademuchofaprofitwhoareinthisposiFon.IfwelibrarianswishtoovercometheopposiFon,Ithinkweneedtodomorethansayhowimportantopenaccessis(trueasthatis).Forthescholarlyjournalpublisher,theonlypotenFalsourcesofsignificantrevenuearefromacademiclibraries,andtheirownmembership.ThosesubscripFonbudgetsareours,andIwouldsuggestthatmostoftheopposiFonwouldjustmeltawayifweweretobegintotalkabouthowWEcanhelpthemthroughthetransiFon,tofindeconomicmodelsthatwillallowthemtosurviveandthriveinanopenaccessenvironment.Somepublishers,betheysmallsocietypublishersorlargecommercialpublisherslikeSpringer,seemtobemorereadytoworkwithusontransiFonthanothers,andthat’sjustfine.Ifwecan’tworkwitheveryoneatonce,let’sfocusonthosewhoarewillingtopartner,andworkoutthemodelsthatcanthenexpandatalaterdate.

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ThisslideshowsinaveryroughwaytheeconomicsofascholarlyjournalarFcle.IfyoulookatthearFclebyHoughtonandothersinthelatestissueofLIBERquarterly,youwillfindreferencetosomeexcellentworkbyBjorkandothersthatbreaksdownthecostsofeachstep.WhatIwouldliketodoistolookatthisfromaslightlydifferentperspecFve,thatis,whocontributestothearFcleandwhatthisoughttomeanintermsofrightstothearFcle.Thelargersquaresrepresent,againveryroughly,thelargercontribuFons.Thisassumesataxpayer‐funderstudy.Thetaxpayerhascontributedresources,money,aporFonoftheirsalaries,businessorinvestmentincome,towardstheresearch.Theresearcherthendoestheresearch;generallythisisthestepoftheresearchprocessinvolvingthemostFmeandeffort,byfar.TheuniversityorresearchinsFtutegenerallyalsocontributesresourcessuchasofficespace,equipment,andFmefortheresearcher,andifhumansubjectsareinvolved,thentheyhavecontributedaswell.Theresearcherthenwritesuptheresultsoftheresearch,generallythesecondbiggesttaska1erdoingtheresearch.VolunteerpeerreviewersreviewthearFcle;thisprocessiscoordinatedbypublishers,whoalsoaddvaluethroughthingslikecopyediFnganddisseminaFon.ThelibrarybudgetlargelyfundsthedisseminaFonandpreservaFonofthework,andthelibraryalsoplaysanimportantandgrowingroleindirectdisseminaFonofthework,bothtoourownclientsandtotheworldatlargethroughrepositories.Itjustmakessensethattheworkshouldthenbesharedwiththetaxpayer,whofundedtheworkinthefirstplace.ThemainpointthatIwouldliketomakehereisthattherearemanyparFesthatcontributetowhateventuallybecomesascholarlyresearcharFcle.ItmakesnosenseforanyonepartytosaythattheircontribuFonisparamount,andsotheyshouldhavealltherightstothearFcle.Publishingcomesneartheendoftheresearchcycle;theworkofthepublisherisclosesttothefinishedarFcle.Whatdoesthismeanintermsofwhatmakessenseforrights?Thinkaboutbuildingahouseforamoment.Oneoftheverylaststepsbeforeahouseisreadyforustomovein,istheworkofpainFngthehouse.Doesitmakesenseforpainterstoownlotsofhouses,justbecausetheirworkislastinthecycleofhousebuilding?Obviouslynot.Itdoesnotmakesensefor

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Inmostareasoflife,wetendtothinkthatpricingcorrelateswithquality.Yougetwhatyoupayfor,wesay,orifyouwantquality,youexpecttopayforit.Andinmostareasoflife,thisdoesseemtoworkwell.However,thereisevidencethatthisdoesnotworkintheareaofscholarlypublishing.Infact,BergstromandothershavedonesomeresearchillustraFngthatthecorrelaFoncanworkintheoppositewayforscholarship,andIhaveuncoveredasimilartrendinmyownstudyofjournalsinlibrarianship.Itcanbethelow‐costjournalthathasthereputaFonforquality,intermsofpresFgeandcitaFons.

Onthisslideweseeanextremefromourowndisciplineoflibrarianship.ThecostofACRL’shighlypresFgiouspeer‐reviewedjournalCollegeandResearchLibraries,atabout64Eurosperyearislessthan1%ofthecostofacommercialcompeFtor,Emerald’sLibraryManagementat11,819Eurosperyear.Onewaytothinkofthis,isthattokeepajournallikeLibraryManagement,itmaybenecessarytocancelaLOTofjournals–morethanahundred–likeCollegeandResearchLibraries.Thiswouldbeafoolishthingforustodo.Why?ImagineifCollegeandResearchLibrariesweretofold.Therewerebeauthorslookingforanotheroutletfortheirwork.PerhapsEmeraldwouldcreateanotherjournaltocomplementLibraryManagement.WhatwouldEmeraldbelikelytochargeforthisjournal?ProbablysomethingsimilartowhattheychargeforLibraryManagement,right?Soifwearetryingtosave64EurosbycancellingajournallikeCollegeandResearchLibraries,weputourselvesinaposiFonwherewewouldhavetopayaverygreatdealmoretohavethesamecontentinthefuture.

Iwouldliketoacknowledgethatthisexampleisfarfromperfect;itisanextremeexample,andindividuallibrarysubscripFonsarenotsocommonnowadaysasconsorFalbundlingoffers.Bernd‐ChristophKaempersuggeststhatEmeralddoesnotreallychargethisprice,butratheritisafantasypricingmodel.Nevertheless,Idothinkthisexampleatleastroughlyreflectsaverywidedisparityincosts.IfyoutakealltheLISjournalsinUlrich’sandsortthembycosts,asIdidformybookScholarlyCommunicaFonforLibrarians,youwillseethatthetophalfofthelist,themostexpensivejournals,arealmostallcommercialjournals,andthebo=omhalfofthelist

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Nowlet’sprojectintothefuture.Whatwouldweliketosee,perhapsin2050orahundredyearsfromnow?Wecouldhaveafuturewithmanypublishers,manyACRL‐typepublisherswithjournalslikeCollege&ResearchLibraries,andavarietyofothertypesofpublisher.Or–lookingatthetrendtowardmergerandacquisiFoninrecentyearsinthecommercialsector–wecouldendupwithjustonepublisherle1,abletochargewhatevertheylikebecausewalkingawaywouldnotbeanopFon.IsubmitthatahealthyfutureforscholarlycommunicaFonneedslotsofdifferenttypesofpublishers,andthisissomethingthatweshouldkeepinmindaswemoveforward.

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YoumayhaveheardabouttheHoughtonstudies,orreadabouttheminthelatestissueofLIBERQuarterly.Houghtonandhisresearchteamhaveconductedmajorstudiesoftheimpactofafullshi1toopenaccessinseveralcountries.Thesestudieswerein‐depth,examiningeveryphaseofscholarlycommunicaFonfromreadingtopublishingtocostsforsubscripFons,libraryhandlingandrepositories,andtakingintoaccountsuchfactorsasnaFonalinflowandouulowofcapitalforsubscripFons.Theresultsineverycountrystudiedsofar–theU.K.,Denmark,andtheNetherlands–illustratecostsavingsfromafullswitchtoopenaccess,evenifthecountrymovesunilaterallytoopenaccessforitsownresearchoutput.Thischart(thankstoJohnHoughton)showstheimplicaFonsforhighereducaFonintheU.K.withafullshi1toopenaccess,using3models.Thetoppartoftheslideshowscostsavingsforeachmodel,whilethebo=ompartoftheslideshowsnewcosts.Simplymakingallworkfreelyavailablethroughrepositories,or“green”openaccess,withnootherchanges,resultsinnetannualsavingsof57millionpoundsforUKHigherEducaFon.Withfull“gold”openaccesspublishing,thenetannualsavingsare52millionpounds.Thethirdmodel,self‐archivingwithpeer‐reviewasanoverlay,yieldsthegreatestnetsavings,71millionpoundsperyear.ThisthirdmodelismoretransformaFveinnature;intheshort‐term,itisthegreenorthegoldopenaccessopFonsthataremoreachievable.Butlet’skeepinmindtheideathatweshouldbethinkingaboutthelongterm,too,andlookatthetransiFontoopenaccesspublishingandopenaccessarchivingastheintermediatestepsthattheyare.Iwouldliketoemphasizethatthesesavingsarebasedonaunilateralmovetofullopenaccessbythecountryinvolved.ThisisaveryconservaFvewayofesFmatesavings,sinceaswehaveseen,theOAmovementisglobalinscopeandanycountrythatmovestofullOAwillbenefitfromwhateveryoneelseisdoinginthisarea.

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Thisslideshowsmyown,muchsimplermacroanalysisillustraFngthecostsavingsthatwouldbepossiblewithaglobalshi1byacademiclibrariesfromsubscripFonpaymentstoopenaccessviaarFcleprocessingfees.TheglobalannualrevenueforscholarlyjournalsreportedbyTheInternaFonalAssociaFonofScienFfic,MedicalandTechnicalPublishersorSTM,asreportedbyMarkWareonbehalfofSTMlastyear,is$8billionU.S.WarequotesastudybytheResearchInformaFonNetworkthatthepercentageofthistotalthatcomesfromacademiclibrarysubscripFonsisbetween68and75%.Assumingalowmid‐pointof70%,wegetatotalglobalannualexpenditurebyacademiclibrariesof$5.6billionU.S.WarequotestheBjorkstudywhichreportedatotalglobalannualoutputofscholarlyarFclesof1.5million.IflibrariesweretopayarFcleprocessingfeesforeveryoneofthose1.5millionarFcles,atPLoSaveragerates,thetotalannualcostwouldbe$2.5billion.Thetotalannualgloballibrarysavingsfromthisshi1wouldbe$3.1billion,or56%ofcurrentexpenditures.Anotherwaytosaythis,isthatacademiclibrariescouldfundafullyopenaccessscholarlyjournalarFclesystem,atPLoSrates,atlessthanhalfofwhatwepaynowforjournalsubscripFons.

ThesecostsavingsareconservaFve.TherealpictureislikelymuchhigherpotenFalsavings.Idon’thaveFmetocoverallthedetailstoday,butIwillmenFonjustacouple.STMmembersdoreceivealargeporFonoftherevenuefromacademicjournalpublishing,buttheydonotreceiveallofit.Theactualtotalexpendituresbyacademiclibrariesonjournals,then,issomewhatlargerthanthe$8billion.The1.5millionarFclesquotedbyBjorkisfullglobaloutput,notjustSTMoutput(withbothexcludingChina).Inotherwords,thegoldOAcostisafullcost,whiletheSTMisaconservaFveunderesFmate,sotheactualsavingsarelikelymore.ThegoldOAcostsherereflectthePLoSarFcleprocessingfees.ThevastmajorityofopenaccessjournalsdonotchargearFcleprocessingfees;othermodelsofsupport,suchasuniversitylibraryhosFngservicesandsubsidizedpublishing,couldbemoreefficientthanAPFs.Then,too,PLoScompetes–successfully–atthetopendofthepublishingsystem.PLoSAPFsarelikelygreatvalueforthecost,buttheyarenotthecheapestAPFsinthebusiness.

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Thischartshowsthesamethinginaslightlydifferentway.ForeveryscholarlyarFcleproducedintheworld–notjustbySTM–STMrevenuefromacademiclibrariesaloneistheequivalentof$4,300Euros(about$5,300US).AsreportedbyJohnHoughtoninthelatestLIBERquarterly,theamounttheaveragecommercialpublisherwouldneedtochargeforfullopenaccesspublishing,includingprofitmargins,isabout1,800Euros.ThisislessthanhalfthecurrentSTMrevenueperarFcle.ThisisalsosignificantlymorethanmanyopenaccesspublishersthatusethearFcleprocessingfeeapproacharecurrentlycharging.ThecurrentBMCStandardfeeisali=leunderonethousandtwohundredEuros–lessthanathirdofthecurrentSTMrevenueperarFcle.PLoSOne–whichrecentlyreceiveditsfirstimpactfactorandisalreadyinthetopquarFleforbiologyjournals,socongratulaFonstoPLoSOne–isjustali=lebitlessthanBMC.AndovertherightweseeatypicalarFcleprocessingchargeforaHindawijournal,at475Euros.Hindawiisasuccessfulfor‐profitcompany;andhereweseethattheyaremakingaprofitearningarevenuethatisabout10%oftheaveragerevenueperarFclethatSTMreceivesfromacademiclibrariesalone.

Again,thisisaconservaFveesFmateofthepotenFalcostsavingswithafullshi1toopenaccess.ThepublishersshownhereareusingthearFcleprocessingfeeapproach,whilethemajorityofopenaccesspublishersdonotchargearFcleprocessingfees.Othermodelssuchasjournalsubsidiesmaybemorecost‐efficient,astheyeliminatetheneedtochargethearFcleprocessingfees.Also,thepublishersshownhere,exceptPLOS,arecommercialpublishers.Aswediscussedearlier,thereisreasontothinkthatmanynot‐for‐profitpublishersmaybeagooddealmorecost‐efficientthansomeofthecommercialpublishers.

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Thisslide,courtesyofAlmaSwan,illustratestheimportanceofconsideringthecost‐effecFvenessofpublishersaswemoveintothefuture.HereweseetheanalysisofsavingswithafullswitchtoopenaccessbyUKuniversiFeswithfullopenaccesspublishing.Thedifferencebetweenanaveragecostof2,000poundsand1,500pounds,isthedifferencebetweencostsavingsandaddedcosts.Anaveragecostof1,500poundsmakesli=ledifferenceinthetotalcost,whileanaveragecostof500poundsresultsinsavingsof2millionpoundsperyear.

ThepointthatIwouldliketoemphasizehereisthatwhilelibrariescannotonlyaffordafullyopenaccessscholarlypublishingsystemandachievesignificantsavingstoboot,wecannotaffordablank‐chequeapproachtoopenaccesssupport.WecancertainlyaffordPLoS,Biomedcentral,andHindawi,andotherOApublishersthatchargeequivalentrates.ItisnotclearthatwecanaffordtosupportmanyjournalswithsubstanFallyhigherrates,however.

Toachievethiskindoflowper‐arFclecost,IwouldsubmitthatitisessenFalthatwehaveasmanyhigh‐quality,lowcostscholarlypublisherslikeACRLandtheirCollegeandResearchLibrariesaspossible.Itisinthelong‐terminterestsofourlibraries’patronstohelpsuchpublishersmakethetransiFontoanopenaccessfuture.

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AgroupofusinCanadarecentlyconductedastudyofopenaccessjournalssupportinCanadabyuniversitylibrariesanduniversitypresses.Ofthe27respondents,18oramajorityareprovidingjournalhosFngservicesandrelatedsupport,andanother24%areconsideringprovidingsuchservices.

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Therewasastrongtendencytowardspreferenceforsupportforopenaccessjournals.Inthisslide,weseethatoftherespondentswhoareprovidingjournalhosFngservices,thescenariowhereallofthejournalsareopenaccessisthemostcommonbyfar,whileonly2sitesreporthavingnoopenaccessjournalsatall.

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Wealsoaskedaboutsupportforanumberofeconomicmodelsforopenaccess,rangingfromarFcleprocessingfeestoconsorFa‐ledtransiFonfromsubscripFonstoopenaccess.ThegoodnewsisthatANYmodelfortransiFonwouldenjoysomelevelofsupportfromamajorityoflibraries.

Thesearepreliminaryresults.Oncewehavecompletedthedataanalysisandwri=enupthefullresults,weanFcipatethatthissurveywillprovideanoverviewofjournalhosFngandsupportservicesinCanada,aswellashelplibrariestofigureouttheeconomictransiFontoopenaccessbydiscoveringwhichmodelswouldenjoybroad‐basedsupportfromlibrariesacrossthecountry.

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InCanada,theSynergiesprojectishelpingCanadianscholarlyjournalsinthehumaniFesandsocialsciencestogoonline.CurrenttenureandpromoFoncommi=eeseverywheretendtopreferpublicaFonininternaFonaljournals.ThisisapracFcethatIthinkshouldbechallenged.Thereisalottobesaidforeveryregiontosupportlocalpublishing.SupporFnglocalscholarlypublishinghaseconomicbenefitsfortheresearchlibrary,ascomparedwithsubscribingtointernaFonaljournals.Withlocalpublishing,yourcostsarealwayslocal,andpaidinyourowncurrency.Localjobsarecreated.Localpublishingoutletsmeansthattherewillbealwaysbeajournalthatconsiderstopicsoflocalsignificancetobeimportantandofinteresttothejournal’sreaders.IfCanadalostitslocalCanadianjournals,whowouldpublisharFclesaboutCanadianpoliFcs,history,andsociety?Iftherewerenojournalstopublishintheseareas,whatwouldhappentotheresearch?Finally,localpublishingmakesitpossibletosupportlinguisFcdiversity.Thisma=ers,becauseeverylanguagecontainsuniqueconcepts,auniquewayofthinking.Losingalanguagemeanslosingawholeapproachtothinking;itdiminishes

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IknowthattherearemanyinthisroomwhoarefarmoreexpertonopenaccesspolicythanI,andIwouldlovetohearfromyouduringthequesFonperiodorthroughouttheremainderoftheconference.Nevertheless,Idowanttounderscoretheimportanceofopenaccesspolicy–atalllevels,fromthelocalinsFtuFontonaFonal,regional,andgloballevelsthroughtheAccesstoKnowledgeTreaty.

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Ifyouarethinkingaboutpolicy,herearesomeFps.AttheinsFtuFonallevel,therearetwobasictypesofpolicy,withmanyvariaFons.Oneofthebasictypesistop‐down,comingfromtheinsFtuFonasitwere.Theotherisbo=om‐up,theHarvardstylewhereitisthefacultythatgranttherightstotheirworkstotheinsFtuFon.Whatkindofpolicywillfit,dependsonlotontheindividualinsFtuFon.FrommyperspecFve,theHarvard‐stylebo=om‐uppolicyisbestifitwillworkatyourinsFtuFon,fortworeasons.First,thisisthefaculty’sownpolicy;itisalwaysmucheasiertoimplementapolicywhenthepeopleaffectedbyitareonside.Thesecondreason,perhapsmoreimportantinthelongrun,isthatitgivesfacultyanopportunitytoasserttheirownrightstotheirworks.Thismakessense.Iffundingagencies,taxpayersandinsFtuFonscontributetoanauthor’swork,sotoodoestheauthor,andsomerightsshouldremainwiththeauthor;morethanhashappenedinthepast.Depositshouldberequired,notrequested.EarlypolicyadoptershavefoundthatpoliciesthatjustrequestOAarelargelyignored.Thepolicyshouldspecifythattheauthor’sfinalmanuscript,followingallpeer‐review,shouldbedeposited,allowingthepublishertorecoupcostsfromthevaluethatonlytheygenuinelyadd,suchascopyediFngandlayout.ThepolicyshouldspecifydepositimmediatelyonacceptanceforpublicaFon,withanopFonaldelaytoopenaccessifnecessary,ideallyforaminimalperiod(nomorethan6months).

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IfthedesFnaFonisthesameforall,aglobalopenaccesspubliclibraryofknowledgebuiltandsharedbytheworld’sresearchlibraries,theroadmapwillbedifferentforeachlibrary,thejourneyali=lebitdifferentsinceweallstartfromdifferentplaces.SupporFngopenaccesspublishingwillbeeasierforsomelibrariesthanforothers,dependingonfactorssuchassize,localtechnicalexperFse,andwhethertheuniversityhasauniversitypress.Then,too,thereislocalpoliFcstoconsider.InCanada,asinmanycountries,ithaslongbeencustomarytosubsidizescholarlypublishing,atleastinthehumaniFesandsocialsciences,asthishasneverbeenaprofit‐makingarea.Inothercountrieswheresubsidieshavenotbeencustomary,itmaybedifficultorimpossibletosettheseup,parFcularlyinthesetoughfinancialFmes.AnotherconsideraFonislocalpublishers.Forsomeofus,localpublishersarethesmallersocietypublishers;inotherareas,thelocalsareofthelargeandhighlyprofitabletype.Weallhavelimitedresourcestoworkwith.Ifsomeofusarepushingfirstonopenaccessarchivingandothersonopenaccesspublishing,that’sjustfine.Inthelongrun,weneedboth,anditmakessensetomoveforwardwhereyoucanmoveforwardatyourlocalinsFtuFon.

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Beforeweconclude,herearemysuggesFonsforgoalsforlong‐termplanning,whattoaimforfor2110.AflourishingglobalpublicsphereunderpinninganewphaseofdemocracythateffecFvelycrossesborders.Withinthispublicsphereitislargelyresearchlibrariesthatsupportaglobalopenaccesslibraryofknowledge.ResearchlibrariesareacFvepartnersinpublishingtheworksofourscholars,whetherthroughlocalpublishingorsupporFnginternaFonaljournals,orprobablyboth.PreservaFonandorganizingmaterialsforaccessisataskforlibraries.Iseetheroleofresearchlibrariesasshi1ingfromthetradiFonalreferencetoacFveinvolvementwiththeresearchprocessatanearlierstage.InsteadofwaiFngforaresearchstudytobecompletedandcollecFngtheresults,weshouldbeinvolvedinthebeginning,helpingtoshapethewaydataiscollectedsothatpeoplewillbeabletoaccessandmanipulateitwhenthestudyisdone.

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Inconclusionlet’slookat3keyelementsforresearchlibraries:evolvingscholarship,transiFoningtheeconomicsofscholarlypublishingfromsubscripFonstoopenaccess,anddevelopingandimplemenFngpoliciesforscholarship,includingopenaccesspolicyandscholar‐friendlyintellectualpropertypolicy.

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Scholarshipneedstoevolve,totakefulladvantageofthepotenFaloftheInternet.DuringthisevoluFonaryprocessitFmelytogivesomethoughttowhatreallymoFvatesscholars.MakingtenureandpromoFonisimportant,butlet’snotforgetthepassionthatdrivesmanyscholarsandtheneedforreflecFonandcontemplaFonaswellassheerhardwork.Newformatsarebeginningtoappear,andtheInternetfacilitatessocialcollaboraFonofscholarsjustasitfacilitatessocialnetworkingforallofus.Andlet’snotforgetthattherealgoalisfulllibreopenaccess,with

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WearejustbeginningaphaseofeconomictransiFonfromsubscripFonstosupportforopenaccess.Ifwewanttohaveourcakeandeatittoo,thatishavefullopenaccessaswellassignificantcostsavings,weneedtothinkabouteconomicsustainabilityinpublishing,andhelpthetradiFonalpublisherswithlowcostscomparedtoqualitysucceedinmakingthetransiFontoopenaccess.Andlet’snotforgetthatthegreatestsavingscomewithfulltransformaFonofthesystem,andleavesomespaceforinnovaFontoallowthistohappen.

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Forthosewhodonotyethaveanopenaccesspolicy,nowistheFmetobedevelopingpolicyatalllevels.AtaninternaFonallevel,discussionsareunderwaysuchasintheAnF‐CounterfeiFngTradeAgreementthatcouldhaveprofoundimplicaFonsforintellectualproperty.Weneedintellectualpropertypoliciesandlawsthatarefriendlytoscholarship.LibrariesandourassociaFonssuchasLIBERhaveanimportantroletoplayinshapingpolicy;wehaveexperFse.

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